天津高中英语从句语法归纳总结

天津高中英语从句语法归纳总结
总结一
从句的基础概念
由一个主句和一个或一个以上从句构成的句子叫做复合句。

所谓主句，就是在复合句中起统领作用的句子，它是全句的主体，通常可以独立存在；而从句则是复合句的一个句子成分，不能独立存在。

如：You’ll feel better after you take the pills. 吃完药丸后你会感到好一些。

主句是You’ll feel better，从句是after you take the pills，由after 引导，在整个复合句中用作状语，表示时间。

注意，英语的复合句不是简单句的反面，不要将它误解为“复杂句”。

事实上，英语的简单句有时也可以比较“复杂”，而复合句也可以比较“简单”。

如：He stopped because he was tired. 他停下来是因为他累了。

这个句子比较“简单”，却是一个典型的复合句，其中的he stopped 是主句，because he was tired是从句，在复合句中用作状语，表示原因。

从句的分类
一般说来，一个从句在复合句充当什么成分我们就叫它为什么从句——从句在复合句用作主语，我们就叫它为主语从句；从句在复合句用作宾语，我们就叫它为宾语从句等。

如：
He answered that he knew nothing about it. 他回答说他不知情。

that 引导的从句在复合句中用作动词answered的宾语，因
此为宾语从句。

The trouble is that I have lost his address. 麻烦的是我把他的地址丢了。

be动词后做表语从句
He was rather pleased when he won that prize. 他获奖后相当高兴。

用状语表时间，也叫时间状语从句。

名词性从句
（主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句）
主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位语从句在复合句中的充当的成分和其名称相同，分别作主句的主语、表语、宾语和同位语。

上述这四种从句均被称为名词性从句。

所有的名词性从句均不能用逗号分开，并且它们都用相同的关联词，关联词如下：
①主从连词：that (无意义), whether (是否), if (是否)（在句子中不充当任何成分）
②连接代词：who (谁), whom (谁), whose (谁的), what (什么), which (哪一个)
③连接副词：when (什么时候), where (什么地方), how (怎样), why (为什么)
主从连词只起连接作用，连接代词和连接副词除了起连接作用外，还充当从句某一个成分。

另外，可以用whatever, whichever, whoever, who(m)ever等连接代词引导名词性从句，来加强语气。

（一）主语从句（subject clause）
在主句中用作主语的主谓结构称之为主语从句。

That he will come to the discussion is certain.他来参加讨论是确定的。

When the meeting is to be held has not yet been decide. 会
议什么时候召开还没有决定。

主语从句放在句首，句子常常显得比较笨重，因此通常可以把it放在句首，作形式主语，而将主语从句放在后面。

例如上面的句子可以分别改写为：
It is certain that he will come to the discussion.
It has not yet been decide when the meeting is to be held.
（二）宾语从句（object clause）
在主句中作谓语动词、介词及非谓语动词的宾语的主谓结构称之为宾语从句。

在引导宾语从句时，从属连词that在口语中和非正式文本中常省略。

（1）动词后的宾语从句
We know that a parrot can’t really speak.我们知道鹦鹉不会真的说话。

He wants to tell us what he thinks.他想告诉我们他所想的事情。

The club will give whoever wins a prize. 获胜者俱乐部将颁奖。

（2）形容词的宾语从句
有些形容词可以用that引导宾语从句，表示说话人对某一事物的态度并带有感情色彩。

常见的这类形容词有：
afraid, amazed, astonished, aware, certain, confident, delighted, glad, grateful, happy, proud, sad, sorry, sure, surprised 等。

例如：
I am glad that you have come. 你来了，我真高兴。

I am afraid that you are wrong on this point.恐怕你在这点上是错误的。

（三）表语从句（predicative clause）
在主句中担当表语的主谓结构称之为表语从句。

One idea is that fish is the best brain food.有一种看法认为鱼是最好的补脑食品。

The problem is where we can hold our meeting.问题是我们可以在哪儿举行会议。

That is what he really wants.那就是他真想要的东西。

（四）同位语从句（常考）
同位语从句用于对前面出现的名词作进一步说明，一般用连词that引导，由于先行名词的意义不同，也可用whether, who, when, where, what, why, how等引导。

常见的先行名词有：
fact,idea,belief,news,hope,conclusion,evidence,suggestion,or der,problem,report,decision.有时由于谓语较短，将同位语从句位于谓语之后。

如：
She finally made the decision that she would join the fashion show.
The news came that their team had won the championship.
名词性从句常考易错点
1．that 引导主语从句时，that 没有意义，但不能省略。

2．从句作主语时，多数情况下由it 作形式主语，而把主语从句放在后面，尤其是谓语部分（包括宾语）较短的情况下。

3．whether 既可以引导主语从句也可以引导宾语从句，但if 不能引导主语从句。

whether 后面可以加or not, 而if 不能与or not 连用。

作介词宾语时不用if.如：
①Whether I knew John doesn’t matter. = It doesn’t matter whether I knew John.
我是否认识约翰没有关系。

②Whether or not she’ll come isn’t clear. = Whether she’ll come or not isn’t clear. = It isn’t clear whether …. 她是否来还不清楚。

定语从句
定语从句的简化规律
（一）改用“不定式”或“不定式短语”
如果定语从句的时态与主句的时态具有同时性（包括谓语有情态动词）或之后性，则可以用“关系代词或关系副词＋不定式”来简化，或直接用“不定式”来修饰先行词。

例1：
We moved to the country so that the children would have a garden in which they could play in.我们搬到了乡下，好让孩子们有个花园在里面玩。

改为：
We moved to the country so that the children would have a g arden in which to play.
或者：
We moved to the country so that the children would have a g arden to play in.
（二）改用“介词短语”
介词短语替代定语从句有两种方式：（1）省略“关系副词＋主语＋be动词”，或“关系代词＋be动词”；（2）根据从句的意思改编。

例1：
We have never forgotten the days (when we were) at college.
我们从来没有忘记在大学对书的日子。

例2：
I don’t know the person (who is) in your office.
在你办公司的那个人我不认识。

（三）改用“现在分词短语”和“过去分词短语”
例1：
Anyone touching that wire will get an electric stock.
任何人碰到那根电线就会触电。

＝Anyone who touches that wire will get an electric stock.
例：
Charles and Sydney, looking（＝who look）so much like each other, are often considered to be twins.
查尔斯和悉尼两个人的相貌非常相似，经常被人误解为双胞胎。

定语从句常考易错点
1)当先行词是
all, anything, everything, something, nothing等不定代词或先行词前有first, last, any, few, much, some, no, only以及形容词最高级修饰时，只能用关系代词that引导从句。

如：That is all that I've heard from him.
He's the first person that I'm going to interview this afternoon.
2)关系代词的省略
在从句中作宾语的关系代词常可省略。

关系代词紧跟介词，作介词宾语时不可用that，只可用which或whom引导从句，并且不可省略，但当介词位于宾语从句句末时，作为介词宾语的关系代词仍可用that，也可省略。

如：
This is one of those things with which we have to put up.
This is one of those things (which/that) we have to put up with.
3)引导定语从句的关系副词有when, where, why等。

关系副词在从句中作状语，意义上相当于一个“介词+which”的结构。

如：
Even in comic books where(=in which) there are no words,
the stories are fully expressed through the drawings.
No one knows the reason why (= for which ) he was so angry that day.
状语从句
地点状语从句：引导地点状语从句的连词是where, wherever.
Wherever she went,she took her little daughter with her.
原因、结果和目的状语从句：
1）引导原因状语从句的从属连词有：because,as,since,now(that),seeing that,considering that,in that等。

Considering that he is a freshman,we must say he is doing wel l.
2)引导结果状语从句的连词有：so...that,such...that ,so that,that,so等。

Mickey Mouse is so attractive that the children are reluctant to le ave.
3)引导目的状语从句的连词有：so that,in order that,for fear that,lest等，从句常使用may,might,can,could,would等情态动词。

We got up early this morning so that we could catch the first bus to the railway station.
条件和让步状语从句：
1）引导条件状语从句的连词和词组有if,unless,as(so) long as,on condition that,in case,provided(providing) that,supposing等。

As long as you have the right equipment,you can use a teleph one line to transmit computer data.
2)引导让步状语从句的连词和词组有though,although,whether,even though,even if,no matter what (when, how...), whatever( whenever, wherever, however....)等。

though,even if等引导状语从句可转换成含有as的部分倒装结构，具有强调意义。

其结构为“形容词（副词、动词、名词）+as+主
语+谓语”。

No matter what you may say,I would not change my mind.
Young as he is,he is quite experienced in this work.(=though h e is young)
时间状语从句：
引导时间状语从句的从属连词和词组有：
1）
when,whenever,while,as,after,before,since,till,until,once等。

We have learnt quite a lot about it since we came here.
2)as soon as, hardly(scarcely)...when, no sooner...than, each(every) time, the moment, immediately(that)等。

As soon as I sent an e-
mail message,I received positive responses.
The moment he heard the good news, he jumped with joy.
从句的两大特点
1.从句引导词
英语中的从句有个特点，就是通常要用一个词来“引导”，这个词我们就称它为“引导词”。

不同的从句往往需要不同的引导词来引导，即使同一个词可用于引导多种从句，那它的用法和意思有所相同，如when可用于引导主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句等，它的意思是“什么时候”。

如：
When he will come is still unknown. 他什么时候来还不知道。

The question is when he did it. 问题是他什么时候干了此事。

I don’t know when the meeting will start. 我不知道会议什么时候开始。

when还可以引导时间状语从句，它的意思是“当……的时候”。

英语中用于引导从句的引导词何时省略与何时保留是有规律的，要遵循英语习惯，不可随意省略，否则会导致语法错误。

2. 从句词序
英语中的从句，无论是主语从句还是宾语从句，是定语从句还是状语从句，它都总是使用陈述句词序，也就是采用“主语+谓语+其他成分”这样的词序。

但是，当一个从句由what, who, whose, when, where, why等这样的“疑问词”来引导时，有的人可能会在从句中误用疑问句词序，这是一个常见的错误。

如：
■他什么时候离开，现在还不知道。

误：When will he leave is not known yet.
正：When he will leave is not known yet.
析：when在此引导主语从句，要用陈述句词序，不能用疑问句词序。

■我记不起他是什么样子了。

误：I don’t remember what did he look like.
正：I don’t remember what he looked like.
析：what在此引导宾语从句，要用陈述句词序。

常考语法点“主将从现”
主将从现是一种出现在状语从句中的语法现象，多指在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中，当主句是一般将来时态，则从句要用一般现在时替代一般将来时。

因为主将从现出现在状语从句中，在这里我们就以状语从句的几个类别为根据来列举主将从现的标志性词语。

时间状语从句
when, whenever, since, till, once, as soon as, while, as, before, after
如：I will be a math teacher when I grow up.
条件状语从句
if, unless, as(so)long as
如：If I have extra money, I will pay the bill for you.
原因状语从句
because, since, as, for, now that
如：The tutor will leave here now that you have no problems.
让步状语从句
though, although, even if, even though, however
如：Though you have advantages in this match, I will not give up.
目的状语从句
in order that, so that, that
如：In order that Lily can get the prize, we will have a planin detail.
在条件状语从句中，如果主语是一般将来时，从句要用一般现在时。

一个句子的中心意思体现在主句中，所以判断是否使用主将从现首先要做的是区分主从句。

当找到主句，分析其时态为一般将来时或借助某些结构表达将来含义时，则从句使用一般现在时态。

总结二
一、地点状语从句
地点状语从句通常由where, wherever 引导。

Where I live there are plenty of trees.
我住的地方树很多。

Wherever I am I will be thinking of you.
不管我在哪里我都会想到你。

二、方式状语从句
方式状语从句通常由as, (just) as…so…, as if, as though引导。

1) as, (just) as…so…引导的方式状语从句通常位于主句后，但在(just) as…so…结构中位于句首，这时as从句带有比喻的含义，意思是“正如…”，“就像”，多用于正式文体，例如：
Always do to the others as you would be done by.
你希望人家怎样待你，你就要怎样待人。

As water is to fish, so air is to man.
我们离不开空气，犹如鱼儿离不开水。

Just as we sweep our rooms, so we should sweep backward ideas from our minds.
正如打扫房屋一样，我们也要扫除我们头脑中落后的东西。

2) as if, as though
两者的意义和用法相同，引出的状语从句谓语多用虚拟语气，表示与事实相反，有时也用陈述语气，表示所说情况是事实或实现的可能性较大。

汉译常作“仿佛……似的”，“好像……似的”，例如：
They completely ignore these facts as if (as though) they never existed.
他们完全忽略了这些事实，就仿佛它不存在似的。

(与事实相反，谓语用虚拟语气。

)
He looks as if (as though) he had been hit by lighting.
他那样子就像被雷击了似的。

(与事实相反，谓语用虚拟语气。

)
It looks as if the weather may pick up very soon.
看来天气很快就会好起来。

(实现的可能性较大，谓语用陈述语气。

)
说明：as if / as though也可以引导一个分词短语、不定式短语或无动词短语，例如：
He stared at me as if seeing me for first time.
他目不转睛地看着我，就像第一次看见我似的。

He cleared his throat as if to say something.
他清了清嗓子，像要说什么似的。

The waves dashed on the rocks as if in anger.
波涛冲击着岩石，好像很愤怒。

三、原因状语从句
比较：because, since, as和for
1)because语势最强，用来说明人所不知的原因，回答why提出的问题。

当原因是显而易见的或已为人们所知，就用as或since.
I didn't go, because I was afraid.
Since /As the weather is so bad, we have to delay our journey.
2)由because引导的从句如果放在句末，且前面有逗号，则可以用for来代替。

但如果不是说明直接原因，而是多种情况加以推断，就只能用for.
He is absent today, because / for he is ill.
He must be ill, for he is absent today.
四、目的状语从句
表示目的状语的从句可以由that, so that, in order that, lest, for fear that, in case等词引导，例如：
You must speak louder so that /in order that you can be heard by all.
He wrote the name down for fear that(lest) he should forget it.
Better take more clothes in case the weather is cold.
五、结果状语从句
结果状语从句常由so… that 或such…that引导，掌握这两个句型，首先要了解so 和such与其后的词的搭配规律。

比较：so和such
其规律由so与such的不同词性决定。

such 是形容词，修饰名词或名词词组，so 是副词，只能修饰形容词或副词。

so 还可与表示数量的形容词many, few, much, little连用，形成固定搭配。

so foolish / such a fool
so nice a flower such a nice flower
so many / few flowers such nice flowers
so much / little money such rapid progress
so many people such a lot of people
( so many 已成固定搭配，a lot of 虽相当于many,但 a lot of 为名词性的，只能用such搭配。

)
so…that与such…that之间的转换既为so与such之间的.转换。

The boy is so young that he can't go to school.
He is such a young boy that he can't go to school
六、条件状语从句
连接词主要有if, unless, as/so long as, on condition that 等。

if 引导的条件句有真实条件句和非真实条件句两种。

非真实条件句已在虚拟语气中阐述。

unless = if not.
Let's go out for a walk unless you are too tired.
If you are not too tied, let's go out for a walk.
典型例题
You will be late ___ you leave immediately.
A. unless
B. until
C. if
D. or
答案A. 句意：除非你立即走，否则你就回迟到的。

可转化为If you dong leave immediately, you will be late.B、D句意不对，or表转折，句子如为You leave immediately or you will be late.
七、让步状语从句
though, although
注意：当有though, although时，后面的从句不能有but,但是though 和yet可连用
Although it's raining, they are still working in the field.
虽然在下雨，但他们仍在地里干活。

He is very old, but he still works very hard.
虽然他很老，但仍然努力地工作。

Though the sore be healed, yet a scar may remain.
伤口虽愈合，但伤疤留下了。

(谚语)
典型例题
1) ___she is young, she knows quite a lot.
A. When
B. However
C. Although
D. Unless
答案：C.意为虽然她很年轻，却知道许多。

2)as, though 引导的倒装句
as / though引导的让步从句必须表语或状语提前(形容词、副词、分词、实义动词提前)。

Child as /though he was, he knew what was the right thing to do.
= Though he was a small child, he knew what was the right thing to do.
注意： a.句首名词不能带任何冠词。

b.句首是实义动词，其他助动词放在主语后。

如果实义动词有宾语和状语，随实义动词一起放在主语之前。

Try hard as he will, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily.
= Though he tries hard, he never seems…
虽然他尽了努力，但他的工作总做的不尽人意。

3)ever if, even though.即使
We'll make a trip even though the weather is bad.
4) whethe r…or-不管……都
Whether you believe it or not, it is true.
5)"no matter +疑问词“ 或”疑问词+后缀ever"
No matter what happened, he would not mind.
Whatever happened, he would not mind.
替换：no matter what = whatever
no matter who = whoever
no matter when = whenever
no matter where = wherever
no matter which = whichever
no matter how = however
注意：no matter 不能引导主语从句和宾语从句。

(错)No matter what you say is of no use now.
(对)Whatever you say is of no use now.
你现在说什么也没用了。

(Whatever you say是主语从句)
(错)Prisoners have to eat no matter what they're given,
(对)Prisoners have to eat whatever they're given.囚犯们只能给什么吃什么。

八、比较while, when, as
1)as, when 引导短暂性动作的动词。

Just as / Just when / When I stopped my car, a man came up to me.
2)当从句的动作发生于主句动作之前，只能用when 引导这个从句，不可用as 或while.
When you have finished your work, you may have a rest.
3)从句表示“随时间推移”连词能用as,不用when 或while.
As the day went on, the weather got worse.
日子一天天过去，天气越变越坏。

九、比较until和till
此两个连词意义相同。

肯定形式表示的意思是“做某事直至某时”，动词必须是延续性的。

否定形式表达的意思是“直至某时才做某事”。

动词为延续性或非延续性都可以。

正确使用这两个连词的关键之一就在于判断句中的动词该用肯定式还是否定式。

肯定句：
I slept until midnight. 我一直睡到半夜时醒了。

Wait till I call you.等着我叫你。

(在肯定句中可用before代替Let's get in the wheat before the sun sets.)
否定句：
She didn't arrive until 6 o'clock.
她直到6点才到。

Don't get off the bus until it has stopped.
公共汽车停稳后再下车。

I didn't manage to do it until you had explained how.直到你教我后，我才会做。

1)Until可用于句首，而till通常不用于句首。

Until you told me, I had heard nothing of what happened.
直到你告诉我以前，出了什么事我一点也不知道。

2)Until when 疑问句中，until要放在句首。

---Until when are you staying?你呆到什么时候？
--- Until next Monday.呆到下周一。

注意：否定句可用另外两种句式表示。

(1)Not until …在句首，主句用倒装。

Not until the early years of the 19th century did man know what heat is.
直到19 世纪初，人类才知道热能是什么。

Not until I began to work did I realize how much time I had wasted.
直到我开始工作，我才认识到了我已蹉跎了几多岁月。

(2)It is not until… that…
十、表示“一…就…”的结构
hardly/scarcely…when/before, no sooner…than和as soon as都可以表示“一…就…”的意思，例：
I had hardly / scarcely got home when it began to rain.
I had no sooner got home than it began to rain.
As soon as I got home, it began to rain.
注意：如果hardly, scarcely 或no sooner置于句首，句子必须用倒装结构：
Hardly / Scarcely had I got home when it began to rain.
No sooner had I got home than it began to rain。