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CENELEC Guide 29Temperatures of hot surfaceslikely to be touchedGuidance document forTechnical Committees and manufacturersThe present Guide has been developed in response to EC Standardisation Mandate M/346 in the field of the Low Voltage Directive 2006/95/EC addressing surface temperatures of accessible non-functional surfaces.The CENELEC Technical Board approved this Guide in April 2007.Rue de Stassartstraat, 35B - 1050 BrusselsTel.: + 32 2 519 68 71Fax: + 32 2 519 69 19Temperatures of hot surfaces likely to be touched CENELEC Guide 29ForewordThis Guide was prepared by CENELEC BTTF 120-1, Surface temperatures.The text of the draft was submitted to the vote and was approved by the CENELEC Technical Board as CENELEC Guide 29 on 2007-04-11.This guidance document for Technical Committees and manufacturers has been developed in response to EC Standardisation Mandate M/346 in the field of the Low Voltage Directive 2006/95/EC addressing surface temperatures of accessible non-functional surfaces.CENELEC Guide 29 Temperatures of hot surfaces likely to be touchedContentsPage 1Scope (6)2Normative references (6)3Definitions (6)3.1surface temperature (Ts) (6)3.2contact period (t) (6)3.3thermal inertia (7)3.4material properties of the surface (7)3.5burn threshold (7)3.6hot functional surface (7)3.7adjacent surface (7)3.8handles or control knobs including keypads, keyboards and the like (7)3.9touchable surfaces (7)3.10arms reach (8)3.11skin temperature (T C) (9)4Assessment of the risk of burning (9)4.1Procedure (9)4.2Identification of surfaces (9)4.3Task analysis (10)4.4Measurement of the surface temperatures (10)4.5Choice of applicable burn threshold (10)4.6Comparison between surface temperature and burn threshold (11)4.7Result of the risk assessment (11)5Application of protective measures (11)5.1Touchable surfaces (11)5.2Adjacent surfaces (12)6Burn thresholds (12)6.1Determination of the contact period (12)6.2Selection of the burn threshold (13)6.3Texture of the surface (14)7Documentation (14)Annex A Burn thresholds (15)A.1General (15)A.2Burn threshold data (16)Temperatures of hot surfaces likely to be touched CENELEC Guide 29Annex B (informative) Scientific background (21)Annex C (informative) Thermal properties of selected materials (23)Annex D (informative) Examples for protective measures against burns (24)D.1Protective measures against burns (general) (24)D.2Example for protective measures (24)Bibliography (26)FiguresFigure 1 – Definition of the different touchable parts of an equipment (8)Figure 2 – Arms reach - the distance is interpreted as either a fully stretched person (a) or aperson reaching for an item (b). Worst case of either (a) or (b) to be used (8)Figure A.1 – Illustration of relationship between the burn threshold and contact period when ahot surface is touched by the skin (17)Figure A.2 – Burn threshold spread when the skin is in contact with a hot smooth surfacemade of bare (uncoated) metal (17)Figure A.3a – Rise in the burn threshold spread from Figure A2 for metals which are coated bylac of a thickness of 50 µm, 100 µm and 150 µm (18)Figure A.3b – Rise in the burn threshold spread from Figure A2 for metals which are coated by porcelain enamel (160 µm) / powder (60 µm), powder (90 µm) and polyamide 11 or 12(thickness 400 µm) (18)Figure A.4 – Burn threshold spread when the skin is in contact with a hot smooth surfacemade of ceramics, glass and stone materials (19)Figure A.5 – Burn threshold spread when the skin is in contact with a hot smooth surfacemade of plastics (19)Figure A.6 – Burn threshold spread when the skin is in contact with a hot smooth surfacemade of wood (20)TablesTable 1 – Arms reach (8)Table 2 – Contact period (12)Table A.1 – Burn threshold for longer contact times (20)Table C.1 – Thermal properties of selected materials (taken from [3]) (23)CENELEC Guide 29 Temperatures of hot surfaces likely to be touched1 ScopeThis document provides guidance for assessing the risk of a burn from unintentional contact with readily accessible surfaces of electrical equipment under the scope of the Low Voltage Directive.This document establishes surface temperature limits, where such limits are required, and describes the maximum contact periods with a hot surface that a person may be subjected to without being exposed to a risk of burn. Curves of maximum temperatures versus contact times are described for different types of material with different types of surfaces.This document does not address temperature limits for hot functional surfaces.This document applies to surfaces of products likely to be touched by any person.The limit values may be taken into consideration by Technical Committees in determining surface temperature limits in product standards. Manufacturers may also use the limit values to assist in their risk assessment, if a product standard is not applied.It is not within the scope of this document to set temperature limits for the following zones or surfaces: - hot functional surfaces;- adjacent surfaces;- handles, control knobs including keypads, keyboards and the like;- surfaces not likely to be touched.2 Normative referencesThe following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.EN ISO 13732-1:2006, Ergonomics of the thermal environment – Methods for the assessment of human responses to contact with surfaces – Part 1: Hot surfacesEN 61032:1998, Protection of persons and equipment by enclosures - Probes for verification3 DefinitionsFor the purpose of this guide, the following definitions apply:3.1surface temperature (Ts)temperature of a surface, measured in degrees Celsius, at an ambient temperature of 25°C -5°C/+0°C 3.2contact period (t)time during which contact with the surface occursNOTE In Figures A.2 to A.6 contact duration (D) is used to determine the contact period (t)Temperatures of hot surfaces likely to be touched CENELEC Guide 29 3.3thermal inertiaproduct of the density, thermal conductivity and specific thermal capacity of material3.4material properties of the surfacechemical/physical composition of the material and the characteristics (rough, smooth) of the surface 3.5burn thresholdsurface temperature defining the boundary between no burn and a superficial partial thickness burn, caused by contact of the skin with a hot surface for a specified contact period3.6hot functional surfacesurface which is intentionally heated by an internal heat source and which has to be hot to carry out the function for which the equipment is intended to be used. For example, the soleplate of an iron, or curling tongs.Some equipment have hot surfaces as a consequence of how they generate their output, for example lamps within a luminaire, and are considered in terms of their treatment as equivalent to a hot functional surface3.7adjacent surfacea surface adjacent to a functional surface.The adjacent surface and the functional surface normally consist of the same piece of material or are in direct thermal contact and have similar thermal properties. The adjacent surface is not heated intentionally during use of the product. However, as it is adjacent to the functional surface and may become hot through conduction, its temperature will be in the range between the functional and a touchable surface3.8handles or control knobs including keypads, keyboards and the likepart of the equipment that a user needs to touch to operate or adjust the equipment3.9touchable surfacesall other surfaces that are likely to be touched when the equipment is operated during normal use and foreseeable misuse. The equipment has to be installed according to the manufacturer’s instructions. NOTE This means an oven intended for build in should be installed according to the manufacturer’s instructions before identification of the touchable surfacesCENELEC Guide 29 Temperatures of hot surfaces likely to be touchedFigure 1 – Definition of the different touchable parts of an equipment3.10 arms reachthe distance measured from the floor to the fingertips of a person. As shown in Figure 2, it has to be taken into account that a person can reach not only in a vertical direction as shown in Figure 2 (a), but also in a circle defined approximately in Figure 2 (b).Figure 2 – Arms reach - the distance is interpreted as either a fully stretched person (a)or a person reaching for an item (b). Worst case of either (a) or (b) to be used Table 1 gives guidance on arms reach for different age groups.Table 1 – Arms reachAge yearsArms reach [see Figure 2(a)], calculated from the floormetreChildren less than 2 years1,00 Children from 2 years to less than 6 years 1,50 Children from 6 years to less than 14 years1,80Adult 2,30NOTE The values in Table 1 are average valuesTouchable surface: Surface which may be touchedAdjacent surfaceHot FUNCTIONALsurfaceHandles or control knobs including keyboards and the likeTemperatures of hot surfaces likely to be touched CENELEC Guide 29 3.11skin temperature (T C)temperature at a depth of 80 µm below the surface of the skin, measured in degrees Celsius4 Assessment of the risk of burningNormally it is sufficient to follow the product standard. The manufacturer only needs to carry out a risk assessment, if the product standard does not take account of the foreseeable use in relation to the temperatures of surfaces likely to be touched, or if no relevant product standard exists.4.1 P rocedureThe different types of surfaces or zones shall be identified according to 4.2.To assess the risk of a cutaneous burn from surfaces likely to be touched, the steps described in 4.3 to 4.7 shall be carried out for surfaces identified in 4.2.4.4.2 Identification of surfacesAll necessary information concerning the surfaces of a product shall be gathered to classify the surfaces according to 4.2.1 to 4.2.4.4.2.1 Identification of hot functional surfacesHot functional surfaces shall be identified when the equipment is installed as for normal use. See 3.6.4.2.2 Identification of adjacent surfacesAdjacent surfaces to hot functional surfaces shall be identified. See 3.7.4.2.3 Identification of handles or control knobs including keypads, keyboards and the like Relevant parts shall be identified. See 3.8.4.2.4 Identification of non-functional touchable surfacesAll necessary information concerning the touchable surfaces of the equipment, including the following, shall be gathered:- accessibility of the surfaces, see 4.2.4.1;- approximate estimation of surface temperatures (hot, moderate, cold);- material and texture of the surfaces;- all normal operating conditions of the equipment including the worst case, i.e the setting which results in maximum temperatures of the surfaces;- the probability of contact.4.2.4.1 Touchable surfacesA surface is considered touchable if parts of the appropriate test probe (EN 61032) can touch the surface. It is the responsibility of the technical committees to decide which test probe shall be used.If the equipment is installed out of reach it is not considered touchable.CENELEC Guide 29 Temperatures of hot surfaces likely to be touched It is up to the manufacturers’ risk assessment, based upon the relevant product standard(s), to define the foreseeable use.NOTE “relevant product standard(s)” means, that the standard(s) covers all risks of the equipment in question.4.3 Task analysisAll necessary information concerning the use of the product shall be collected. By means of analysis or observation, the activities and tasks involved in using the product shall be described. Attention shall be paid to the means of possible contact with hot surfaces and to which persons (users of the product and others) the contact may happen. From the task analysis the following information is obtained:- surfaces which may be touched unintentionally,- users or other persons who will likely touch or may touch the surfaces unintentionally,- range of operation of the product,- probability of touching,- statistical data on relevant incidents, if available,- maximum setting of the temperature of the product.4.4 Measurement of the surface temperaturesThe surface temperatures shall be measured on touchable surfaces.The measurement shall be carried out under normal operating conditions of the product that will result in the maximum surface temperature. The chosen operating conditions should reflect the manufacturer’s intended use of the product while excluding deliberate misuse or unauthorised modifications of the product or its operating parameters by the user.f a technical committee has a specified temperature measurement method, that method shall be used. Otherwise the measurement of the surface temperature shall be carried out by means of an electrical thermometer with a contact sensor made of metal and insignificant heat capacity. The accuracy of the instrument shall be at least ± 1 °C in the range up to 50 °C and at least ± 2 °C in the range above 50 °C.NOTE The data in Annex A is based on measurement methods described in EN ISO 13732-1:2006.4.5 Choice of applicable burn thresholdBased on the identification of the hot surfaces in 4.2, and from the task analysis in 4.3, and by taking account of the surface material and texture, the applicable burn threshold may be chosen using the data in Annex A, if available.NOTE 1 Annex A provides data and curves for some surface material and texture combinations. Further study may be necessary to determine burn thresholds for materials and/or textures not covered in Annex A.The contact period to be used for selecting the burn threshold must be according to Clause 6, and must take into consideration the different groups of persons that are likely to come into contact with the surface.NOTE 2 For products that can be expected to be operated only under supervision or if there is a lower risk of exposure to children and/or people with physical disabilities, applicable contact periods may be reduced.4.6 Comparison between surface temperature and burn thresholdCompare the measured surface temperatures with the applicable burn thresholds:-If the surface temperature is above the burn threshold, cutaneous injury upon contact with the hot surface is to be expected. -If the temperature lies below the burn threshold, the skin will not normally suffer injury. - f the measured surface temperature lies inside the burn threshold spreads of the figures inAnnex A, cutaneous injury may or may not occur. This corresponds to the remaining uncertainty ofthe burn threshold specification.NOTE 1 The burn thresholds in EN SO 13732-1:2006 relate to surface temperatures and not skin temperatures. Therelationship between surface temperatures and resultant skin temperatures is discussed in A.1. The occurrence of a burn basedon skin temperature is discussed in Annex B.NOTE 2 I n some technical committees (e.g. TC 108), it is under consideration to measure a resultant surface temperatureafter contact with the body has been established.4.7 Result of the risk assessmentBased on the analysis in 4.3, the probability of touching a part of the surface of the product which hasa temperature higher than the burn threshold shall be determined. As a result, the risk of burning isdetermined in terms of-exceeding or falling short of the burn threshold for all parts of the touchable surface of the product, - probability of contact.NOTE Hints for the risk assessment are given in Subclause 6.3 of EN ISO 13732-1:2006.5 Application of protective measuresProtective measures shall be considered according to 5.1 and 5.2. Afterwards the process of riskassessment shall be repeated until the risk level is acceptable.5.1 Touchable surfacesI f the risk assessment shows that there is a risk of burning it shall be decided whether protectivemeasures are necessary and, if so, which protective measures are appropriate. In order to reduce orto eliminate any risk of burning, protective measures may be applied to products and may also bespecified in standards for products which are to be produced in the future.In general, engineering, organisational or personal protective measures may be applied. Whether it isnecessary to apply protective measures at all and which specific measures are appropriate willdepend on the context in which a product will be used.I t is outside of the scope of this document to specify protective measures. I t is the task ofmanufacturers and also of standardisation groups to decide upon protective measures appropriate tothe intended use of a product. Protective means should be provided together with the equipment.One of several possible protective measures is the limitation of the surface temperature below theburn threshold. To achieve this, surface temperature limit values may be established at or below theburn threshold in the product standard. It is then the task of the manufacturer of the product to applytechnical solutions in order to comply with the established limit values.Limitation of surface temperatures and establishment of limit values is applicable only for those partsof a product which are not deliberately heated as an integral part of the functioning of the product.5.2 Adjacent surfacesAs the temperature of an adjacent surface may be in excess of the limits of the touchable surfaces,protective measures shall be considered to minimize the risk of burning.Examples of applicable protective measures in this case include limiting the dimensions to thesmallest possible area, use of alternative materials or surface structures to limit the likelihood oftouching of adjacent surface, reduction of the temperature flow by de-coupling or insulation from thefunctional surface.It is the responsibility of the technical committee or manufacturer to define the size, the temperaturelimits and any other relevant aspects of this surface, where necessary.6 Burn thresholds6.1 Determination of the contact period6.1.1 GeneralFor the selection of appropriate contact periods, a minimum contact period of 0,5 s – 1 s shall beused. I f extended reaction time is to be expected (e.g. for people who need special precautions), alonger contact period of up to 15 s should be selected. See Table 2.I t is essential that when selecting the contact periods, a distinction is made based upon those whomay come into contact with the hot surface. See Table 1, Table 2 and 6.1.2:- adults,- children,- elderly people,- people with physical disabilities.Table 2 – Contact periodGroup Contact period insecondsAdults 0,5-1Children less than 2 years 15Children from 2 years to less than 6 years 4Children from 6 years to less than 14 years 2Elderly people 1-4Physical disabilities According to nature ofdisabilityNOTE The exact value for adults shall be chosen based on the nature of the products and where they are intended to be used.6.1.2 Selection of contact periods6.1.2.1 AdultsFor adults a minimum contact period of 0,5 s - 1 s shall be used.6.1.2.2 ChildrenI f children may touch the touchable surfaces, an extended reaction time due to their age is to be expected, and at least 4 s shall be selected.I f children aged between 6 and 14 may touch a touchable surface, a contact period of 2 s may be used.Until 24 months of age, children do not have reflexes fast enough to respond to contact with a hot surface. Thus, the contact period may be up to 15 s for very young children.6.1.2.3 Elderly peopleI f elderly people may touch the touchable surface, 1 s shall be selected as the minimum contact period. If an extended reaction time due to their age is to be expected, at least 4 s shall be selected. NOTE The majority of products covered by the Low Voltage Directive are commonly used by elderly people.6.1.2.4 People with physical disabilitiesWhere people with physical disabilities may come in contact with hot surfaces, 1 s shall be selected as the minimum contact period. Special consideration shall be made by the technical committee taking into account the nature of the disabilities and the use of the product.6.2 Selection of the burn thresholdWith the aid of the established contact period, the burn threshold shall be determined from the graphs in the figures in Annex A or from Table A.1.For contact periods between 10 s and 1 min, an interpolation can be made between the burn threshold value indicated for the specific material in the figures in Annex A for 10 s and the value in Table A.1 corresponding to the contact period of 1 min.For contact periods longer than 1 min, lying between the time periods specified in Table A.1, it is convenient to interpolate between the burn threshold values set for the next shorter and for the next longer contact period. Figures for thresholds to be adapted for 0,5 s to 15 s (see A.2).For the purpose of setting temperature limit values, it is recommended to proceed in the following way: inside the spread of burn threshold values for material group in the figures in Annex A it is recommended to choose a temperature value lying nearer the lower end of the spread if the probability of touching the hot surface is high, and to choose a temperature value nearer the higher end of the spread when the probability of touching the surface is less.Materials not expressly mentioned in the figures in Annex A and Table A.1 can in some cases be evaluated according to their heat conductivity properties. The thermal inertia (see Annex B and Annex C) of the respective material has to be compared to the thermal inertia of the following groups of materials: metals, ceramics and glass materials, plastics or wood. The material can then be accorded a burn threshold value from the material group with the same thermal inertia. The prerequisite for that is that the order of the thermal inertia for the material in question may be measured or estimated with sufficient accuracy compared to the thermal inertia of the material groups given in this guideline. If the order of thermal inertia of the material in question is not known at all, no burn threshold values can be derived from this standard. This may especially apply to plastics (e.g. styropor), where heat conductivity properties may deviate considerably from that of the plastic materials described in Annex A. I n case of doubt about specific materials technical committees can use the procedure defined in EN ISO 13732.When a product in normal use can be touched by children a value towards the lower end of the burn threshold spreads in the figures in Annex A shall be selected for contact periods between 1 s and 10 s. For products specifically for children the values on the lower end of the spreads are recommended. For contact periods between 10 s and 1 min an interpolation shall be made between the lower end in the spread for a contact period of 10 s and the burn threshold for 1 min. For contact periods of 1 min and longer Table A.1 applies also to children.6.3 Texture of the surfaceThe texture of the surface will affect the nature of the contact. For rough surfaces, values more towards the upper end of the burn threshold spreads in the figures of Annex A could be taken and for smooth surfaces values more towards the lower end of the spreads could be taken.7 DocumentationThe result of the assessment, data that was used to carry out the risk assessment, measurement values, drawings, data sheets and the like have to be documented.NOTE Applying a harmonised or other recognised relevant standard is an acceptable means of carrying out a risk assessment (as in Clause 4).Annex ABurn thresholdsA.1 GeneralThis annex provides surface temperature data for burn thresholds. An estimate of the risk of burning is possible by measuring the surface temperature and by comparison with the values specified in A.2.NOTE The occurrence of burning depends on the temperature of the skin and on the duration of raised skin temperature. The connection between skin temperature, duration of its influence and occurrence of burning has been scientifically studied and is known (see Annex B). But it is not practicable by simple means to measure the temperature of the skin during its contact with a hot surface. Therefore in this guidance it is not the temperature values of the skin which are specified but the temperature values of hot surfaces which, when in contact with the skin, lead to burns (the burn thresholds). The temperature of a surface is simply measurable by appropriate measuring facilities.The surface temperatures which lead to burns during contact of the skin with a hot surface depend on the material of which the surface consists, and on the duration of the contact of the skin with the surface. This relationship is presented in Figure A.1. Figure A.1 shows this relationship for several groups of materials which have similar heat conductivity properties and therefore similar burn thresholds.A point on a burn threshold curve indicates, for a particular contact period, that surface temperature which lies between non-injury of the skin and the onset of a superficial partial thickness burn when the skin comes into contact with the hot surface.Surface temperature values lying below the curve in general do not lead to a burn. Surface temperature values lying above the curve will lead to a burn of the skin (see also Annex B).The illustrative Figure A.1 only serves to provide better understanding and does not accurately represent the burn threshold data. The exact burn threshold values have to be taken from Figures A.2 to A.6 and Table A.1.For short contact periods the burn thresholds are not drawn as lines in the illustrative Figure A.1 and the detailed Figures A.2 to A.6, but are drawn as spreads. This takes into account the fact that for short contact periods the knowledge of the temperature boundary between non-burning and the onset of burning is not complete. The burn threshold depends on several factors which include: thickness of the skin at the touching point, moisture of the skin’s surface (sweating), contamination of the skin (e.g. grease), touching force; differences between the heat conductivity properties of materials which have been combined in one group; uncertainties of the scientific determination of the burn threshold values (see also Annex B). However, these influences are considered to be small compared to the influence of the heat conductivity properties of the different material groups.For longer contact periods the uncertainties are less than for short contact periods. So for long contact periods exact values for burn thresholds are specified. The differences in the values for different groups of materials also disappear for long contact periods.A.2Burn threshold data A.2.1 Burn thresholds for a contact period between 1 s and 10 sA.2.1.1 GeneralIn the case of short contacts (contact periods of 1 s to 10 s), the burn threshold spreads are not set innumbers but are reflected in graphs in dependence upon the contact period. The burn thresholds ofmaterials with similar heat conductivity properties were combined to represent one range.A.2.1.2 Uncoated metalsThe burn thresholds presented in Figure A.2 are valid for smooth surfaces of uncoated metal. In thecase of rough metal surfaces however, the values may lie above those for smooth surfaces but notmore than 2 ºC above the upper limit of the indicated burn threshold spread.A.2.1.3 Coated metalsThe values for the effect of coating a metal are shown in Figures A.3a and A.3b. The values arepresented as temperature rise above the burn threshold for uncoated metal. To obtain a burnthreshold for coated metal itself, the value for the temperature rise ∆T s in Figure A.3a or A.3b and theburn threshold for the uncoated metal T s in Figure A.2 have to be added.A.2.1.4 Ceramics, glass and stone materialsThe burn threshold spread for ceramics, glass ceramics, glass, porcelain and stone materials (marble,concrete) is shown in Figure A.4.The burn thresholds for marble and concrete lie towards the lower limit of the spread. Burn thresholdsfor glass lie towards the upper limit of the spread.A.2.1.5 P lasticsThe burn threshold spread for plastics (polyamide, acrylglass, polytetrafluorethylene, duroplastic) isindicated in Figure A.5.NOTE Plastics have very different levels of thermal conductivity, depending on the chemical composition. The burn thresholdspread for most solid plastics is indicated in Figure A.5. However, for plastics with heat conductivity properties which differmarkedly from those of the materials given in A.2.1.5, burn thresholds as indicated in Figure A.5 cannot be used. For thesematerials burn thresholds have to be calculated, estimated or measured as indicated in Annex B.A.2.1.6 WoodThe burn threshold spread for wood is shown in Figure A.6.For soft woods with low moisture content the values at the upper limit of the spread are applicable. Forhard woods with high moisture content the values at the lower limit of the spread are relevant.A.2.2 Burn thresholds for contact periods of 1 min and longerTable A.1 presents burn thresholds when a surface is touched for contact periods of 1 min and longer.。

奔驰CLC

前建手动变速祝奔驰对４于缸机版本述提供了５建自前动变
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奔驰以一款卓越的ＧＣ级车Ｌ型为奔驰家族新增一款＾ｒ毂】的Ｃｕｅ奔驰ｃｃｏｐ．Ｌ些工程技术上的亮点包括套可以实现有１。（升的储）物空间端力方面奔驰ＣＣＬ有—款４缸机和两就０赫最太功自率１２力到２２从２马７马力对于所有发动机型号均配备６更激烈过弯的直接转向系统艺术级的信息娱乐系统和新升级的缸机械增压发铷外观．

奔驰CLS

现如今，奔驰S级车系的豪华与尊贵品质已得到全球消费者的认可，但也许其中有不少人还不曾知晓，其实这个有拥有百年家族历史的汽车品牌，还并肩存在另一个个陆地豪华游艇级选手，这便是奔驰CL系列车型，而可称得上是四门掀背式轿跑车型鼻祖的CLS，有着一段辉煌的发展史。

接下来，我们就为您揭开这两款车系的老底儿，看看它们在家族中是如何一路成长起来的。

一、奔驰CL级上图从左上至右下分别为：1、Mercedes-Benz 300Sc（W186） Cabriolet;2、Mercedes-Benz 220 S Coupe (W180 II)；3、Mercedes-Benz SE Coupe （W108）4、Mercedes-Benz（W126）SEC Coupe5、Mercedes-Benz CL500(0SECS 500 Coupe (W140)6、Mercedes-Benz CL600（W215）7、Mercedes-Benz CL500（W216）CL在德语种即——Comfort Leicht（英语就是Comfort Light，舒适轻便），但实际上CL却从来都没有Light（令人感觉轻便）过，因为它最初定位便是属于大型豪华GT轿车。

所以，从奔驰CL车系诞生之日起，它便一直与大气、沉稳、豪华这些词汇形影不离，即便到现在为止奔驰CL级车型的粉丝与其它团体相比并不庞大，但该车系却一直将其设计理念延续至今并将继续传承下去。

第一代：W188/188 II生产年份：1952年—1958年产量：314辆代表车型：300S、300SC(Mercedes-Benz 300S 1951)1952年，奔驰CL级车型的鼻祖300S(内部代号W188)问世了。

300S车型的外观设计在当时来看不仅相当漂亮、时尚，更是做出了一个领人们感到惊讶的创新之举，设计师将传统意义上轿车的B柱取消，使300S的外型看起来更时髦，而车身曲线也自然变得相当流畅。

2012款cls300

2011年11月04日 01:00 来源：汽车之家类型：原创编辑：张然[汽车之家深入体验] 近年，豪华品牌热衷四门中大型coupe，保时捷Panamera、奥迪A7、阿斯顿·马丁Rapide都是这股浪潮里杰出代表...不过，饮水需思源！它们或多或少要感谢下奔驰CLS，作为这类车型的开山鼻祖，第一代奔驰CLS在2004年日内瓦车展上推出，在生产17万台后正式停产。

今年的上海车展，我们迎来第二代CLS国内的首发，但距正式上市见到实车却用时半年之久。

从实车来看，新CLS依然保有老款车型雍容优雅的被称为“雪茄型”的车身，加入了更多阳刚的元素，带有硬派气质了。

新款奔驰CLS售价区间为76.8万元-177.8万元，实拍车型为售价76.8万元的CLS 300，这是第一代CLS在2005年进入国内取得不错成绩的主销车型，也是目前新款被预订最多的硬朗的线条是瓦格纳赋予新CLS新的设计语言，他同时还参与了奔驰A、B、C、E级车的外观和内饰设计，主导设计了第二代的SLK和R级车的概念车型（GST）。

至少在未来几年，我们看到全新面貌的奔驰家族产品将因他而进化与变更。

■前脸：LED增强科技感，外凸式发动机舱颇为阳刚尺寸方面，相比上一代，新CLS在车长和车宽分别增加了23mm和8mm，达到了4940mm 和1881mm，接近5米的车身尺寸让新CLS看上去更有四门大型房车的气势。

只是降低14mm 车高和从A柱延伸至尾部低矮的车顶弧线显示出它是一台coupe车型。

轴距方面，加长了20mm，达到2874mm，这也意味着全新CLS将空间更宽敞。

最能体现全新奔驰CLS阳刚硬派气质的部位当属前脸，线条硬朗的发动机舱盖向外凸出，很有冲击力的设计！而发动机舱盖下方暗藏着奔驰最新的家族脸谱，“大嘴”格栅搭配硕大的三叉星LOGO，与奔驰旗舰超跑SLS AMG相似度非常高。

不过，就像分辨奔驰每个型号不同配置车型需从内部格栅横条根数去判断一样，新CLS300内部横条根数为两根，而CLS350/CLS 63 AMG均为单横向。

PIC16LF1508-ISS;PIC16F1508-ISS;PIC16LF1509-ISS;PIC16F1509-ISS;中文规格书,Datasheet资料

Trademarks The Microchip name and logo, the Microchip logo, dsPIC, KEELOQ, KEELOQ logo, MPLAB, PIC, PICmicro, PICSTART, PIC32 logo, rfPIC and UNI/O are registered trademarks of Microchip Technology Incorporated in the U.S.A. and other countries. FilterLab, Hampshire, HI-TECH C, Linear Active Thermistor, MXDEV, MXLAB, SEEVAL and The Embedded Control Solutions Company are registered trademarks of Microchip Technology Incorporated in the U.S.A. Analog-for-the-Digital Age, Application Maestro, chipKIT, chipKIT logo, CodeGuard, dsPICDEM, , dsPICworks, dsSPEAK, ECAN, ECONOMONITOR, FanSense, HI-TIDE, In-Circuit Serial Programming, ICSP, Mindi, MiWi, MPASM, MPLAB Certified logo, MPLIB, MPLINK, mTouch, Omniscient Code Generation, PICC, PICC-18, PICDEM, , PICkit, PICtail, REAL ICE, rfLAB, Select Mode, Total Endurance, TSHARC, UniWinDriver, WiperLock and ZENA are trademarks of Microchip Technology Incorporated in the U.S.A. and other countries. SQTP is a service mark of Microchip Technology Incorporated in the U.S.A. All other trademarks mentioned herein are property of their respective companies. © 2011, Microchip Technology Incorporated, Printed in the U.S.A., All Rights Reserved. Printed on recycled paper. ISBN: 978-1-61341-726-3

黑翼飞行模拟器用户手册说明书

IntroductionThe Blackwing BW 635RG is an ultralight two-seater aeroplane designed for recreational flying and training purposes. It features a sleek and modern design, with a composite airframe and a low-wing configuration. The Blackwing has a cruising speed of up to 120 knots and a range of approximately 700 nautical miles, making it suitable for both short and long-distance flights. The cockpit is equipped with state-of-the-art avionics, including a glass cockpit display and an autopilot system. The Blackwing is also known for its superior handling and stability, making it a popular choice among flying enthusiasts and flight schools. The BW 635RG is powered by the venerable Rotax 915 iS engine.Development Credits:Mal Cartwright Product LeadRuss White3D Modelling, Interior and Exterior TexturingJack Lavigne IntegrationHarry Stringer AnimationPropAir Flight Model and SystemsJordan Gough ManualWith special thanks to our Beta Testers:Rob Abernathy John BurgessNick Cooper John DowMatt McGee Darryl WightmanTable of ContentsIntroduction (2)Development Credits: (2)With special thanks to our Beta Testers: (2)Table of Contents (3)Notes on Hardware (4)Overview (5)Aircraft Limitations (6)Airspeed Limitations (6)Engine Limitations (6)Operating Conditions (6)Fuel (7)Other Limitations (7)Emergency Procedures (8)Engine Failure on the Take-off Roll (8)Engine Failure after Take-off (8)Glide Performance (8)Emergency Landing (9)Spin Recovery (9)Normal Procedures (10)Before Starting Engine (10)Starting Engine (10)Before Taxiing (11)Taxiing (11)Engine Runup (11)Before Take-off (11)Take-Off (12)Initial Climb (12)Cruise Climb (12)Cruise (12)Landing (13)Balked Landing (13)After Landing (13)Securing Aircraft (14)Basic Performance (15)Stall Speeds (15)Take-Off Performance (15)Landing Performance (16)Systems Description (17)Instrument Panel Layout (17)Switch Logic and Electrical System (18)Master Switch (18)Fuel Pump Switch (19)LAND/TAXI Switch (19)Strobe/Nav Switch (19)Electrical System Diagram (20)Engine (21)Propeller (21)Fuel (21)Notes on HardwareDue to the unusual 3-position switches in this aircraft, conventional hardware 2position toggle switches (eg. strobe or nav light switches) cannot be translated tothe single 3-position switch which combine these.Additionally, as this aircraft utilises a single level power control (throttle), conventional throttle/prop/mixture hardware may interfere with the function of this system, and not work as intended. It is recommended to place your propeller and mixture levers in the IDLE position, and not move them while the engine is running.OverviewThe Orbx BW 635RG has been developed using official documentation and Computer Aided Design (CAD) resources from Blackwing Sweden. As a result, the aeroplane has been created through masterful modelling, texturing, systems integration, and flight model development.Figure 1 – Aircraft 3-viewAircraft DimensionsLength 6.6m Height 2.2m Wingspan8.4mWeightsBasic Empty Weight 375kg Maximum Take-off Weight 600kg Maximum Fuel Capacity (Litres)130LThe content in this manual and the operation of the BW 635RG in Microsoft Flight Simulator strictly must not be used as reference material in any form for operating the real aircraft.Aircraft LimitationsAirspeed LimitationsAirspeed Description Airspeed (KIAS) RemarksVne Never Exceed Speed 157 Must not exceed this speed in any operation.Va Manoeuvring Speed 109 If full or abrupt control deflection is made, the airframe may be overstressed.Vfe1 Max flap extended speed20 degrees90 Maximum speed for flaps 20°Vfe2 Max flap extended speed35-45 degrees 70 Maximum speed for flaps 35-45°Vlo Maximum landing gearoperating speed 70Do not extended or retract the landing gearabove this speed.Vle Maximum landing gear extended speed 90 Do not exceed this speed with the landing gearalready down.Vs0 Stall speed flaps/gearextended 38 Stall speed with gear down/flaps >0° and in level flight at MTOWVs1 Stall speed clean 49 Stall speed flaps retracted, gear up and in level flight at MTOWEngine LimitationsEngineEngine Manufacturer Rotax Engine Model Rotax 915 iSMaximum Power Take-off (Max 5 min.) 141 hp Continuous 135 hpMaximum RPM Take-off (Max 5 min.) 5800 Continuous 5500Critical Altitude 15000ft AMSL Maximum OperatingAltitude23000ft AMSL Operating ConditionsAerobatic manoeuvres, flight in IFR conditionsand flights in icing conditions are prohibited inthis aircraft.FuelFuel TanksLeft Right Litres US Gal Litres US GalTotal Fuel in Tank 67.5 17.8 62.5 16.5Unusable Fuel 2.5 0.7 2.5 0.7 Total Useable Fuel in Tanks 66.5 17.6 61.5 16.2Other LimitationsMaximum demonstrated crosswind for the BW 635RG is 20 knots.Emergency ProceduresNote: The following procedures have been modified to be suitable for simulation. It does not cover emergencies that are a) not simulated and b) not reasonable. Checklist items from the real procedures have been omitted and these procedures must not under any circumstances be used for training purposes.Engine Failure on the Take-off RollThrottle: IDLEIgnition: OFFFuel Pump: MAIN (DOWN POS)Brakes: APPLYWhen stopped: SECURE AIRCRAFTEngine Failure after Take-offNose: IMMEDIATELY LOWERAirspeed: 65 KNOTSLanding Area: DETERMINE WITHIN 30° OF NOSEFlaps: USE AS REQUIREDLanding Gear: USE DESCRETIONFuel Selector: OFFIgnition: OFFMaster Switch: OFFGlide PerformanceThe BW 635RG, the approximate performance for a glide is 65 KIAS which willgive approximately a 545ft/min rate of descent in the clean configuration.Glide performance will degrade significantly on extension of flaps and landinggear.Emergency LandingAirspeed: 65 KIASField: PICK BEST OPTIONLanding Gear: USE DISCRETION DEPENDING ON FIELD TYPEFlaps: AS REQUIREDFuel Selector: OFFIgnition: OFFFuel Pump: MAIN (down)Master Switch: OFF BEFORE LANDINGSpin RecoveryThrottle: IDLEControl Stick: AILERON NEUTRALRudder: FULL OPPOSITE TO DIRECTION OF ROTATIONControl Stick: POSITIVELY FORWARD OF NEUTRALRudder: NEUTRAL WHEN ROTATION STOPSControl Stick: SMOOTHLY PULL OUT OF DIVEWARNING:INTENTIONAL SPINS ARE NOT APPROVED INTHIS AIRCRAFT.Normal ProceduresNote: The pre-flight inspection portion of the normal procedures has been removed due to impracticality in the simulator.Before Starting EngineIgnition: OFFMaster Switch: OFF (down)Backup Battery: OFF/AUTO (down)Landing Gear Lever: DOWNCircuit Breakers: INCanopy CLOSED (CLICKING THE LATCHON THE INSIDE LEFT SIDEWALL.) Starting EngineParking Brake: HOLD TOE BRAKES AND ENGAGE PARKINGBRAKEMaster Switch: ENGINE START (middle position)Fuel Selector: SETFuel Gauge: CHECKFuel Pump: BOTH (up)Ignition: BOTHNav Lights: STROBE (middle position)Throttle: SET ½-1 INCH OPENIgnition: STARTOil Pressure: GREEN WITHIN 10 SECWarnings: NONEBefore TaxiingMaster Switch: NORMAL OPERATION (up)Altimeter: SETAvionics: SETParking Brake: DISENGAGETaxiingInstruments: CHECKED (COMPASS/HSI/BALL/ATT) Engine RunupParking Brake: ENGAGERPM: 2500 RPMFuel Pump: CYCLE, CHECK FUEL PRESSUREIdle: CHECK IDLE 1800 +/- 100 RPM Before Take-offCanopy: CLOSED AND LOCKEDFlaps: 1 STAGE (20°)Elevator Trim: SET FOR TAKE-OFFEngine Instruments: NORMALLanding Light: ON (up)Controls: FULL FREE AND CORRECT MOVEMENTParking Brake: DISENGAGETake-OffThrottle: FULLControls: NEUTRAL45 Knots: ROTATEAccelerate: NOSE ON HORIZON, ACCEL TO 80 KIASPositive Rate of Climb: GEAR UPLanding Light: OFF (down)Flaps: RETRACT ABOVE 500’ AGLInitial ClimbThrottle: MAX CONTINUOUS (5500 RPM)Airspeed: 90 KIASFuel Pump: MAIN (down) ABOVE 500’ AGL Cruise ClimbThrottle: MAX CONTINUOUS (5500 RPM)Airspeed: 130 KIASCruiseThrottle: 55-75% PowerAirspeed: 120-157 KIAS (<130 KIAS IN TURB)LandingFuel: QTY CHECKEDFuel Selector: FULLEST TANKFuel Pump: BOTH (up position)Airspeed: 90 KIASFlaps: EXTEND FLAP 1 <90 KIASDownwind Airspeed: 65 KIASLanding Gear: DOWN @ 65 KIAS; CHECK 3 GREENLanding Light: ON (up position)Base Leg: EXTEND FLAP 2 < 65 KIASFinal Approach Airspeed: 60 KIASBalked LandingThrottle: SMOOTHLY INCREASEAirspeed: 60 KIASTrim: COURSE TRIM TO RELIEVE PRESSUREFlaps: RETRACT TO POSITION 1 (20°)Gear: UPTrim: TRIM FOR CLIMBAfter LandingFlaps: RETRACTExterior Lights: AS REQ’DFuel Pump: MAIN (down)Securing AircraftParking Brake: ENGAGEDThrottle: IDLESwitches: ALL OFF EXCEPT ACL AND MASTERIgnition: OFFNav Lights: OFF (down)Master Switch: OFFBasic PerformanceStall SpeedsMTOW 600kg | CG 32% MAC | Power Idle | Level FlightFlap Position Stall Speed (KIAS) 0° 49 20° 44 35° 39 45°38Take-Off PerformanceMTOW | ISA CONDITIONS | SEA LEVEL | FLAPS 1 (20°) | MTOW (600kg)Cruise PerformanceRunway Surface Ground RollOver 50ft Obstacleft mft mPaved Runway328 100 656 200 Unpaved (Grass) Runway 361110689208Pressure Altitude Power (%) TAS Fuel Flow LPH MAP (inHg) Endurance(hr)Range (nm) 500055 161 19.7 30 5.8 941 65 170 23.3 34.1 4.9 827 7517826.937.44.1738Landing PerformanceMTOW | ISA CONDITIONS | FLAPS 2 (35°) | MTOW (600kg) | Speed 1.3 x VsoRunway Surface Ground Roll Over 50ft Obstacle ft m ft mPaved Runway 525 160 951 290 Unpaved (Grass) Runway 558 170 984 300Systems Description Instrument Panel LayoutSwitch Logic and Electrical SystemThe electrical switches in the BW 635RG are 3-position switches. These are generally known as “DOWN”, “MIDDLE” and “UP”. They are briefly explained below.Master SwitchThe MASTER switch functions in a unique way, with the following switch logic:1.When the MASTER switch is DOWN, all battery power is off. There will beno electrical power provided to the aircraft.•Note: The engine CANNOT be shut down when the master switch isoff. Electrical power must be present for the engine to turn off.2.When the MASTER switch is in the MIDDLE (Engine Start) position, limitedsystem functionality will be present. The backup battery will be activatedand power the following systems:•Primary Flight Display•Compass•AHRS (Attitude Heading Reference System)•Radio3.When the MASTER switch is UP (Normal Operation), full electrical supplywill be provided to the aircraft. The following systems will be powered on: •Note: the engine CANNOT be started with the MASTER switch in theUP position. If the engine won’t start, check the switch is in theMIDDLE position•Multi-Function Display•Transponder•Autopilot•Audio panel•STBY instruments•Pitot Heat•Main battery is disconnected from running engine. Alternatorprovides power.See Section NORMAL PROCEDURES for positioning of the MASTER switch.Fuel Pump SwitchThe Fuel Pump switch also has some advanced logic to it, due to two fuel pumpsbeing present, however, to put it simply, it operates in the following way:1.In the DOWN position, the main fuel pump is in use.2.In the MIDDLE position, the auxiliary fuel pump is in use.3.In the UP position, both fuel pumps will be on.LAND/TAXI SwitchThe LAND/TAXI switch powers the Taxi and Landing lights. It operates in the following logic:1.In the DOWN position, both lights will be OFF.2.In the MIDDLE position, the taxi light will switch on when the landinggear is extended.3.In the UP position, the Landing Light will switch on when the landinggear is extended.Strobe/Nav SwitchThe Strobe/Nav switch powers the Navigation (Red/Green) and Strobe (flashingwhite) lights. It operates in the following logic:1.In the DOWN position, both lights will be OFF.2.In the MIDDLE position, the STROBE light will be on.3.In the UP position, both the strobe and Nav lights will be on.Electrical System DiagramThe BW 635RG’s electrical system is modelled in the following way in Microsoft Flight Simulator.Because the starter system is connected to the BACKUP BUS, this means you cannot start the engine with the MASTER switch in the UP position, due to the BACKUP BUS being disconnected from the circuit once the MAIN BAT BUS is powered.Page 21 of 21User Guide v1.0 –RevisionEngineThe BW 635RG is powered by the Rotax 915iS. The Rotax 915iS is a four-stroke, four-cylinder, fuel-injected, turbocharged aircraft engine with a maximum power output of141 horsepower. The engine utilizes electronic fuel injection (EFI) technology toprovide precise fuel delivery and improved fuel efficiency. It also features a modernliquid-cooling system and a dual electronic ignition system for reliable performance.The Rotax 915iS engine has a maximum operating RPM of 5,200, with a recommended continuous operation range of 5,000 RPM or less.PropellerThe propeller is a 3-blade wood-composite design, which is hydraulically adjustable for operation at various pitch angles, controlled independently of the pilot. The propeller is linked to the engine through an electronically controlled governor, where RPM isadjusted in accordance with the position of the throttle control. This pitch curve cannot be adjusted in flight, however is designed to ensure maximum performance in allphases of flight.FuelBoth wings have fuel tanks, which are fed to the engine via electric fuel pumps. Fuelsystem information is fed via sensors to the Garmin avionics suite and can be viewedon the displays inside the cockpit.AIRPLANE WEIGHTSBasic Empty Weight……………………….…375 KgMaximum Takeoff Weight…………………..600 KgMaximum Fuel Weight………………………...95 Kg Maximum Landing Weight………………….600 Kg TANK USABLE FUEL LEFT WING TANK67.5 litres 17.8 US Gallons RIGHT WING TANK62.5 litres 16.5 US Gallons TOTAL 130 litres34.3 US GallonsFUEL CAPACITY AIRSPEEDS Never Exceed Speed ……….…………….173 KIAS Max Structural Cruising Speed…………..156 KIAS Maneuvering Speed MTOW……………….109 KIAS Initial Climb………………………………………80 KIASBest Angle Climb……………………………….75 KIASBest Rate of Climb……………………………..90 KIASMax Flap Ext 20°……………………..............90 KIASMax Flap Ext 35-45°……………………………70 KIASMax Landing Gear Operation……………….70 KIASMax Landing Gear Extended………………..90 KIASPlanned Cruise TAS………………………….130 KIASFinal Approach Speed………………………..60 KIAS POWERPLANT LIMITATIONSENGINE LIMITS (RPM)Take-off (5 Minutes)………....5800 RPM Max Continuous……………….5500 RPMALTITUDE LIMITSMaximum Operating Altitude………………23 000ftFor Microsoft Flight Simulator Use Only0-12023 Orbx Simulation Systems Pty. Ltd BW 635RG QUICK REFERENCESHEETIssued: 21 Apr 2023Revised: 21 Apr 20230-2PROCEDURESBEFORE STARTING ENGINEPreflight Inspection………………………….COMPLETECrew Briefing………………………………….COMPLETEIgnition…………………………………………………….OFFMaster Switch…………………………………………..OFFBackup Battery …..…………………………….OFF/AUTOLanding Gear Lever………………………………..DOWNCircuit Breakers…………………………………………..IN Canopy………………………………………………CLOSED STARTING ENGINEArea……………………………………………………..CLEARParking Brake……………….HOLD TOE BRAKES ANDENGAGEMaster Switch …..……………….ENGINE START (MID)Fuel Selector…………………………………………….SETFuel Pump………………………………………BOTH (UP)Ignition………………………………………………….BOTHExternal Lights……………………………………..AS REQThrottle ………………………..………..Τ12-1 INCH OPENIgnition………………………………………………….START AFTER START Oil Pressure.…………………………………………RISING Master Switch ……………………………..NORMAL (UP)Radios………………………………………………………SET Altimeter…………………………………………………..SET ATIS and Clearance…………………………..OBTAINEDBEFORE TAXIBrakes/Park Brake ………………………….DISENGAGEFlight Instruments……………………………..CHECKEDCompass…………………………………………CHECKED BEFORE TAKEOFFCanopy/Harnesses………………………………SECURE Flaps…………………………………….……1 STAGE (20°)Trim ..……………………………………SET FOR TAKEOFF Flight Instruments………………………………………SET Engine Instruments………………CHECKED NORMAL Avionics…………………………………………………….SET External Lights………………………………………AS REQ Flight Controls…………..FULL, FREE AND CORRECT Takeoff Safety Brief………………………….DELIVERED TAKEOFFBrakes/Park Brake………………………….DISENGAGEPower…………SMOOTHLY INCREASE TO MAXIMUM45 knots………………………………………………ROTATEAccelerate……….…NOSE ON HORIZON, TO 80 KTSPositive Rate of Climb………………………….GEAR UPLanding Light.……………………………….OFF (DOWN)Flaps ………………………..RETRACT ABOVE 500’ AGLMEMORY ITEMS 2023 Orbx Simulation Systems Pty. Ltd ENGINE RUN UP Parking Brake ……………………………………..ENGAGE Engine Instruments……………………………CHECKED Engine RPM…………………………………SET 2500 RPM Fuel Pump…………………………………………….CYCLE Idle …………………..…..CHECK IDLE 1800 ±100RPM Navigation Equipment …..…………………………….SETFor Microsoft Flight Simulator Use OnlyIssued: 21 Apr 2023Revised: 21 Apr 2023AFTER TAKEOFF Engine Instruments……………………..WITHIN LIMITS Climb Speed…………………………………………90 KIAS Fuel Pump………….MAIN (DOWN ) ABOVE 500’ AGL0-3CRUISEPower….……………………………………….SET 55-75%Airspeed…..……….120-157KTS (<130KTS IN TURB.)DESCENTAltimeter…………………………………………………..SETFuel Selector………………………………FULLEST TANKPower Lever………………….AS REQUIRED FOR RODApproach Brief………………………………PLETE BEFORE LANDINGBrakes……………………………………………………..OFFFuel ………….………………………………QTY CHECKEDFuel Selector………………………………FULLEST TANK Fuel Pump……….………………………………BOTH (UP)LANDINGDOWNWINDAirspeed….………………………………………….90 KIASFlaps….………………………………………STAGE 1 (20°)Airspeed………….………………………………….65 KIASLanding Gear…..…………………….DOWN @ 65 KIASCHECK 3 GREENLanding Light………………………………………ON (UP)BASEFlaps…………………………… STAGE 2 (35°) < 65 KIASFINALAirspeed………….………………………………….60 KIASTouchdown ……………………….MAIN WHEELS FIRSTStick………………………………………………FULL BACK Brakes…………………………………………………..APPLYAFTER LANDING Flaps………………………………………………..RETRACT Landing Lights…………………………………………..OFFFuel Pump….………………………………MAIN (DOWN)SHUTDOWNParking Brake ……………………………………..ENGAGE Throttle……………………………………………………IDLE Switches….………………………….OFF EXCL. MASTERIgnition..…………………………………………………..OFFLights….……………………………………….OFF (DOWN)Master Switch..……………………………..OFF (DOWN)MEMORY ITEMS 2023 Orbx Simulation Systems Pty. Ltd For Microsoft Flight Simulator Use OnlyPROCEDURESIssued: 21 Apr 2023Revised: 21 Apr 2023。

奔驰cls260说明书

奔驰cls260说明书摘要：一、奔驰CLS260简介1.奔驰CLS系列背景2.CLS260车型特点二、车辆外观设计1.车身线条2.车头造型3.车尾设计4.轮毂样式三、内饰与舒适性1.驾驶室布局2.材质与做工3.乘坐空间4.舒适性配置四、动力系统1.发动机类型与性能2.变速器类型与性能3.动力输出与油耗五、操控性能1.悬挂系统2.转向系统3.驾驶辅助系统4.安全性能六、车辆维护与保养1.保养周期与项目2.易损件更换3.维修注意事项正文：【奔驰CLS260简介】作为奔驰CLS系列的一员，CLS260以其独特的造型和卓越的性能吸引了众多消费者的目光。

CLS260车型在保持奔驰一贯的豪华品质基础上，更注重驾驶的舒适性和实用性。

【车辆外观设计】奔驰CLS260的外观设计独具匠心，车身线条流畅且富有张力，展现出强烈的运动气息。

车头部分采用了奔驰家族式设计，星徽标志熠熠生辉，与两侧大灯相得益彰。

车尾部分则呈现出简约而不简单的风格，双边共双出的排气布局进一步强调了其运动特性。

此外，CLS260还配备了多辐式轮毂，使整车造型更加时尚动感。

【内饰与舒适性】CLS260的内饰同样展现出奔驰的高水准，驾驶室布局合理且科技感十足。

材质与做工方面，采用了大量软性材料和皮革包裹，触感舒适且豪华感十足。

乘坐空间方面，CLS260的表现也相当出色，无论是头部还是腿部空间都非常充裕。

舒适性配置方面，车辆配备了自动空调、座椅加热等实用功能，为驾驶者及乘客带来愉悦的驾乘体验。

【动力系统】奔驰CLS260搭载了一台2.0升涡轮增压发动机，最大功率为155kW，最大扭矩为350N·m。

与之匹配的是一台9速自动变速器，换挡平顺且响应迅速。

动力输出方面，CLS260在满足日常驾驶需求的同时，还具备一定的运动性能。

油耗方面，综合工况下百公里油耗仅为6.8L，表现相当出色。

【操控性能】在操控性能方面，CLS260表现同样卓越。

悬挂系统采用了前麦弗逊式、后多连杆式的独立悬挂组合，具有良好的滤震性能和支撑性。

奔驰全新GLC技术亮点解读

1. 4MATIC分动器 4MATIC分动器的结构如图3所示。
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1.后轴输出装置 2.多片式离合器 3.前轴输出轴驱动轮（带太阳齿轮） 4.自动变速器输出轴
5.前轴输出装置 6.带集成式万向节的前轴输出轴 7.行星齿轮差速器 8.花键轴
图3 4MATIC分动器的结构
一、发动机
国产车型采用了在 C 级中为人所熟知的 4 缸汽油发动机M274（图1），该发动机的主要特点如下。
①直喷与废气涡轮增压相组合。 ②经过进一步开发的燃烧过程和更宽广的调节范围。 ③采用快速开关式压电喷油嘴，可实现燃油多次喷射。
④根据需求多次点火。 ⑤通过文丘里抽吸装置实现满负荷油箱再生。 ⑥满足欧 6 排放标准。
NEW CAR TRAINING
新车培训
奔驰全新GLC技术亮点解读
文：赵英旭
2015年11月19日，北京奔驰 GLC 级正式上市。舒适及安全配置方面，国产 G LC 级根据不同的车型，配有自动泊车辅助、碰撞预防辅助系统增强版（CPA Plus）、增强型限距控制系统（DISTRONIC PLUS）、后视镜组件、无钥匙起动系统和车道追踪组件等。动力方面，国产GLC全系搭载型号为M274的2.0 T 发动机，且提供3种不同动力调校可选。传动系统配备的是9挡自动变速器，并配备有 4MATIC四驱系统。为了方便广大读者对该车的了解，本文将对全新奔驰GLC的技术亮点进行详细介绍。
2.前轴差速器前轴差速器为采用平滑运行技术（燃
1
2 1.前轴输入轴 2.传动小齿轮 3.右前驱动轴 4.差速器

CLSI 所有EP标准的适用范围和简介

CLSI 所有EP标准的适用范围和简介clsi所有ep标准的适用范围和简介1.Ep05-a3定量测量程序精度评估：批准指南发布日期：2021年10月版本号a3适用范围：本文件为临床实验室研究提供指南。

目的是建立定量测定程序批内精密度的性能特征，并进行批间变异研究。

本文阐述了几种实验方案，并考虑了如何选择和优化方案，使其成为特定测定程序的最佳方案，以及该方案的目的。

对于仅仅是验证厂家声明的精密度的用户，不适用于本文件，应参照clsi文件ep15。

ep05首要适用于制造商和开发商者，对终端用户验证重复性和和实验室内精密度的建议可参考ep15，ep15中的实验方案已改为和ep05中单一实验室研究设计的兼容性。

单一实验室方案与EP05方案的前一版本类似。

对于给定的样品和试剂批号，需要测试20天，每天两批，每批重复两次。

第三版仍然使用该方案作为标准实验，供制造商和开发人员在实验室评估测量程序的重复性和精度。

新的ep05是第二个标准化实验：多中心方案至少要在3个地方重复测定5天，第4章提到了如何实施3（地）x5（天）x5（每天重复次数）和3（地）x5（天）x2（每天批次）x3（每批重复次数）。

该辅助方案阐述了实验室间变异和再现性的估计。

为了帮助理解基本概念，新的EP05中包含了非统计研究人员的扩展教程（见第1.5节）。

鉴于本指南中的计算复杂性，建议使用CLSI提供的statispro方法评估软件。

2.Ep06-a：定量测量程序的线性评估：统计方法发布日期：2021年4月版本号a使用范围：本文件提供了建立、验证和证明定量测量程序线性范围的方法。

他无法确定明显线性的原因。

样本数量越多，线性检查就越清晰。

因此，如果线性评估失败，则需要重新进行，这可能会增加重复次数或降低浓度水平，以覆盖较小的线性范围。

本指南主要是评价线性关系，尽可能不受精密度和准确度的影响。

众所周知，精密度差会影响线性评估的有效性，因此本文件还包括了对重复性差的检查。

新车技术参数

13.68/14.68
高尔夫 · 纯电 2020 款驰 / 驰 Pro
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雷凌双擎 2019 款 1.8H CVT 进取版国 V/ 国 VI
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4647/1891/1725 4554/1855/1719 4544/1818/1536
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eRX5 2019 款 50T 4G 互联超越版 / 互联网超越旗舰版 / 智尊版 17.59/18.59/19.99
Ei5 2019 款舒适版 / 豪华版 / 智联旗舰版 / 智联至尊版
12.88/13.88/14.88/15.88
东风风神
E30L 2016 款 E30L
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楼兰混动 2019 款 2.5 S/C HEV XE 四驱混动智联尊尚版 / 尊贵版 / 旗舰版国 VI 30.03/33.63/37.58
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元 EV 2018 款 EV360 智联尚酷型 / 悦酷型 / 炫酷型 / 创酷型 7.99/8.59/9.39/9.99
唐 EV 2019 款 EV600 两驱智联创悦型 / 创享型 5 座
25.99/27.99
唐 EV 2019 款 EV600D 四驱智联创睿型 / 创领型 / 创世版 5 座 28.99/30.99/35.99

惠普12C计算器使用指南说明书

1HP-12C Quick GuideThe Hewlett-Packard 12C (HP-12C) is HP's longest and best-selling product, in continuous production since its introduction in 1981. The HP-12C is one of only two calculators permitted on CFA Program exams (the Texas Instruments BA II Plus is the other). You may buy an HP-12C calculator for about $50 from Amazon or anotherretailer. Hewlett Packard also sells a smartphone app that mimics a full-functioning HP-12C for $14.99. Several versions of the HP-12C exist:• The Classic Gold HP-12C uses only reverse Polish notation* (RPN).• The Platinum HP-12C allows the user to choose either RPN or algebraicnotation (AN) mode. (“Normal” calculators you’re familiar with are based on AN. So, the Platinum HP-12C in AN mode might be easiest for you.• The Limited Edition 25th Anniversary HP-12C Platinum edition allows the userto choose either RPN or AN mode. HP claims it has a high-quality keyboard similar to the keyboard of the original 1980’s Classic Gold HP-12C.• The Limited Edition 30th Anniversary HP-12C edition uses only RPN. HP againclaims a high-quality keyboard.2*The "Polish" in reverse Polish notation refers to the nationality of logician Jan Łukasiewicz, who invented Polish notation in the 1920s. Polish notation is parentheses-free and the inspiration for the idea of the recursive stack, a last-in, first-out computer memory store. Studies show that RPN calculators are superior to AN calculators in terms of speed and accuracy of operation. However, as noted above, you’ll likely be up and running faster with Platinum HP-12C in the familiar AN mode.What you will need to know for the purposes of this course is summarized in this quick guide. Keep it handy as a reference as you work through problems. The extensive instruction book included with your calculator is a valuable reference for the more sophisticated functions not covered in this guide. You can also find well-done tutorials on a number of financial calculators, including the HP-12C, at:/calculator_index .Basic Functions• Turning on your calculatorThe [ON] key–or [MENU] key on some HP-12C versions–in the bottom left corner turns the calculator on or off. If you do not use thecalculator for several minutes, it will turn itself off.• Changing the displayTo change the number of decimal places displayed, key [f] then the desired number of digits. For example, [f] [2] sets the display to two decimal places past the decimal point.The default values in the calculator are ‘.’ for the decimal point and ‘,’ as the separator between groups of three digits to the left, as in 30,000.00. To reverse these, turn off the calculator, then turn it back on while holding down the [.] key.• Changing signTo change the sign of the displayed value, key [CHS].Cash inflows (i.e., money going into your wallet)are entered as positive numbers. Cash outflows3(i.e., money coming out of your wallet) are entered as negative numbers.• Mathematical calculationsThe primary difference between the HP-12C’s operation in RPN mode and AN calculators is the way operations are entered. On an AN calculator, you enter the operator between two numbers:[2] [+] [3] [=]On the HP-12C, you key:[2] [ENTER] [3] [+]The first number is entered into the “stack” memory by using [ENTER]. The second number is followed by the operator desired. Another example:Desired Calculation: What you key: What you see:(12 + 13) x 5 [1] [2] [ENTER] [1] [3] [+][5] [x]12.0025.00 125.00A bit of HP-12C terminology: The displayed value showing in the window is referred to as “x ”, i.e., the number in the “x ” register. When you key [ENTER] it moves “x ” into the “y ” register. You’ll see several keys that perform operations on “x ” and “y .” For example, the [y x ] key raises “y ” to the “x ” power. The [1/x ] key takes the inverse of “x .” Here are examples that use the [y x ] and [1/x ] keys:Desired Calculation: What you key:What you see:11065(.) [1] [.] [0] [6] [ENTER] [5] [y x ] [1/x ]1.061.34 0.7512001065(.) [1] [.] [0] [6] [ENTER][5] [y x ] [1/x ][1] [2] [0] [0] [x ] 1.06 1.34 0.75 896.714 In the examples that follow in this guide, keystrokes for numbers will be consolidated for ease of reading.• Accessing alternate functions:Many of the keys on the HP-12C perform more than one function. For example, take a closer look at the [PV] key. The [NPV] function above is accessed by first keying the gold [f] key. The [CF 0] function below is accessed by first keying the blue [g] key. For example, the sequence:[25] [g] [CF 0]enters 25 as the cash flow at time 0. The use of the [NPV] and [CF 0] keys is covered in this guide’s “Irregular Cash Flows”.• Storing numbers in memoryUp to twenty numbers may be placed into memory. The first ten ‘registers’ are accessed using the number keys [0] to [9], and thesecond ten using [.0] to [.9]. The [STO] key is for storage. Example: to enter 1.125 into the first memory slot, key[1.12] [ENTER] [5] [y x ] [STO] [0]If the display is set to two decimal places, 1.76 is displayed and also stored withoutrounding in R 0, register 0, and is available for use until the memory is cleared or another number is entered into R 0.To use the stored number in R 0, key [RCL] [0]. Example: to multiply 1000 by the 1.76 already stored in register 0, key[1000] [ENTER] [RCL] [0] [x]If the display is set to two decimal places, 1,762.34 is displayed.5• Clearing registers/memoryClear just the x register (i.e., the number that appears in the display window) by keying [CL X ]. This is useful when you make an error keying in a number.Clear the financial registers by keying [f] [FIN]. This sets all financial registers, including [n], [i], [PV], [PMT], and [FV], equal to zero. This is good form before you start any time value of money calculation.Keying [f] [REG] clears all registers, including any values stored in the x register, financial registers, and memory.6Time Value of MoneyFive keys in the upper left corner are used for many of the time value of money (TVM) calculations you’ll be introduced to in this course. [n] number of payments or time periods. [i] interest rate expressed as percent, e.g., 12% entered as [12] [i], not as [.12] [i]. [PV] present value, or value at time 0[PMT] payment, a constant amount paid or received each period. [FV] future value, specifically the value at time nGiven four of the above values, the fifth can be calculated.Example: You deposit $1,000 today into an account paying 4.00% per year. Compute the amount you will be able to withdraw in 5 years.Reminder: First, clear the financial registers by keying [f] [FIN].Data: What you key: What you see: n = 5 i = 4% PV = $1000 PMT = 0* compute FV[5] [n] [4] [i][1000] [CHS] [PV] [0] [PMT] [FV]5.004.00 -1,000.000.00 1,216.65*If [f] [FIN] is keyed to start, then the payment register would already be set to zero, so no need to key [0] [PMT].The HP-12C keeps track of cash flows moving in different directions by the using opposite signs. The $1,000 we deposit today (i.e., the present value) is entered as a negative number, and the $1,216.65 we withdraw in 5 years (i.e., the future value) is shown as a positive number. A good way to visualize how the flows are signed: If you’re taking money out of your wallet and depositing, then it’s a negative sign. If you’re withdrawing money and putting it into your wallet, then it’s a positive sign.7Example: You invest $5,000 today and $1,000 at the end of each of the next 10 years. Compute the amount you will have after 10 years if the investment earns 8% per year.Data: What you key: What you see: n = 10 i = 8 PV = $5000 PMT = $1000 calculate FV[10] [n] [8] [i][5000] [CHS] [PV] [1000] [CHS] [PMT] [FV]10.008.00 -5,000.00 -1,000.00 25,281.19• Monthly cash flowsCar loans, home mortgages, student loans, and other loans typically have monthly payments. To input the number of monthly payments when you know the number ofyears, key [g] [n]. For example, the number of payments for a 30-year mortgage can be entered as [30] [g] [n]. 360 is displayed and entered into the n register.To input the monthly interest rate when you know the annual percentage rate (APR), key [g] [i]. For example, the monthly interest rate for a mortgage with 6.00% APR, compounded monthly, can be entered as [6] [g] [i]. 0.50 is displayed and entered into the i register.Example: Compute the monthly payment on a 30-year $200,000 mortgage with a 7.5% APR, compounded monthly?Data: What you key: What you see: n = 30 x 12 i = 7.5% ÷ 12PV = $200,000FV = 0* calculate PMT[30] [g] [12x] [7.5] [g] [12÷] [200000] [PV] [0] [FV] [PMT]360.000.63200,000.000.00 -1,398.43*If [f] [FIN] is keyed to start, then the payment register would already be set to zero, so no need to key [0] [FV].8• Payments at the end of the period versus the beginning of the periodFor payments that occur at the beginning of the period, key [g] [BEG]. To confirm that the HP-12C will now make calculations presuming payments occur at the beginning of each period, “BEGIN” appears at the bottom of the display.Most of the time, though, such as when we are dealing with car loans, home mortgages, or student loans, payments occur at the end of the period. To return to the HP-12C’s default mode of presuming payments occur at the end of the period, key [g] [END]. “BEGIN” will no longer appear at the bottom of the display.• Irregular cash flowsFor calculations that involve cash flows occurring at regular intervals but with differing amounts, we enter values using [g] functions [CF 0], [CFj], and [Nj]. We can thencalculate the net present value or internal rate of return by using [f] functions [NPV] and [IRR].Enter the cash flow at time 0 by keying the value followed by [g] [CF 0]. If there is no time 0 cash flow, key [0] [g] [CF 0]. For example, if the first cash flow is -1000, key [1000] [CHS] [g] [CF 0].Enter subsequent cash flows in order using [g] [CFj]. If subsequent cash flows are different, each must be entered separately. For example, if the next two cash flows are 400 and then 500, key [400] [g] [CFj] then [500] [g] [CFj].9If equal cash flows repeat, then the number of equal cash flows can be keyed using [g] [Nj]. For example, if the next five cash flows equal 300 each, key [300] [g] [CFj] [5] [g] [Nj].Up to 20 cash flows can be stored in CF 0 to CF 19. Note that these cash flow registers are shared with the 20 memory registers. If you key [1000] [CHS] [g] [CF 0], -1000 is entered into CF 0 and will overwrite the value in the R 0 register. If you then key [400] [g] [CFj], 400 is entered into CF 1 will overwrite the value in the R 1 register.Example: Following an initial investment of $1,000, you expect cash flows of $400 in one year, $500 in two years, and $600 in three years.Data: What you key: What you see: clear all registers enter CF 0 enter CF 1 enter CF 2 enter CF 3[f] [REG] [1000] [CHS] [g] [CF 0] [400] [g] [CFj] [500] [g] [CFj] [600] [g[ [CFj]0.00-1,000.00 400.00 500.00 600.00You can now perform NPV and IRR calculations using these stored values.To calculate the NPV of the investment, you first need to enter an interest rate using the [i] key. Then key [f] [NPV].Calculation of internal rate of return requires no additional information. Key [f] [IRR].10Example: Continuing the example from above, if the cost of capital is 14.5% per year, what is the NPV and IRR?Data: What you key: What you see:enter interest rate calculate NPV calculate IRR [14.5] [i] [f] [NPV] [f] [IRR] 14.50 130.43 21.65。

ccar92部规章内容

ccar92部规章内容（实用版）目录AR-92 部规章概述AR-92 部规章的内容AR-92 部规章的重要性正文【CCAR-92 部规章概述】CCAR-92 部规章，全称为《民用航空器驾驶员和地面教员合格审定规则》，是我国民用航空领域一部重要的规章。

该规章由民航局颁布，旨在规范民用航空器驾驶员和地面教员的合格审定工作，保证民用航空器的安全运行，保护人民生命财产安全。

【CCAR-92 部规章的内容】CCAR-92 部规章主要包含以下几个方面的内容：1.适用范围：明确了本规章适用于民用航空器驾驶员和地面教员的合格审定。

2.合格标准：规定了民用航空器驾驶员和地面教员需要满足的身体、心理、知识和技能等方面的合格标准。

3.审定程序：详细阐述了民用航空器驾驶员和地面教员的审定程序，包括申请、受理、体检、面试、理论考试、飞行检查等环节。

4.合格证和执照：明确了民用航空器驾驶员和地面教员合格证和执照的颁发、管理和使用规定。

5.持续适航：要求民用航空器驾驶员和地面教员在取得合格证和执照后，还需进行持续的培训和检查，以保证其始终符合合格标准。

【CCAR-92 部规章的重要性】CCAR-92 部规章对于我国民用航空业的安全和发展具有重要意义：1.保障安全：通过规范民用航空器驾驶员和地面教员的合格审定，确保他们具备良好的身体、心理、知识和技能素质，从而降低民用航空器的事故风险，保障飞行安全。

2.提升行业水平：通过对民用航空器驾驶员和地面教员的培训和检查要求，推动行业整体水平的提升，提高民用航空业的服务质量。

3.促进行业发展：通过明确和规范民用航空器驾驶员和地面教员的合格审定，为民用航空业的发展创造良好的制度环境，吸引更多的人才投身民用航空业，促进行业的持续发展。

极速传说 2011款奔驰CL级

控制在４５ｓ８。ＡＭＧ车型部分，同样有’ ．ｔ的发动机版本供应，包括搭载５５Ｌ．双涡｛机的ＣＬ３ＡＭＧ，以及最大功率和最大ｊ６
别达￣４６ｋ和９９Ｎ・的ＣＬ５ＡＭＧ１５ＷＪ９ｍ６在安全配置方面，ＡＬＡ主动式车ｉＫ
压发动机，最大功率和最大转矩分别达蛰和７０Ｎ・ｍ，并可让ＣＬ５在４９Ｓ０５０．内完
ｋｈ加速：一台最大功率３５ｋ、ｊｍ／的７Ｗ８９Ｎ・ｍ的５５ＬＶｌ双涡轮增压发动机２．２ＣＬ０车型上，这使它的０～１０ｋｈ：６００ｍ／的
助、ＡＢＡ主动式盲点侦测和ＮＶ夜ＳＡＰ
多项安全系统也是老款ＣＬ所不具备的级ＳＥ安全防护系统的升级可使车辆在ＡＦ预
完成制动的自动介入，保护车辆和行人ｆ
全。车内的多媒体系统则以奔驰标志的Ｃ
系统为中心，集合了全新的３Ｄ地图卫ｌＤＶＤ，７２硬盘、声控系统及多重视ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ ．ＧＢ统，全面提升了舒适便利性。
２１款奔驰Ｃ级０１Ｌ
奔驰选在英国 “ ｏｄｏ速度节 ” Ｇｏｗｏｄ上
改款ＣＬ级。虽然被称为小改款，它的改但少的。而敢在 “ 速度节”上亮相，它的动力
不可小觑。小改款ＣＬ最大的变动在于它的ｊ级Ｃ５０４ｔ车型上搭载了新款４６ＬＬ５Ｍａｉｃ．Ｖ８

索尼电子产品用户手册说明书

IndexAccessoriesInstallation................................... 95ACCESSORY(Ignition Key Position).............. 46AddingAutomatic TransmissionFluid........................................ 128Brake Fluid................................ 130Clutch Fluid............................... 131Engine Coolant......................... 123Engine Oil.................................. 119Manual Transmission Fluid... 129Power Steering Fluid .............. 132Windshield Washer fluid......... 127Additional Safety Information..... 15Door Locks.................................. 15Driving with Pets ....................... 16Seat-back Position..................... 15Storing Cargo Safely ................. 16Additives, Engine Oil.................. 120AdjustmentsMirrors......................................... 55Seats.............................................. 50Steering Wheel (41)Airbag (SRS).................................... 11Air Cleaner.................................... 133Air Conditioning............................. 66Maintenance.............................. 141Usage............................................ 66Air Outlets (Vents)......................... 64Air Pressure, Tires ...................... 142Alcohol and Drugs.......................... 23Alcohol in Gasoline ........................ 88Antifreeze...................................... 123Anti-lock Brakes (ABS)Description................................ 188Indicator Light...................32, 108Operation................................... 108Anti-theft Steering ColumnLock.............................................. 46Appearance Care.......................... 155Ashtrays........................................... 60Audio System.................................. 71Automatic. Speed Control............. 42Automatic Transmission............ 102Capacity, Fluid.......................... 186Checking Fluid Level.............. 128Shifting....................................... 102Shift Lever Positions............... 102Shift Lock Release. (105)BatteryCharging System Light............. 31Jump Starting............................ 171Maintenance.............................. 136Specifications............................ 187Before Driving................................ 87Belts, Seat.......................................... 4Body Repair................................... 161BrakesAnti-lock System (ABS).......... 107Break-in, New Linings.............. 88Fluid............................................ 130Light, Burned-out.................... 148Parking......................................... 57System Light............................... 31Wear Indicators........................ 106Brakes, ABSDescription................................ 188Operation................................... 108System Indicator................32, 108Braking System............................ 106Break-in, New Car . (88)CONTINUEDIndexBrightness Control,Instruments................................. 38Brights, Headlights........................ 37Bulb ReplacementBack-up Lights (151)Brake Lights .....................150,151Front Parking Lights .............. 149Front Side Marker Lights...... 149Headlights................................. 148High-mount Brake Light........ 151License Plate Lights................ 152Rear Side Marker Lights........ 150Specifications............................ 187Turn Signal Lights .................. 149Bulbs, Halogen (148)Cables, Jump Starting With ....... 172Capacities Chart........................... 186Carbon Monoxide Hazard ............ 24Cargo, Loading............................... 96Cassette PlayerCare............................................... 85Operation...............................75, 82CAUTION, Explanation of (ii)Certification Label....................... 184Chains............................................. 147Change OilHow to........................................ 121When to...................................... 113Changing a Flat Tire................... 165Changing Engine Coolant........... 124Charging System Light.........31, 176Check Engine Light..............32, 177CheckingAutomatic TransmissionFluid........................................ 128Battery Condition..................... 136Brake Fluid................................ 130Clutch Fluid............................... 131Engine Belts.............................. 142Engine Coolant......................... 123Engine Oil.................................. 119Fuses........................................... 179Manual Transmission Fluid... 129Power Steering Fluid .............. 132Checklist, Before Driving............. 98Child Safety..................................... 17Cigarette Lighter........................... 60Cleaner, Air.. (133)CleaningExterior...................................... 156Interior ....................................... 159Seat Belts................................... 159Vinyl............................................159CLEAN Light................................. 85Clock, Setting the........................... 58Clutch Fluid................................... 131CO in the Exhaust........................ 190Cold Weather, Starting in........... 100Compact Spare.............................. 164Console Compartment................... 59Consumer Information................ 195Controls, Instruments and............ 27CoolantAdding........................................ 123Checking.................................... 123Proper Solution......................... 123Temperature Gauge.................. 35Corrosion Protection................... 160Crankcase Emission ControlSystem........................................ 190Cruise Control Operation.............. 42Cup Holder....................................... 59Customer Relations Office.........195IndexDANGER, Explanation of.............. ii Dashboard........................................ 28Daytime Running Lights.............. 37Dead Battery, What to Do........... 171Defects, Reporting Safety ............ 25Defogger, Rear Window ............... 40Defrosting the Windows............... 70DEXRON® II AutomaticTransmission Fluid.................. 128Dimensions.................................... 186Dimming the Headlights .............. 37DipstickAutomatic Transmission........ 128Engine Oil.................................. 119Directional Signals......................... 38Disabled, Towing Your Car If ... 182Disc Brake Wear Indicators....... 106Disposal of Used Oil..................... 122DoorsLocking and Unlocking............ 47Power Door Locks ..................... 47DOT Tire Quality Grading......... 145Downshifting, 5-speed ManualTransmission (101)Driving (97)Economy...................................... 94In Bad Weather......................... 108In Foreign Countries.. (89)Economy, Fuel................................ 94Emergencies on the Road........... 163Battery, Jump Starting............ 171Changing a Flat Tire............... 165Charging System Light........... 176Check Engine Light................. 177Checking the Fuses................. 180Low Oil Pressure Light........... 175Malfunction IndicatorLamp....................................... 177Manually Closing Moonroof .. 178Overheated Engine.................. 173Emergency Brake.......................... 57Emergency Flashers...................... 40Emission Controls........................ 190EngineBelts............................................ 142Check Light........................32, 177Coolant Temperature Gauge (35)Malfunction IndicatorLamp.................................32, 177Oil Pressure Light..............31, 175Oil, What Kind to Use ............. 120Overheating............................... 174Specifications............................ 186Ethanol in Gasoline........................ 88Evaporative EmissionControls...................................... 190Exhaust Fumes............................... 24Expectant Mothers, Use ofSeat Belts by................................ 10Exterior, Cleaning the.. (156)Fabric, Cleaning........................... 159Fan, Interior.................................... 66Fan, Radiator.................................. 26Features, Comfort andConvenience................................ 63Filling the Fuel Tank.................... 90FiltersFuel (134)Oil (121)CONTINUEDIndexFirst Gear, Shifting...................... 1015-speed Manual TransmissionChecking Fluid Level.............. 1295-speed Manual Transmission,Shifting the................................ 101Flashers, Hazard Warning ........... 40Flat Tire, Changing a.................. 165FluidsAutomatic Transmission........ 128Brake.......................................... 130Clutch ......................................... 131Manual Transmission.............. 129Power Steering......................... 132Windshield Washer.................. 127FM Stereo RadioReception............................... 72, 78Folding Rear Seat........................... 51Foreign Countries, Driving in...... 89Four-way Flashers......................... 40Front End, Towing by Emergency Wrecker...................................... 182Fuel................................................... 88Fill Door and Cap ....................... 90Filter........................................... 134Gauge............................................ 35Octane Requirement.. (88)Oxygenated................................. 88Tank, Filling the ........................ 90Fuses, Checking the .. (179)Gas Mileage, Improving................ 94Gasohol.............................................88Gasoline............................................ 88Filter........................................... 134Gauge............................................35Octane Requirement................. 88Tank, Filling the ........................ 90Gas Station Procedures................. 90GaugesEngine Coolant Temperature.. 35Fuel............................................... 35Gearshift Lever PositionsAutomatic Transmission........ 1025-speed Manual Transmission ..................................................101Glass Cleaning.............................. 160Glove Box . (57)Halogen Headlight Bulbs............ 148Hazard Warning Flashers ............ 40HeadlightsDaytime Running Lights.......... 37High Beam Indicator................. 33High Beams, Turning on.......... 37Low Beams, Turning on........... 37Reminder Chime........................ 37Replacing Halogen Bulbs ....... 148Turning on................................... 37Heating and Cooling...................... 64High Altitude, Starting at.......... 100High-Low Beam Switch ............... 37Hood, Opening the.......................... 91Horn.................................................. 45Hot Coolant, Warning about...... 123Hydraulic Clutch.......................... 131Hydroplaning . (109)Identification Number,Vehicle ....................................... 184If Your Car Has to be Towed.....182IndexIgnitionKeys..............................................45Switch........................................... 46Timing Control System........... 191Indicator Lights, InstrumentPanel.............................................29Infant Restraint.............................. 19Inflation, Proper Tire .................. 143Inside Mirror................................... 55Inspection, Tire............................. 142Instrument Panel............................ 28Instrument Panel Brightness....... 38Interior Cleaning.......................... 159Interior Lights................................ 61Introduction. (i)Jacking up the Car....................... 166Jack, Tire....................................... 165Jump Starting.. (171)Keys (45)Label, Certification...................... 184Lane Change, Signaling................ 38Lap/Shoulder Belts.......................... 6Lap Belt.............................................. 6Leaking of Exhaust into Car ....... 24Lighter, Cigarette.......................... 60LightsBulb Replacement.................... 148Indicator....................................... 29Parking......................................... 37Turn Signal................................. 38Loading Cargo................................ 96LOCK (Ignition Key Position)..... 46LocksAnti-theft Steering Column..... 46Fuel Fill Door.............................. 90Glove Box.................................... 57Power Door.................................. 47Trunk ........................................... 48Low Coolant Level....................... 123Lower Gear, Downshifting to a. 101Low Oil Pressure Light.........31, 175Lubricant Specifications Chart. 186Luggage. (96)Maintenance................................... 111Periodic Items..............................117Record................................. 115-116Schedule.............................. 113-114Malfunction IndicatorLamp.....................................32, 177Manual Transmission.................. 101Manual Transmission Fluid....... 129Maximum Shift Speeds............... 102Meters, Gauges............................... 34Methanol in Gasoline..................... 89Mirrors, Adjusting......................... 55Moonroof ......................................... 54Closing Manually..................... 178Operation. (54)Neutral Gear Position ................. 104New Vehicle Break-in................... 88Normal Shift Speeds.................... 101NOTICE, Explanation of................ ii Numbers, Identification.. (184)CONTINUED。

glc260coupe参数

glc260coupe参数
奔驰GLC 260 Coupe的参数如下：
1. 车身尺寸：长宽高分别为4732mm/1890mm/1602mm，轴距为2873mm。

2. 发动机：配备2.0T197马力涡轮增压发动机。

3. 变速箱：9档手自一体。

4. 驱动方式：前置四驱。

5. 轮胎尺寸：235/55-R19。

6. 安全配置：配备6个气囊，主动刹车系统，前后雷达，360度全景影像，电动后备箱，真皮座椅，主副驾驶电动座椅，前排座椅加热，驾驶位电动座椅记忆，LED大灯，64色车内环境氛围灯，后视镜电动折叠等。

7. 内饰设计：简洁大气，采用真皮材质和铝合金等高档材质。

同时配备了10.25英寸的中控屏和12.3英寸的全液晶仪表盘。

8. 底盘：采用前麦弗逊+后多连杆的结构。

如需更多关于奔驰GLC 260 Coupe的参数信息，建议访问奔驰官网或咨询线下门店工作人员。

CLC1200

CLC1200 – 替代AD620.INA128. INA129
CLC1200是美国CADEKA公司设计的⼀款⾼性能品质低功耗，增益范围1⾄10000的通⽤仪表放⼤器，以⾼性能的品质、超低价格完全兼容替代AD620、AD623、INA128、INA129等
INA128和INA129的都是低功率、通⽤仪表放⼤器提供良好的精度。

这个多才多艺的三个运算放⼤器的设计和⼩尺⼨让他们⼀个理想,为⼴泛的应⽤。

Current-feedback输⼊电路提供宽带宽即使是在很⾼的收益。

⼀个单⼀的外部电阻设置任何获得从1到1万名。

INA128提供了⼀个灵活的增益的INA129获得⽅程;是兼容与AD620⽅程。

这INA128 / INA129是激光裁剪为极低的偏置电压(50)和⾼共模抑制µV:(93 dB在G≥100)。

它的运作与电源低⾄±2.25 V,静⽌的电流-通常2马英九。

能承受内部输⼊保护达到±40 V⽆损坏。

CLC1200是美国CADEKA公司设计的⼀款⾼性能品质低功耗，增益范围1⾄10000的通⽤仪表放⼤器，以⾼性能的品质、超低价格完全兼容替代AD620、AD623、INA128、INA129等。

⼤盛唐国际贾先⽣186**** QQ:1767801711。

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国际油污损害民事责任公约
1992年11月，国际海事组织(IMO)在伦敦召开的国际会议上通过了《1969年国际油污损害民事责任公约的1992年议定书》(以下称《1992年责任公约》)。

《1992年责任公约》于1996年5月30日生效, 目前已有96个国家加入了该公约。

经国务院批准，我国于1999年1月5日向国际海事组织交存了《1992年责任公约》加入书，成为该议定书的缔约国。

根据议定书第13条第4款的规定，该议定书于2000年1月5日对我国生效。

主要内容
1.适用范围
按照公约第2条的规定，公约适用于在下列区域内造成的污染损害：(1)缔约国的领土，包括领海；和(2)缔约国按照国际法设立的专属经济区；或者，如果缔约国未设立此种区域，则为该国按照国际法确立的，在其领海之外并与其领海毗连的，从测量其领海宽度的基线向外延伸不超过200海里的区域。

公约同时还适用于不论在何处采取的用以防止或减少此种损害的预防措施。

“污染损害”系指：(a)油类从船上溢出或排放引起的污染在该船之外造成的灭失或损害，不论此种溢出或排放发生于何处；但是，对环境损害(不包括此种损害的利润损失)的赔偿，应限于已实际采取或将要采取的合理恢复措施的费用；(b)预防措施的费用及预防措施造成的进一步灭失或损害。

“油类”系指任何持久性烃类矿物油，如原油、燃料油、重柴油和润滑油，不论是在船上作为货物运输还是在此种船舶的燃料舱中。

2.责任主体
在事故发生时的船舶所有人，或者，如果该事故系由一系列事件构成，则第一个此种事件发生时的船舶所有人，应对船舶因该事故而造成的任何污染损害负责。

当发生涉及两艘或更多船舶的事故并造成污染损害时，所有有关船舶的所有人，应对所有无法合理区分的此种损害负连带责任。

“船舶”系指为运输散装油类货物而建造或改建的任何类型的海船和海上航行器；但是，能够运输油类和其他货物的船舶，仅在其实际运输散装油类货物时，以及在此种运输之后的任何航行(已证明船上没有此种散装油类运输的残余物者除外)期间，才应视作船舶。

“船舶所有人”是指登记为船舶所有人的人，如果没有这种登记，则是指拥有该船的人。

但如船舶为国家所有而由在该国登记为船舶经营人的公司所经营，“船舶所有人”即指这种公司。

“事故”系指具有同一起源的造成污染损害或形成造成此种损害的严重和紧迫威
胁的任何一个或一系列事件。

根据公约第7条第8款的规定，对油污损害的任何索赔也可向承担船舶所有人油污损害责任的保险人或提供财务保证的其他人直接提出。

公约还明确规定了只有确定损害是第三人故意造成或明知可能造成此种损害而轻
率地作为或不作为所致，才可以对该第三人提出污染损害赔偿请求。

上述第三人包括：(1)船舶所有人的雇员或代理人，或船员；(2)引航员或为船舶提供服务但非属船员的任何其他人；(3)船舶的任何租赁人(不论如何定义，包括光船租赁人)、管理人或经营人；
(4)经船舶所有人同意或根据主管公共当局指示进行救助作业的任何人；(5)采取预防措施的任何人；(6)第(3)、(4)和(5)项中所述人员的所有雇员或代理人。

3.民事赔偿责任和免责条款
公约实行严格责任原则。

只要油类从船上溢出或排放引起的污染在该船之外造成的灭失或损害，不论此种溢出或排放发生于何处，船舶所有人就要对污染承担民事赔偿责任。

但是并不是绝对的，如果船舶所有人能够证实损害是属于以下情况的，则不负责任：
(1)由于战争行为、敌对行为、内战或武装暴动，或特殊的、不可避免的和不可抗拒性质的自然现象所引起的损害；(2)完全是由于第三者有意造成损害的行为或怠慢所引起的损害；(3)完全是由于负责灯塔或其他助航设备的政府或其他主管当局在执行其职责时，疏忽或其他过失行为所造成的损害。

如果船舶所有人证明，污染损害完全或部分地由于遭受损害人有意造成损害的行为或怠慢而引起，或是由于该人的疏忽所造成，则该船舶所有人即可全部或部分地免除对该人所负的责任。

4.责任限额
1992年责任公约大幅提高了船舶所有人的责任限额，规定对于不超过5000吨位的船舶，限额为3000000(2000年修正案已经提高为4510000)特别提款权；而对于超过5000吨位的船舶，除上述金额外，对每一额外吨位另加420(2000年修正案已经提高为631)特别提款权，但该合计金额在任何情况下不应超过59700000(2000年修正案已经提高为89770000)特别提款权。

如证明该污染损害系由所有人故意造成或明知可能造成此种损害而轻率地作为或
不作为所致，则该所有人无权根据本公约限制其赔偿责任。

5.强制保险制度和财务保证制度
1992年责任公约规定，船舶所有人可以选择实行强制保险制度或财务保证制度。

实行强制保险制度或财务保证制度有利于受害人得到充分的补偿。

在缔约国登记的载运2千吨以上散装货油船舶的船舶所有人必须进行保险或取得其财务保证，如银行保证或国际赔偿基金出具的证书等，保证数额按第5条第1款中规定的责任限度决定，以便按本公约规定承担其对油污损害所应负的责任。

缔约国的有关当局在确信上述要求已获得满足之后，应向每艘船舶颁发一份证书，证明保险或其他财务担保根据本公约的规定确属有效。

对于在缔约国登记的船舶，这种证书应由船舶登记国的有关当局颁发或认证；对于不在缔约国登记的船舶，证书可由任何一个缔约国的有关当局颁发或认证。

6.时效、管辖权及判决的承认和执行
油污损害赔偿请求的时效为3年，自损害发生之日起计算。

无论如何不得在引起损害的事件发生之日起6年之后提出诉讼。

如该事故包括一系列事件，6年的期限应自第一个事件发生之日起算。

公约规定，每一缔约国都应保证它的法院具有处理赔偿诉讼的必要管辖权。

当某一事故在一个或多个缔约国的领土(包括领海)或第二条所规定的区域中造成了污染损害时，或在这种领土(包括领海)或区域中采取了防止或减少污染损害的预防措施时，赔偿诉讼可向上述任何一个或多个缔约国的法院提起。

上述任何诉讼的适当通知，均应送交被告人。

由具有上述管辖权的法院所作的任何判决，如可在原判决国实施而不再需通常复审手续时，除下列情况外，应为各缔约国所承认：
(1)判决是以欺骗取得；
(2)未给被告人以合理的通知和陈述其立场的公正机会。

按上述规定确认的判决，一经履行各缔约国所规定的各项手续之后，应在各该国立即实施，在各项手续中不允许重提该案的是非。

我国油污赔偿机制的完善
国际上建立的油污赔偿机制已运行20多年，被实践证明是科学和行之有效的，得到世界上越来越多国家的认可。

缔约国发生的船舶油污损害，基本上都可以通过国际油污损害赔偿机制获得赔偿。

1969年责任公约及1992年责任公约为我国处理海上油污事故、保护我国海洋环境和受害者的利益，起到了良好的法律保障作用。

“塔斯曼海”油污损害赔偿案就是这方面的佐证。

该案是我国加入《1992年国际油污损害民事责任公约》以来的首例向外国船舶公司保险人进行索赔的案件，也是我国海洋行政管理部门在法律框架内提出污染海洋生态环境涉外索赔第一案，开创了维护我国海洋生态权益的先例。

尽管如此，我国在油污损害赔偿制度方面仍需要进一步完善。