英语发展史1

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20th Century English During the 19th and early 20th centuries many dictionaries and books about language were published. New words are still being added to English from other languages, including Chinese and Japanese. Existing words gain new senses, and new expressions spread quickly through television and the Internet. English is now an international language and is used as a means of communication between people from many countries. As a result the influences on the English language are wider than ever and it is possible that World English will move away from using a British or American standard and establish its own international identity.
The development of printing helped establish standards of spelling and grammar, but there remained a lot of variation. Samuel Johnson’s A Dictionary of the English Language (1755) was the first authoritative treatment of English. It defined about 40,000 words and gave examples of their use. By the 18th century American English was established and developing independently from British English. After colonists arrived in the US new words began to be added from Native American languages, and from French.
20thcenturyenglish经过1500年的变迁英语从几个日耳曼部族的语言发展为今天具有重大国际影响的语言这固然有政治经济社会的原因但英语本身也有其它主要语言所没有的长处
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语言的谱系分类法 Indo-European languages 46% (Europe, Southwest to South Asia, America, Oceania) Sino-Tibetan languages 21% (East Asia) Niger-Congo languages 6.4% (SubSaharan Africa) Afro-Asiatic languages 6.0% (North Africa to Horn of Africa, Southwest Asia) Austronesian languages 5.9% (Oceania, Madagascar, maritime Southeast Asia)
语言的谱系分类法
6. Dravidian languages 3.7% (South Asia) 7. Altaic languages 2.3% (Central Asia, Northern Asia, Anatolia, Siberia) 8. Japonic languages 2.1% (Japan) 9. Austro-Asiatic languages 1.7% (mainland Southeast Asia) 10.Tai-Kadai languages 1.3% (Southeast Asia)
The language historian divides English history into three times:
1、Ancient English
（又称盎格鲁-萨克森时期公元450—1100年）
The history of the English language began over 1500 years ago in the north of Europe. Around the fifth century A.D., tribes of people known as the Angels, Saxons, and Jutes traveled west from Germany and Denmark across the North Sea. They settled in Britain, and by the late seventh century, they were speaking an early form of the Esh
In 1066, the Normans conquered England. French became the language of the wealthy and powerful, and English was spoken mostly by poorer people. In the late 14th century, English became the first language again. By this time, many words used in English came from French or Latin, French brought many words connecting with government, including sovereign, court, royal, government. Latin was the language of church and learning, and gave to English words, for example, school, master, minister, grammar, angel and so on. Literature began to be written again in English. One of the most famous works is Chaucer’s The Canterbury
英语的历史从1500多年前的北欧开始。 在公元5世 纪左右，称为盎格鲁人、撒克逊人和朱特人的部落 从德国和丹麦旅行向西过北海。他们迁入英国，并 在7世纪末以前，他们所讲的即为早期形式的英语。
Angles
Saxons
Jute s
In the late 8th, 9th and 10th centuries, the Vikings attacked England. Fighting continued for 200 years. During this time, many Latin, Danish, and Norse words entered the English language. Latin gave English words like kitchen and cup. From Danish and Norse, English borrowed skin, leg, take and get and the pronouns them, their, and they. many synonyms from the Norse language became integrated into English, for example, wrath(English),anger(Norse);sick(English),ill( Norse).
经过1500年的变迁，英语从几个日耳曼部族的语言发 展为今天具有重大国际影响的语言，这固然有政治，经 济，社会的原因，但英语本身也有其它主要语言所没有 的长处。词汇的国际性便是他的优点之一。从本单元简 略地回顾中可以看出英语善于吸收外来词。一方面英语 属于日尔曼语族，有日尔曼语的共同词语，另一方面又 长期与法语及其它罗曼语族语言的联系密切，同时吸收 了大量古典词语。可以说，英语把代表欧洲主要文化的 词语兼收并蓄于一身，这在欧洲各语言中间是独特的。 从语法角度看，英语词尾变化简单，没有复杂的性数格 变化。英语正在不断向分析性语言的方向发展，向简化 的方向发展，英语的词序起的作用越来越大，这也使英 语比较容易学习，特别是容易入门了
Modern English developed from the Middle English dialect of the East Midlands and was influenced by the English used in London, where a printing press was set up by William Caxton in 1476. English changed a great deal from this time until the end of the 18th century. During the Renaissance, many words were introduced from Greek and Latin to express new ideas, especially in science, medicine and philosophy. They included physics, species, architecture, encyclopedia and hypothesis. In the 16th century several versions of the Bible helped bring written English to ordinary people. The Elizabethan period is also famous for its drama, a nd S ha ke s pe a r e ’s pl a y s w er e see n b y man y p eo pl e .