2003年6月托福语法笔记小总结（续）

38. (Different fourteen) crops were (being) grown 8600 years (ago) by someof the world's earliest (farmers).
答案：A. B正确么？为什么此被动式⽤进⾏时，它的状语是8600 years ago呀？
SUNNY回答：它是过去进⾏时啊，当然⽤在过去是可以的。

这⾥⽤进⾏是只是表⽰动作
在过去的某⼀时刻正在发⽣的状态。

32. (As do) all insects, a butterfly has a hard (outer) covering, (calledit) an exoskeleton, (that) both supports and protects the body.
这套题是我从上下载的，我觉得exoskeleton后应该没有“，”，否则B和C肯定错误。

B应改为called。

SUNNY回答：这道题是B错误啊，你改的是对的。

这个我前⾯也提到过的，等⼀下找到我以前的回答贴给你吧。

38.During the nineteenth century the molecular theory of matter wasdeveloped, (which) considered (all matter) to (be composed) of tiny,indivisible (entity) called molecules. S答案：D。

我选C，我觉得应该是all thematter, entity是可数名词么？ SUNNY回答：为什么认为c是错的呢？consider sth to be没有问题啊。

entity是⼀个绝对的可数名词
18.in addition to (appropriating) the (subject matter) of mass culture, thepop art movement of the 1950's (utilized) various (technique) of massproduction.
答案：D。

是不是应该把technique改为techniques.在这⾥technique是可数的么？表⽰各种技术？但B subject matter⼜是什么意思？我觉得是词序错了，应该是mattersubject .
SUNNY回答：先记住不管3721，只要看到various就去找名词，名词⼀定是⽤复数。

只要它敢⽤various，就证明是承认这个名词是可数复数了。

subject matter没有错的。

25.(Addressing) themes that were (unique) American, the poet Wait Whitman(celebrated) the lives of (ordinary people).
答案：B。

这到底是什么句⼦结构，我怎么分析不清呀！(Addressing) themes与后⾯有关么,去掉定从that were (unique) American好象是单独⼀个词？B⼜应该怎么改呢？SUNNY回答：addressing...是poet W..的状语啊，分词作状语。

B改为uniquely。

这⾥American是形容词，指“美国化”的。

address是“提到”的意思，动词。

39.The major (economic) activities of Cheyenne, Wyoming, (include) transportation, (chemicals), tourism, (but) governmental activities.
答案：B。

是不是应该改为chemistry,但D的but是什么词性，什么意思？
SUNNY回答：不⽤改的。

chemicals在这⾥变成了名词，意思是“化⼯品”。

but在这⾥是“⽽不是”，省略了not。

如果是but not就简单了对不对？
21.(While) models of automobiles dates (back) as far as the late 1600's,the 1880's (seen) the first commercial (interest) in the vehicle.答案：C。

怎么改呀？另外date back不是应该加to么？即date back to as far as thelate 1600's.
SUNNY回答：⾸先，date back to是没有错的，可是⽤了as..as这个句式之后，to就可以不要了。

eg：I came here this morning as early as 5 am.也不需要⽤at的。

seen这个错误很明显啊，句⼦的谓语怎么可能是这个样⼦。

saw
35.In the initial (planning) for theaters, auditoriums, (but) any room(intended) primarily for listening, acoustics is a (major consideration).
答案：B。

我选A，我认为应该改为plan。

这⾥的but与0208／39的but有什么区别么？
SUNNY回答：planning是经常⽤到的名词，表⽰“规划”，⽽不是具体的计划。

这⾥but是错误的，根据句⼦意思，应该是and。

不要忽视句⼦意思啊。

1.A mineral is any---solid that has a definite chemical composition and adistinctive internal crystal structure.
a.natural occurrence of homogeneous
b.naturally occurrence of homogeneous
c.occurring naturally homogenous
d.homogenously naturally occurred
SUNNY回答：这道题b是⼀定不对的。

单就naturally occurrence，副词修饰了名词来说就是错的，更何况这⾥的主句变成了a mineral is occurrance了。

d是对的，occurred是作solid的定语，homogenously naturally都是修饰过去分词occurred的。

这⾥并不是被动语态。

这道题⾥，很显然句⼦主⼲是A mineral is anysolid.那么，a和b都不⾏，因为它们的中⼼词是occurrence。

c的错误在于修饰错误，分词短语怎么也不可能跑到名词前⾯去修饰。

⽽d却满⾜了主⼲、句意、语法⼏⽅⾯的要求。

NO 1：
The new York city Ballet has been ___ of United States classical balletcompanies since its inceptions in 1946.
B: consistently creative the most;
D: the most consistently creative
答案是b，我选d，但是就是d好像也不对没有名词
SUNNY回答：这道题D是对的。

the most creative可以看作是省略了one，这是经常出现的。

eg: he is the most intelligent of all the boys.
NO 2：
North America displays more ____ than any other continent except Asia; onlya true tropical enironment is absent.
A: vary climate
D: climatic variation
不懂得问，这个有何规律吗？
SUNNY回答：这道题最明显的⼀点就是display后⾯要⽤名词作宾语的啊。

⽽vary这个动词本⾝就⽆法放在句⼦的空格处的。

NO 3：
Poet Amy Lowell (began) her career (by publishing) the conventional volumeA Dome of Many-Coloured Glass, (despite) eventually successded Ezra Pound(as) leader of the progressive Imagists.
我觉得leader前应该加a，但是我错了，为什么？这样的词还有那些？
答案c，是不是⼀个换成which？那样句意何解？
SUNNY回答：despite和inspite of⼀样，后⾯都只可以放名词的。

所以这个错误很明显。

托福的考试规律是，despite与though常常有意混淆。

这⾥despite错的更⼤⼀些，你只好选它了。

leader可以看作官衔前⾯不⽤冠词，但是⾮常牵强。

抓主要⽭盾喽
1、Essentially,a theory is an abstract,symbolic representation of ________reality.
a.what it is conceived
b.that is conceived
c.what is conceived to be
d.that is being conceived of
SUNNY回答：应该选c。

⽤what引导的句⼦等于Essentially,a theory is anabstract,symbolic representation of something that is conceived to bereality. B和D显然是错误的，因为of之后需要的是⼀个宾语，⽽that从句前显然缺少了先⾏词。

what＝先⾏词＋that。

A的错误在于，what在这个句⼦中已经包含了主语，⽽A中多了⼀个it
2、The outermost (part) or the sun's atmosphere is (very) hot that (its)gases (continually) expand away from the sun.
SUNNY回答：so..that的反考⽅式。

通常⼤家看到so会想到that，⽽看到that就不敏感了。

以后注意，凡是看到too、very
被划线的，⼀定去找找后⾯是不是that从句。

多半都是偷梁换柱代替了so的。

Price is the money values of a product or service as agreed upon in amarket transaction .此句中as做什么成份？去掉不⾏么？
SUNNY回答：字典中这种⽤法被当作adv，表⽰“作为、正如”例：man as described by scientists科学家所描述的⼈但是我跟倾向于将它理解为连词后⾯省略的问题。

⽐如，as is known to all众所周知。

其实as是在从句中作主语的。

上⾯的句⼦中，as agreed upon in a markettransaction实际上是修饰money values的。

可以换为Price is the money valuesof a product or services that are agreed upon in a market transaction.
1.( Each) person in the United States (consumes )(an average of )560 poundsof dairly (productivity )every year.
这个题⽬迷惑性挺⼤的,⼤家讨论讨论,我第⼀个感觉选对了,可是再看就错了:(SUNNY回答：这道题你觉得是哪个选项迷惑你了呢？其实，它考察的是和前两天讨论过的championVsChampionship⼀样的道理，实意名词和抽象名词。

产品应该是product哦。

2. The Hopi community of Oraibi in northeastern Arizona is one of theoldest, (not if) the (oldest), continuously (occupied )settlements (northof )Mexico.
这个题⽬我也觉得奇怪,就觉得是A, D两个中选个,不过难决定,我决定选了A,不过后来⼜改了D,因为我觉得north是个adj.也可以是n.不过.....⼤家讨论下!谢谢SUNNY回答：if not...是固定的格式。

“不是最……，也是……之⼀”。

North在这⾥其实是副词⽤法，常与of连⽤，直接作地点状语。

如果north等⽅位作名词⽤，应该是加冠词the，此处north of Mexico等于in the north of Mexico
3. A majority of the reports received from people (claiming )(to have seen ) the legendary lLoch Ness Monster (have proven to be )mistakes,misconceptions,or (they were being tricked).
这个题⽬我⾃⼰觉得真的是有点难度,也不知道为什么这段时间做题都不怎么样,好象觉得都有⼏个⽐较不好做的题⽬!⽽且有点难度!
SUNNY回答：冒昧问⼀句，这道题真的是真题吗？或者是80年以前的？我⼀直以为⾃⼰的脑⼦是托福题库哦，呵呵，看来漏掉了？把这么长的⼀个D改为tricks，显然不是托福的考法。

这道题是时态错误，不需要⽤进⾏时的啊，改成they were tricked或者they have beentricked都可以，和前⾯成为并列句。

1. The Chrysler building, considered by many to be the most beautifulskyscraper ever built, is the pinnacle of art deco architectural design andit attracts visitors from around world.
Around world is wrong,but how to correct it?
SUNNY回答：⼜是⼀道冠词题。

world这个独⼀⽆⼆的词前⾯，当然要加the喽。

2. The world's oceans have risen on the average of 6 inches over the past100 years, which has been considered as evidence that global warming hashad an effect.
Why as is wrong why to be is right?
SUNNY回答：和前⾯⼀题⼀样哦。

这道题是固定结构的问题，应⽤on an average of。

⽽evidence前⾯是可以不⽤冠词的。

很重要！例：The broken window was evidence thata burglary had taken place.
3. The sun is producing more energy in one second than human beings haveproduced all of history.
SUNNY回答：all through
1.(Duing her)lifetime, Margaret Mead was(internationally)known as an(uthority)on various literate and illterate(culture).我个⼈认为是选D,可是我错了,不知道如何?⽽且答案我也觉得不知道怎么解释?⼤家讨论,谢谢!SUNNY回答：呵呵呵呵，看来眼睛还不够尖哦。

前⾯的⼀个various看到吗？在托福中累计考察过不下⼗次。

只要它出现，⼀定后⾯有复数的名词哦。

切记！另外，看到单数的名词划线，脑⼦⾥⾃然要有⼀些想法的哦。

2. ......... Eijah McCoy's invention of the lubricating cup in the early1870's,machinery had to be stopped in order to be lubricated.A. Before B. When C. While D. Lately这个题⽬是很简单,可是我觉得翻译上有点时间上先后,能不能来个翻译,谢
谢!SUNNY回答：在Eijah McCoy's 1870年代发明润滑油杯之前，给加润滑油油必须要停⽌机器运转才⾏。

3. It is unlikely that a nation would choose war if itsgoals ..........peacefully.A. meet B. could be met C. having been met D. would have met典型的虚拟语⽓,不过感觉被动与不被动的区别!⼤家要讨论⼀下.⽬标被动和⽬标不被动,这点⼤家谈
谈,:)SUNNY回答：meet the goal/need/demand。

所以goal作主语，当然是被动了。

1.Pollen (can be )transferredby the wind or by birds )that )(comes) into(contact )with flowers.SUNNY回答：如果看见划线部分是动词的现在时，那⽆论如何都要看⼀下单复数问题的。

这道题是属于托福的送分题那。

建议从句与先⾏词中数的⼀致问题再复习⼀下。

contact本⾝可作名词。

例：
means of contact，keep in contact...
2.science fiction is (any fiction )dealing with the future or with (so ) imaginative subjects as intersteller travel,(life )on other planets,(or ) time travelSUNNY回答：只要出现so的问题，⼋成是考查so与such区别以及so...that句型的。

我们⼤多熟悉的说法是imaginative subjects such as。

要熟悉这⾥的说法，such....as...No.1 TOEFL语法两道[问题]1. (Although
)fluorine (tests )and x-ray analyses, archaeologists (canprove) the (validity) of artifacts.
这道会不会怪怪的,感觉好象有点逻辑错误!SUNNY回答：第⼀题的迷惑性还是挺强的，就是容易把tests和analyses当成动词。

但是从句⼦意思看，它们是名词，所以，although应该改为介词despite
2. United States tennis (championship) Pancho Gonzales gained(international) acclaim (for) his (strong) serve.这道题⽬更是觉得没有什么头绪,⼤家多讨论讨论!谢谢!SUNNY回答：如果下次再看到这种“职业＋⼈名”的结构，⼀定要记得，职业是⼈名的同位语，两者是“等于”关系。

由此可见，championship是抽象名词，改为实意名词champion就好。

91-10-36: For hundreds of years, sailors (relied on) echoes (to warn) themof (another) ships, icebergs, or cliffs in (foggy) weather.Answer: is C, but how to correct it?
SUNNY回答：记得another后⾯⼀定是⽤单数名词的，每年必考3次以上。

91-10-36: Prototypical oboes (did) a (loud), harsh tone, but the modern(oboe) is appreciated for its smooth (and beautiful) tone.Answers: is A, how to correct it?
SUNNY回答：had
91-8-38: Seven (of planets) rotate in the same direction (as) their orbitalmotions, (while) Venus and Uranus rotate in the (opposite direction).Answer: is A, how to correct it?
SUNNY回答：这⾥有两种说法都是正确的：seven planets或是seven of the planets。

但是从后⾯句⼦看，是九⼤⾏星中的七个，所以seven of the planets
91-5-26: A thorough (study) of mythology requires (familiarity) for theproperties of plants and trees and the (habits) of (wild) birds and beasts.Answer is B, how to correct it?
SUNNY回答：不知道你的题抄的是否正确。

familiarity后⾯的介词是with，可是你没有把介词抄进去。

91-1-34: Since peach (trees bloom) very early (in the season), they are indanger (for) spring (frosts).
Answer is C, how to correct it?
SUNNY回答：of
90-8-47 : (For some purposes) it is convenient to think of a surface as thelocus generated when a (line) straight or a curve (moves through) space ina (prescribed manner).
Answer is B, how to correct it? By the way, I am not sure for theunderlines, if I missed anything in the question; also please let me knowit, thanks!
SUNNY回答：原题的划线部分是在line straight之下，是典型的形容词修饰名词位置问题。

改为straight line
90-1-33: The (elbows) are (joints) that (connected) people's (up) armswith their forearms.
Answer is D, what is wrong? How to correct it?
SUNNY回答：同样⼀个up的问题，托福考过两次了。

up是副词，⽽作形容词应该是upper。

89-10-35: Almanacs in (simple) (form) have been known from the (invention)of (writing).
Answer is B, should it forms? Wondering!
SUNNY回答：前⾯这道题类似情况讨论过多次了。

单数的可数名词前⼀定要有冠词的。

89-08-36: A good exercise program (helps teach) people (to avoid) thehabits that (might) shorten (the) lives.
Answer is D, should it be theirs, but why?
SUNNY回答：这道题只出过⼀两次，考察的⽬的是，前⾯提到过people的，所以后⾯不⽤定冠词，⽽⽤物主代词their来指⽰。

89-08-28: An enormous (variety of) information may be (obtained from) a(largest) daily (newspaper).
Answer is C, how to correct it?
SUNNY回答：没有范围的情况下，应该⽤large。

89-8-15: Anthopolgy is a science ---anthropologists use arigorous set of methods and techniques to document observations that can bechecked by others.
A, in that,
B, that
Why is A, does“in that”mean“because”?
SUNNY回答：呵呵，⼀道⽼题啦，引起过⽆数的争论。

现在不考了。

⼀定要追究原因的话，只能说，“之所以被称之为科学，是因为它使⽤……的⽅式来研究。

”忘了它吧。

1. (Among the )symptoms of measles, which takes about twelve days (to ) incubate , (are )a high fever, swelling of glands in the neck , a cough,and (sensitive) to light.
SUNNY回答：答案应该是D。

among是引导了介词短语作状语，所以后⾯倒装。

takes是因为定语从句修饰的是measles，是单数的。

are是因为后⾯并列了⼏个主语，所以⽤复数。

在并列主语中，将sensitive改为名词sensitivity。

2. (hotograph)was revolutionized in 1851(by the)introduction (of) thecollodion process ( for making ) glass negatives.
SUNNY回答：the process of doing / the process to do1.{Unemployment} in some large cities was a so {serious} problem that thegovernment had to {provide} free grain for many of the {inhabitants}.
A):BSUNNY回答：so和such的⽤法区别。

so＋adj＋a/an+N.
such+a/an+adj+N
2.{No} perpetual motion machine that has {ever} been tested has actuallyrun or produced power for {any} period of {significant} time.
A):DSUNNY回答：改为a significant time很长⼀段时间，time表⽰⼀段时间时，是可数的
14.Hickories are common in eastern and the central areas of North Carolina.A): in the easternSUNNY回答：这⾥因为estern是⽅位的，所以要⽤the/bbs6.{Much} is known about {his} professional playing career in 1937 and{early} life {of} American Golfer Ben Hogan.
A):BSUNNY回答：这⾥应该把his改为the，和后⾯的of对应。

⼀般来说，the N＋of结构，或者换⽽⾔之，of结构前⾯的名词都是限定的，⽤定冠词the
7.The second law of thermodynamics states that---------- that isirreversible, the entropy of the universe always increases.
A):CSUNNY回答：题⽬不完整
8.----------, twenty-fifth President of the US.
(A)The naming of Mount Mckinley for William Mckinley
(B)William Mckinley named for Mount Mckinley
(C)William Mckinley's name for Mount Mckinley
(D)Mount Mckinley was named for William Mckinley
A):D
SUNNY回答：从逗号之后的部分看，它只是⼀个名词短语，作同位语的。

所以选择项⽬应该是⼀个完整的单句，⽽且最后⼀个词应该是逗号之后的短语有同等意义。

“Mckinley⼭因第25任美国总统William Mckinley⽽命名”
7.Thoreau is remember e d f o r h i s a t t a c k s o n t h e s o c i a l i n s t i t u t i o n s h e c o n s i d e r e d i m m o r a l b u t
f o r h i s f a i t h i n A ) : X b u t - > a n d / p >。