thebiologyofhumanstarvation：人类饥饿的生物学

The Biology of Human Starvation:
A Look at the Impact of Voluntary Food Restriction
The following information is based on Ancel Keys’ classic 1950 book which reviewed his study of the physical and mental reactions of wartime conscientious objectors.
•men ate 1,570 calories/day for 6 months (comparable to ~ 1300 calories/day for women)•lost 24% of body weight (the current ideal for women is 23% thinner than average) Physical Changes
•decreased body size, especially in upper arm
•decreased heart volume
•slowed pulse rate
•BMR reduced by 40% (women experience greater decrease)
•subjects felt cold, complained of cold hands and feet
•voluntary movements became slower
•decreased capacity to work
•decrease in strength, endurance
•increased frequency of urination
•subjects felt older, behaved older
Personality Changes
•increase in apathy and depression
•decrease in mental alertness, comprehension and concentration
•deterioration of spontaneous activity
•loss of ambition
•narrowing of interests
•general feeling of ineffectiveness
•distraction
•frustrated by discrepancy between what they wanted to do and what they did do •decrease in sexual interest
•increased neurotism (typically seen as a “woman’s problem”)
•increased hysteria (also typically seen as a “woman’s problem”)
•almost 20% of subjects showed severe “character neurosis”
•two subjects bordered on psychosis including violence and hysteria
•sensitivity to noise
Food Preoccupation
•increase in food interest...food talk, food interests
•collected recipes, studies cookbooks and menus, fixed food saved from mealtime •heightened craving for food
•much meal planning
•food dislikes disappeared (they like the monotonous meals served)
•became possessive about food
•demanded food and beverages be hot
•toyed with food to make it seem like more
•dawdled over meals for hours
•extensive gum chewing
•increased drinking of coffee and tea
•increased smoking
•nail-biting became common
•began to purchase useless articles they did not need or use, others began hording money
•some escaped the experiment environment and binged, followed by feelings of guilt and self-reproach
•some vomited following binges
Social Activities
•initial lively, responsive, tolerant and happy, with good humor and high spirits...this gradually disappeared...subjects became sober, serious and what humor remained
tended to be sarcastic
•became reluctant to make group decisions or plan activities
•reluctant to participate in group activities, “too much trouble dealing with others”•became self-centered and egocentric
•social interaction stilted, politeness artificial
•food central topic of conversations
•not able to control emotions
During Refeeding(It took between 15 and 20 weeks to partially recover from the effects of dieting and weight loss. It appears, then, that one can expect to feel worse when coming off a prolonged weight loss period.)
•intake between 1,877 and 4,158 kcal
•many became more irritable and depressed
•slump in morale, subjects lost all interest in earlier humanitarian concerns
•became argumentative
•expressed feelings of being “let down”
•hunger pains “more intense than ever”
•appetites insatiable for 12 weeks, even those on highest kcal diets
•found it hard to stop eating, although “stuffed”
•still concerned with food, above all else
•table manner’s continued to deteriorate
•week 13 of refeeding subjects had access to food, ate an average of 5,218 kcal, ate nearly continuously, either ate or slept
•by week 15, increase in social behavior at meals
•by week 20, all felt nearly normal with food
•by week 33, 10 of 14 were eating normal amounts, others still ate more than before •slowly humor, enthusiasm and sociability returned
Physical Effects of Refeeding
•expected relief did not come quickly
•subjects gained fat tissue rapidly, “soft, roundness” became their dominant characteristic •lean tissue recovered more slowly
•sleepiness and headaches increased for some
•thirst increased
•work capacity increased by week 13 Source: Health Risks of Obesity (1993) by F. Berg ©Copyright 1999 Karin Kratina, MA, RD
Below is given annual work summary, do not need friends can download after editor deleted Welcome to visit again
XXXX annual work summary
Dear every leader, colleagues:
Look back end of XXXX, XXXX years of work, have the joy of success in your work, have a collaboration with colleagues, working hard, also have disappointed when encountered difficulties and setbacks. Imperceptible in tense and orderly to be over a year, a year, under the loving care and guidance of the leadership of the company, under the support and help of colleagues, through their own efforts, various aspects have made certain progress, better to complete the job. For better work, sum up experience and lessons, will now work a brief summary.
To continuously strengthen learning, improve their comprehensive quality. With good comprehensive quality is the precondition of completes the labor of duty and conditions. A year always put learning in the important position, trying to improve their comprehensive quality. Continuous learning professional skills, learn from surrounding colleagues with rich work experience, equip themselves with knowledge, the expanded aspect of knowledge, efforts to improve their comprehensive quality.
The second Do best, strictly perform their responsibilities. Set up the company, to maximize the customer to the satisfaction of the company's products, do a good job in technical services and product promotion to the company. And collected on the properties of the products of the company, in order to make improvement in time, make the products better meet the using demand of the scene.
Three to learn to be good at communication, coordinating assistance. On‐site technical service personnel should not only have strong professional technology, should also have good communication ability, a lot of a product due to improper operation to appear problem, but often not customers reflect the quality of no, so this time we need to find out the crux, and customer communication, standardized operation, to avoid customer's mistrust of the products and even the damage of the company's image. Some experiences in the past work, mentality is very important in the work, work to have passion, keep the smile of sunshine, can close the distance between people, easy to communicate with the customer. Do better in the daily work to communicate with customers and achieve customer satisfaction, excellent technical service every time, on behalf of the customer on our products much a understanding and trust.
Fourth, we need to continue to learn professional knowledge, do practical grasp skilled operation. Over the past year, through continuous learning and fumble, studied the gas generation, collection and methods, gradually familiar with and master the company introduced the working principle, operation method of gas machine. With the help of the department leaders and colleagues, familiar with and master the launch of the division principle, debugging method of the control system, and to wuhan Chen Guchong garbage power plant of gas machine control system transformation, learn to debug, accumulated some experience. All in all, over the past year, did some work, have also made some achievements, but the results can only represent the past, there are some problems to work, can't meet the higher requirements. In the future work, I must develop the oneself advantage, lack of correct, foster strengths and circumvent weaknesses, for greater achievements. Looking forward to XXXX years of work, I'll be more efforts, constant progress in their jobs, make greater achievements. Every year I have progress, the growth of believe will get greater returns, I will my biggest contribution to the development of the company, believe in
yourself do better next year!
I wish you all work study progress in the year to come.。