ICAO,必过!

ICAO,必过!
老哥，由于真的不知道你们直升机的ICAO考试内容是否和我们相同，就按我们那个来给你整理点资料，你看一下，希望能对你考试有所帮助~
这段时间，游戏少玩点，多占用你点时间。

得多听，多说，熟练地口语不是闭着嘴就能练出来的。

那个陆空对话，你可以多听一下，然后自己复诵；如果看不进书，就看美剧片，感觉人家那个日常说的，能用的到的口语，就给拿个小本子记下来，多说两遍，模仿人家那个语气、语速、断句等等；要是能去酒吧碰个外国朋友~请人家喝杯酒，死皮赖脸的跟人家说就行了，真的！学语言，必须不能要脸！
考试的时候语速不必太快，说的慢点，给自己留点想下一句该说什么的余地，毕竟说慢了考官不会怪你，你要是啊啊额额的说不出来，那就显得你语言能力很差，给你减分。

还有我那天电话里给你说的，一个漂亮的开头，一个漂亮的自我介绍，可以让你在其它一起考试的人里占大优势，简短、表明自己的信心、且略带谦逊，真的会让考官们眼前一亮！
其实这个ICAO，前三部分真的得自己下功夫！主要就是考的你语言能力，因为考官本身也不一定都是专业的飞行员，所以有一定的专业知识，英语好点就差不多可以当考官。

毕竟是语言能力考试。

所以所有过程中的个人觉得第四部分OPI是可以外力帮助，让你进步更快，下面的大多都是针对第四部分OPI（oral proficiency interview）OPI包含5个部分：1 warm up 2 level check 3 probe 4 picture describe 5 wr ap up
一）vocabulary (最后附有各个系统专业词汇)
对于一些比较常见专业单词词组的归纳
三个应答机特殊编码：编码自己查不便说。

从小到大分别是hijack , radio fa ilure , distress conditions
PAN PAN和MAYDAY的区别：
PANPAN：need assistance timely urgency situation MAYDAY：
need assistance immediately distress situation
乘务员flight/cabin attendant 驾驶舱职权梯度cockpit authority gra dient
机库hangar 接通/断开自驾engage/disengage AP
地形terrain 人因human factors
活物牲畜livestock 绕飞detour
界面交界处interface 修改modify amend
试车engine runup 烂泥slush
减速妨碍retard 积累accumulation
湿度humidity 降雨量precipitation
气喘asthma 腹泻diarrhea
调度签派dispatch 信号员marshaller
开往驶往Bound for 放油fuel dump jettison
预期anticipate 污染contaminate
外形configuration 致命的fatal
分院branch flight college 炸药dynamite
手榴弹grenade 恢复revert
Human error chain: people makes mistake, and accident happens. one mista ke leads to another to another to another which leads to an accident IRS: inertial reference system 惯性基准系统
干预interfere 配件附件accessory
气动的pneumatic 有形的具体的concrete
临界的marginal 连续touch and go
起落Traffic circuit 补充replenish
全停full stop 物质物品substance
拉紧绷紧strain 踝关节ankle 肘部elbow
对正跑道align the runway POB: people onboard
改装训练transition training 劫机犯hijacker
陆空对话radiotelephony communication
前轮转弯机构nose wheel steering 执行execute 疏散e vacuation
机长的四条杠的含义：1 flying skill 2 knowledge 3 profession 4 responsibility
提供饮食及服务cater（主要在地面装载时会用到）
RNP----required navigation performance 所需导航性能
RDH----threshold height 跑道入口高度
二）几个主要系统组成及功用
1 LANDING GEAR SYSTEM
很多图是关于重着陆，事故以及事故症候的，事故大多数的情况都包含有起落架的一些情况，damaged，unable to extend, tires blow-out, smoke from main gear 等情况，所以遇到这一类型的图就可以引申出对于LANDING GEAR SYSTEM的问题来考验对系统的认知。

Tricycle gear arrangement 前三点shock strut 减震支柱bumper减震器
Manual extension handles 人工放下起落架手柄
Nose wheel arrangement advantages:
1) it allows more forceful application of brakes for higher landing speed with out nosing over.
2) it permits better visibility for the pilots during landing and taxing
3) it tends to prevent aircraft from ground-looping by moving the C.G forwa rd of the main gear.
Landing gear safety devises :
1) Mechanical downlock----------to prevent accidental operation of the mec hanical downlocks, electrically operated safety switches are installed.
2) Safety switches-----------------The torque links spread apart or move to gether as the shock strut piston extends or
retracts in its cylinder.
3）Ground lock----------------one common type of a pin installed in aligned holes drilled in 2 or more units of the landing gear support structure.
2 HYDRAULIC SYSTEM
第四部分里面有一张图是关于hydraulic system的，建议这个系统多熟悉一下
Units commonly operated by hydraulic system :
Landing gears , wing flaps , slats , speed and wheel brakes , nose whee l steering ,
Primary flight surfaces
hydraulic system components:
an engine driven pump , a filter , a reservoir , a pressure regulator , an accumulator ,
a pressure gauge , a relief valve , an emergency pump , two check valve s ,
a selector valve , an actuating cylinder
operation
the engine driven pump which is directly coupled to the engine will operate when the engine is running. The pump draws fluid from reservoir and expels to the system through the filter and a check valve and the pressure can b e built up. the pressure regulator unloads or relieves the engine driven pum p when the desired pressure in the system achieved . thus it’s often referre d to as an unloading valve.In the event of malfunction of pressure regulator , the relief valve will release any pressure above that maintained by the re gulator.
3 AIR CONDITIONING AND PRESSSURIZATION SYSTEM
The cabin air conditioning and pressurization system supplies conditioned air for heating and cooling the cockpit and
cabin spaces. This air also provides pressurization to maint ain a safe and comfortable cabin environment. Some of the air conditioning systems inst alled in modern aircraft utilize air turbine refrigerating units to supply cooled air. These are called air cycle system.
Function of air conditioning system:
To maintain a comfortable temperature within the fuselage. In a typical system the tem perature is measured and compared to the desired setting of the temperature controls.
1 supply ventilation air
2 supply heated air
3 supply cooled air
Function of cabin pressure control system:
To provide cabin pressure regulation , pressure relief , vacuum relief ,and the means of selecting the desired cabin altitude.
4 WINGTIP DEVICES-----------improve the efficiency of fixed-wing aircraft, i ntended effect id always to reduce the drag by altering the airflow near the wingtips.
5 APU-------AUXILIARY POWER UNIT
Function----- to provide power to start the main engines. Turbine engines m ust be accelerated to a high rotational speed in order to provide sufficient ai r compression for self-sustaining operation. Before engines are to be turned, the APU is started, generally by a battery or hydraulic accumulator. Once t he APU is running, it provides power (electric, pneumatic, or hydraulic, depe nding on the design) to start the aircraft's main engines.
APUs fitted to ETOPS (Extended-range Twin-engine Operations) aircraft are a critical safety device, as they supply backup electricity and compressed air i n place of the dead
engine or failed main engine generator.
三）特情处置
先说一下CRM-----COCKPIT RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
CRM 包括4部分
1：establish good communication with crew members , so that we can preve nt and correct any mistakes.
2：take full advantage of the facilities onboard and the ground navaids.
3：operate the aircraft strictly according to the manual and SOPs.
4：comply with the aviation regulations.
关于EMERGENCY ，处置
1.stay calm ,maintain the right configuration and attitude.
2.the crew members should accomplish each other’s own duty, find the
cause and do the right checklist , follow standard procedures.
3.report to ATC your location , situation onboard, and intention. Reques
t landing priority if possible.
这里只是提供一个大致框架，具体特勤具体分析，如ENGINE FAILURE, BOMB ON BOARD,GEAR JAM等，具体的细节就只有自己去丰满。

关于SICK PASSENGER ONBOARD的处置：
1.have the cabin attendant to take first aid
/doc/4b2411629.html,rm the passengers to find if there’s doctor onboard so that we ca n ask for help
/doc/4b2411629.html,rm the ATC, request landing priority or divert to the nearest suita ble airport, and request ambulance and doctors ready at
landing
我在考试的时候遇到关于SUFFER FROM HEART ATTACK的乘客四）口试
OPI的前三部分只会涉及很少的专业问题，所以这三部分可以一起来看和准备。

说的直白一点，这几部分就是和考官扯淡，但是扯淡要注意尺度，不要使劲扯，扯淡变成扯蛋会有一点痛的。

这里部分会过渡到一些飞行相关的问题。

分院，飞行经历，所飞机型，小时数，所遇特勤，职业特性，基本可以概括为一次完整的飞行过程。

建议考前写一篇关于自己飞行的文章，涵盖以上一些信息。

到时候遇到可以触类旁通，把你准备的说出来。

同时也是做一个引导，引导考官就你的信息中挖掘问题，这样会比较占主动性。

E.G:
That choosing to be a pilot as my career makes me proud and makes my f amily proud. This is a noble job. Come on, think about it. Because of our w orks, a boy can meet his bonny lass, a father back from business trip can g ive his daughter a warm hug, businessmen can sign their contracts in time, and packages are delivered to your door on time. All these give me a feelin g of success, a feeling of happiness. And besides, this is a job with good sa lary and comparatively high social status. I used to consider that it’s easy to be a pilot. You know, just like the unprofessional people thinks: pilots enga ge the AP after takeoff, then planned route, planned level, planned everythin g. All the pilots need to do is disengaging the AP when the aircraft comes t o the short final, and make a perfect landing, taxi to the right gate. That’s all. It looks easy and seems that everybody can do that. But I’ve cha nged my mind after all the things I’ve been through in the GUANGHAN flight colle ge where I actually learnt how to control and manage an aircraft and how t
o be a professional pilot. There’s a long way to go, and that
takes time. Th e very first rule I learn is to be patient, always. And there is a “13-hours-ch eckride” which is set to check whether the student is skillful or talented eno ugh to be a pilot. This is a cruel check for the students, and some are doo med to fail. I sweated my shirt and the headphone that day in the cockpit. But lucky me, I passed. This is the most precious treasure in my life that I wish I would never experience again.
附加：各个系统词汇
Air Conditioning System
PACK空调主件HOT BLEED AIR热引气
OUTLET DUCT外流管BYPASS VALVE旁通活门RAM AIR 冲压空气
INLET SCOOP 进气口TRIM AIR VALVE 调节空气
EXTRACTOR FAN排气风扇GUARDED FLAP 有保护盖的导片
BLOWER 鼓风机EXTRCTOR排风扇OVERBOARD 机外
ONBOARD机上OPEN-CIRCUIT开路CLOSED-CIRCUIT闭路
CONFIGURATION 形态PASSENGER LOAD乘客载荷DOWNSTR EAM下游
STANDING WATER积水ATLN（ALTERNATE）备份C HANNEL 通道
PNEUMATIC气源DUAL 双的SWITCH OVER交换
PRE-COOLER预冷机COOLANT冷却剂AMBER琥珀色
VENTILATION通风CIRCUIT BREAKER跳开关PRESSURIZATION （增压）
FLAPPER VALVES 瓣状活门PROFILE 剖面TOGGLE 扳钮开关
VACUUM 真空ISAO BARIC 等压BAROMETRIC 气压
PRESSURE DIFFERENTIALS 压差ANEROID SWITCH 膜盒气压STBY （STANDBY）备份DC DIRECT CURRENCY 直流电
DITCH 水上迫降SUPERCHARGER 增压器INADVERTENT 偶然的
LEAKAGE 漏、渗APRON 停机坪CEILING 顶板ACCESS ORY 副件
THROTTLE LEVER 油门杆CRUISE 巡航
NEGATIVE RELIEF VALVE 负压释放活门POSITIVE PRESSURE 正压AIRPORT ELEVATION 机场标高AUTOPILOT（自动驾驶）MOMENTUM 动量MIMICKING 模仿GLARE-SHIELD 遮光板Performance
ACTUATORS 制动器SURVEILLANCE 监视QUADRANT 油门操纵杆
FLEX（FLEXIBLE）灵活的
MCT（MAXIMUM CONTINUE THRUST）最大连续推力
ELEVATORS 升降舵AILERON 副翼NAVAID 助航
SID（STANDARD INSTRUMENT DEPARTURE）标准仪表离场
STAR（STANDARD TERMINAL ARRIVAL ROUTE）标准进场程序
MISSED APPROACH （GO AROUND）复飞
DYNAMIC 动力的AUGMENTATION 增加、增益
FLIGHT ENVELOPE 飞行包线
CDU（CONTOL DISPLAY UNIT）控制显示组件
FMA（FLIGHT MODE ANNUNCIATOR）飞行方式显示器
ADIRS（AIR DATA AND INERTIAL REFERENCE SYSTEM）大气数据及惯性基准系统
MCP（MODE CONTROL PANEL）方式控制面板
GPS（GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM）全球定位系统
FLARE 平飘TOUCHDOWN 接地点FLY-BY-WIRE 电传操纵ACELEROMETER 加速器ALIGNMENT 对准、校准SERVOMOTOR 伺服马达GYROSCOPE 陀螺
THRUST REDUCTION ALT 减推力高度REVERSE 反推
ARM 预位FPA（FLIGHT PATH ANGLE）飞行航径角LOCALI ZER 航向道
IDLE 慢车DETENT 卡位FPV（FLIGHT PATH VECTOR）飞行航径矢量
CRM（COCKPIT RESOURCE MANAGEMENT）驾驶舱资源管理PF（PILOT-FLIGHT）把杆飞行员
PFD（PRIMARY FLIGHT DISPLAY）主飞行显示PULLEY 滑轮
ROLL 滑跑
SCROLL 翻动、卷起SLEW 上下选页VELOCITY 速度
DATA BASE LOADER 数据库装载机
ALPHA/NUMERIC KEY BOARD 字母/数字键盘
DYNAMIC AND BACKGROUD DATA 动态和背景数据
TROPOPAUSE 对流层顶ALIGNMENT 校准
EFOB（ESTIMATED FUEL ON BOARD）预计机上燃油
ETA（ESTIMATED TIME OF ARRIVING）预计到达时间
ADC（AIR DATA COMPUTER）大气数据计算机
CRT（CATHODE RAY TUBE）阴极射线管
LSK（LINE SELECT KEY）行选键TERMINAL AREA 终端区域
COORDINATE 经纬度RNVA AREA NAVIGATION 区域导航EN-ROUTE 在航路上
CFDS（CENTRALIZED FAULT DISPLAY SYSTEM）集中显示系统VIBRATIONS 振动IMPULSES 脉冲CURVATURE 弯曲曲度
TRANSCEIVER 无线电收发机
INTERPHONE 内话机EVACUATION 疏散
KNOB 旋钮BUZZER 蜂鸣声
FLIGHT CONTROL SYSTEM
REJECTED T/O 中断起飞CONVENTIONAL 通用的
WHEEL 驾驶盘COLUMN 驾驶杆PEDAL 脚蹬
SURFACE 舵面RUDDER 方向舵SPEED-BRAKE 减速板
FLAP 襟翼STAB TRIM 调整片OVERRIDE SWITCH 超控电门
AW DAMPER 偏航阻尼器CENTERING MECHANISM 定中机
械SWEEP BACK 后掠
SPOILER 扰流板JAM 卡阻ROLL 滚转（横滚）PITCH 俯仰
STABILIZER 安定面YAW 偏航YAW DAMPER RATE GYRO 偏航率陀螺仪
LONGITUDINAL AXIS 纵轴VERTICAL AXIS 垂轴LATERAL AX IS 横轴
ACTUATING CYLINDER 作动筒AIRFOIL 翼部面
SECONDARY FLIGHT CONTROL 辅助飞行操纵
HIGH LIFT DEVICE 增升装置
TRAILING EDGE（TE）后缘LEADING EDGE（LE）前缘
POWER TRANSFER UNIT（PTU）动力传输装置STALL 失速
MANEUVER 机动飞行INBOARD 内侧OURBOARD 外侧
SLOTTED 开缝的THREE SLOTTED FLAP 三开缝襟翼DRA G 阻力
COMPARATOR 比较仪ROLL RATE 滚转率MIXER 混合器
DEFLECTION 偏转AERODYNAMIC MEAN CHORD 平均空气动力弦
TORQUE 扭力JACK 千斤顶
FIRE PROTECTION
OVERHEAT 超温FIRE DETECTION 探火FIRE DETECTION LO OP 探火环
FIRE ALERT 火警戒FAULT MONITORING CIRCUIT 失效监控电路
WARNING BELL 火警铃GROUND PROXIMITY 近地
ENGINE INDICATING AND CREW ALERTING SYSTEM （EICAS）发动机指示和机组警戒系统
ENGINE NACELLE 发动机舱CARGO COMPARTMENT 货舱
MALFUNCTION 失效SMOKE DETECTION 烟雾探测LOCK D OWN 下锁
SHUTDOWN 关车UNLOCK 开锁TRIP 跳开关
THRUST REVERSER 反推 CARBON DIOXIDE（CO2）二氧化碳
TOX ICITY 毒性
ELECTRICAL SYSTEM
GENERATE 发电DISTRIBUTE 配电ESSENTIAL POWER 重要设备电源
VOLTAGE 电压PHASE 相BUS 汇流条
TRANSＦＯＲＭER RECTIFIER UNIT（TRU）变压整流器
LIGHTING CIRCUIT 照明电路EMERGENCY POWER 应急电源STANDBY POWER 备用电源ONBOARD 机载
STATIC INVERTER 静变流机BATTERY 电瓶FREQUENCY 电频RAM AIR-DRIVER GENERATOR 冲压空气驱动发电机
ENGINE-DRIVEN GENERATOR 发动机驱动的发电机
BATTERY CHARGER 电瓶充电器
LOAD 载荷、电荷TRIP OFF 跳开CHARGE 充电
SERVICE BUS 勤务汇流条SPLIT BUS 分裂汇流条
BUS TIE BREAKER （BTB）汇流条连接断路器
GENERATOR CONTROL UNIT（GCU）发动机控制组件
MONITOR 监控DIVISION 分配
FUEL
INNER FUEL TANK 内侧燃油箱INTEGRAL TANK 整体油箱
WING/FUSELAGE STRUCTURE 机翼/机身结构WING TIP 翼尖FUEL NOZZLE 燃油喷嘴VENT SURGE TANK 通风（防震动）油箱
SPILLAGE 溢出DIVERT 转向GROSS WEIGHT （GW）全重
E/WD ENGINE AND WARNING DISPLAY 发动机警告指示
CROSS FEED VALVE 交输供油活门
CONDENSATION OF MOISTURE 水气凝结SURGE TANK 通风油箱
HYDRAULIC SYSTEM
RESERVOIR 液压油箱、水库FILTER 滤器、滤纸ACCUMULATOR 储压器、储蓄器EXPEL 排出、赶出
PISTON 活塞CHARGE 释放、放出WHEEL BRAKE 机轮刹车装置NOSE WHEEL STEERING 前轮转向操纵
PRIMARY FLIGHT CONTROL SURFACE 主飞行操纵面
PRESSURE REGULATOR 调压器
EMERGENCY PUMP 应急泵CHECK VALVE 单向活门
SELECTOR VALVE 选择活门ACTUATING VALVE 卸荷活门PREDETERMINED VALVE 预定值BALL VALVE 球形活门RETURN LINE 回油管路SPRAY 喷、向……喷射
PERFORATE 穿孔于HERMAL ANTI-ICING SYSTEM 热防冰系统WINDSHIELD 风挡ENGINE COWL 发动机整流罩
STATIC PORT 静压口BIRD-STRIKE 鸟击
AOA（THE ANGLE OF ATTTACK）迎角
TAT（TOTAL AIR TEMPERATURE）全温
SAT（STATIC AIR TEMPERATURE）静温
EIS（电子仪表系统）
ATTENTION GATTER 提醒灯CHRONOGRAPH 记时器
ELAPSED TIME 已飞时间PARAMETER 参数CHECKLIST 检查单DISPENSE WITH 省略UN-CLUTTER 混乱SIDE SLIP 侧滑
UTC（COORDINATED UNIVERSAL TIME）协调世界时
SCHEMATIC 图解形式EADI 电子姿态指示器EHSI 水平状态指示器
BEARING POINTER 方位指针DECISION HEIGHT 决断高度
ADF（AUTOMATIC DIRECTION FINDER）自动定向机
INTERFACE 界面、接口REFERENCE LINE 参考线
DFDR（DIGITAL FLIGHT DATA RECORDER）数字式飞行数据记录器
RAW DATA 原始数据AIDS 飞机集成数据系统
ECAM（ELECTRONIC CENTRALIZED AIRCRAFT MONITOR ）电子飞机集中监控
LANDING GEAR
GROUND LOOP 打地转NOSE OVER 拿大顶MARGIN 斜度
CHOCK 轮挡BUNGEE CORD 弹簧索（减震支柱）
SHOCK ABSORBER 减震器、缓冲器RUBBER BLOCK 橡皮块（减震器）
OIL-AIR STRUT 油气式减震支柱TAILWHEEL GEAR 后三点式起落架
TRICYCLE GEAR 前三点式起落架ANTISKID 防滑装置SHOCK STRUT 减震支柱
NAVIGATION
DEW POINT 露点NOISE ABATEMENT 减噪
VOR（VERY-HIGH-FREGUENCY OMINI-DIRECTIONAL RANGE）甚高频全向信标
VOR ORIENTATION VOR 定向、定位THRESHOLD 跑道入
AIR DATA INERTIAL REFERENCE UNITS（ADIRU）大气数据惯性基准组件
DIGITAL DISTANCE AND RADIO MAGNETIC INDICATOR （DDRMI）数字距离无线电磁指示器
GPWS（GROUND PROXIMITY WARNING SYSTEM）近地警告系统
ADF（AUTOMATIC DIRECTION FINDER）自动定向仪
DME（DISTANCE MEASURING EQUIPMENT）测距仪
PFV（FLIGHT PATH VECTOR）飞行航经引导
TCAS（TRAFFIC AND COLLISION AVOIDANCE SYSTEM）空中交通避撞系统
CAGING KNOB 锁定旋钮
AIR MISS 危险接近APUAUXILIARY POWER UNIT辅助动力装置）
GAUGE 表INDUCTION SYSTEM 进气系统TRANSIT ION 过渡FACILITY 设施MSA（MINIMUM SAFE ALTITUDE）最低安全高度
PLAN VIEW 平面图OUTBOUND 背台HOLDING 等待
MOCA 最低超障高度MAP 复飞点
LDA 可用着陆距离MLS 微波着陆系统SDF 简易定向设施
PAR 初始进近雷达MSL 平均海平面TEARDROP PATTER N 修正角
HAT 高出接地点的高HAA 高出机场的高MEA 最小航路
高RVR 跑道视程
ROTATE 抬轮STICK SHAKER 抖杆OVERSHOOT 目测过高。