脱口秀节目外文文献翻译最新译文

文献出处：Sparks M. The research of talk show in American [J]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, 2015, 6(2): 27-38.
原文
The research of talk show in American
Sparks M
Abstract
Talk show is a subject put forward by the audience gathered to discuss a host of radio or television program. Talk show has a list of the guest, usually by the learned or specific problems of the program group of people with special experience. TV talk show originating in the United States, in the early 1990 s, the talk show is one of the most popular programs in the United States form. As the birthplace of talk show, talk shows its mode and management concept is relatively mature, has the very high research value.
Keywords: Talk show; The brand; Contrast; The host
1 Introduction
TV talk show in the United States has decades of history, in the fierce media competition environment, the talk show has held each big television viewing the boss chair, become a television ratings guarantee and evergreen. Such as the first American TV talk show tonight, and then the jay leno show, "tonight," the oprah·winfrey show, "actually" and so on not only in the strong demand in the United States, more caused wide attention of television audiences around the world. Talk show on the performance of the form, not only have the audience to participate in the talk show, and the presence of a live audience talk show, not only with guest talk show, there are also not to bring a guest of the talk shows, not only has the talk show at the scene of the studio to record, also has used satellite communication technology for different regions the talk show guests to communicate at the same time. A growing number of TV talk show began to consciously pursuing the improvement of production quality. Before started, a lot of talk show production department will invite experts to elaborate, hope to show a premiere; can attract the audience in a relatively mature style. This kind of conscious activity to promote the TV talk show becomes more
mature.
2 An overview
TV talk show first evolved by the radio talk show, talk show early form just invited experts to some social hot issues; guide the public opinion direction, program form relatively serious. With the development of the social environment and evolution, talk show gradually evolved into a now the relaxing program form.
2.1 Characteristics and classification
Talk Show is a kind of form is given priority to with Talk of a television or radio, called the Talk Show in the United States, the UK is called Chat Show, the host and guest, the audience at the studio to discuss all kinds of social, political, emotional, and life. Such programs generally the scene atmosphere relaxed, the host and the guest communication natural smooth, seemingly without thinking, if you can blurt out, thus the image translation as a talk show. Talk show is the behavior around talking process and construction of TV programs, the talk show and other types of programs, such as TV, news, etc. Talk show has the following three characteristics:
Talk show is an ongoing conversation, regardless of the program is recorded in advance or live, talk show should build a real-time conversation. Talk show is with commodity attribute, ratings are important factors to measure the success of a talk show, so the nature of the talk shows are required to meet the needs of the audience for the first goal. Talk show is not news, is not condescending preach, more is not to entertain. It is to provide information, and entertainment.
American talk show generally divided into daytime talk show and talk show at night, and the daytime talk show as the main form." The oprah·winfrey show", "actually", "Dr. Oz" and "the view" is an excellent representative of the daytime talk show, their styles are mostly or relaxing or warm living dial, content is good and bad are intermingled, but involve families, emotions and health topics. Daytime talk show the cost is low, but the ratings and economic benefit is very considerable.
3 Medium environments
The United States is a capitalist country, support is a liberal country, is also a country of commercialization. The media industry and the social transmission system
in the United States is a highly developed, relatively perfect legal system, social system and media interest maximization is the goal of the American society from all walks of life, the profit is the primary goal of the media industry. Such social system easy to breed pragmatism and utilitarianism, TV programs may appear vulgar to flatter the phenomenon. But the commercial management pattern also let us TV producer in program spends a great deal of care in innovative and attractive. American television shows is a tool for profit, operating in the form of private ownership and operation mode is to follow the law of the capitalist market. Benefit maximization is talk show producers to produce high ratings and high visibility of talk show of power source. So show producer conflict is in favor of sensitive topic or program on the spot. In addition, about 93% of the talk shows Production Company, owned by the private or company. Although the control of TV programs are still in the hands of the government, but the body of the talk show operation is still private, no administrative properties. Based on a talk show program production and broadcast company completely commercial operation mode, the maximum gain a competitive edge in the market is their business philosophy and the law of survival. Production and broadcast the talk-show TV are mostly is given priority to with private property rights, property rights structure, at the same time of private property rights as the main body structure and contains a variety of economic structure.
4 Brand strategies
Brand strategy is a kind of identification, trust and loyalty for the program to develop strategy, American TV talk show has always attach importance to brand building, it does not have the characteristics of the style and stable viewers proof that the American talk show the feasibility of brand strategy. As the birthplace of the television talk show, on development of American talk show. In the development of many years of exploration, the United States has unique a talk show brand development strategy, and the more high-quality goods show to the world, get the audience's cognitive world. Talk show, began in the 1970 s American TV brand shaping and maintenance of the established American talk show "tonight" extremely popular, presenter jenny Carson prefer to sit in on current affairs and political
cynicism, after the big round table with ridicule read serious political news. American viewers see jenny Carson appear on other occasions, will think of "the tonight show, jenny to Carson" tonight "shaped a recognizable high brand image. Column is the brand strategy of important patterns of the implementation of the column usually in the host selection and cultivation of personality as the top priority. General has a regular American talk show host, the host long-term fixed in a column, with its own brand personality to shape of brand personality. Such as oprah winfrey, larry king, jenny Carson, etc, the veteran presenter a lifetime only work on a talk show, made enduring contribution to columns brand shaping. As a column, the appearance of the host plays an important role in strengthening columns brand, a high attention of columns can be quickly boomed a host, and a well-known host also can let the program quickly set up the brand image. Fixed form of columns, plates, style built with long-term fixed host a talk show program brand, it provides the audience with a quality standard and credit guarantee.
5 Host and topic choice
In general in the United States, the talk show host names, host's personality determines the style of the show. Based on some good talk show view us study found that American talk show host has the following features:
(1) The host pays attention to image packaging
American talk show host is often not confined to host an identity; they are often active in various kinds of social activities and charity activities. Some host or even well-known movie or TV stars, they will be through a variety of ways to increase positive exposure, by increasing their visibility to raise public awareness of programs.
(2) The host experience
Most American talk show host has a wealth of experience; the host often is not their first job. American talk show host has various and complex career, they are more experience in a workout, program language, stage performance, the respect such as news perspectives than regular born hosts more unique and outstanding. Such as "actually" show host Ellen, before entering the hostesses who is suffered many hardships, done a lot of professional, from the initial restaurant waitress to burlesque
performer, ups and downs of life experience to let her fall in hosting programs in the process of much an intelligent sense of humor.
(3) The host fixed
Most American talk show host once identified, will this talk show hosts for a long time. American talk show host status, column named after the host emphasized the irreplace of the host, because Alan, the only one in the world. Sometimes, the host for some irresistible reasons out a show, then the program will be canceled with host's departure. Such as oprah winfrey started from 19% into the eponymous show "the oprah winfrey show presenter, presided over the show in oprah's unique charm for 16 years in the world under the impetus of the same kind of TV shows, by 2011, the brilliant for 25 years show because of the leave of oprah winfrey. Veteran presenter jenny Carson hosting the tonight shows "for 30 years, etc.
译文
脱口秀节目研究
Sparks M
摘要
脱口秀是指一种观众聚集在一起讨论主持人提出的话题的广播或电视节目。

一般脱口秀都有一列嘉宾席，通常由有学问的或者对那档节目的特定问题有特殊经验的人组。

电视脱口秀节目最早起源于美国，早在20世纪90年代，脱口秀节目就成为了美国最流行的节目形态之一。

作为脱口秀节目的发源地，其脱口秀节目创作模式和经营理念相对成熟，具有很高的研究价值。

关键词：脱口秀；节目品牌；对比；主持人
1引言
电视脱口秀节目在美国已有几十年的历史，在激烈的媒介竞争环境中，脱口秀节目一直稳坐各大电视台收视老大的交椅，成为电视界的收视保证和常青节目。

比如最早的美国电视脱口秀节目《今夜》，以及后来的《杰·雷诺今夜秀》、《奥普拉·温弗瑞脱口秀》、《艾伦秀》等不仅在美国受到了强烈追捧，更引起了全世界电视受众的广泛关注。

脱口秀节目在节目的表现形式上，不仅有现场观众参与的谈话节目，也有无现场观众的谈话节目，不仅有带嘉宾的谈话节目，也有
不带嘉宾的谈话节目，不仅有在演播室现场录制的谈话节目，也有利用卫星通讯技术让不同地域的嘉宾同时进行交流的谈话节目。

越来越多的电视谈话节目开始自觉地追求节目制作质量的提高。

在开播之前，许多谈话节目制作部门都会邀请专家进行精心策划，希望节目一开播，就能以一种相对成熟的风格吸引观众。

这种自觉行为推动着电视谈话节目不断走向成熟。

2概述
电视脱口秀节目最初是由广播脱口秀节目演变而来，早期脱口秀节目形态只是邀请专家对一些社会热点问题发表看法，引导舆论走向，节目形态相对严肃。

随着社会环境的发展和演变，脱口秀节目逐渐演变成如今这种轻松愉悦的节目形态。

脱口秀节目是一种以谈话为主的电视或者广播形式，美国称为Talk Show，英国称之为Chat Show，由主持人、嘉宾、观众在演播室讨论各种社会、政治、情感和人生话题。

这类节目一般现场氛围轻松，主持人和嘉宾交流自然顺畅，看似不假思索、脱口而出，因而被形象的翻译为脱口秀。

talk show完全是围绕交谈的行为过程而建构的电视节目，这让脱口秀节目与其他类型的节目如电视剧、新闻节目等区别开来。

脱口秀节目具有以下三个特点：
脱口秀节目是正在进行的交谈，无论节目是事先录制好的还是现场直播的，脱口秀节目都应该营造出实时交谈的感觉。

脱口秀节目具有商品属性，收视率是衡量一档脱口秀节目是否成功的重要因素，这样的性质要求脱口秀节目要以满足受众的需求为首要目标。

脱口秀节目不是新闻，也不是居高临下的说教，更不是娱乐至上。

它既提供信息，又包含娱乐。

美国脱口秀节目一般分为日间脱口秀节目和夜间脱口秀节目，而其中又以日间脱口秀节目为主要形式。

《奧普拉脱口秀》、《艾伦秀》、《奥兹医生》、《观点》等都是美国日间脱口秀节目的杰出代表，它们风格大都或轻松愉悦，或温馨活拨，内容良莠不齐，但都涉及到家庭，情感和健康话题。

日间脱口秀节目成本较低，但收视率和经济效益很可观。

3 媒介环境
美国是一个资本主义国家、是一个拥护自由主义的国家、也是一个商业化的国家。

美国的传媒业和社会传播系统都高度发达，（完整译文请到百度文库）社
会制度和媒体法律体系相对完善，利益最大化是美国社会各行各业追求的目标，盈利是传媒行业的首要目标。

这样的社会体系容易滋生实用主义和功利主义，电视节目有可能出现低俗媚众的现象。

但是商业化的经营模式也让美国电视节目制片人在节目创新和吸引力上花费很多心思。

美国电视节目的功能是营利的工具，以私有制的形式运作，运行方式是遵循资本主义市场规律。

利益最大化是脱口秀节目制片人制作出高收视率、高关注度脱口秀节目的动力源泉。

所以节目制片人对敏感话题或者节目现场冲突有所偏爱。

此外，美国约93%的脱口秀节目制作公司，属于私人或公司所有。

虽然电视节目的管制权仍在政府手中，但是脱口秀节目运营的主体仍是民营，没有行政属性。

脱口秀节目制作和播送公司建立在一种完全商业化的经营模式中，在市场中最大程度的取得竞争优势是他们的经营理念和生存法则。

制作和播送美国脱口秀节目的电视台大都以私有产权为主，产权结构多元，在私有产权为主体结构的同时又包含有多种经济结构。

4 栏目品牌战略
品牌战略是一种对节目辨识度、信任度和忠实度进行培养的战略方针，美国电视脱口秀节目一向重视品牌塑造，其别具特点的节目样式和稳定的收视群体证明了美国脱口秀节目品牌战略的可行性。

作为电视脱口秀节目的发源地，美国的脱口秀节目发展较为成熟。

在多年的探索发展中，美国已独具一套脱口秀节目品牌发展战略，并把多个精品节目推向世界，得到世界观众的认知。

美国脱口秀节目于20世纪70年代开始重视电视节目名牌的塑造和维护，当时美国老牌脱口秀节目《今夜》红极一时，主持人琼尼·卡森喜欢坐在大圆桌后对时事政治冷嘲热讽，用嬉笑怒骂的方式解读较为严肃的时事政治。

美国观众看到琼尼·卡森出现于其它场合时，还是会想到《今夜》脱口秀节目，琼尼·卡森为《今夜》塑造了一个辨识度很高的品牌形象。

栏目化是美国品牌战略的重要模式，栏目化的实现通常是以对个性主持人的选拔和培养为首要任务。

美国脱口秀节目主持人一般具有固定性，主持人长期固定于一个栏目，用自己的品牌个性来塑造栏目的品牌个性。

比如奥普拉·温弗瑞、拉里·金、琼尼·卡森等老牌节目主持人倾其一生，只工作于一个脱口秀节目，为栏目品牌的塑造做出了不朽的贡献。

作为一个栏目的门面，主持人在强化栏目品牌方面起着举足轻重的作用，一个关注度极高的栏目可以快速捧红一个主持人，而一个名气很大的主持人也能让节目快速建立起自
己的品牌形象。

固定的栏目形式、板块、风格样式与长期固定的主持人一起打造了一档脱口秀栏目的品牌，其为受众提供了一个质量标准和信誉保障。

5主持人和话题选择
在美国，脱口秀节目一般以主持人的名字来命名，主持人的个性特征决定了节目的风格。

通过对一些美国优秀脱口秀节目观摩研究后发现，美国脱口秀节目主持人具有以下特征：
(1)美国主持人注重形象包装
美国的脱口秀节目主持人通常不局限于主持人一个身份，他们常常活跃在各种社会活动和慈善活动中。

一些主持人甚至是知名的电影或电视明星，他们会通过各种方式增加正面的曝光率，通过提高自身的知名度来提高节目的知名度。

(2)主持人阅历丰富
美国脱口秀节目主持人大都有着丰富的人生阅历，主持人往往并不是他们的第一份工作。

美国脱口秀节目主持人拥有多样而复杂的职业生涯，他们在多份从业经历中得到锻炼，节目语言表达、舞台表现、新闻解读视角等方面比科班出生的主持人更为独特和优秀。

如《艾伦秀》节目主持艾伦在进入主持前都曾遭受很多磨难、做过很多职业，从最初的餐厅女招待到后来的滑稽剧表演者，跌者起伏的人生经历让她在主持节目的过程中多了一份睿智的幽默。

(3)主持人固定不变
大多数美国脱口秀节目主持人一旦被确定，就会长期主持这档脱口秀节目。

美国脱口秀节目强调主持人的主人地位，栏目以主持人的名字命名强调了主持人的不可替代性，因为世界上只有一位艾伦·狄金斯。

有时，主持人因为一些不可抗拒的原因退出一档节目，那么这档节目就会随着主持人的离开而停播。

例如奥普拉·温弗瑞从19%年开始进入以自己名字命名的节目《奥普拉·温弗瑞脱口秀》担任主持人，这档节目在奥普拉独特主持魅力的推动下连续十六年居全球同类电视节目之首，到2011年，这档辉煌了25年的节目因为奥普拉·温弗瑞的离开而停播。

老牌节目主持人琼尼·卡森主持《今夜》脱口秀节目长达30年等。