大学英语写作教程4 UNIT 8
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➢ The motivation states why you decided to do this research. ➢ It often provides background information in one or two sentences. ➢ The purpose is to introduce the research gap, which is also the problem that this
have achieved in the paper and that is what should be included in the abstract.
III. How to Prepare
Step 2: Review requirements
➢ The requirements of abstracts vary among different types of writing. ➢ Before you draft your abstract, do check the requirements and keep them in mind.
➢ If you did a review, introduce the information, such as • the content. • the number of papers reviewed. • year range, etc.
III. How to Prepare
Step 5: Describe your results (informative abstract only)
• Is there a length limit? • Are there style requirements? • Are you writing an informative or a descriptive abstract?
III. How to Prepare
Step 3: Explain the motivation and the problem
IV. Phrases to Use
Here are some ideas for setting the background of your study.
➢ Lead with your research question(s). • This research is motivated by the following research questions. • The research questions address...
➢ There are two kinds of abstract. • Descriptive abstract • Informative abstract
➢ Length: 100 words (descriptive abstract), 250 words (informative abstract)
➢ Lead with the goals and aims of the dissertation. • This study has... goals. • The purpose and main aims of the study include...
➢ Present the significance of the study. • The most important contribution of the study is... • The study presents our understanding of...
IV. Expressions to Use
You can start your conclusion with expressions, such as
➢ The findings
• provide support for the prediction/the key arguments... • support the set model... • offer a solution... • Offer an insight into... • prompt re-thinking of ... ➢ We conclude that.../In conclusion.../Finally...
➢ If your findings are consistent with your hypothesis, they support a certain claim or theory with a new piece of evidence.
➢ If your findings are inconsistent with your hypothesis, they may prove that certain theory is not true or has some limitations.
II. Elements of a Research Proposal
➢ Problems ➢ Methods ➢ Results ➢ Conclusions and Implications
III. How to Prepare
Step 1: Write your paper first
➢ The abstract, though it appears at the beginning of a paper, is often written last. ➢ This is because only after you finish drafting the whole paper, you know what you
IV. Phrases to Use
You can introduce your method in the following way.
➢ I/We conducted... • A field study/a research/an experiment to test out my/our hypotheses • A case study/an inductive study of X
I. What Is an Abstract?
An abstract is a summary of your research paper.
➢ It should summarize the main ideas and evidence of the paper. ➢ A good abstract can stand alone.
III. How to Prepare
Step 8: Get feedback
➢ Ask someone to read your abstract. • It could be your advisor or peers who has some knowledge about your research. They can help you make the abstract look more professional. • It could also be someone who knows little about your research or your field in general. They help you know if your abstract is proper for a general audience.
IV. Phrases to Use
Here are some phrases that you can use to present your results.
➢ The research ...
• addresses the belief that... • confirms/rejects a controversial belief... • illustrates how and why... • shows the impact of X on Y... • illustrates the consequences and reasons why... • suggests the possible effects/results of... ➢ As we predicted... ➢ Contrary to our expectations...
➢ If possible, generalize your findings to a broader case.
III. How to Prepare
Step 7: Revise your abstract
➢ Revise your abstract in the aspects of content, structure and language. • Put in proper amount of information so that the abstract can stand alone. • Do not add information that is not in the paper. • Follow the structure of your paper. • Correct errors in grammar. • Do not use abbreviations.
➢ The result introduces the findings of your research. ➢ Do not list specific number. ➢ Describe the tendency of the variables of interest. ➢ Compare your findings with your hypothesis.
➢ Lead with the hypotheses. • This study offers the following hypotheses. • I hypothesize that...
➢ Start off with a literature component. • Previous research indicates/has shown that... • Literature on the specific area has focused on...
research is going to solve.
Байду номын сангаас
III. How to Prepare
Step 4: Explain your methods
➢ If you did an original research, indicate the type of study, such as • an experiment. • an interview. • a survey, etc.
➢ I/We employed... • Various/multiple methods to test • Several methods to evaluate/differentiate
➢ Using... • X case analysis • Samples and data of x sources • Data analysis from
大学英语
写作教程 4 实用写作
Unit 8
Abstract
Unit 8
This unit focuses on:
➢ What an abstract is. ➢ What to include in your abstract. ➢ How to prepare a successful abstract. ➢ Commonly used phrases in an abstract.
III. How to Prepare
Step 6: Give your conclusion and implications
➢ The conclusion and implications indicate the significance of your finding and your research.
have achieved in the paper and that is what should be included in the abstract.
III. How to Prepare
Step 2: Review requirements
➢ The requirements of abstracts vary among different types of writing. ➢ Before you draft your abstract, do check the requirements and keep them in mind.
➢ If you did a review, introduce the information, such as • the content. • the number of papers reviewed. • year range, etc.
III. How to Prepare
Step 5: Describe your results (informative abstract only)
• Is there a length limit? • Are there style requirements? • Are you writing an informative or a descriptive abstract?
III. How to Prepare
Step 3: Explain the motivation and the problem
IV. Phrases to Use
Here are some ideas for setting the background of your study.
➢ Lead with your research question(s). • This research is motivated by the following research questions. • The research questions address...
➢ There are two kinds of abstract. • Descriptive abstract • Informative abstract
➢ Length: 100 words (descriptive abstract), 250 words (informative abstract)
➢ Lead with the goals and aims of the dissertation. • This study has... goals. • The purpose and main aims of the study include...
➢ Present the significance of the study. • The most important contribution of the study is... • The study presents our understanding of...
IV. Expressions to Use
You can start your conclusion with expressions, such as
➢ The findings
• provide support for the prediction/the key arguments... • support the set model... • offer a solution... • Offer an insight into... • prompt re-thinking of ... ➢ We conclude that.../In conclusion.../Finally...
➢ If your findings are consistent with your hypothesis, they support a certain claim or theory with a new piece of evidence.
➢ If your findings are inconsistent with your hypothesis, they may prove that certain theory is not true or has some limitations.
II. Elements of a Research Proposal
➢ Problems ➢ Methods ➢ Results ➢ Conclusions and Implications
III. How to Prepare
Step 1: Write your paper first
➢ The abstract, though it appears at the beginning of a paper, is often written last. ➢ This is because only after you finish drafting the whole paper, you know what you
IV. Phrases to Use
You can introduce your method in the following way.
➢ I/We conducted... • A field study/a research/an experiment to test out my/our hypotheses • A case study/an inductive study of X
I. What Is an Abstract?
An abstract is a summary of your research paper.
➢ It should summarize the main ideas and evidence of the paper. ➢ A good abstract can stand alone.
III. How to Prepare
Step 8: Get feedback
➢ Ask someone to read your abstract. • It could be your advisor or peers who has some knowledge about your research. They can help you make the abstract look more professional. • It could also be someone who knows little about your research or your field in general. They help you know if your abstract is proper for a general audience.
IV. Phrases to Use
Here are some phrases that you can use to present your results.
➢ The research ...
• addresses the belief that... • confirms/rejects a controversial belief... • illustrates how and why... • shows the impact of X on Y... • illustrates the consequences and reasons why... • suggests the possible effects/results of... ➢ As we predicted... ➢ Contrary to our expectations...
➢ If possible, generalize your findings to a broader case.
III. How to Prepare
Step 7: Revise your abstract
➢ Revise your abstract in the aspects of content, structure and language. • Put in proper amount of information so that the abstract can stand alone. • Do not add information that is not in the paper. • Follow the structure of your paper. • Correct errors in grammar. • Do not use abbreviations.
➢ The result introduces the findings of your research. ➢ Do not list specific number. ➢ Describe the tendency of the variables of interest. ➢ Compare your findings with your hypothesis.
➢ Lead with the hypotheses. • This study offers the following hypotheses. • I hypothesize that...
➢ Start off with a literature component. • Previous research indicates/has shown that... • Literature on the specific area has focused on...
research is going to solve.
Байду номын сангаас
III. How to Prepare
Step 4: Explain your methods
➢ If you did an original research, indicate the type of study, such as • an experiment. • an interview. • a survey, etc.
➢ I/We employed... • Various/multiple methods to test • Several methods to evaluate/differentiate
➢ Using... • X case analysis • Samples and data of x sources • Data analysis from
大学英语
写作教程 4 实用写作
Unit 8
Abstract
Unit 8
This unit focuses on:
➢ What an abstract is. ➢ What to include in your abstract. ➢ How to prepare a successful abstract. ➢ Commonly used phrases in an abstract.
III. How to Prepare
Step 6: Give your conclusion and implications
➢ The conclusion and implications indicate the significance of your finding and your research.