美国历史杰克逊时期的民主

Since 1828, Andrew Jackson started his career in the White House as the seventh president of U.S. until 1837, created the Jacksonian Democracy Era for American history. Andrew Jackson made a number of impressive political initiatives during his presidency, especially the reform of the electoral system during the Jackson Era made some contribution to promoting the process of democratization in the United States, expanding the right to vote for American citizens, promoting the evolution of the American electoral system and promoting political democratization.
This paper aims to explore the function and function of the electoral system in party politics through the analysis of the evolution of the electoral system during the period of "Jackson democracy".
In the 1920s and 1930s, with the gradual formation of the American political system, the electoral system was also involved in party politics
, Making the election an important tool for political party struggles. This period of the election system is gradually formed with the gradual formation of the party system. Jackson came to power, through official officials, to strengthen the political party politics
, To further improve the corresponding election system. These
political initiatives, while being used by various interest groups, serve the two-party competition for the presidential post, but objectively see that the campaign provides an opportunity for the interest groups to gain political participation and promote the electoral system towards more democratization Direction, so that the electoral system and the political party made an indivisible organic whole.
On the election system of Jackson 's time, it is necessary to analyze the relationship between the two parties in the United States. After the independence of the United States political and economic development, conflicts of interest between the increasingly prominent groups, resulting in party disputes, So that elections become part of political party politics
安德鲁?杰克逊（1767.3.15-1845.6.8）是美国第七位总统。

他是美国历史上第一位平民出身的总统，也是第一任民选总统。

他在位期间，大刀阔斧的推行了一系列的政治经济改革政策，后人称之为“杰克逊式民主”。

“杰克逊式民主”的核心是自由平等和共和主义，主要表现为：体现经济平等主义的“反银行”斗争，体现政治平等主义的“轮流担任公职制度”，和体现杰弗逊式共和主义的反对南卡罗来那脱离联邦的斗争。

杰克逊改革的目的应该说是为了更民主一点，但是运用的方法却是很专制，以致他的反对派称他为“安德鲁国王”。

当然，杰克逊的改革为当时的美国社会注
入了一股清新之风，赋予了普通人民前所未有的权利，然而，“杰克逊民主”的对象也比较狭隘--杰克逊政府对待美国当地印第安人和黑人，没有丝毫同情心；当时的美国妇女，也没有政治权利；即使是以整个社会为衡量标准，“杰克逊民主”似乎也只是惠泽了当时社会中的新型工业资产阶级和小资产阶级。

综上所述，本文作者认为，“杰克逊式民主”中表现出的专制与民主的矛盾与共存，是美国政治的传统与根源。

Andrew Jackson (1767.3.15-1845.6.8) is the seventh president of the United States. He was the first civilian-born president in American history and the first elected president. During his reign, he drastically pursued a series of political and economic reform policies, later called "Jacksonian democracy." The core of "Jacksonian democracy" is freedom and equality and republicanism. It mainly manifests itself as "anti-bank" struggle that embodies economic egalitarianism, embodies political "egalitarian system" of political egalitarianism, and reflects the resignation of Jeffersonian republicanism Carlo is coming from the federal struggle. Jackson's purpose of the reform should be making the politics more democratic, but the use of the method is very autocratic, so that his opposition called him "King Andrew". Of course, Jackson's reform has given the ordinary people unprecedented rights, however, "Jackson democracy" object is also more narrow - the Jackson government to treat the United States local
Indians and blacks, no Even if the whole society as a measure of "Jackson democracy" seems to only benefit the society at the time of the new industrial bourgeoisie and the petty bourgeoisie.To sum up, the author believes that the contradiction and coexistence of tyranny and democracy in "Jacksonian democracy" is the tradition and origin of American politics.
In the first half of 19th century, a dynamic democratic movement, termed as Jacksonian Democracy, swept the whole America. As the seventh president of U.S., the greatest popular hero of his time, a man of action as well as an expansionist, Andrew Jackson promoted and aggrandized popular democracy by expanding popular vote, nullifying “party caucus”and frequently utilizing the presidential power of veto. He was viewed by many people as the symbol of the democratic feelings of his time, and later generations were to speak of his democratic ideas and practices as Jacksonian Democracy. However, such a democratic era of “common man” also bears stigmata of anti-democracy, thus forming the paradox of American democracy. Although this movement often attacked privilege and monopoly existing in the then society and sought to broaden and
expand opportunities in various areas of economic, political and social life, there has been much dispute among historians over its essential meanings as well as social implications. Further, the tendency to impose elements of rhetoric, irony and hypocrisy inlaid in Jacksonianism on Jackson himself as an individual is noted and criticized. Meanwhile, the necessity to differentiate the concept of Jacksonian Democracy from Jacksonism or Jacksonianism is suggested in achieving an unbiased understanding of the democratic idea produced in the Jacksonian age. Based on these analyses and discussions, the thesis argues that Jacksonian Democracy can better be understood as a political stance and explicit positioning toward democracy than as a movement of democratization.
Jackson successfully appealed to the majority will in advocating mass democracy. Jackson’s age proclaimed mass democracy and made the government appear closer to common people instead of national elite class. More importantly, since the Jacksonian age, the political pattern characterized by “greater and greater influence of popular majorities on the presidency became a dominant theme in the development of American democracy,”(Ingersoll & Matthews, 1986: 94) a legacy of American democracy till today.
America’s first six presidents all believed in the idea that only elites — distinguished men of education and property, with social or political experience — were the ideal class to operate the government machine in a shrewd and efficient way. Consequently, those from elite class often occupied important positions of the federal government year after year. Jackson’s view differed from that of his predecessors, arguing that ordinary citizens with average ability and common sense, if put in proper positions within the federal bureaucracy, could make a government more responsive to the people. In addition, long-tern public service would often lead to public employees’ corruption and sloth, thus reducing the efficiency of public administration. Furthermore, the once simple and small government was no longer able to remain the same. Although the government of the early nineteenth century was relatively simple and governmental employees at that time had little administrative training and experience, the nature of the bureaucracy underwent dramatic changes as the century continued to proceed.
Actually， most of these democratic revolutions broke out before Jacksonian era, and before 1828, Jackson had not contributed a single significant idea to it. However, we cannot ignore that Jackson did make his own contributions to the New Democracy and help
promoting the development of it. Jacksonian Democracy was also defined as Popular Democracy, which was, unlike other forms of democracy, functioned and revolved around common people —the majority.
Actually, in the first half of 19th century, a dynamic democratic movement, termed as Jacksonian Democracy, swept the whole America. As the seventh president of U.S., the greatest popular hero of his time, a man of action as well as an expansionist, Andrew Jackson promoted and aggrandized popular democracy by expanding popular vote, nullifying “party caucus” and frequently utilizing the presidential power of veto. Jackson successfully appealed to the majority will in advocating mass democracy. Jackson’s age proclaimed mass democracy and made the government appear closer to common people instead of national elite class.
(缺少为什么投票率增长的原因pp.30-36 公立学校＋已经提到的平民资本积累,其他内容有重复)Then came successful farmers, shopkeepers and independent artisans, who constituted the middle class. At the bottom of social structure lived the mass of debt-ridden farmers and abject frontier dwellers, which made up the largest body of population. Besides,。