动词-ing 形式 非谓语动词,动名词,现在分词

动词-ing 形式

动词-ing形式由动词加-ing变化而成, 它同时具有名词和动词的特征, 在句中可以作主语、宾语、定语、宾语补足语及状语。

动词-ing形式不能单独作谓语,有时态和语态的变化。

主动形式被动形式

一般式doing being done

完成式having done having been done 否定形式: not+ -ing 构成

一、动词-ing形式作主语

1. 表示经常的、习惯性的动作或状态, 谓语动词通常用单数。如：

Walking is a good form of exercise for both young and old. 无论对年轻人和老年人来讲, 走路是一种很好的锻炼。

Watching news on TV has become a routine for me. 在电视上看新闻已经成了我的一种日常习惯。Asking a woman’s age is impolite in some countries.在一些国家问一个女人的年龄是不礼貌的。

2. -ing形式作主语时常后置, 此时须用it作形式主语。如：It is no use / no good / fun / hard work / a hard (difficult) job / a waste of time / dangerous / worthwhile / useless + doing。如:

It’s no use making an excuse for this.

为这件事找借口是没有用的。

It is no good waiting for other people to make decisions for you. 等别人替你做决定是没有用的。It’s a waste of time talking about such a useless thing. 谈论这样无用的事情简直是浪费时间。

二、动词-ing用作宾语

1. 只能后接动名词作宾语的动词, 常见的有：finish, enjoy, avoid, admit, keep, mind, imagine, risk, practice, appreciate, consider, escape, miss, suggest, can’t stand, can’t help, give up, feel like, put off, permit等。

2. 既可接动名词又可接不定式作宾语的动词, 意义差别不大的动词，常见的有: like, love, hate, prefer, begin, start, continue等。

3. 既可接动名词又可接不定式作宾语的动词, 但意义完全不一样的，常见的有：forget, remember, mean, regret, stop, try等。

4. 动词-ing形式作介词的宾语。devote to, look forward to, stick to, be used to, object to(反对), pay attention to, get down to, lead to, be crazy about, be tired of, succeed in, have difficulty in等。

三、-ing形式作定语

1. 单个动词的-ing形式作定语位于被修饰名词的前面, 既可以表示被修饰者的作用或功能, 也可以表示被修饰者的动作或状态。如：

printing factory = a factory for printing; the shopping center = the center for shopping;

tiring music = music that is tiring; a surprising result = a result that is surprising

2. –ing 形式短语作定语时, 放在所修饰的名词之后, 并且在意思上相当于一个定语从句。如：

They lived in a room facing the street. = They lived in a room that faces the street. 他们住在一间面朝街的房子。

The man standing there is Peter’s father. = The man who is standing there is Peter’s father. 站在那儿的那个人是彼得的父亲。

Anybody swimming in this river will be fined. = Anybody who is swimming in this river will be fined. 在这条河里游泳的任何一个人都会被罚款。

The building being built now is our new library. 现在正在建造的这栋楼房室我们的新图书馆。

3. -ing形式短语也可以用作非限制定语, 相当于一个非限制性定语从句, 这时, 它与句子其他部分用逗号分开。如：

His brother, working as a teacher, lives in Beijing. = His brother, who is working as a teacher, lives in Beijing. 他那个当教师的哥哥住在北京。

四、-ing形式作宾语补足语

1. 动词-ing形式作宾语补足语常放在宾语后面, 表示一个正在进行的主动性的动作, 强调一个过程或一种状态。如：

When we returned to the school, we found a stranger standing at the entrance. 当我们回到学校时, 发现一个陌生人站在大门口。

2. 能用-ing 形式作宾语补足语的几类动词：

1）、表示感觉和心理状态的动词：see, watch, smell, feel, hear, find, notice, observe, catch, look at, listen to等。2）、表示指使意义的动词：have, leave, set, keep, get 等。

五、-ing形式作状语

-ing作状语时, 其逻辑主语必须是句子的主语。

现在分词在句中作状语,表示动作发生的原因、时间、方式、结果、条件、伴随状况等。

1.–ing 形式作时间状语

Hearing the news, they all jumped with joy.

While walking along the road, Cruse caught sight of a poor dog.

Having finished the work, they went out for a walk. 2.–ing 形式作原因状语