英语研究论文读写教程-unit 3 课后练习答案

Unit 3
Keys
Anticipating the Issue
2. The answers may vary.
3. Fill in the table below with the advantages and disadvantages of paper dictionaries and
4. It's generally better to use a normal English (monolingual) dictionary. Such dictionaries give
you practice in understanding English. As the definitions and examples are in English, you can see immediately how a word is used. Because many English words won't translate directly into your language, you have to be careful with bilingual dictionaries when you write down the meaning of the word.
5. The answers may vary.
Discussion Ideas
1. The research topic is learners’ dictionary use and vocabulary c hoices in L2 writing in terms
of two aspects: s tudents’ ability to use the dictionary as a tool for written production and to teach them to use it more effectively, as well as their dictionary use in relation to foreign language writing in terms of Spanish.
2. No. It is both a summary and a synthesis of the related literature. The summary of previous
research is contained within the literature review, which goes well beyond merely summarizing professional literature. A literature review focuses on a specific topic of interest
to you and includes a critical analysis of the relationship among different works, and then relates this research to your own work.
3. The researchers reviewed the previous research from general to specific on basis of the three
questions to be explored in their own study, i.e.,
To begin with, the researchers analyzed the general context –dictionary use as a strategy of learners’lexical acquisition process; the three limitations corresponding to the research questions –the limitations in L2 proficiency and dictionary use strategy; the advantages of e-dictionaries and online dictionaries.
4. Yes. They both follow the three moves illustrated in the Writing Focus section of Unit 2.
To begin with, they, based on the previous studies, set the general context for studies on dictionary use—as an important learning strategy, it enhanced and furthered the learner’s vocabulary learning process. Consequently they introduced in what instances the learner may consult dictionaries, which is relevant with their first research question. Thirdly, they pointed out two limitations in the use of dictionary, namely, learners’ inability to separate lexical and semantic meanings, and their inability to use the dictionary correctly, which are their second and third research question respectively. Lastly, they put forward the advantages that the recent technological advancement of electronic and online dictionaries brought to teachers, learners, and researchers, which is in accordance with their first research question.
5. Think-aloud protocols, stimulated-recall protocol, and interviews were employed in the first
study. While the second study utilized the stimulated-recall protocol.
Think-aloud protocol is a verbal protocol that takes place while the participant is performing a task; that is, the participant talks aloud while completing a task.
Think-aloud protocol (or think-aloud protocols, or TAP) is a method used to gather data in usability testing in product design and development, in psychology and a range of social sciences (e.g., reading, writing and translation process research). Think-aloud protocols involve participants thinking aloud as they are performing a set of specified tasks. Users are asked to say whatever they are looking at, thinking, doing, and feeling, as they go about their task. This enables observers to see first-hand the process of task completion (rather than only its final product). Observers at such a test are asked to objectively take notes of everything that users say, without attempting to interpret their actions and words. Test sessions are often audio and video taped so that developers can go back and refer to what participants did, and how they reacted. The purpose of this method is to make explicit what is implicitly present in subjects who are able to perform a specific task.
Simulated recall protocol (SRP) as a research approach falls into the group of research methods that are often referred to as introspective methods. Stimulated-recall protocol is a verbal protocol that is prompted by a stimulus such as viewing a video o f the participant’s performance of the talk or an essay written by the participant. In general it is considered to be an approach that is particularly suitable for examining processes and has most frequently been used to study learning processes, interpersonal skills and decision-making processes [action learning].
6. Data triangulation is a powerful technique that facilitates validation of data through cross verification from more than two sources. In particular, it refers to the application and combination of several research methodologies in the study of the same phenomenon. And Methodological triangulation involves using more than one method to gather data, such as interviews, observations,
questionnaires, and documents.
Advantages: 1) increase the credibility and validity of the results;
2) provide a more holistic perspective of the research questions.
7. In terms of limitation, the number of participants resulted in the inability to generalize the results. In terms of implication, pre- and post-tests can be introduced in future research to measure whether any vocabulary gain has taken place during the experiment.
8. This is qualitative research.
Qualitative research and quantitative research are two schools of research.
Qualitative research a method of inquiry employed in many different academic disciplines, traditionally in the social sciences, but also in market research and further contexts.
Qualitative researchers aim to gather an in-depth understanding of human behavior and the reasons that govern such behavior. The qualitative method investigates the why and how of decision making, not just what, where, when. Hence, smaller but focused samples are more often needed than large samples.
Quantitative research refers to the systematic empirical investigation of social phenomena via statistical, mathematical or computational techniques. The objective of quantitative research is to develop and employ mathematical models, theories and/or hypotheses pertaining to phenomena. The process of measurement is central to quantitative research because it provides the fundamental connection between empirical observation and mathematical expression of quantitative relationships.
V ocabulary and Language Learning Skills
2. Recognizing Word Meanings.
1. d
2. i
3. a
4. c
5. j
6. h
7. B
8. e
9. f 10. g 3. Making a Collocation.
1. pedagogical
2. in conjunction with
3. highlight
4. tap into
5. Holistic
6. burgeoning
7. be accessed by
8. stems from
9. take advantage of
Writing Focus
Task One
Primary: data sets, computer programs, scale models, drawings
Secondary: conferences, proceedings, journals, books
Tertiary: dictionaries, encyclopedias, guides, handbooks
Task Two
Paraphrase the following sentences.
1. The way to a male's heart is through his tummy.
Delicious food is the way to win a man’s heart.
2. A penny saved is a penny earned.
You save money by not spending it.
3. You can't teach an old dog new tricks.
It's difficult to make someone change the way in which they do things.
4. Haste makes waste.
More haste, less speed.
You do not save any time by working too fast.
5. You can't make a silk purse out of a cow's ear.
You cannot make a good quality product using bad quality materials.
6. Although our human ability to communicate is genetically determined and hence is a part of
our biological nature, speech development is importantly affected by the environment.
The environment also influences how human communication develops to a great extent, despite that the ability for human communication is biologically based and transmitted through genes.
7. Natural languages follow various rules and it is reasonably clear that humans inherit an innate
cognitive capacity to learn these rules. As a result of normal maturation, this capacity of language acquisition reaches a stage of 'readiness' before the age of two, and continues on through the childhood years until puberty. The actual nature of this universal readiness for language is still unknown. Some scientists think that humans are preprogrammed with the basic rules of language, but others believe that humans are innately prepared to learn these rules.
It is undoubted that the capacity to learn various language rules is innate. Readiness to learn language depends upon normal maturation, which lasts from age 2 to about 14. No one knows for sure what the nature of this readiness is. It could be that the basic language rules are inborn, or it could be that humans are predisposed to learn these basic rules of language.
Task Three
Identify the different parts of the Literature Review section of the study in Unit 3. 略。