Transesterification Revise1

Assuming methanol/oil molar ratio = 6:1 Amount of Methanol = 6 x 40 x 103 lb mol = 240 x 103 lb mol = 7.68 x 106 lb Amount of Glycerol = 40 x 103 lb mol = 3.68 x 106 lb Weight of Catalyst = 0.01 x 35.06 x 106 lb = 350.6 x 103 lb
B100
B100 refers 100% biodiesel and 0% diesel fuel.
Biodiesel is a very good solvent溶剂. B100 freezes at much higher temperature than
conventional diesel. Biodiesel is not compatible with certain hoses and gaskets垫片. Biodiesel is not compatible with certain metals and plastics.
Source: Biblioteka REL , 2008. Biodiesel Handling and Use Guide, pp.21
Long-Term Storage Stability
Source: NREL , 2008. Biodiesel Handling and Use Guide, pp.21
Example 1
fuels. Biodiesel reduces life-cycle greenhouse gas emissions. Biodiesel reduces tailpipe排气管 emissions except NOx. Biodiesel improves air quality and has positive impact in human health. Biodiesel improves engine operation and easy to blend.
Plant Based Oils:

Soybean oil; cotton seeds oil棉子油; sunflower oil.葵花油 Beef tallow牛脂; pork lard猪油; poultry fat.
Animal Fats:

Recycled Cooking Grease:
1.9 – 6.0
Source: NREL , 2008. Biodiesel Handling and Use Guide
Source: NREL , 2008. Biodiesel Handling and Use Guide
ASTM Standards for Biodiesel
Important Properties to Look
Source: Singh, 2008. Ph.D. Dissertation, MSU
Transesterification Process
Base-catalyzed Transesterification
Acid-catalyzed Transesterification Enzyme-catalyzed Transesterification
Flash Point/Methanol甲醇 Content
Water Content Sulfated Ash Content
Free Glycerin 游离甘油
Total Glycerin Na and K Content Sulfur Content (if H2SO4 is used as catalyst)
Yellow grease. Note: Raw or refined oil精制油 is not biodiesel.

Estimated Biodiesel Production in US
Source:
Benefits of Biodiesel
High energy return and displace petroleum based
Further Reading
Fangrui Ma and Milford A. Hanna, 1999. Biodiesel
production: a review. Bioresource Technology, vol. 70, pp. 1-15
Chemical Properties of Biodiesel
Molecular weight of Glycerol = 92.1
Molecular weight of soybean oil = 885
35 x 106 lb of FAMEs x (1 lb mol/292.2 lb)
= 120 x 103 lb mol of FAMEs Amount of VO = 40 x 103 lb mol = 35.06 x 106 lb
Source: NREL , 2008. Biodiesel Handling and Use Guide
Emissions Impact of Biodiesel
Source: NREL , 2008. Biodiesel Handling and Use Guide
Other Biodiesel Attributes
Source: NREL , 2008. Biodiesel Handling and Use Guide
Source: NREL , 2008. Biodiesel Handling and Use Guide
Variation in Biodiesel Properties
Feedstocks and Processes
Biodiesel Production Process
Source: NREL , 2008. Biodiesel Handling and Use Guide
Commercial Processing Unit for Home Made Biodiesel
Selected Properties of Biodiesel and Diesel
Supercritical Transesterification
Base-catalyzed Transesterification
This is the most widely used technique to produce
biodiesel. Possibility of formation soap if there is a high free fatty acids (FFAs) content in triglycerides. Excessive water can hydrolyze水解 to form FFAs. Recycling of catalyst is challenging and not cost effective. Glycerol is in the crude form and has very little value.
Biodiesel Production Process
Oil Extraction
Degumming Process Determine the Amount of Methanol and Catalyst
Transesterification Process
October 05, 2009
Transesterification
] 酯基转移；酯基转移作
Transesterification is a chemical reaction where
triglyceride 甘 油 三 酯 is reacted with alcohol in the presence of catalyst催化剂 to produce alkyl esters烷基酯. Biodiesel生物柴油 is produced by the transesterification process. Every 100 gallons of oil produces about 100 gallons of biodiesel and 10 gallons of glycerol甘油.
Lower Energy Density: 8% less energy per gallon
compare to diesel. Low Temperature Operability: biodiesel freezes at 20 to 30 oF higher than that of petroleum diesel. Storage Stability: additives should be used if stored more than a few months. Acidity should be measured monthly. Biodiesel is susceptible to microbial degradation微生 物 降 解 . Minimize water in contact and test for microbial contamination.
Source: NREL , 2008. Biodiesel Handling and Use Guide
Fuel Properties as a Function of Feedstocks
Heating Value of Fuel
Source: NREL , 2008. Biodiesel Handling and Use Guide
Cetane
十六烷
Number
Source: NREL , 2008. Biodiesel Handling and Use Guide
Oxidation Stability
Fuel aging and oxidation can lead to high acid
number, high viscosity 粘 性 and formation of sediments沉淀物. The higher the level of unsaturation, the more likely that the biodiesel will oxidize. Heat and sunlight will accelerate oxidation process. Metals such as copper, brass, bronze, lead, tin, and zinc will accelerate the degradation降解 process. Keeping oxygen from the biodiesel reduces or eliminates fuel oxidation.
Determine the amount of vegetable oil, catalyst and
methanol required to produce 35 x106 lb/yr (5 million gallons per year) of biodiesel.
Molecular Weight of FAMEs = 292.2 Molecular Weight of Methanol = 32.1
What is Biodiesel?
Biodiesel is a petroleum diesel柴油 replacement fuel
used in CI engines. It can be produced from any plant or animal based lipids.