如何给人指路(共3页)

简介(jiǎn jiè)
给人指路可是大有学问，是详细
(xiángxì)地给出每个路口拐弯
的路线，还是像看地图一样给个
方向就行？
你大概遇到过这种情景(qíngjǐng)。

你迟到了，迷路了，只能向某个无辜的行人问路。

刚开始还不足以使你气馁：“在红灯(hónɡ dēnɡ)处左拐，一直往前走，到第三个路口右拐，”……此时你的头开始眩晕了……“然后绕着那个转弯直走到公园那，然后在第二个路口右拐，然后在第一个路口左拐，你不会找不到的”……你点头称谢，一股慌乱却悄悄涌上心头。

刚刚听到的所有细节根本没办法想得起来。

根据伊利诺斯州立大学的艾丽西亚•洪德和同事们所言，为人指路有两种方法。

第一种方法就是所谓的“路线视角”（route perspective），例子如上。

这一方法采用的是第一人称的空间视角，通过参考转弯和地标来确定路线。

另一种是所谓的“俯瞰视角”，在指路时就好像正看着一张地图。

这一类型的指路方式是通过参考主要的方向（北，南，东和西）和准确的距离来确定的。

当洪德的团队利用一个胶合板制作的虚拟城镇来检验本科生们领会指路方法的能力时，他们发现了一个奇怪的反常现象。

学生们反映，路线视角的指路方式更容易领会，然而，如果是要将玩具车开到目的地的话，遵循提供主要方向的指路法更加快捷和高效。

一个解释是，尽管详细的路线描述听起来很讨人喜欢，但真到了实际中还是遵循大方向的方法比较靠谱。

即使得到的指示非常简洁和模糊它也能有所帮助。

就算你在某个地方拐错了，你也知道应该走的大概方向是什么。

主要作者洪德告诉Digest（就是原文所属博客站点，译者注），要找到最佳的寻路方向，需要把许多能帮助人们到达目的地的因素结合起来。

“在路线中给出完整而又简洁的细节是很重要的，”她说，“一般，街道或其他一些路段会被强调。

在需要作选择的地点如十字路口，要特别注意细节（地标）。

人们需要的是足够的细节并容易遵循，而不是多余的难以记住或领会的细节。

而且，对指路者和问路者来说，重要的是在合作中保证他们的目的和偏好都被
考虑进去。

”
事实上，说到洪德最后关于“合作”的论点，有个好消息是，人们似乎天生就有调整指引方向，急游人之所急的能力。

这篇近期论文中另一个实验的结果显示，学生们在帮助一个虚拟驾车者时更倾向于用路线视角的指路方式，而在帮助一个拿着地图的虚拟游人时更喜欢用指明主要方向的方法。

_________________________________
Alycia M. Hund, Kimberly H. Haney, Brian D. Seanor (2008). The role of recipient perspective in giving and following wayfinding directions Applied Cognitive Psychology, 22 (7), 896-916 DOI: 10.1002/acp.1400
How to give directions
You've probably been there. You're late, lost, and you ask an innocent passer-by for directions. It begins undauntingly enough: "Left at the lights, straight ahead, third right," ... but then your head starts to spin ... "then follow the corner round until you reach the park, then second right, then first left, you can't miss it" ... You nod and thank them politely while panic privately sets in. There's no way you can remember all those details.
According to Alycia Hund and colleagues at Illinois State University, there are two ways to give directions. One is using a so-called "route perspective", as in the example above. This adopts a first-person spatial perspective and is characterised by references to turns and landmarks. The other is a so-called "survey perspective", which gives directions as if looking down upon a map. This type of direction giving is characterised by references to cardinal directions (North, South, East and West) and precise distances.
When Hund's team used a fictitious model town made of plywood to test the ability of undergraduates to follow directions, they uncovered a curious anomaly. The students reported finding route perspective directions easier to follow and yet they steered a toy car to a destination more quickly and effectively when they
were following cardinal directions.
One explanation is that detailed route descriptions sound appealing, but when it comes actually following directions, it helps if the instructions are concise and vague enough so that if you take a wrong turn you still know the general
direction you ought to be following.
Lead author Hund told the Digest that the best wayfinding directions bring together a variety of features that help people reach their goals. "It is important to provide complete, yet concise details regarding the route to follow," she said. "Often, streets or other segments are highlighted, with particular attention to details (landmarks) at choice points, such as intersections. People want enough details so they can follow, but not extraneous details that will be difficult to remember or follow. Moreover, it is important for direction givers and followers to work together to be sure their goals and preferences are taken into account."
Indeed, in relation to Hund's last point about cooperation, the good news is that people do appear to have a natural ability to tailor their direction-giving to a traveller's needs. Another experiment in the current paper showed that students tended to give more route-perspective style directions when helping an imaginary car driver but more cardinal-directions when helping a fictitious person in possession of a map.
_________________________________
Alycia M. Hund, Kimberly H. Haney, Brian D. Seanor (2008). The role of recipient perspective in giving and following wayfinding directions Applied Cognitive Psychology, 22 (7), 896-916 DOI: 10.1002/acp.1400
内容总结
（1）如何给人指路
简介
给人指路可是大有学问，是详细地给出每个路口拐弯的路线，还是像看地图一样给个方向就行
（2）这一类型的指路方式是通过参考主要的方向（北，南，东和西）和准确的距离来确定的。