汉英笔译基础教程 第6章 人称与物称
物称和人称
2 用作虚义词，代替的主语是难以言 表的现象或情形，用以表示自然现象 、时间、空间以及惯用语之中。 How is it with the sick man？
3 用作强调词，应到所需要的成分， 也是一种形式主语。 It is a good horse that never stumbles.
2. 转化非人称主语，把英语的简单句和复 杂句拆成汉语的并列句或流水句。
1) Her weariness and the increasing heat determined him to sit down in the first convening shade.他疲惫不堪，天气也越来越热，他决意一遇到个近 便的阴凉处，就坐下来休息。
信息中心位置，从而突显物称倾向。
汉语在无确定人称时，采用如有人，人们， 别人，大家等泛称或无主句，从而突显人称
倾向。
1）用作先行词代替真正的主语或宾语。 It never occurred to me that she was so dishonest. 我从来没想过她会这么不老实。
2）用作虚意词，代替的主语是难以言明的现象或者情形，如用以 表示自然现象、时间、空间以及惯用语中。 How is it with the sick man ? 那个病人怎么样了？
3. 把非人称代词主语句换成汉语的的无主句或主 语泛称句。
1） The mastery of a language requires painstaking efforts. 要掌握一门语言，必须下功夫。
2) A little flattery will fetch him. 稍一奉承就会把她迷惑住了。
4) A lack of information and formal educational training had left many persons without any generalized standards of judgment applicable to this novel situation.
物称和人称
英语用抽象名词而不用人称作主语的句子，如果运 用得当，可以获得很好的修辞和表达效果，读起来更 有英语感和“洋味”。这类句子结构严密紧凑，言简 意赅，许多句子从语法分析看属于简单句，但却表达 着复杂句或并列句的语义和逻辑关系。英译汉时常常 需要转换人称主语为人称主语或其他主语，此外，还 要采用多项如以下的其他技巧。
A current search of the files indicates that the letter is no longer in this Bureau’s possession. It is noted that the letter was received two months ago, and after study, returned to your office. In view of the foregoing, it is regretted that your office has no record of its receipt. If the letter is found, it would be appreciated if this Bureau was notified at once. 我们最近查找了卷宗，发现本局并无此信。可以肯定的是，我们于 两个月前收到此信，经研究后，已寄于贵处。鉴于以上情况，贵处 仍无此信的记录，我们深感遗憾。如果你们能找到此信，请即通知 本局，不胜感激。
英汉语言对比物称与人称
汉语人称倾向
02
相比之下，汉语更倾向于使用人称表达法，强调主观感受和情
感。
翻译策略
03
在翻译过程中，应根据原文的语境和语义，选择合适的物称或
人称表达法，以传达原文的准确意义。
翻译中的人称选择
第一人称
在描述特定事件或观点时，使用 第一人称代词（如“we”、 “us”、“I”、“me”）可以 增强文章的直接性和说服力。
WENKU DESIGN
WENKU DESIGN
2023-2026
ONE
KEEP VIEW
英汉语言对比物称与 人称
WENKU DESIGN
WENKU DESIGN
WENKU
REPORTING
https://
CATALOGUE
目 录
• 引言 • 英汉语言物称表达 • 英汉语言人称表达 • 物称与人称选择的影响因素 • 物称与人称选择在翻译中的应用 • 结论
语用功能
在英语中，物称表达方式可以用于委婉地表 达自己的观点和情感，避免直接提及对方。 而在汉语中，人称表达方式可以更加直接地 表达自己的观点和情感，强调对方的责任和 义务。
PART 05
物称与人称选择在翻译中 的应用
翻译中的物称选择
英语物称倾向
01
在英语中，物称表达法更常见，强调客观性，减少主观色彩。
人称转换
在汉译英时，如果汉语句子使用人称表达法，可以 将其转换为英语的物称表达法，以符合英语的表达 习惯。
语境考虑
在转换物称或人称时，需要考虑原文的语境 和语义，确保译文准确地传达了原文的意义 和语气。
PART 06
结论
研究成果总结
英语倾向于使用物称表达法，强调客观性，而汉 语则更倾向于使用人称表达法，强调主观性。
笔译人称与物称-
Impersonal vs. Personal （物称与人称）（主语）English: impersonal. Formal written language often goes with an impersonal style; i.e. one in which the speaker does not refer directly to himself of his readers, but avoids thepronouns I, you we. Some of the common features of impersonal language are passives,sentences beginning with introductory it, and abstract nouns.Chinese: personal. 汉语较注重主体思维，这种思维模式以“万物皆备于我”作主导，往往从自我出发来叙述客观事物，或倾向于描述人及其行为和状态，因而常用人称。
当人称可以不言自喻时，又常常隐含人称或省略人称。
A. 英语用非人称作主语的句子大体可以分为以下两类：1. 采用“无灵主语”（inanimate subject）表示抽象概念、心理感觉、事物名称或时间地点等，但谓语却常常使用“有灵动词”(animate verb)，表示人或社会团体的动作和行为，如see, find, bring, give escape, surround, kill, deprive, seize, send, know, tell, permit, invite, take, drive, prevent…from等。
汉语的“有灵动词”一般只能与人称搭配。
汉语往往用人或比较确定的事物作主语。
a.An idea suddenly struck me.b. A strange peace came over her when she was alone.c. A great elation overcame them.d.From the moment we stepped into the People’s Republic of China, care and kindnesssurrounded us on every side.2. 用非人称代词“it”作主语；汉语常用人称，或省略人称，或采用无主句。
汉英笔译6-句层对比与句式选择
句中成分做主语——与谓语动词的逻辑搭配
他一直希望自己能成为老板的助手。 The idea that he should become an assistant to his boss has never deserted him. 她从来没想到他是个不诚实的人。 It never occurred to her that he was a dishonest man.
Choice of Subjects
无主语句也可译为英语的被动句 句中成分做主语——突出主要信息 没有爱心，就无法了解人生。 Life cannot be understood without much charity. 要在提高效益的基础上实现这个目标，必须付出艰巨努力。 Arduous efforts must be made to attain this target through better economic performance. 在建造一座大桥前，必须考虑到金属受热膨胀这一因素。 The expansion of metals on heating must be taken into consideration before a long metal bridge is built.
Choice of Subjects
我们知道，发电站每天都大量地产生电能。 As we know, electrical energy is produced in power stations in large amounts every day. 我们的事业从胜利走向胜利。 We have won one victory after another for our cause. 主语与谓语动词的逻辑搭配
6单元1节-物称与人称
2011-11-12外国语学院Translation I 翻译ITeacher: Lü Wenpeng（吕文澎）★Homework of Unit 5Pt. A Recitation task:1）承蒙厚爱。
I am indebted for your great kindness (favor).2）他突然受到主管的赞赏，深感受宠若惊。
When his boss expressed appreciation of his work, he was quite overwhelmed.3)中国人喜欢在农历二月二理发。
Chinese people like to have their hair cut on the lunar February 2.4) 我国有得天独厚的自然资源。
Our country is blessed with unsurpassed natural resources.5) 三人行，必有我师焉。
择其善者而从之，其不善者而改之。
Among any three people walking, I will find something to learn for sure. Their good qualities are to be followed, and their shortcomings are to be avoided.6）Snow is blowing in at the window.雪花飘进了窗户。
7）The tea is brewing.茶在泡着。
8）The fire was at last under control.火势终于得到控制。
9）The praise of the man goes too far.把这个人夸得过头了。
10) Heated, water will change into vapor.水如受热，就会汽化。
11) The progress of the society is based on harmony.社会的进步是以和谐为基础的。
英汉语言对比物称与人称
? G. Leech and J.Svartvik point out: 1) Formal written language often goes with an impersonal style including official style, news, science and technology style etc.
But predicate often employ animate verb to express action and behavior of people and social group. animate verb includes:
see, find, bring, give, escape, surround, kill, deprive, seize, send, know, tell, permit, invite, take, drive, prevent---from
?
不用人称主语来叙述，而是表达客观事物如
何作用于人的感知，让事物以客观的口气呈现出
来。
Impersonal English：
the writer and the reader are out of the picture, hiding themselves behind impersonal language
? 1) 我们没有听到任何声音 Not a sound reached our ears
? 2) 她独处时便感到一种特殊的安宁 A strange peace came over her when she was alone.
? 3) A great elation overcame them 他们欣，尤其
常见于书面语，如公文、新闻、科技论著以及散 文、小说 等文学作品。
论人称与物称的汉英转换--以商务英语翻译为例
论人称与物称的汉英转换--以商务英语翻译为例李太志【摘要】Personal subject is an obvious feature in Chinese while impersonal subject is an outstanding characteristic in English .As a result , the personal subject in Chinese is often transferred into impersonal subject in English translation .Contrastive analysis of the differences be-tween Chinese and English in the use of personal and impersonal subject shows that this transfer is more common and necessary in formal -style BE translation .%汉语多用有生命的词语作句子的主语，并较多地使用拟人手法，行为主体或句子主语常常由人或以人为本的机构来担当。
这就是汉语突出人称的句法修辞倾向。
与汉语不同的英语句法修辞特点之一就是物称主语，也就是以抽象名词和物质名词作为主语的句法修辞特征。
在文体正式的商务英语中，这种句法修辞倾向就更明显。
对比分析汉英两种语言之间的这一差异，对于我们英译来说，有着重要的启示与警示。
【期刊名称】《广东石油化工学院学报》【年(卷),期】2014(000)002【总页数】3页(P41-43)【关键词】商务英语翻译;汉语人称;英语物称;汉英转换【作者】李太志【作者单位】广东石油化工学院外国语学院，广东茂名525000【正文语种】中文【中图分类】H315.9在《英语交际语法》(1974)一书中，利奇(G.Leech)和斯瓦特威克(J.Svartvik)指出:“Formal written language often goes with an impersonal style;i.e.one in which the speaker does not refer directly to himself or his readers，but avoids the pronouns I，you，we.Some of the common features of impersonal language are passives，sentences beginning with it，and abstract nouns.”[1]钱歌川在《英语疑难详解》(1978)中说:“我们说中文时，惯常都要用人或生物做主语，而英文则爱用无生物做主语。
英译汉物称与人称
It was surprising that I met her that time. The year of 1949 witnessed this accident.
2
It has been noted with concern that the stock of books in the library has been declining alarmingly. Students are asked to remind themselves of the rules for the borrowing and return of books, and to bear in mind the needs of other students. Penalties for overdue books will in the future be strictly enforced. 近来本馆的图书大量减少，数目惊人，我们对此 表示极为关切。现请学生们切勿忘记借还规则， 并考虑其他同学的需要。今后凡借书逾期不还者， 必将严格按章处罚。
16
五四运动以后，开始了“新红学时代”，代 表人物有胡适、俞平伯等一些学者。 The May Fourth Movement of 1919 saw the beginning of the New Redology, represented by such scholars as Hu Shi and Yu Pingbai.
11
汉语思维习惯：很少使用无灵主语，只有在 拟人修辞时使用无灵主语。
北京目睹过许多伟大的历史事件。 星光很早以前就踏上了旅程。 Beijing has witnessed many historical events. The light from the stars started on its journey long long ago.
物称与人称
3）用作强调词，引导所要强调的成 分，也是一种形式主语： It is in the hour of trail that a man finds his true profession. →人总是在面临考验的关头，才发 现自己的专长。
二、英语常用被动式，采用物称表 达法；汉语常用主动式，采用人称、 泛称或隐称表达法
It has been noted with concern that the stock of books in the library has been declining alarmingly. Students are asked to remind themselves of the rules for the borrowing and return of books, and to bear in mind the needs of other students. Penalties for overdue books will in the future be strictly enforced.
◆英语这类非人称主语句采用“无 灵主语”，表示抽象概念、心理感 觉、事物名称或时间地点等，但谓 语却常常使用“有灵动词”，表示 人或社会团体的动作或行为，如see, find, bring, give, escape, surround, kill, deprive, seize, send, know, tell, permit, invite, take, drive, prevent…from等。 英语用“无灵主语”与“有灵动词”
汉英差异 物称与人称
• 1.2无灵主语与有灵主语 • 从有无生命角度划分，主语可区分为有灵 主语和无灵主语两类。有灵主语是有生命 特征的事物名称充当主语,例如:student, teacher, doctor等。无灵主语是无生命的事 物或表示概念的抽象名词所充当的名词,例 如:sight, success, darkness等。 • 有灵动词是指用来表示有生命特征的事物 的那种动作,例如:speak, say, cry, write等。无 灵动词则是指用来描写无生命特征事物的 动作、作用、变化等的那类动词,例如:rise, fall, move, cover等。
敲了敲门。
*A few moment brought them to a cottage door, at
which the owner knocked.
*④北京目睹过许多伟大的历史事件。 *Beijing has witnessed many great historical events.
*（3）具体事物作主语。 *⑤我们迎着朝阳来到甲板上。 * The morning sun greeted us as we came out on the deck． *⑥他收到一份紧急电报，匆匆去了洛杉矶。 * An urgent telegraph hurried him to Los Angeles. *（4）具有动词意味的名词作主语。 *⑦(人们)发现新物种后就可以研制新药。 * The discovery of new species will lead to new drugs. *⑧他想起这些,便会增加生活的热情。 *The remembrance of these will add zest to his life.
*2.2英语用“it”作主语，如it is believed，it is thought等，往往
英汉语言对比—物称主语与人称主语
英汉语言对比—物称主语与人称主语作者：卢庆玲来源：《北方文学》2019年第15期摘要：英汉两种语言的对比历来是各界学者备受关注的领域，二者源自不同的民族和文化，自然造成了语言表达上的千差万别，想要学好外语，必然要对其特点进行了解。
本文就英汉语言中物称与人称做主语的特点进行分析，针对其成因和在语句表达中的体现进行了探讨，以期能更好的指导翻译实践，为英汉对比研究提供新思路。
关键词：物称主语;人称主语;英汉对比思维方式是语言形成的机制之一，语言也是思维和文化的载体，思维方式决定了语言的表达形式，而语言表达形式反之也会影响着思维方式。
英汉两种语言源自不同的民族文化，在表达上自然有所差异。
英语民族重理性，重距离意识;汉民族重悟性，重参与意识。
因而在表达中，英文强调物称，即采用无生命的名词作主语，如实物、抽象的概念等等。
而汉语强调人称，即采用表示人或生命的名词做主语。
一、形成物称与人称语言特点的原因汉族文化追求“天人合一”及“物我合一”的思维境界，老子主张“人法地，地法天，天法道，道法自然。
”国学大师钱穆先生也指出“中国文化以人文为中心，以人生为本性，最富人文意识，最富人文精神，中国文化本质上是人本文化。
”能具有这样的思维方式，是因为中国原是一个以农耕文化为主的国家，在看天气、自然环境决定产出和生产量的时代背景下，“天”就是所谓的外在客观条件，而“人”也被放在了非常重要的地位。
反观西方文化追崇“物我二分”的宇宙观，著名国学大师钱穆在《晚学盲言》中写道“西方人马可波罗初来中国，作为游记，所述即偏在物不在文，西方人读其述，疑其虚构不实，则对中国物质成就，尚知景慕可知”。
西方是典型的商业文化，在这样的背景下决定了西方人对于物质格外重视;此外，西方人看重逻辑抽象、思维等方面，因此形成了与汉族文化截然不同的思维境界。
二、物称主语与人称主语的表现形式西方文化与中国文化的不同形成了英语与汉语中不同的表达方式。
中国文化的“天人合一”的思维导向使得很多中文句子中都以人为主语，习惯性的从人的角度来描述事物，当人称不言而喻时，又常常隐含人称或省略人称。
英汉对比研究之人称与物称
英汉对比研究之人称与物称13级师范3班豆康丽131140943014摘要：由于受思维习惯的影响，英汉两种语言中存在着物称主语与人称主语的区别，英语中的常用物称表达法，既不用人称主语来叙述，而是表达客观事物如何作用于人的感知，让事物以客观的口气呈现出来，而汉语则注重主体思维，这种思维模式以“万物皆备与我”做主导，往往从自我出发来叙述客观事物，或倾向于描述人及其行为或状态，因而常用人称。
既英语重物称，汉语种人称。
关键词：英汉翻译，物称，人称英汉物称与人称的语言形式及差异（1）英语常用非人称主语，汉语常用人称主语。
英语用非人称主语表达时，往往注重“什么事发生在什么人身上”，而话汉语则较常用人称主语表达，往往注重“什么人怎么样了”。
（连.2010.105页）例1：It is more than two years since I last saw my father.我与父亲不相见已两年余了。
例2：The sight of the disorderly mess in this courtyard and thought of grandma started tears stickling down my cheek.（我）看见满院狼藉的东西，又想起了祖母，不禁簌簌地留下眼泪。
析：英语常用非人称主语而汉语常用人称主语，上述例1中，用“it”这一非人称主语来充当句子的主语，而汉语常常使用人称主语，因此，在英文译文中将“我”放到主语位置，从而体现了汉语重人称的做法；在例2中，英文例句使用“the sight of the disorderly mess”这一非人称主语作为这句话的主语，但在汉语译文中习惯将人称主语“我”放到主语位置，另外“and”后的“thought of grandma”也为非人称主语，但在译文中译为“我想起”这一做法也体现了英语重物称，汉语重人称。
（2）英语这类非人称主语句采用“无灵主语”表示抽象概念、心理感觉、事物名称等，但谓语却常常使用“有灵动词”而汉语的“有灵动词”一般只能与人称搭配。
英汉对比物称与人称的定义和重要性英语作文
英汉对比：物称与人称的定义及其重要性In the vast landscape of linguistics, the contrast between English and Chinese is particularly fascinating. One of the most significant differences lies in the utilization of agentive and non-agentive constructions,often referred to as the contrast between personification and impersonalization. This essay aims to delve into the definitions and the significance of this contrast in both languages.In English, the倾向 towards personification is evident. This is primarily manifested in the frequent use ofpersonal pronouns, verbs, and adjectives that ascribe human characteristics or actions to inanimate objects or abstract concepts. For instance, in the sentence "The sun shines brightly today," the sun is personified as performing an action typically associated with humans—shining. This anthropomorphic tendency extends to other aspects ofEnglish grammar and vocabulary, enhancing the language's expressive power and emotional coloration.Contrastingly, Chinese tends towards impersonalization. This is reflected in the prevalent use of non-agentiveconstructions, where the subject of a sentence is often omitted or replaced by a generic noun, allowing the focus to shift towards the action or state itself rather than the actor. For instance, in Chinese, we might say "下雨了"（It's raining）, omitting the subject altogether. This impersonal style is also evident in the use of verbs and adjectives, which often convey a sense of objectivity and universality, rather than assigning specific human characteristics or actions.The importance of understanding this contrast lies in its profound impact on communication and cultural understanding. English's tendency towards personification often leads to a more emotional and subjective style of writing and speaking, reflecting the individual's perspective and feelings. This person-centered approach to language use is often associated with Western culture's emphasis on individualism and self-expression.On the other hand, Chinese's tendency towards impersonalization reflects a more objective and collective approach to communication. By focusing on the action or state itself, rather than the individual actor, Chineselanguage use tends to promote a sense of harmony and community, reflecting the cultural values of collectivism and interdependence.In conclusion, the contrast between English's personification and Chinese's impersonalization is not merely a linguistic phenomenon; it is a reflection of the deep-seated cultural differences between the two languages' communities. Understanding this contrast is crucial for effective cross-cultural communication and for gaining a deeper understanding of the diverse worldviews and values encoded in language.**英汉对比：物称与人称的定义及其重要性**在英语和汉语这两大语言体系中，人称与物称的使用呈现出截然不同的特点。
英汉翻译教程讲解第六章
第6章Unit 6 Literature (1)1. 文学作品选篇。
这一部分的特点是：以对话为主，穿插一定量的叙述和心理描写。
对话像对话，易于上口。
不同的人在不同场合，说话各有其特点。
2. 语言对比：(1) 选词。
文学作品语言丰富生动，选择词语的余地大。
有些词语，包括习语，有许多含义，要根据上下文确定，因此翻译时要根据上下文选择最恰当的词语，特别是动词和形容词。
例1）But there isn't anything here right now that I could offer you. We don't make changes. 不过眼下我这儿没有什么事给你做。
我们不常换人。
2) No, sir, but couldn't I pick it up tty quick if I tried hard?是的，先生，不过我只要拼命学，不是很快就会学会吗？3）The tall, well-dressed gentleman standing before me was certainly a far cry fromthe old sea wolf of my imagination.站在我面前的是一位身材高大，衣着讲究的先生，与我先前想象的老海怪完全不同。
(2) 对话。
对话有口语的特点。
对话可以体现说话者的身份、心情以及他对人、对事的态度。
翻译对话时译文要像对话。
例1）"Don't order me about like that, John Durbeyfield."别对我这么吆五喝六的，约翰·德贝菲尔。
2) "Ever work in a place like this before?"“从前在这种地方做过吗？”3. 考核要求：翻译中有处理下列问题的能力：(1) 所选文学作品的特点及理解方面的难点(2) 选词(3) 对话Exercise 16 a一、解说1、本练习选自蒂姆·霍尔改写的《德伯家的苔丝》（原著作者：托玛斯·哈代）。
英汉对比物称与人称的定义和重要性英语作文
英汉对比物称与人称的定义和重要性英语作文Title: A Comparison of Object and Subject Pronouns in English and ChineseIntroductionPronouns play a crucial role in both English and Chinese languages. They function as substitutes for nouns and play a key role in the structure of sentences. In both languages, there are different types of pronouns, with object and subject pronouns being two of the most important categories. In this essay, we will examine the definitions and importance of object and subject pronouns in English and Chinese.Definition of Object and Subject PronounsSubject pronouns are used to replace the subject of a sentence, while object pronouns are used to replace the object of a sentence. In English, subject pronouns include I, you, he, she, it, we, and they, while object pronouns include me, you, him, her, it, us, and them. In Chinese, subject pronouns include wǒ̌ (我), nǐ̌(你), tā̄ (他/她), wǒ̌men (我们), nà̀ (那), and tā̄men (他们/她们), while object pronouns include wǒ̌ (我), nǐ̌ (你), tā̄ (他/她), wǒ̌men (我们), nà̀ (那), and tā̄men (他们/她们).Importance of Object and Subject PronounsObject and subject pronouns are essential in both languages for several reasons. Firstly, they help to avoid repetition in speech and writing. Instead of constantly repeating nouns, pronouns allow for smoother and more concise communication. For example, instead of saying "John went to the store because John needed groceries," we can say "John went to the store because he needed groceries."Secondly, object and subject pronouns help to clarify the roles of different elements in a sentence. By using pronouns, we can clearly indicate who is performing an action (subject) and who is receiving the action (object). This is important for ensuring that our communication is precise and easily understood.Furthermore, object and subject pronouns allow for flexibility and variation in language. They provide us with the ability to adapt our sentences based on context and emphasis. For example, we can emphasize the subject of a sentence by using a subject pronoun, or we can give more importance to the object by using an object pronoun.Comparison of Object and Subject Pronouns in English and ChineseAlthough object and subject pronouns serve similar functions in both English and Chinese, there are some key differences between the two languages. One major difference is the use of gender in pronouns. In English, pronouns such as he, she, him, and her indicate gender, while in Chinese, there are no gender-specific pronouns. Instead, a single pronoun can be used to refer to both males and females.Another difference is the placement of pronouns in sentences. In English, object pronouns typically come after the verb, while subject pronouns come before the verb. For example, "I love her" and "She loves me." In Chinese, pronouns are usually placed before the verb, regardless of whether they are subject or object pronouns.ConclusionIn conclusion, object and subject pronouns are essential components of both English and Chinese languages. They play a crucial role in communication by helping to avoid repetition, clarify sentence structure, and provide flexibility in expression. While there are differences between object and subject pronouns in English and Chinese, the fundamental importance of these pronouns remains the same. Mastering the use of objectand subject pronouns is key to becoming proficient in both languages and facilitating effective communication.。
汉英句式翻译中人称与物称主语使用差异对比——以《傲慢与偏见》中文版和《骆驼祥子》英译本为例
汉英句式翻译中人称与物称主语使用差异对比——以《傲慢与偏见》中文版和《骆驼祥子》英译本为例李瑶【摘要】中西方主客体意识的对立在一定程度上造成了汉语重人称、英语重物称的表达手法.该文从人称与物称的视角出发,选取葛浩文翻译的《骆驼祥子》英译版和王科一翻译的《傲慢与偏见》中文版为例,分析了英语表达中\"无灵主语+有灵动词\"、it作非人称主语、there be句型以及被动语态的汉译策略,汉语表达中有灵主语和有灵动词搭配的英译策略,译者应根据译入语注意汉英人称与物称的转换,以期译出信、达、雅的效果.【期刊名称】《岳阳职业技术学院学报》【年(卷),期】2018(033)004【总页数】4页(P83-86)【关键词】人称;物称;《傲慢与偏见》;《骆驼祥子》【作者】李瑶【作者单位】桂林理工大学外国语学院, 广西桂林 541004【正文语种】中文【中图分类】H314Eugene·A·Nida曾在其翻译论著《翻译理论与实践》中指出：“每一种语言皆有其特色。
”无论在词汇、句法、篇章层面，英汉两种语言皆各有其特色，就句法而言，英语重物称，汉语重人称。
本文以葛浩文翻译的《骆驼祥子》英译版和王科一翻译的《傲慢与偏见》中文版为例，具体分析汉英人称物称在句式方面的使用区别，并进一步提出“物称”与“人称”英汉互译过程中应当采用何种翻译策略，使译本忠实、通顺、流畅，最大限度地实现功能对等，促进东西方文化交流。
1 英汉物称与人称形成差异的原因众所周知，英语侧重于物称表达，而汉语多使用人称表达法，这种差异形成的原因必定不是偶然的，其背后具有深层次的文化（哲学传统、思维方式等）原因。
“汉族文化正是由于其得天独厚的大陆自然环境和优越的资源，催生了中国特有的小农经济生产方式，使人们习惯于“日出而作，日落而息”的劳动方式和自给自足的生活方式，这些为中国传统思维方式的形成奠定了基础，形成了包容万物的综合思维方式和天人合一的精神。
6.英汉对比之物称与人称汇总
3）具体事物作主语。 我们迎着朝阳来到甲板上。 The morning sun greeted us as we came out on the deck． 他收到一份紧急电报，匆匆去了洛杉矶。 An urgent telegraph hurried him to Los Angeles. 4）具有动词意味的名词作主语。 (人们)发现新物种后就可以研制新药。 The discovery of new species will lead to new drugs. 他想起这些,便会增加生活的热情。 The remembrance of these will add zest to his life.
2. 把汉语流水句转换成英语复合句。
我感到很饿，又发现日影移动，这是我明白：自从我 睡着以后，太阳已走了很长的路了。 My hunger and the shadows tell me that the sun has done much travel since I fell asleep. 谁想要理解拿破仑其人及其对近代欧洲所产生的影响， 谁就得稍微注意他的家族特征。 The Characteristics of his family claim some attention from all who would understand Napoleon and the influence which he was to wield ove把非人称主语转换成汉语的状语或介词短语:
物称和人称
4. 把非人称主语转换成汉语的状语或介词短语
1〕 March 1940 found me working in a small construction firm. 1940年3月，我在一家小型建筑公司工作。
恕我孤陋寡闻，对此关系一无所知。 My total ignorance of the connection must plead my apology.
发怒之后，我不难过，也不懊悔。 Neither sorrow nor regret followed my passionate outburst.
2. 转化非人称主语，把英语的简单句和复 杂句拆成汉语的并列句或流水句。
Her weariness and the increasing heat determined him to sit down in the first convening shade.他疲惫不堪，天气也越 来越热，他决意一遇到个近便的阴凉处， 就坐下来休息。
英语用抽象名词而不用人称做主语的 句子，假如运用得当，可以活得很好 的修辞和表达效果。这类构造严密紧 凑，言简意赅，许多句子从语法分析 看属于简单句，但却表达出复合句或 并列句的语义和逻辑关系。英译汉时 常常要转换非人称主语为人称主语或 其他主语，采用一些其他技巧。
1. 转化成非人称主语，把英语简单句拆成汉语 的复合句。
物称和人称
定义 差异 技巧 原因分析
English
Chinese
Impersonal 物称
表达客观事物如何作用于人 的感知，让事物以客观的口 气呈现出来。
Personal 人称
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6.2 英语的物称倾向
❖物称表达法是英语常见的一种文风，尤其常见于书 面语，如公文、新闻、科技论著以及散文、小说等 文学作品。这种表达法往往使叙述显得客观、公正 ，结构趋于严密、紧凑，语气较为委婉、间into London Zoo that a wild puma had been spotted forty-five miles south of London, they were not taken seriously.
白：自从我睡着以后，太阳一走了很长的路了。 ❖ My hunger and the shadows
together tell me that the sun has done much travel since I fell asleep.
6.2 英语的物称倾向
invented the compass four thousand years ago.
6.1汉语的人称倾向
❖若无法采用泛称，则采用无人称（如“无主句” ）；当人称或泛称不言而喻时，又常常采用隐称 ——省略人称。
❖ 例8.要使大多数国有大中型亏损企业摆脱困境。 ❖ We should extricate most of the
❖3.表见闻的the sight, the thought等构成的 物称：
❖例2. If the pain comes on again, give him another pill.
❖ 如果他再次感到疼痛，就给他再服一片药。 ❖以上例句分别体现了英语重物称和汉语重人称的
表达习惯.
6.1汉语的人称倾向
❖主要表现在用有灵主语(animate subject)和有灵动 词(animate verb)搭配。
unprofitable large and medium-sized State enterprises from their predicament.
6.1汉语的人称倾向
❖ 例9.一死了百债。(无主句) ❖ Death pays all debt． ❖ 例10.大街小巷早就传遍了各种流言蜚语。 ❖ Rumors had already spread along
6.1汉语的人称倾向
❖汉语“无灵主语”与“有灵动词”搭配通常用作 一种修辞手段——拟人化，如 “什么风把你吹来 的”， “爱情把我们的心连在一起”， “高山低 头，河水让路”。
❖ 例4.北京目睹过许多伟大的历史事件。 ❖Beijing has witnessed many great
❖ 例3.该公司二季度共出口各种重型设备39台（件、套 ），赚取外汇总计260万美元。
❖译文1: In the second quarter this year, the company sold 39 heavy duty equipment pieces worth a total of US $2.6 million.
❖ 例6.人们发现这小偷藏有大量赃物。 ❖ The thief was found in possession of a
large quantity of stolen goods. ❖ 例7.众所周知，中国人四千年前就发明了指南针。 ❖ It is well known that the Chinese
❖译文2：The export of 39 heavy-duty equipment pieces in the second quarter this year has earned the company a total of USD 2.6 million in foreign exchange.
❖ 例12.面对着满院子灿烂的花，不说一句话，心中 的怨恨已全消失。
❖The blooming flowers of the yard presenting of color before my eyes quietly dispelled all my grudges．
❖ 例13.他没有遵守安全规程，使机器发生意外。
❖ His failure to observe the safety
regulations brought an accident to the
machine.
6.2 英语的物称倾向
❖ 2.主语是表意识、感觉、心理感觉的词： ❖ 例14.我感到很饿，又发现日影移动，这是我明
❖ 当伦敦动物园接到报告说，在伦敦以南45英里处发 现一只美洲狮时，这些报告并没有受到重视。
6.2 英语的物称倾向
❖6.2.1.“无灵主语” ( Inanimate subject) 和“有灵动词”(animate verb)搭配
❖ 1.主语是事物的名称或抽象概念：
汉英笔译基础教程
Basics of Chinese to English Translation
第6章 人称与物称
I 6.1汉语的人称倾向
II 6.2 英语的物称倾向
II 6.3汉英翻译中的人称向物称的转换
I
第6章 人称与物称
❖例1.Words fail me! （什么事发生在什么人身 上）
❖ 我吓得 / 惊得说不出话来！ （什么人怎么样 了）
historical events． ❖例5. 星光很早以前就踏上了旅程。 ❖The light from the stars started on its
journey long long ago.
6.1汉语的人称倾向
❖在无法确定人称时，汉语就采用“有人”、“人们” 、“大家”、“人家”、“别人”、“众”、“我们 ”等泛称：