英汉句子基本结构的逻辑关系的比较与翻译

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湖南师范大学
硕士学位论文
英汉句子基本结构的逻辑关系的比
姓名:***
申请学位级别:硕士
专业:英语语言文学
指导教师:***
20011001
摘要
f语言是人类认知现实,进行交流的工具。

我们每天使用语言,我们蛀活在一个语言文字的世界里,时时刻刻都有人在说话、写字或阅读。

语言对人类来说实在是不可缺的,我们的生活越来越有赖于正确而高效地运用语言。

这就是语言的共性(普遍性)。

但我们知道世界上有上千种语言,不同的民族使用的是不同的语言,这就是语言的个性(特殊性)。

语言的差异并没有给人类的交流带来障碍,在人类的成功交流的后面是什么在起作用?这就是撰写本文的目的。

、夕


极其语义表现的一致性来探索语言的普遍性及其人类的翻译活动的可译性和忠实性。

f人是有理性的,思维是每一个具有正常大脑的人都有的一种能力,、具有全人类的性质。

思维是理性的、抽象的,语言是思维的物
质外壳,是思维的表现形式,是反映人类思维过程和客观实际的。

大量的研究事实证明:说不同语言的人地们对客观世界的认知,如果正确的话,是没有什么差异的。

无论何种肤色或何种民族的人,他们的逻辑思维必须反映事物的客观规律性,砝客卿疼姆的认识才会有统一性,不同民族的语言交流才能成功:j’’~
属维的共性使得“普遍语法”存在于人脑中,表现了人类语言的实质,反映了人在掌握语言过莽起够具有的一个普遍共同的基础。

这就是语言共性论的基础。



f,我们首先阐述了当代美国著名语言学家chomsky的观点,他根据普遍语法创立了转换生成语法(TG语法)。

按照转换生成语法理论来分析,句子的基本句型是由NP十VP(即:s—NP+vP)的基本结构构成。

每个句子有两种结构:即表层结构和深层结构。

一个句子从深层结构到表层结构的转换意味着从内容到形式的转换。

句子的形式是由句子的表层结构表达的,句子的意义是由其深层结构表达的。

表层结构反映语言的差异性,深层结构反映语言的相似性。

一个句子的语义表现(即:一个命题)是语义规则在深层结构的运
过程)以及这个过程中参与者(施事和受事)、属性、环境之间的关系。

同一语义表现在不同语言中有同一涿屡结构。

这进一步说明了深层结构和它的语义表现的一致性。


翻译是沟通不同语言的人的思想的桥梁,是一种语际交流过程。

人类的语言虽然不同,但人是有理性的、有思维的。

翻译作为一种思维过程,它的基础就是思维的共性,在翻译实践中,表现为人类语言的可译性,揭示出一种语言规律:语言是可译的,语言的可译性正是建立在全人类的思维内容与思维规律相同的基础上的。

翻译就是用一种语言复制另一种语言所表达的内容的过程。

在翻译过程中,我们必须阻“信”为本,忠实原文,这是译者必须遵循的基本原则。

僦象美国著名翻译理论家姚uneN.Nida论述的那样:“翻译是在接受语中复制出原语信息的最近似的自然等值物。

’'了英汉基本句子结构的相似性,使得我们在翻译中可以用直译的方法来实现译语和原语的语义对等,达到内容和形式统一,全面忠实原文。

英汉基本句子结构的差异性,我们的翻译活动带来了一定的难
度。

怛是由于思维的共性,人类对客观事物的认识总是具有同一性。

因此?人类使用的不同的形式总是可以表达相同的内容,尽管表层句子结构和春共彩式不一样,但是他们的逻辑关系和深层语义表现是一致的莎在翻译中可以用意译的方法,通过运用各种翻译技巧,改变语言形式,来实现译语和原语内容的统一,达到忠实原文的目标。

本篇包括三章。

第一章介绍了由人类理性思维决定的语言共性论的观点;在第二章里,我们比较了英汉相同的五种基本句型,英汉相同的句型反映了语义表现的一致性,这正是翻译的基础,而相同的深层结构为翻译提供了便利;在第三章里,我们分析了逻辑结构的一致性和语言表达的相异性。

关键词:英语和汉语(英汉)逻辑关系基本句子结构翻译比较
Abstract
Languageisameansforhuma工l
communication.Weuselanguageeveryday.WeliVeinaworldofwords.AIlthetimethereissomeonespeaking,、枷tinga11dreading.LallguagesaresoessentialthatwedependmoreandmoreonhowtousethemcorrectlyandemciemlyTherearemousandsofdi矗宅rent1anguagesinmeworld.Differentpe叩lespeakdi腩rentIaIlguages.Languagedisp耐tydoesnotblockthesuccessfulcommunication砌onghumanbeings.Whathascausedmis?Thisist}lepurposeformywritingthispaper.
Manysch01arsareimerestedinlinguisticpanicularit)randmakeeffortst0flndthedifferencesamongn吼aIllanguages.Manypapersarewrittenforthispu印ose.Insteadofdomgso,thisp印erisastudyoflinguiSticuniVersalitya11dexplorationoftheessenceofit.
Inthisp印er,onthebasisoftheuniversali够ofrationalminklngofhumanbeings,mefocuswillbeonlinguisticuniVerSali够andtranslatingjnanattempttomakeatentativeresearchontherelationshipbetween
linguisticfo衄sandthe
consigtencyof109icalrelations王lipandsemalltic
r印resentationofthedeepstmctureof1anguage.
Menarerationalcreatures.ThecompetenceofrationalthinkingiscommontoeveU
nornl“h啪anbralm.Th洫bngisrationalandabstract,whilelanguageservesasitsmaterialshellandrepresemationf0眦,a11dreflectstheminkillgprocessandobject沁ereality.Lotsofresearchhasprovedthatwhateverdia’erent1a119uagespeoplespeal(,血eirco印itionoftheob-{ect沁eworldissimilarso10ngaSitisconIect.Andonlywhentheirlogica】min玉dngrenects协eobjectiVelawsoft11ir培sregardlessoftheirsklnLolorsandracescantherebeunitymtheircognitionthat
makescommunlcatlonposslble.
uniVerSal时of
t11inkingcauses“UniVersal
Q锄mar’’to
existin
the
humanbrain,whichshowsthe
essence
ofhuman
languages
a工1d
renectsthecommonbasisintlleprocessofacquiringa
language.Thatis
thebasisoflinguisticuniVersality.
Wefirstdraw
on
tlletheoryofChomsk弘memostinnuential
contemporary
American
lingui虹,Ⅵmo
established
TG
(TrallSfonnational—Generative
Gmmmar)
based
on
“Universal
Grammar’.According
to
memeoryofTG,basic
sentence
pattems
comprisemebasicstmctureofNPandVP——S_+NP+vP’andeach
semence
has
铆o
stmctures——surface
and
deep
s缸1lcture.The
transfomlationof

semence丘Dmthede印stmcture
to
thesurface
stnlcturemeansme订ansfb衄ation
fbm
contelltto
Rm.The
fo加of

sentence
is
determined
bythe
su矗∞es觚lcturewIlileitssemantic
meaningis
detemined
bythedeepstructure.Thesurface
s仃ucture
renects
me
di丘色rerlces锄ong
languages
while
the
de印s仃ucture
renectsttleirsimilarities.Thesemantic
r印resentation
of

sentence(a
“proposition,’)is也e
resultofmeappIicationofsemarnic
mIes
to
thedeepstmcture.Dueto
t11econsistency
ofmelogical
t11inking
andlinguistic
uniVersal姆ofhuman
beings,thesa埘【eproposmon
call
be
represemedbythe
s锄ede印stmcture
indi圩brentlaIlguages.
WealsoapplyHalliday’ssystemic—FunctionalGrammar
to
analyze
thesemanticrepresentationofmebasicsentencepattems.Accordingto
his黟ammar,each
s咖ce
c孤be
usedtoexpress

process(inctudhg
six
processes)
a11d
merelationship
锄ong
the
elements
such
as
pa砸cipantS(actor
and
goal),a:c虹ibute
andcircumstancesetc.Thesame
semantic
representation
has
the
saIlle
de印stmcture
indifferent
1anguages.ThbalsoshowsmeconsiSterK≯of也e
deep觚cnlreof

comparisonbetweenEnglisharldChineseconunonbasicsemencepattems·Thefactthatcorrespondingpattemshavet圭lesame
seman“crepresentationsisthebasisof订anslatabilityandt11attheyhavethesamedeepstmcturesfacilitates仃a11slation.Ch印ter3istlleanalysisofme109icalequiValenceandlinguisticdiversity.
Keywords:EngJishandChinese;basjcsentence
pattems;
logicalrelationship;comparison;廿ansIation
Acknowledgements
1wishtota|∞tllisoppommi母toexpre88mygenuinegmtinldetoallthosewhohavel【indlyo饪-eredmehelpthiswayormatduringrnysnJdyinthiscollegeandinthecourseofwritingtIlisp印er-
IawemydeepestindebtednesstomysupervisorProfessorPengchaIl萄iang.InSpiteofhisheavyschedule,ProfessorPenghasshoⅥmcloseconcemformystudywithwannencou娼ementands仃ictdemands.}nse髓ctiveguidaIlceledmesteadilythrou曲tllestagesoftlle
0fmep印er.ButforhisinsightmladVice,patientreading,composition
andcare向lrevisingofsever出dra缸ofthep印er,its6nalformwouldhavebeenimpossible.
fomer1amverygratefultoProfessorHuangZhending(my
supen,isor),wrhoguidedmetochoosemetopicoft11ep印eraIldhelpedmetocollectalotofmaterials.1wasgreatlyinnuencedbyhisViewonphilosophy.HeisinAmericanow.HercIextendmybestregardstohim..
IshouldliketoeXpressmysincerethankstotheprofessorsoftheEnglishDeparmlent,whohaVetaughtmeduriIlgmygraduatestudy.Theirmought—provokinglecnlresonVarioust叩icshaVelaidas01idfoundationformyresearch,andwillbenent111econtirmouslyinmy如turelife.
MyspecialgratitudegoestothelibrariansMs.Guo,Ms.Shun,Ms.Zhou,Ms.Wu.MsShiandMr_Liwhogavemesomuchhelpinmycollectillgmaterials.
Finally,Ishouldalsoliketoexpressmyheartfeltt王1ar出stomy加1|lyfortheirwarmencoumgementaIld8eIfIesssupportduringmy
Introduction
LanguageisameaIlsforh岫ancommunication.Wb
uselanguage
eVeDrday.Wecombinewords,p11rasesaIldtemlsimomeaning血lsemencesbasedonmegrammaticalmles.Since
graHlInaractsast11e
baslcmlemmakmgsentences,wemaysaylaIlguageisgovemedbygr猢札Di髓remgr撇arcon咖lsdi腩rent
language,Whichiscalled“P砒icularGr黜ar".Butwhycalldiff打ent—language-speakingpeople
communicateeachotherverywell?Becauset11eir
1anguagesarecontrolledbysomecommongrammaticalmleswhichiscalled“UniversalGrammar”.
Ⅳ【enarerationalandabletominl(,rI、hecomDetenceofrational
minkingisco姗onto
eVery
nomalhumanbrain,Thecogmtionofme
objectiVerealit),ofhumanbeingissimilarsol饼玛asi;≤罂rrect.ThatistheunjVersaljt),oft量1inking.
UniVersalityofmin妇ngcauses“U谢versal《h.ammar’’toexistint11ehumallbmin,whichshowst}1eessenceofhumanlanguages趴dreflects出ecommonbasisintheprocessofacquiringalaIlguage.ThatisthebasisoflinguisticuIliVersal时.
Thisp印ertriestodigintomeessenceoflinguisticuniversal时byanalyzingitsphilosophjcaIbasisandpsychologicalmechanismandapplyingt}1einsi曲tgainedintot11estu姆oftranslatabil姆andftaimfuInessintranslating.
Chapter1:LinguisticUniVersality
1.1UniversaIGramnlar
1.1.1TheHistOryoftheStudyofUniversalGmmmar
WeuselanguageeVeryday.WeliVeinaworldofwordsandweuset}1emeverydayA1lthetimet11ereissomeonespeakm&writingandreading.Lallguagesaresoessential也atwedependmoreandmoreonhowtouse
themcorrectlya工ldefficiently.Asweknow,basicsentencepattemsarethefo珊sforustouselanguagestoexpressourselves,inv,hichwords,termsandphrasesarearrangedaccordingtosomemlescalledgrammaticalrules.Sincegr啪盯notonlyactsasthebasjcfactorinpe叩】e’smal(ingsentencesoutofwordsandinconveVingmeanings谢thsentences,butasmemlestocontroltherelationshipsbetweenwordsinsentences,itisri曲ttosaythatlanguagesare址1govemedby
gr猢跹EVerynationhasitsown
1anguagea11deachlanguagehasitsownF锄m虬calleda“Panicular
Gr黜ar”.HoweVer,whycana铲。

啪-uporachild、ⅣhohasneVerstudieda‘‘Panicu】arGrammar”speabascorrectlyintemlsofgrammarasmosegrammaria工lswhohaveagoodcommand
ofa“ParticularGrammar’’?Whycandi髓remnationsspe撼ngdiff白entlanguagescommujlicateverywell?Theseprovethattheremustbesomeinherent盯锄marinourmirld——‘‘Universal(hammar”,如nctioningastheprimarypanascomparedtothesecondary“ParticularGrammar”w协chiss啪marizedbygrammariallsineachcounny.Lyinginthemindsofeachmemberofdif梵rentnations,“UniversalGrammar”plavsanimpommtpartinallkindsofl雠guageactiVities.
Fro]mtheestablishmentof“notionalgrammar’’inGreek
Gr锄marfwrittenbvDionysius,Thra)【in200B.c.),whichsummarizedthat

westemgr锄marconsistedofeightpartsofspeech,tomatofLatingr舢arandmegr锄marsofanEumpeanla工19uagesinmodemtimes,
partsofspeechareinVariablyclassmedintoeightc种:gories,w}lichdemonstratestheuIliVersal时ofhumanlaIlguagesbeyonddoubt.Thedevelopment抒omPos“ive(haInmartoRationalGrammarshowsour鼬erunderstandingoftheuniVersal时oflallguages.GeneralandRationalGrammar(n锄edGr姐maireg6n6laleetraisonn6ehFrench),aclassicmeoretical、vorkontraditionalgr锄marco-a咄oredbyFrenchAntoineAnnauldaIldClaudeLancelotwaspublishedinApril,1660,inwhichtheaumorseXpressedonekindof“UniVersalGr锄mar”.Asawidely印plicableworktoa11ykindoflaI培uage,itemphaticallyinquiredimotheprinciplesof“UniversalGrammar”,WitllaphilosophjcvieWpointofrationalismandbasedonclassificationa11dcitationofpositiVeGr锄mar,theaumorsexplainedtherationalbasisforaUkindsofwordsandmadeita_pplicabletoalllanguages.Furthe珊ore,theyexplainedmef’unctionofallkindsofwordsinhumallperceptionandabettercognitionofmeobjectiveworld.
Inabout1630,GemaIlphilosopher,AlStedproposedtheterm一“U11iversalGrammar”formefirSttime,incon仃asttomeconception
of“PanicularGr凇mar”
.Accordingtopdsted,mefunctionof
“UniversalGr帅mar”is“toreveal-themethodsof
gr蚴aticalconc印tions,asweUas也oseoriginallyrel眇dfbaturesidemicaltoa11languages.”He如rmerpoimedoutthat“‘UniVersalGr猢ar’isthemodelforeachkindOf‘Panicular
Gra脚1ar’”.
Moret11an1OOyears1ater,FrenchscholarDuMarSaisdefinedUniverSal(扦ammararldParticularGrammarmorcclearly,saying,“ThereisonepartsubordinatetoalllanguagesiIleach虹ndof
gr甜衄ar,
andallthese
parts
constituteso—called
‘Universal
Gra衄ar’
…Besidesmeseu11iVersalpans,mere
are
stillmanyparts
subordinatetoeach
s叩arate
1ar培uage,whichconstitute
‘Panic山甜
Gr锄mar’foreachlanguage.”
Moremaflt、Ⅳo
centurieslater’thefirst
gr锄mariafl
inChinacalled
Ma
JiaJlztlongcompiledmefirStChinesegr肼mar——《马氏文通》
(1898)mt11elightoftheprinciples
ofUniversal
Gr猢托As

meoristofUniversal
GraImar
and
RationalGrammar’heacouired
muchconfidence行omRational
Gralmarandmenesta_blished
the矗rst
graInmar
in
China.Ma
said,
“The
rules
of
Westem1anguages柚d
Chinesegrammarare
consistent.Contemporaries
caJl
communicateinspoken
language,anciemsandmodems
in
Wmen
1anguage,
a11d
commonunderstandingttlmughoutthewor王d
can
beachieved
throu曲
di圩erentlanguages.”Inmepostscriptheadded,“Allbeinghuman
beings,
we
are
naturally
endowedwitll山e
s姗e
competenceto
understand如ewo—d.”A1lmeserenectshisviewDoint
on
Universal
Grammarcompletely.
Adheringtothe
principles
ofuniversal
Gr眦mar,Ma
establiShed
mefirstChinese
gr锄mar.But
somescholarsconsideredthatMaonly
mechanicallyappliedLatinGrammarto
Chinese
grammar.Infkt,
what
Ma
conceiVedofwas
UhiVers“Gr舢盯,but
not

speci6c
graInmar
or
Panicular
Gr锄mar
ofany
defmite
language.If
Ma
were
justimitating
LatinGrammaratthattime,whycouldn’twesaythatwe
werestilldoingthe
samewithmeclassi6cationofwordsa11dthe
analysisofsynta)【,whichhasunder90neno
fu_nd锄entalchange
even
inmenewly—publiShedbookson
Chinese
gr锄mar?Therefore,血is
doestell
us
thatlanguagescallnotbeessentiallydi仃eremwimeach
other,neimercanhumanbeingsthemselVes.

Accordingtotheabove—mentionedreviewofthehistoricalresearchonUniversal(h狮mar’、veknowthatsch01arshavenoticed
thediffbrencesbeMeenUniversallongbeforeandhavedevotedGmmmarandParticularGrammarmemselvesto廿leresearchfbr
establishingsomekindofUniversalGrammarforaU1anguages,whichcanberegardedastheearlyviewpointofUniversal(hammar.HoweVer,t11ey0nlyeXpouIldedand
di恐rentiatedUniversalGr锄maraJldParticularGrammaront11elevelofconc印tion,buthavenotinquiredintometmecausesformat
di髓rentiationa11dt11emeoreticalbasisofLinguisticUniVersality.
1.1.2Chomsk矿sUniversalGrammar——TG
AccordillgtomeearlyViewpointsonLinguisticUniversal吼Chomsl哪oneoft11econtemporaryAmericanlinguististshasgoneastep如rtheronmedeVelopmentof
UIliVers“Gr猢arandestablishedTG(Tr甜lsfomationalGr猢ar)emphasizingon
g黜arinsteadof1anguageitsel£ChomskyconsidersthatmefeaturesaIldpropertiesofaIallguagearedetenninedbyitsgr锄mar,inaccordaIlcetowhichsemences盯ecomposed.Heworkedmailllyongr猢aticalcompetenceorso—calledlinguisticcornpetenceinhisTG.Chomskyholdsmatlallguagesareallcreative,asdemonstra上edbythefollowingtwoaspects:
1)InusinglaJlguages,purelyrepeatedsemencesareseldomused.Ifnecessary,wecancreatealotofnew卜semencestoeXpressourmought,a11dthehearerscanunderstandthemveUwellwithoutaJlynewknowledge.ThispmVesmatt11enumberofsentencesthatcanbeusedaJldunderstoodislimitless.Bemglimitedorg锄isms,meamountofknowledgethatwecallaccumulateislimitedeVenmou曲weareacc啪ula咖gitconstantlyastimegoeson.HoweVer,limitedo唱anism
wimlimitedknowle起ecanstlllcreatelinlltlesssentencesonthebasisofgr猢ar.
2)Ofme踟ountofknowledgewhichamanpossesses,someis
notle啪t,but舒dstsnaturally,whichseemstobemena咐嘲competenceofhumaIlbeings.Thercfore,wemaysaysomeoft11eknowledgeisi11nateint11ehllnlanmind,weuseitincreativewaysba8edonacquiredexp酣电nce.
Chomskyh01dsmeVieⅥ,poimthathumanlanguageshaveauniversaIpsychologicaIbas芭L£mguageiscreative,becauseitismledbygrammar,whichmeansl甜培uageisgeneratedf.romgr锄marwhichexistsinmehumanmind.Itismemind—inhabitedgra瑚JI】arwhichactsasmemechanismofmeunderstandingandcreationofsentencesandrenectstllefeaturesofallthepotemialsentencesthatenab】eustounderstarldaIlduselimitlesssemencesevenin巩extremelylimited1inguisticcomeXtandwitllalimitedpossessionofsentences.Thispropercycanbecalledthegenerali够ofgmmmarforitsfunctiontoeXpalldmelilllitedtotlleunlimited.Preciselyspeaking,itismegeneralityofgr觚marthatbringsaboutthelimitlessnessofsentenceandthecreatiVityoflanguage,andenablesustouselallguagesunlimitedlyregardlessofme1imitedmeanswecanuse.
AccordingtotheViewpointofrationalism,Chomskyanalyzedt11e
relationshipsbe铆een
matter,psycholog)randIanguageasfoIlows:
Psychologydependsonmatter,sothebrainismematerialbasisforpsychology.UIliVersal
Gr啪mardealswi也掣煳aticalknowledgewhichisusuallyregardedashumanbeings’pSychologicalconditions.SincemeacquisitionofapanicularlaJlguaged印endsonone’spsychologicalmechanism,wecansaythatacquisitionisconditionedbyUG.

Chomskyalsoholdsmatgrammaticalcompetenceis
uniqueto
humanbemgs.On血e
one
hand,servir培as

regul盯system
and
existinginmebrainindependentofothermentalmechanisms,UGis
conlrnon
to
all
human
languages.0恤theotherhaJld,a
dif衔ent
languagehasa
diffIerent铲ammarcalled

PaniculaT
Gr黝甜.The
fmler
isinherentlyacquiredbyhumanbeingsthroughevolutionand
inheritance,andthe
later
is
mastered
by
leaming
in
specific
circunlstances.
AccordiI培to
ChomSky,UniversaJ
Gr锄mar
is
ofle
kindof
specificjnheritedstmctureandpropertyofhurnanbeings.Itisme
cognitiVe
stmcture
in
the
humaIl
cognition
system
bearing
the
followingtwofeatures:
1)UniVersal
Gr锄mar
is

u11iqueracial
p川)e啊ofmank.md.n
existsin“lmallHnd,whichis
demonstr:札edby
anyone’sabilityto
acquireanylanguage.ItalsoconStimtesthecommonbasefordifferempeopIe’sacquisitionofdif诧remlanguages.
2)univerSalGrammar
is
an
in仃msic曲nlcture
acquired
by
inheritaJlce.It
com】珥ses
somephysiological
propenies
called
LanguageCreativi吼which
depends
on
thepotemialof
gr猢ar.It
is
Universal
Gr砌ar.一the
indispensablepropertyforalllanguagesmat
revealsme
essence
ofalllanguages.
Because.Universal
Gr锄mar
is

pnique
racialprope啊
of
m撕kind
acquired
by
inheritance,itshowsus协e
essence
ofhumall
languages.LanguagesmustbecOnsistent
withUniVersal
Grammar
because
any
language
thatviolatesUniVersal
Gr锄mar
callnot
be
urlderstoodbyh啪an
beings.TheymaybeVerydifreremfromeach
other
on
meirsurf犯estmctures,butmeyalwayshavethe
s锄e
deep
stmcture甜1dmesamegrammaticalfeaturesa11drules.
Choms埘’s‘IU(打觚埘ar
contams
t11e
maJor
elemems
of
Universalgrammar.Heholdsmat血eInner
Gr猢ar
in
our
braifl
can
bediVidedimothreeparts:血esyntacticcomponem,mephonological
componentandt11e
sem删c
corr巾onent.AIlmesecon叩onems
are
sets
ofrules,rathermaIlentities.Thesyntacticcomponentcomprisestlle
base(p圭1rase
stllJcture
mlesandthelexicon,which
are
basically
lallguage—specific,
bm
contains
u11iversal
elements)
a11d
仃ansfo衄ational“es,诮1ich
are
language—speci矗c.Theapplicationof
pllrasestmcture
mles
produces
a仔啪ework(such
as“NP+VP”)into
、vbjch、vordschosen丹omthelexiconare
inserted.越ldmeresultisthe
deepst】nJcture,whichis
a11
emity.Thesemanticconlponem,whichis

set
ofsemanticmles,aJldwhichisnotlanguage-specific,isappliedto
medeep蛐mcture
to
produce

semallticrepresentation.Thissemantic
representationisnot1anguage—specific,t|1atis,itiscommontoall
languages.
Thentra芏1sfbrnlationalrLllesofmesyntacticcomponent,which
are
lallguage
specific,are印plied
to
thedeepstmcturetoproduce

surface
蛐mctL】re,andmenme
phon0109icalconlponem,wllichis,agam,a
set
ofmlesmatis1a119uage—specific,isappliedtothesurfhcestructuretoproduce

phonological
representation.Thisrepresemationistheactual
sentence
thatisspoken.
FrommeaboveinnDductionwe
cansee
whatelementsinTG
are
universal:
1)the
whole仔锄ework
ofgrammarisuniVersal,inspiteofthe
factt11att圭leconcretemlesin
the胁ework
are
laJlguagespecmc;
2)t11esemanticr印res锄曲tion
derived行ommedeepstructureis
universal-
From也eanalysisabove
on
t11e
deVelopmen例process
DfUniVersal
Grammarwecanseematscholarswhohold也eviewpoimofLinguisticUniversali够havemademuchexpositiononUniVersalGrammarf而mdiffbremaspectssinceanciemtimes.BeforeChomsky,scholarsonlyanalyzedRationalGrammarintheIi曲tofthephilosq蚰calviewpointofmtionalismafldregarded1anguageasacommonrationalphenomenon.FfomtheviewpointofCognitiVe
Psvchologyandbasedonhis如rtherdevelopmentofUniversal
Grammar,ChomskynotonlytookUniversalGrammarasacommon
phenomenon,butconsidered“asaninnateandinherentpsychologicalmechani锄i11llerited
by
h啪anbeingsaswellasacommonpsychologicalprocess.Inthisway,heheightened
meuIlderstandingbyh啪anbeingsofUniVersalGrammar.
Menarerationalcreatures.Rationalminkingiscommontothem.Accordir培to也evie、^,poimofrationalism,Chomskyholdsmatmatterandpsychologybotllexistintheworldandt11elanerdependsonthefomer,withthebraillasmaterialbasis.Languageacquisitiondependsont11epsychologicalmechanismandis
dominatedbyUniVersal
Grammaraswell.Umversal(}rammar,thenotionalfomof
thinking,
reve甜stheuniversali谚ofhumanbeings’ra“onalthlr畦dng,bmhistooabs订acta11dprofoundtobeconcreteunt订itis
tr锄sfb彻edtothesurfaces仃ucnlre.
En91ishandChinesearetWodifferentlanguages,but
meEngJisha11d廿1eChinesesharecommoncognitionoftheessentialpropertiesofobjectivethings,whichisgovemedbyhumanbeings’rationalthir汰ing.Nowwe’Utakeafi】nbersteptoexpoundtheconsistenceofhumanbeings’logical协i出nginthe1ightofmeVie、vpointofLinguisticU-niversality.

1.2TheUniversalityoftheLogicalThin埘ngofHumanBeingsMenarerationalandsinlilarinminklngcoInpetence.Thinking,
so.c址ledTationalcognition,istheindirectandgeneraliZingrenectionbvthehumanbrainofobjectivereali以a11ditreVealstheobjectiVe
f0衄sasconception,worldandexplorestlleessenceoft11ingswimsuch
judgmem,inf.erenceandsoon.
ConceptionisthemostbasicfonnofthinkingwhichreVealsme
instmctiveandessentialpropeniesofobjectivemings.C0nceptionhaStwomainfbrms:ab醑actionandgeneralization.Smcethe
ofgeneralizationprocessofthinkingisthelogicalprocessing
infomation,wecantakeconceptionastheuniversalandsocialfo彻of
fbmationa11d印plicationofconcepts,thinhng.on也ebaSisof
thin妯ngactivitiesadvancestojudgments—1tatememsofrelationships
fomofthosestatementsis“subject+betweenconceDtsand也e
predicate”.
Notrestrictedinseparatejudgmentstoparticularobjects,rationalthinI(ing如nherlinksseParatejudgmentsanddeducesnewjudgments舶mgivenones.Thatistllewholeminkillgprocess丘omcOnceptsto
fomlsand1awsiudgmentsandmentodeductions.Logic,mestudyon
ofthin妇n舀maimydealswimconcepts,judgments,de出lctionsaswell
them.InthiswaMlo西c——asrulesandlawsoftherelationshipamong
beiI培s’mi出r培,helpsustotheuniversalaIldcommonrulesofhuman
recognizeaIldunderstandobjectivetruthcorrectly.
Aswel(110w'山erationalpropeniesofhumallbeings’thinking
activitiesaremainlyrenectedbymelogicalityofmin虹ng.Theword,
“109ic”,or垮nallybe盯sthemeallingofreasonbecauseitsorderliness
andrationali哆andconsistenceareconcordantwiththemethodicalness
ofreason.
1n
AsaHndofcompetence,t}1inkingiscommontoeachnoHnaIbrainofallmallhnd.Lotsofresearcb甜haveprovedthatwhateverdi艉rentlarlguages
peoplemayspeak,theircognitionoft11eobjectiveworldarealwaysidenticalsolongastheirc091litioniscorrIect.Me锄while,onlywhentheirlogicalthinkingrenectstheobjective1aws
of
thingsregardlessoft11eirskinc010rsa11dracescanthevcommunicatewitheachomerwell.
T11inbngisrationaka11dabstract,while1a119uageservesasitsmaterialshella11dconcretet001.Becauseoftheu11iversalityoflogicalthinkir冯,wemuStfollow109icallawsandmethodstoanalvzeme
conslstenceinexpressionswhenwearemaking
comparisonbetween,and圩aIlslation,ofEnglisbandChinese.
Basedontheconsistenceofhuman
beings’logicalthi工ll【ingand
the
ViewpointoftLinguisticUniversality,wecananalyzet11econsjstence协logicalrelationshipsbetweenbasicsentencestmcturesofEnglishandChineseasfollows.
1.3Func60nalAnalysisandPredjcalionAnalysjs
LanguageisthemeansforustocommunicateaJldtounderstand
theworldaswell;itcanrenectthepmcessofminkingofhuman
beingsandmereal咄whilelinguisticsisme咖dyoflaIlguage.whatisofgreatsignificanceinChomsky’sTG(hammartocommunicationandtranslationwhichisthemiddleli“kincommunicationismeuniversa乓够oftllesemallticr印resentationofⅡledeepstmctureofasemence.ThatrepresentationisnotstudiedindetailinChomsky’sTG.Butmesemanticrepresemation,orincommontemls,meaning’isthecenterofcommunicationandmatoftranslationaswelLbecausethemostimport趾tpointincommunicationistounderstandeachomercOrrectlyandthepurposeoftranslatingistoenableapersonto
understandwhatisspokenorwrit七enbyapersonwhospeaksa
languagedi矗色reIn丘omhisown.
WhatresearchsuppliesthelackinChomsky’sTG?0neofthemis
Halliday’sSystemic—FunctionaIgr跗吼ar.His铲ammarisactuaJIyonefoHIlofmesetofsemanticrulesmatis印pliedtothedeepstnJctureofasentencegeneratedbythebaseofthesymacticcomponentofChomsky’sTGtoprod譬cet11esemamicrepresemation.
ThebasicprincipleofHalliday’sgr啪maris:‘Formisthereallz砒ionofmeanir培andmeaningisrealizedbyf-om,thean“ysisoffbnllliesinu工lcoveringmeaning.’Systemic-FunctionalSchoolholdsmeviewpoint.LanguageismeproductofsocialactiVi够Asameaflsofcommunication,itbearsavarietyoffunctions.HallidaydiVides
language劬ctionimomree
componems:ideation“function,
inte印ersonalRmctionandte妣ualmnction.1nthepresentp印er,weshallconcentrateontherealizationof血eidea“onalmnctionandtexnlal6mctioninsentences.
HallidaV’sideationalf-Ⅵ1ctionreferstotheexpressionofallkindsofexperiencesⅥ仉ichpe叩lehaVegot行omtheobjectiVeworld.In0therwords,itcanrenecttherelations王lipofmeparticipants,也etiIneaIldtheplaceconcemedwithaneVent,whichhappcnsinmesubjectiVeworldorobiectiveworld.Theideationalmnctionincludestransitivity,voicealldpolarit)r.TransitiVityisasemaJlticsystemwhicheXpressestheideational缸nctionoflanguage.ItsfullctionistodiVidewhatpeopledo,see
aIldhearintosome‘processes’,andshowusthepanicipantsandthe
circ嗽stantialelementsconcemed.Thetransitivitysystemcallbeusedtoanalyzemesemalltics仃uctureofsentences.EachcOmpletesentenceconsistsof‘actor’,‘process’,‘goal’,‘bene行ciary’,‘啪ge’,‘circumstance’,etc.ThetransitiVitysystemincludessiXkinds
Of。

di丘brentprocesses:
(1)mat丽a1process(2)mentalprocess(3)relationalprocess(4)behavio啪lprocess(5)Verbalprocess(6)existentialprocessAIlalyzingabasicsentenceintemlsofthesepmcessesandparticipantsisinf如t印plyingsem鲫【ticrulestothedeepstrucmreofasentence,a11dtheresunisapaniaIsemanticrepresentationofmedeeps缸ucnlre.
Nowletususethe衄lsitivi口systemtoanalysethesentencestmcn】reofEnglishandChinese.
Lookatthef0110wingexarnples:
EnglishChinesee.g.1.Thebombexploded.炸弹爆炸了。

Actor_÷Mate“alActor一÷Material2.Theyoullgbirdhidesitshead.小鸟藏起头。

Actor一心矗aterial—GoalActor—Material一Goal3.Mysisterfears曲osts.我妹妹怕鬼。

Senser—+Ⅳ【en切,l—+PhenomenonSenser—+Mental—,Phenomenon4.I锄notafraid.我不怕。

Heisapoet.他是诗人。

Ca工rier砷Relational_AttributeCarrier_Relational_÷Attribute5.shelau曲edheanily.她放声大笑。

B妇衙一眺1,渤l弋抽m鼬noeBd】a俯吖袖慨一Bd礤删
6.‘I’mnota矗aid.’,IsaidtoPeter.“我不害怕”,我对彼得说.
Sayer_÷verbal呻ReceiverSayer—Receiver_+V舶al7.The佗are铆锄哆m触n1}1eck跚Ⅻn教室里有二十个学生。

E吐妊删曲1一E吐;cem—Cj∞粕Sta工1ceCim】mst舡】ce—BId!池mial—ExiscerI【Theexistenti“semencewhichexpressesa11existemialprocess,generallybeginswimanungcressedimroductory‘there’,whichdoesn’t
haVeideatiorlal劬ction,011Iyhasthe向nctiontointroducetheSemenCe.
Wemightnote
that吐屺EnglishandChinesesentenceshave
exactlyme
s黝eprocessesandparticipams;onlymeirorders
sometimesdi矗'eralittle.Bufthatorderis
aresidueoftheorderofthefo衄(tIle..一stmcture)ofthesentence.Wjmightwellarranget}1emidenticallyinmesem柏ticrepresentation.
Butthis8emanticrepresentationisnotcomplete.Tomakeitcloser
to也ewholerepresentation,oneshouldmakeaIlanalysisinteHIlsofotherfunctions.
Thethird血nctionofHalliday’sFunctionalGr猢aristheteXtuaIfunction,whichconsistsoft【1reesystems:thetheme—rhemesystem(t11ematicstructure);thegiVen-newinfomationsystem(infomationstmcture),aIldmecohesionsystem.TheaJlalysisofsentences仕uctures
concemsmematica工ldinfbnnationstructLlre.Based
onsemanticanalysis,吐1ethemeisthebeginningofasemence——也estaningpointofanutterance;merhemeisusedtostatethetheme.HallidaVh01dst11eViewmat1anguageisusedtogiVeinfomationandeXpresspropositions.
soithasgotinfomationalmnction.In
EnglishandChinesesentences,
mememe,whichisatmeheadofasentence,isme
startingpointofinfonnation;merheme,whichisattheendofasentence。

includesnewinfbnnation.Inomerwords,mememecarriestheknowninfomlationwh订et11erhemecarriesnewinfbnnation.
Let’stakeacoupleofexaIllples厅omtheabove.
1.Thebo血bexploded.炸弹爆炸了。

Theme_+RhemeTheme_+Rheme
Given_÷NewGiven叶New
2.TheyoungbirdThemehidesitshead
Rheme
小鸟藏起头。

Theme一+Rheme
Given_+New01ven_New
Asthepresemp叩erconcentratesonbasicsentencepattems,weshallnottouchonthecohesionsystem.
BmHalliday’sSystemic—FunctionalGrammarisnotmesoleapproachtot11estudy0ft|lemean抽gofasentence.Itcanbestudiedintemsof
logic.Logicalanalysisisalsoanapplicationofsemanticrulestot王ledeepstnJctureofasentencetopmduceasemallticrepresentation.
Logicallyspeakjn岛adeclaratiVesentenceu8uallycomprisesapmposition,abasicconceptinlogic.Thebasicpartofapropositionisapredication,whichis
madeupofapredicateandarg啪er《s).Apredicationwhichcontainsonea【rgument
iscalledaone—placepredication.Thereareonlyno—place,one—placeandt、Vo-placepredications.
e.g.Thisisa
rose.这是朵玫瑰。

Its胂di例锄is:岫()一一血e哩嘟喊髓RosE()一—岫倒ic如Fomula:this-BEROSE这——是玫瑰
Thebabyislovely.这宝宝真可爱。

Fo眦ula:babv—BEL0vEIⅣ宝宝——真可爱
Hestopped.他停下来。

Fo衄ula:heSToP他——停
shehelpedme.(他帮助我。


Fomlula:she眦LPme她——帮助——我
Itissnowing.(正在下雪。


Fo衄ula:中SNOw中下雪
Butt11ereisnoⅡ1ree—orfour-placepredications.Thepredication。

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