2017届上海市各区高三英语二模试卷题型分类专题汇编--阅读理解C篇--学生版(已校对)

Section B
Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.
(C)
Culture can affect not just language and customs, but also how people experience the world on surprisingly basic levels.
Researchers, with the help of brain scans, have uncovered shocking
differences in perception(感知) between Westerners and Asians, what
they see when they look at a city street, for example, or even how they
perceive a simple line in a square, according to findings published in a
leading science journal.
In western countries, culture makes people think of themselves as
highly independent entities (实体). When looking at scenes, Westerners
tend to focus more on central objects than on their surroundings. East
Asian cultures, however, emphasize inter-dependence. When Easterners look at a scene, they tend to focus on surroundings as well as the object.
Using an experiment involving two tasks, Dr Hedden asked subjects to look at a line simply to estimate its length, a task that is played to American strengths. In another, they estimated the line’s length relative to the size of a square, an easier task for the Asians.
The level of brain activity, by tracking blood flow, was then measured by Brain Scanners. The experiment found that although there was no difference in performance, and the tasks were very ea sy, the levels of activity in the subjects’ brains were different. For the Americans, areas linked to attention lit up more, when they worked on the task they tended to find more difficult -- estimating the line’s size relative to the square. For the Asian s, the attention areas lit up more during the harder task also -- estimating the line’s length without comparing it to the square. The findings are a reflection of more than ten years of previous experimental research into east-west differences.
In one study, for instance, researchers offered people a choice among five pens; four red and
one green. Easterners were more likely to choose a red pen while Westerners were more likely to choose the green one.
Culture is not affecting how you see the world, but how you choose to understand and internalize (使内化) it. But such habits can be changed. Some psychological studies suggest that when an Easterner goes to the West or vice versa, habits of thought and perception also begin to change. Such research gives us clues on how our brain works and is hopeful for us to develop programs to improve our memory, memory techniques and enhance and accelerate our learning skills.
63. According to the passage, Chinese people are most likely to _____.
A. more emphasize independent thinking
B. always focus more on their surroundings
C. focus more on the context as well as the object
D. think of Westerners as highly independent entities
64. We know from the passage that people’s brains will be more active when _____.
A. the task is much easier
B. the blood flow is tracked
C. people begin to choose colors
D. the task is more difficult
65. What do the findings of the experiments mentioned in the passage indicate?
A. They indicate that culture has a great impact on the way people talk and behave.
B. They show that Easterners and Westerners have great differences in perceiving the world.
C. They suggest that people’s habits of thought and perception can be changed in different
cultures.
D. They make it clear that Easterners and Westerners lay emphasis on different things.
66. It can be inferred from the passage that _____.
A. Easterners prefer collectivism to individualism
B. East Asian cultures lay more emphasis on independence
C. It took over ten years to find out how to improve our brainpower
D. Americans will change their habits of perception when they’re in Britain
Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have read.
(C)
Naquela Wright’s life took an unexpected turn when she lost her eyesight as a teenager, but even when her world became dark, the New Jersey resident didn’t want to quit social media.
Using Facebook was a challenge at first. Diagnosed in 2010 with pseudotumor cerebri, a rare health condition in which pressure increases around the brain and can result in the loss of vision, Wright learned how to use a screen reader to read the site through the touch of the keyboard and sound of a robotic voice. Still, when a friend sends her a photo, Wright often has no clue what the image shows.
Now Facebook is trying to solve this problem by exploiting the power of artificial intelligence to create new tools that not only describe items in a photo but allows users to ask what’s in an image.
“I can have a basic picture in my mind of what’s going on in the picture and now I can comment on my own,” said Wright, who got to try out the new tools that are still being tested. “Of course, it’s different, but it’s something more than I had.”
An estimated 285 million people are visually disabled globally, according to the World Health Organization, and research conducted by Facebook showed that blind users have trouble figuring out what’s in a photo because the description isn’t clear or doesn’t exist.
Facebook has made it easier to skim through the content on its website with a screen reader by improving HTML headings, adding alternative text for images, launching keyboard shortcuts, and more. Using artificial intelligence to describe photos is only a part of these ongoing efforts.
W ith 1.5 billion users, Facebook isn’t the only social media company that wants to improve its website for the visually disabled. Along with Facebook and other major tech firms, Twitter and LinkedIn have their own accessibility teams and belong to an initia tive called “Teaching Accessibility”.
Jeff Wieland, Facebook’s head of accessibility engineering, said the group wants to educate more engineers, especially early in college, about designing products that are compatible with the disabled and others. “We really don’t want accessibility to be the luxury of a handful of companies,” Wieland said. “We want everything around the world to be built with accessibility in
63. What tool helps the visually disabled to read Facebook?
A. A screen reader.
B. A special keyboard.
C. A helpful robot.
D. HTML headings.
64. What can be inferred from the passage about the new tool created by Facebook?
A. It adds a lot of shortcuts on the keyboard.
B. It helps users to employ their senses other than sight.
C. It meets no competitors with its advanced technology.
D. It inspires more engineers to explore artificial intelligence.
65. The underlined phrase in the last paragraph “are compatible with” most probably means __________.
A. are unaffordable to
B. bring harm to
C. keep company of
D. well suit
66. Which of the following is the best title for this passage?
A. Screen reader: tool to access social media
B. Ongoing efforts: strength to improve websites
C. Artificial intelligence: power to help the blind
D. Teaching accessibility: initiative to educate engineers
Section B
Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.
(C)
On the occasional clear-frost autumn night, I was hiking through the dark forest with my GMO wolf. Yes, my best friend is a genetically modified organism（转基因生物）; deliberate selection has produced the blunt-toothed, small-pawed wonder that walks by my side.
Our world is changing rapidly. In the last five decades, global population has fully doubled, with 3.7 billion hungry mouths added to our planet. During this same time span, the amount of land suitable for agriculture has increased by only 5%. Miraculously, this did not result in the great global famine（饥荒）one might have predicted.
How do scientists modify a plant so that it makes more food than its parents did? We could treat each harvest like a litter of wolf pups and select only plants bearing the fattest, richest seeds for the next season. This was the method our ancestors used to engineer rice, corn and wheat from the wild grasses they encountered.
During my childhood, advances in genetic technologies allowed scientists to identify and clone the genes responsible for repressing stem growth, leading to shorter, stronger stalks that could bear more seed—the high-yield crops that feed us today. The 21st century has brought with it a marvelous new set of high-tech tools with which to further quicken the process of artificial selection. Plant geneticists can now directly edit out or edit in sections of DNA using molecular scissors. We can minimize a plant’s weaknesses while adding to its strengths, and we don’t have to wait for seasons to pass to test the result.
It is the transformative potential of these techniques to quickly supply the next-generation crops required for upcoming climate change that has led me to believe in the safety and function of GMO plants in agricultural products. We need more GMO research to feed the world that we are creating.
I love the quiet forest that stands between my lab and my home. But I know that as a scientist, I am responsible first to humanity. We must feed, shelter and nurture one another as our first priority, and to do so, we must take advantage of our best technologies, which have always included some type of genetic modification. We must continue as before, nourishing the future as we feed ourselves, and each year plant only the very best of what we have collectively engineered.
I keep the faith of my ancestors each night when I walk through the forest to my lab, and my GMO wolf does the same when she guards my way home.
63. Why does the author mention the wolf in the 1st paragraph?
A. To advise people to keep wolves as pets
B. To persuade readers to welcome the new technology
C. To change people’s attitude towards wolves
D. To introduce a technology used to humans’ advantage
64. Which of the following statements is NOT TRUE according to the passage?
A. GMO technology will help weatherproof future crops.
B. With GMO technology, famine has been eliminated.
C. Artificial selections make high-yield plants possible.
D. The author believes technology should contribute to future generations.
65. What can be learned about modifying a plant?
A. It takes scientists seasons to know whether their selection is correct.
B. One way for ancestors to change a plant was to clone some genes.
C. Modern techniques help speed up the artificial selection by altering DNA.
D. The general public show strong faith in GMO plants.
66. Which of the following might be the best title of the passage?
A. GMO Technology—Turning Wolves into the Best Pets
B. Engineered Food—Feeding Future Generations
C. Engineered Food—To Be or Not To Be
D. GMO Technology—A Driving Force in World Peace
Section B
Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have read.
（C）
Since quitting can start feelings such as guilt and shame, we often do everything possible to avoid it. “We’re taught from our earli e st days that if you quit something. It means you’re a failure,”says counseling psychologist Will Meek. He, how ever, suggests we view quitting differently.
Quitting is like deciding to rearrange a room: you’ve grown comfortable with the status, and it can be hard to picture the end result or even see why change is necessary. And yet, there’s the upsetting feeling that you’re no longer entirely satisfied with your current circumstances, perhaps even that you’ve stopped making progress. While it’s not out of the question for feeling or regret to surface after a major refit, leaving a position, project or situation can reveal exciting possibilities, making you feel inspired and renewed.
Quitting, often happens in situations where we’re unhappy, fearful or have determined we have no other choice, factors that can have opposing effects on our health. Perhaps you find your
work unfulfilling, or you’ve jumped into a new relationship before you’re ready —and, as a result, you’re operating under intense pressure.“If stress is enduring and not managed well, it can start to take a toll.”says Meek. According to the American Psychological Association, long-term, ongoing stress can increase the risk for high blood pressure and heart attack, so walking away from whatever is causing it can deliver significant physical and emotional health be nefits.“We often see a reduction in the stress hormone cortisol（应激激素皮质醇）, which can lower blood pressure and may even decrease the heart rate,”says Dr Alex Lickerman, a GP and expert on developing mental adaptability.
Leaving situations that fail to bring you joy can leave you with sufficient time to explore where your heart is truly leading you. In a study that was published in 1999, then Harvard University professor Hermina Ibarra looked at how bankers tried different roles that required new skill sets—someone who spent a lot of time dealing with computers, for instance, was asked to take on personal interactions. Subjects were especially drawn to acting out a version of their future solves through ‘imitation strategies’—an approach they compared to ‘trying on different clothes,’ Mark Franklin, the president of CareerCyles, suggests a similar approach as a way to figure out what your true desires might be in your post-quitting life and foresee your future self.“Pretend to be a certain kind of person, or go and meet others who are doing what you want to do.”he says,“Try it on, see how it feels and decide if it’s a good fit for you.”It may not feel like it at the time, but just moving on from a situation that’s not quite right can help you g et back on track.
63. It can be inferred from paragraph 2 that quitting may bring us feelings of being both _______.
A. guilty and ashamed
B. stupid and enthusiastic
C. troubled and hopeful
D. inspired and determined
64. The phrase“take a toll”（paragraph 3）can be best replaced by“_________”.
A. develop mental adaptability
B. bring about changes
C. keep up the pressure
D. have a bad effect
65. An approach suggested by Mark Franklin similar to ‘trying on different clothes’ is for ___________.
A. helping people find what truly suits them in career
B. telling capable employees from inadequate ones
C. training employees to acquire different working skills
D. providing people with opportunities to have a role play
66. It can be concluded from the passage that ______.
A. quitting is track that only the timid will choose to follow
B. personal interaction can be must for reducing emotional pressure
C. mental adaptability can be improved by the stress hormone cortisol
D. knowing when to stop is wise and may make dreams happen
Section B
Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.
C
It could be said that the age of adventure peaked with Sir Everest Shackleton
the moment his ship, the Endurance, become hopelessly locked in ice on its way
to Antarctica in January 1915. For ten months the 28 men aboard Shackleton’s
ship waited and prayed for ice to break. When it finally did, the Endurance sank,
leaving the crew homeless and adrift on a sea of ice in one of the world’s most
dangerous environments.
In January 2000 a luxury ocean liner found itself similarly trapped in the cold waters off Antarctica. Argentine authorities sent off an icebreaker straight away from the nearest naval base, and in 24 hour s, all 176 passengers and crew were free. The tour company’s spokesperson spun the potential disaster as a value-added reward in extreme travel. “The people on board are looking at this as sort of a great adventure,” she said.
Ever since Jon Krakauer’s b ook Into Thin Air made Everest a household name, the subculture of adventure has blown up like a Himalayan avalanche(雪崩) into public consciousness. Magazines promise “extreme” content, television, offers adventure programs, and the growing collective fasci nation with adventure has produced a flow of published accounts about the world’s greatest adventurous journey. Nowadays more and more people are interested in adventure and this mass appeal makes good business sense. Today the only thing blocking a would-be adventurer’s passage to Antarctica is the cost---- which typically runs well over $10,000.
Despite very different implications, adventure was just as popular in Shackleton’s time. He has little trouble filling the Endurance----5,000 men are said to have responded to his recruitment(招募) notice: “Men wanted for risky journey. Small wages. Bitter cold. Long months of complete darkness. Constant danger. Safe return doubtful.”
After five months drifting on ice, the crew were forced to take to their lifeboats to Elephant Island. Reaching the wasteland, Shackleton went on with one lifeboat and five of his best men 1,300 kilometers across the bone-chilly Scotia Sea to South Georgia Island. Shivering with cold, dressed in rags, Shackleton marched into a whaling station and set about organizing a rescue expedition to Elephant Island. Almost two years after becoming shipwrecked on ice, Shackleton picked up his crew. “Not a life lost, and we have been through hell,” he remarked earnestly.
63. We can learn from the first sentence of this passage that _______.
A. the age of adventure began with the ship Endurance trapped in ice
B. Shackleton’s adventure marked the highest point of pure exploration
C. the age of adventure ended with the ship Endurance trapped in ice
D. Shackleton’s adventure predicted that the golden age of exploration was approaching
64. The word “spun” in the second paragraph can be replaced by “_______”.
A. summed up
B. judged
C. boasted about
D. referred to
65. Since Jon Krakauer’s book was published _______.
A. the media have got interested in the topic of adventure
B. the costs of extreme travel have gone up
C. Everest has got its name known to Europe
D. people have got fascinated by Himalayan avalanches
59. The adventure in Shackleton’s time has different implications from today’s in that _______.
A. Shackleton’s adventure lasted longer then any other adventure nowadays
B. n o one was missing during Shackleton’s adventure
C. Shackleton’s adventure was entirely for the sake of adventure
D. Shackleton enrolled volunteers more easily
Section B
Directions:Read the following passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or Unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A. B. C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.
(C)
The British Medical Journal recently featured a strong response to what was judged an inappropriately merciful reaction by a medical school to a student cheating in an examination. Although we have insufficient reliable data about the extent of this phenomenon, its prevention, or its effective management, much can be concluded and acted upon on the basis of common sense.
There is general agreement that there should be zero tolerance of cheating in a profession based on trust and one on which human lives depend. It is reasonable to assume that cheaters in medical school will be more likely than others to continue to act dishonestly with patients, colleagues, and government.
The behaviours under question are multifactorial in origin. There are familial(家庭的), religious, and cultural values that are acquired long before medical school. For example, countries, cultures, and subcultures exist where bribes and dishonest behaviour are very normal. There are secondary schools in which neither staff nor students tolerate cheating and others where cheating is common; there are homes which cultivate young people with high standards of moral behaviour and others which leave moral training to the harmful influence of television and the market place.
Medical schools reflect society and cannot be expected to remedy all the ills of a society. The selection process of medical students might be expected to favour applicants with positive moral behaviour. Medical schools should be the major focus of attention for cultivating future doctors with moral sensitivity. Unfortunately there are troubling data that suggest that during medical school the moral behaviour of medical students does not necessarily improve; indeed, moral development may actually stop or even regress (倒退).
It is critical that the academic and clinical leaders of the institution set a personal example on moral behaviour. Medical schools must do something to make sure that their students are expected to be clear from day one. The development of a school’s cult ure of moral behaviour requires cooperation with the students in which they play an active role in its creation and developing. Moreover, the school’s examination system and general treatment of students must be fair. Finally, the treatment of infractions (违规) must be firm, fair, transparent (透明的).
63. What does the author say about cheating in medical schools?
A. Extensive research has been done about this phenomenon.
B. We have sufficient data to prove that prevention is possible.
C. We know that this phenomenon exists in every medical school.
D. We still need more reliable data to know how serious it is.
64. According to the author, it is important to prevent cheating in medical schools because
________.
A. The medical profession is based on trust
B. There is zero tolerance of cheating in medicine
C. The medical profession depends on the government
D. Cheating exists extensively in medical schools
65. Which of the following statements will the author probably agree with?
A. Medical schools should make a less competitive environment for students.
B. Outstanding people should create a set of moral standards to be followed.
C. Medical students should be positive in creating and preserving moral behavior.
D. We don’t know the cause-and-effect of the examination cheating in medical school.
66. Which of the following can be implied from the passage?
A. It makes little sense to talk about medical school student cheating in exams.
B. Medical schools haven’t been doing well t o help students develop morally.
C. Cheating in exams is tolerable outside of medical school circle.
D. Elimination of exams helps cultivate healthier characters of medical school students.
Section B
Directions:Read the following passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.
（C）
There is plenty of complaints about how social media-texting in particular—may be harming children’s social and intellectual development. But a new study suggests that constant instant
messaging (IM’ing) and texting among teens may also provide benefits, particularly for those who are introverted (内向的).
British researchers studied instant messages exchanged by 231 teens, aged 14 to 18. All of the participants were “regular” or “extensive” IM’ers. In the U. S., two thirds of teens use instant messaging services regularly, with a full third messaging at least once every day.
The researchers analyzed 150 conversations in the study, and reported the results in the journal Computers in Human Behavior. In 100 of these chats, the study participant began IM'ing while in a negative emotional state such as sadness, distress or anger. The rest were conversations begun when the participant was feeling good or neutral. After the chat, participants reported about a 20% reduction in their distress—not enough to completely eliminate it, but enough to leave them feeling better than they had before reaching out.
“Our findings suggest that IM'ing between distressed adolescents and their peers may provide emotional relief and consequently contribute to their well-being,” the authors write, noting that prior research has shown that people assigned to talk to a stranger either in real life or online improved their mood in both settings, but even more with IM. And people who talk with their real-life friends online also report feeling closer to them than those who just communicate face-to-face, implying a strengthening of their bond.
Why would digital communication do better than human contact? The reasons are complex, but may have something to do with the fact that users can control expression of sadness and other emotions via IM without revealing emotional elements like tears that some may consider as embarrassing or sources of discomfort. Studies also show that the anonymity (匿名) of writing on a device blankets the users in a sense of safety that may cause people to feel more comfortable in sharing and discussing their deepest and most authentic feelings. Prior research has shown that expressive writing itself can “vent”emotions and provide a sense of relief—and doing so, knowing that your words are reaching a sympathetic friend, may provide even more comfort and potentially be therapeutic. Researchers also found that introverted participants reported more relief from IM conversations when they were distressed than extroverts did. Susan Cain, author of Quiet wrote recently for TIME: Introverts are often brimming over with thoughts and care deeply for their friends, family and colleagues. But even the most socially skilled introverts sometimes long for a free pass from socializing or talking on the phone. This is what the Internet offers: the chance to connect—but in measured doses and from behind a screen.
63. Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage?
A. Teens are more likely to send instant messages when feeling distressed.
B. Instant messaging can help completely remove teens’ negative emotions.
C. Chat via instant messaging services makes participants feel good or calm.
D. Constant instant messaging can help teens control their negative emotions.
64. The underlined word “vent” in paragraph 5 most probably means_________.
A. control
B. maintain
C. release
D. conceal
65. What does the digital communication enable users to do?
A. Find more sympathetic friends.
B. Share and discuss more information.
C. Produce more expressive writings.
D. Avoid embarrassment and discomfort.
66. What can be concluded from the new study by British researchers?
A. Instant messaging will prevent children’s social and intellectual development.
B. Introverted teens may benefit from constant instant messaging.
C. Teens feeling bad often feel closer to real-life friends than to the net friends.
D. American teens aged 14 to 18 are extensive instant messaging users.
Section B
Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.
(C)
Scots are more likely to drink themselves to death than people from any other nation in Western Europe except Austria and Portugal. Every day, six Scots die from alcohol-related conditions. Our hospitals and health services struggle with the wider damage. An estimated 51,600 Scots suffer from drink-related illness. Incidence of liver disease has shot up 40 percent in the past seven years. Most knife attacks and most adult murders occur under the influence of alcohol. And drink abuse (嗜酒) has ruined thousands of families, a personal, psychological and social cost on。