建筑环境论文外文翻译(建筑环境学的可以借鉴哈)
建筑设计中英文对照外文翻译文献
建筑设计中英文对照外文翻译文献On the other hand, there is a significant amount ofliterature in the field of architecture design that is writtenin foreign languages. While it may not be as readily accessible for non-native speakers, there are many benefits to exploring literature in other languages. For example, architects who are fluent in multiple languages can have a broader understanding of different cultural approaches to architecture. By reading literature in foreign languages, architects can gain insights into design concepts and practices that may not be covered in English-language sources. This can lead to a more diverse and innovative approach to design.However, one challenge with accessing literature in foreign languages is the accuracy of translations. Architecture is a technical field with specific terminology, and it is important to ensure that translations accurately convey the intended meaning. In some cases, the translation of technical terms and concepts may not accurately convey their full meaning, which can lead to misunderstandings or confusion. Architects who rely on translated literature should be cautious and ensure they verify the accuracy of the translations with experts in the field.Despite these challenges, it is essential for architects to explore literature in multiple languages to stay informed and to gain a global perspective on architecture design. By consideringboth English and foreign language translated literature, architects can access a wider range of resources and insights. Additionally, architects should consider collaborating with colleagues who are fluent in different languages to ensure accurate translation and interpretation of foreign language sources.In conclusion, architecture design is a field that benefits from accessing literature in multiple languages. English provides a wealth of resources and is the global language of academia. However, architects who can access and read literature in foreign languages can gain new perspectives and insights into different cultural approaches to design. While caution should be taken to verify the accuracy of translations, architects should explore literature in multiple languages to broaden their understanding and enhance their creative problem-solving skills.。
(完整版)建筑学本科外文翻译毕业设计论文
本科毕业设计外文翻译题目：德黑兰城市发展学院: 城市建设学院专业: 建筑学学号:学生姓名:指导教师:日期: 二零一一年六月First Chapter：Development of the city of TehranAli MadanipourTehran :the making of a metropolis，First Chapter：Development New York John Wiley，1998，page five to page eleven。
第一章：德黑兰市的发展阿里.马丹妮普尔德黑兰：一个大都市的建造，第一章：德黑兰市的发展，阿1998，第五页到第十一页。
德黑兰市的发展全市已长成了一定的规模性和复杂性，以这样的程度，空间管理需要另外的手段来处理城市组织和不断发展的复杂性，并为城市总体规划做准备。
第二次世界大战后，在盟军占领国家的期间，有一个时期的民主化，在冷战时开始的政治紧张局势之后，它们互相斗争对石油的控制权。
这个时期已经结束于1953年，结果是由政变产生了伊朗王，那个后来担任了25年的行政君主的人。
随着高出生率和农村向城市迁移，德黑兰和其他大城市增长加剧甚至比以前更快地。
到1956年，德黑兰的人口上升到150万，到了1966至300万， 1976至450万，其规模也从1934年46平方公里到1976年的250平方公里。
从石油行业的收入增长创造的盈余资源，需要流通和经济的吸收。
50年代中期，特别是在工业化的驱动下德黑兰许多大城市有了新工作。
20世纪60年代的土地改革释放了大量来自农业的农村人口，这是不能吸收的指数人口增长。
这种新的劳动力被吸引到城市：到新的产业，到似乎始终蓬勃发展建筑界，去服务不断增长公共部门和官僚机构。
德黑兰的角色是国家的行政，经济，文化中心，它坚定而巩固地通往外面的世界。
德黑兰战后的城市扩张，是在管制、私营部门的推动，投机性的发展下进行的。
房屋一直供不应求，并有大量可用的富余劳动力和资本，因此在德黑兰建筑行业蓬勃发展，土地和财产的价格不断上涨。
建环毕业翻译(中英文对照)
外文翻译中文空调工作过程和节能技术的研究摘要:一台空调基本上是没有被隔离的箱子的一个冰箱。
它象氟里昂一样利用冷媒的蒸发提供冷却.在一台空调里氟里昂蒸发循环的过程和冰箱里的相同。
关键词:水塔、改变气候、压缩机、节能当外面的温度开始上升时，很多人寻找室内的空调的极好的安慰。
象水塔和电源线一样，空调是我们每天看见但是很少注意的那些东西之一. 它将不是很高兴的知道这些不可缺少的机器怎样运转他们的魔术吗？在这篇文章里，我们将检查空调–从微观到宏观–以使你对你所看见的知道得更多!低温的各个方面。
空调的定型是各种尺寸,冷却能力和价格。
我们经常看见的一种类型是窗式空气调节器.窗式空气调节器是冷却一个小的区域的一种容易和节约的方法。
居住在郊区的地区的大多数人通常在他们的后院有这些中之一：如果你住在一座公寓大厦里，这或许是一个熟悉的情景: 大多数商业和办公楼在他们的屋顶上有冷凝装置, 并且当你飞到上空时，仓库和商业区可能让人把10 或者20 套冷凝装置隐藏在他们的屋顶上：当你徘徊在很多医院，大学和办公室联合企业的周围时，你会找到连接空气调节系统的大的冷却塔：即使这些机器中的每个都有一个相当清楚的外表，他们全部以相同的原理工作。
让我们近距离地看一下。
基本的想法，一台空调基本上是没有被隔离的箱子的一个冰箱. 它象氟里昂一样利用冷媒的蒸发提供冷却。
在一台空调里氟里昂蒸发循环的过程和冰箱里的相同。
根据在线梅里厄姆织工字典,氟里昂一般“用于任何各种各样的调节器”。
根据在线梅里厄姆织工字典，氟里昂一般”用于作为致冷剂和作为气溶胶推进者使用的任何各种各样的不易燃的碳氟化合物."这就是在一台空调里的蒸发循环是怎么样工作(看出冰箱怎样为关于这个系列的完整的细节工作）：1. 压缩机压缩低温的氟里昂气体，产生高温，高压氟里昂气体。
2。
这种高温气体通过一套线圈，因此它能使它的热消散, 并且它凝结成一种液体。
3. 氟里昂液体充满一个膨胀阀，并且在这个过程里蒸发变得低温，低压氟里昂气体.4. 这种低温的气体通过一套线圈，允许气体吸收热并且使大楼里面空气冷却.在与氟里昂里混合是少量一种轻便的油. 这种油润滑压缩机。
建筑外文翻译（可编辑）
建筑外文翻译Building a culture rooted in the natural environment of Habitat Different geographical They certainly have different natural environment: topography, sunshine point of view, sun and tides, currents and winds, temperature, pressure, food, land, water, vegetation and so on. As an intermediary between man and nature of the construction, the external should be conducive to the formation of district external environment should be conducive to the protection of the domestic indoor environment Habitat. These buildings, like plants, the roots, making a day, or geographical areas of the natural environment suitable for the requirements of integration with nature In Southeast Asia and South Asia, in China's Hainan Island and Taiwan Island, Coconut Grove dense, hot weather, people with palm leaves, palm-leaf built to adapt to the tropical rainforest of thatched rooms, small, ventilation, cool, lightweight, simple , built a tropical rain forest building In Central Asia, West Asia, in China's western alpine region, people with stones, the mountain has been built on the powerful stone building, take shelter from the wind, blocking snow, heat, warm, building construction has become plateaus. Such as China, Tibet, Qinghai, Sichuan and other ethnic minorities in China's western mountains and on the potential tobuild a wide variety of mountain building Loess Plateau in China, the Gobi Mobei, low rainfall, dry climate, people use the hillside slopes built tunneling room, built with distinct characteristics of immature soil construction. Gansu Dunhuang Art Exhibition Hall of the building buried in the hillside, the semi-open entrance connected hillside retaining wall, construction features of immature soil is very obvious In the eastern part of the United States, in Australia, in China's south, rainfall, mild climate, people use wood, brick and mountains on the potential, in line with local conditions, build a shade shelter from the rain, ventilation, styling and unique architectural humid areas These architectural forms, of various styles, suitable for different regions of the natural environment, with the landscape, vegetation, terrain together, forming a natural environment is rooted in a variety of architectural culture. Building both rooted in the natural environment, but also subject to the natural environment, this is the architects must follow a basic principle Second, the social space-time caused by environmental differences in the diversification of architectural culture Different regions, different countries, different nations have different social and historical patterns. European countries, the Americas, Asia and Africa and other developing countries, land of different religious beliefs, economic development of the different regions have different cultural practices. Habitat in different parts ofthe social differences in time and space environment, resulting in the architectural culture and the diversity of time and space, resulting in ancient or modern Chinese architectural culture, the Russian architectural culture, architectural culture in Southeast Asia, Europe and the United States Architectural Culture, the African Architectural Culture and so on. Ancient Greek architecture in Europe, North Africa, the ancient Egyptian architecture, the South Asian Association for the ancient Indian architecture, ancient Chinese architecture is the world's architectural and cultural history of ethnic origins. Catholic, Jesus taught, Hinduism, Islam, Buddhism, such as the formation and development of religion, a profound impact on the religious beliefs of countries and regions, but also a profound impact on those areas of construction, forming a rich and colorful culture of religious architecture China several thousand years long history, has followed so far, both ancient and extensive, since ancient times by Confucianism, Taoism, Buddhism, Zen, such as the impact of ethical thinking. Especially Confucianism ruled China for 2 000 years, deep-rooted. To this culture of Confucianism, Taoism, Buddhism and Zen eclectic variety of ideas, together brilliant, independent nations of the world Architectural Culture under certain conditions, can be transformed. Geographical, ethnic and cultural construction under certain conditions, can be transformed into international architectural culture, and international architecturalculture can also be absorbed, the integration of the region and the national character of the new architectural culture. In today's world, building a culture of development and progress, both the transformation of the former to the latter, which also includes the absorption and integration of the former. The two also both opposing reunification, complement each other, affect each other and common development, only the protection and development of a variety of architectural culture of all ethnic groups, the promotion of world architectural culture of pluralism, and ultimately to create a "different and" the human societyThree Chinese and foreign construction and cultural development and blend Architectural Culture in the global "big culture" systems, all nationalities, all geographical construction symbiotic culture in this form the world's architectural culture Symphony. Social process of globalization has brought to the cultural collision with the rendezvous, conflict and blend For thousands of years, the Chinese culture to external sources of long. Buddhist culture have originated in India, Zhang Qian as envoy to the Western Regions of the Western Han Dynasty, Tang Dynasty Master Xuan Zang went to India to learn from their experience Chuan-by, the impact of China's 2,000 years of Buddhism. However, the contents of Buddhism, Buddha, like Maung, the shapes with the Chinese Buddhist temple in cultures, the formation and development of a unique Chinese Buddhist architectural culture As early as the 20th century, 20 years, China's modern architectsreturned from studying abroad, most of whom are scholars in the United States, they are building at the time of Western academic and cultural concepts and China Architectural Culture nationalistic concept of the double impact, emphasizing cultural exchange between Chinese and Western architecture focused on the architectural style for the first time a creative way to design a number of products, creating a cultural exchange between Chinese and foreign construction of a new era. For example, the first batch of U.S. architect Mr. Lv Yanzhi Canton 20's design Zhongshan Memorial Hall, Dr. Sun Yat-sen in Nanjing and so on, in the Chinese construction industry has played a really ground-breaking effect in stimulating the Chinese and foreign architectural culture of the integration process The early founding of New China, the Chinese government, mechanisms copied the Soviet model, the Chinese all over the building of a group of Russian cultural identity building construction, the formation and development of China's 50's "socialism" of architectural culture. Since reform and opening up, China's open-door once again, the introduction of Western economic management model to imitate, "European style", RTHK construction, post-modernism almost swept the country, the formation and development of China's 80's "reform and opening-up" construction culture. It goes without saying that all countries in the world of architectural culture at that time are subject to local political systems, economic conditions, technical level ofrestraint, in conflict with each other, mutual exchanges, mutual influence, mutual integration. However, what kind of fusion and exchange with vitality, stand the test of time and space? Only those who learned the essence of eastern and western cultures, integration-oriented areas of national culture and national character of the construction only has great vitality Fourth, cultural exchange between old and modern architectural exploration and the pursuit of Ancient and modern cultures, the past serve the present, what? Need to analyze the "ancient" and "today" in the construction of content changes that have taken place. These qualitative change is the social system, production technology, living habits, work, cultural values, building materials in the construction sector caused by the inevitable result. As Mr. Wu Yurong in the evaluation of the French engineer Gustave. Eiffel designed the Eiffel Tower noted: "People are trying to adapt to every human life an art form the new direction of development and to make all the human activities and the rapidly changing era of emotion caused by the new suit." To explore ancient and modern blend of traditional architecture and modern architecture combining problem. China's traditional architectural culture has many features, such as the overall layout of buildings, in line with local conditions, and be full of change; architectural style, rich and colorful; space separated, flexible and diverse; interior decoration, pay attention to the connotation; color to use, colorful; garden green, it is implicitlylively, changeable, unique in the world. In the creation of modern architecture, the contemporary architects should learn from ancient architecture and cultural wealth of nutrition, according to the modernization of a wide range of requirements, from the analysis of the various contradictions in the exploration and pursuit of people's lives to adapt to the new direction of development and people's construction activities and the rapid caused by the changing times adapt to new emotions Since the founding of New China, focusing on the succession of Chinese tradition, carry forward the, creative architectural art of the problems the United States experienced a number of exploration and discussion. Experienced the liberation of the early to imitate the "big roof" retro nostalgia period; experienced a critical retro, and copy the Soviet "model" dogmatism stage; experienced the Cultural Revolution, servility to foreigners critical philosophy, the implementation of "dry-base hit," the poor during the transition; experienced early advocate of reform and opening up the West, the popular "Hong Kong style" period. After exploring the difficulties and setbacks, China began to follow the traditional architect, to adapt to function, the use of high-tech, to explore ancient and modern cultures, the realization of the modernization of architectural creation of the correct way In this paper, talking about building a culture of environment and blend only preliminary study, many deep theoretical issues need further study. Our generation of architectsshould be firmly established the "scientific concept of architectural culture" to the Chinese culture as the main body, to accelerate the construction of culture and environment, and the nation, and society, and the blending process with the times.一建筑文化根植于人居自然环境之中不同的地域自然有不同的自然环境:地形地貌、日照角度、日月潮汐、水流风势、气温、气压、食物、土地、水质、植被等等。
建筑外文文献及翻译(参考模板)
外文原文Study on Human Resource Allocation in Multi-Project Based on the Priority and the Cost of ProjectsLin Jingjing , Zhou GuohuaSchoolofEconomics and management, Southwest Jiao tong University ,610031 ,China Abstract----This paper put forward the a ffecting factors of project’s priority. which is introduced into a multi-objective optimization model for human resource allocation in multi-project environment . The objectives of the model were the minimum cost loss due to the delay of the time limit of the projects and the minimum delay of the project with the highest priority .Then a Genetic Algorithm to solve the model was introduced. Finally, a numerical example was used to testify the feasibility of the model and the algorithm.Index Terms—Genetic Algorithm, Human Resource Allocation, Multi-project’s project’s priority .1.INTRODUCTIONMore and more enterprises are facing the challenge of multi-project management, which has been the focus among researches on project management. In multi-project environment ,the share are competition of resources such as capital , time and human resources often occur .Therefore , it’s critical to schedule projects in order to satisfy the different resource demands and to shorten the projects’ duration time with resources constrained ,as in [1].For many enterprises ,the human resources are the most precious asset .So enterprises should reasonably and effectively allocate each resource , especially the human resource ,in order to shorten the time and cost of projects and to increase the benefits .Some literatures have discussed the resource allocation problem in multi-project environment with resources constrained. Reference [1] designed an iterative algorithm and proposeda mathematical model of the resource-constrained multi-project scheduling .Basedon work breakdown structure (WBS) and Dantzig-Wolfe decomposition method ,a feasible multi-project planning method was illustrated , as in [2] . References [3,4]discussed the resource-constrained project scheduling based on Branch Delimitation method .Reference [5] put forward the framework of human resource allocation in multi-project in Long-term ,medium-term and short-term as well as research and development(R&D) environment .Basedon GPSS language, simulation model of resources allocation was built to get the project’s duration time and resources distribution, as in [6]. Reference [7] solved the engineering project’s resources optimization problem using Genetic Algorithms. These literatures reasonably optimized resources allocation in multi-project, but all had the same prerequisite that the project’s importance is the same to each other .This paper will analyze the effects of project’s priority on human resource allocation ,which is to be introduced into a mathematical model ;finally ,a Genetic Algorithm is used to solve the model.2.EFFECTS OF PROJECTS PRIORITY ON HUMAN RESOUCE ALLOCATIONAND THE AFFECTING FACTORS OF PROJECT’S PRIORITYResource sharing is one of the main characteristics of multi-project management .The allocation of shared resources relates to the efficiency and rationality of the use of resources .When resource conflict occurs ,the resource demand of the project with highest priority should be satisfied first. Only after that, can the projects with lower priority be considered.Based on the idea of project classification management ,this paper classifies the affecting factors of project’s priority into three categories ,as the project’s benefits ,the complexity of project management and technology , and the strategic influence on the enterprise’s future development . The priority weight of the project is the function of the above three categories, as shown in (1).W=f(I,c,s…) (1)Where w refers to project’s priority weight; I refers to the benefits of th e project; c refers to the complexity of the project, including the technology and management; s refers to the influence of the project on enterprise .The bigger the values of the three categories, the higher the priority is.3.HUMAN RESOURCE ALLOCATION MODEL IN MULTI-PROJECTENVIRONMENT3.1Problem DescriptionAccording to the constraint theory, the enterprise should strictly differentiate the bottleneck resources and the non-bottleneck resources to solve the constraint problem of bottleneck resources .This paper will stress on the limited critical human resources being allocated to multi-project with definite duration times and priority.To simplify the problem, we suppose that that three exist several parallel projects and a shared resources storehouse, and the enterprise’s operation only involves one kind of critical human resources. The supply of the critical human resource is limited, which cannot be obtained by hiring or any other ways during a certain period .when resource conflict among parallel projects occurs, we may allocate the human resource to multi-project according to project’s priorities .The allocation of non-critical independent human resources is not considered in this paper, which supposes that the independent resources that each project needs can be satisfied.Engineering projects usually need massive critical skilled human resources in some critical chain ,which cannot be substituted by the other kind of human resources .When the critical chains of projects at the same time during some period, there occur resource conflict and competition .The paper also supposes that the corresponding network planning of various projects have already been established ,and the peaks of each project’s resources demand have been optimized .The delay of the critical chain will affect the whole project’s duration time .3.2 Model HypothesesThe following hypotheses help us to establish a mathematical model:(1)The number of mutually independent projects involved in resourceallocation problem in multi-project is N. Each project is indicated withQ i,while i=1,2, … N.(2)The priority weights of multi-project have been determined ,which arerespectively w1,w 2…w n .(3) The total number of the critical human resources is R ,with r k standingfor each person ,while k=1,2, …,R(4) Δk i = ⎩⎨⎧others toprojectQ rcer humanresou i k 01(5) Resources capturing by several projects begins on time. t E i is theexpected duration time of project I that needs the critical resources tofinish some task after time t ,on the premise that the human resourcesdemand can be satisfied .tAi is the real duration time of project I thatneeds the critical resource to finish some task after time t .(6) According to the contract ,if the delay of the project happens the dailycost loss due to the delay is △c i for pro ject I .According to the project’simportance ,the delay of a project will not only cause the cost loss ,butwill also damage the prestige and status of the enterprise .(while thelatent cost is difficult to quantify ,it isn’t considered in this articletemporarily.)(7) From the hypothesis (5) ,we can know that after time t ,the time-gapbetween the real and expected duration time of project I that needs thecritical resources to finish some task is △t i ,( △t i =t A i -t E i ). For thereexists resources competition, the time –gap is necessarily a positivenumber.(8) According to hypotheses (6) and (7), the total cost loss of project I is C i(C i = △t i * △C i ).(9) The duration time of activities can be expressed by the workload ofactivities divided by the quantity of resources ,which can be indicatedwith following expression of t A i =ηi / R i * ,.In the expression , ηi refersto the workload of projects I during some period ,which is supposed tobe fixed and pre-determined by the project managers on project planningphase ; R i * refers to the number of the critical human resources beingallocated to projects I actually, with the equation Ri * =∑=Rk ki 1δ existing. Due to the resource competition the resourcedemands of projects with higherPriorities may be guarantee, while those projects with lower prioritiesmay not be fully guaranteed. In this situation, the decrease of theresource supply will lead to the increase of the duration time of activitiesand the project, while the workload is fixed.3.3 Optimization ModelBased on the above hypotheses, the resource allocation model inmulti-project environment can be established .Here, the optimizationmodel is :F i =min Z i = min∑∑==Ni i N i Ci 11ω =min i i Ni i N i c t ∆∆∑∑==11ω (2) =min ∑∑==N i i N i 11ω )E i R i ki i t - ⎝⎛∑=1δη i c ∆ 2F =min Z 2=min ()i t ∆=min )E i R i ki i t -⎝⎛∑=1δη (3) Where wj=max(wi) ,(N j i 3,2,1,=∀) (4)Subject to : 0∑∑==≤R k ki N i 11δ=R (5)The model is a multi-objective one .The two objective functions arerespectively to minimize the total cost loss ,which is to conform to theeconomic target ,and to shorten the time delay of the project with highestpriority .The first objective function can only optimize the apparenteconomic cost ;therefore the second objective function will help to makeup this limitation .For the project with highest priority ,time delay will damage not only the economic benefits ,but also the strategy and the prestige of the enterprise .Therefore we should guarantee that the most important project be finished on time or ahead of schedule .4.SOLUTION TO THE MULTI-OBJECTIVE MODEL USING GENETICALGORITHM4.1The multi-objective optimization problem is quite common .Generally ,eachobjective should be optimized in order to get the comprehensive objective optimized .Therefore the weight of each sub-objective should be considered .Reference [8] proposed an improved ant colony algorithm to solve this problem .Supposed that the weights of the two optimizing objectives are αand β ,where α+β=1 .Then the comprehensive goal is F* ,where F*=αF1+βF2.4.2The Principle of Genetic AlgorithmGenetic Algorithm roots from the concepts of natural selection and genetics .It’s a random search technique for global optimization in a complex search space .Because of the parallel nature and less restrictions ,it has the key features of great currency ,fast convergence and easy calculation .Meanwhile ,its search scope is not limited ,so it’s an effective method to solve the resource balancing problem ,as in [9].The main steps of GA in this paper are as follow:(1)EncodingAn integer string is short, direct and efficient .According to thecharacteristics of the model, the human resource can be assigned to be acode object .The string length equals to the total number of humanresources allocated.(2)Choosing the fitness functionThis paper choose the objective function as the foundation of fitnessfunction .To rate the values of the objective function ,the fitness of then-th individual is 1/n。
建筑环境色彩外文翻译文献
文献信息文献标题：Strategies in colour choice for architectural built environment（建筑环境色彩选择策略）文献作者：Pietro Zennaro文献出处：《Journal of the International Colour Association》,2017, 19:15-22.字数统计：英文3211单词，16942字符；中文5483汉字外文文献Strategies in colour choice for architectural builtenvironmentIn the realisation of a colour design, or of a colour plan, every designer should have the availability of a set of basic tools to prevent him or her from performing prejudicial operations in the territory, in the landscape, in the city, in the neighbourhood, and in the individual building. The same designer should then know some rules in the colour choice that will enhance the built environment. The approach to colour selection depends on many factors, for example the building size and function, the combination of spaces, the urban form, the dimensions of streets, alleys, plazas, squares and so on, but especially the specificity of the place. By this we mean the history, traditions, culture, geographical location, the qualities and weaknesses, the range of possible design/conservation options and all those characteristics that distinguish one place from another. So it should be clear to the designer who faces a chromatic project, that he or she primarily needs a dedicated strategy, different from case to case, specific to each place. The diversity of the places establishes the richness of traditions and customs that should be preserved and/or possibly updated.Introduction“Starting the study of perception, we find in the language the concept of sensation, which seems immediate and clear: I have the sensation of red, blue, hot, cold.”The perception of space is a complex phenomenon. It takes into account not only the detection and appearance of the surroundings, but also involves the viewer in terms of synaesthesia, memory, personal experiences, moods, physical and psychological conditions, age, sex and a thousand other aspects that would be long even to list. In turn, the same perception produces innumerable and complex reactions, highly dependent from subject to subject. “We approach the variability of the outer world at several levels of experience simultaneously, partly naturally by ecologically based counterbalances in perception and body and partly through conscious actions, personal or cultural, through appropriate behaviours or through technical adaptability. ”Therefore anyone who wants to deal with the design of buildings cannot be unfamiliar with some basic knowledge that will enable the limitation of damage caused by his actions. Architectural design is a complex kind of work that has the purpose to aesthetically qualify the environment. Even just dealing with chromatic aspects in the project is not a minor thing. In fact, the colour of the planet is made up of infinitely many aspects that are certainly not easy to approach.Colour exerts a strong influence on the perception and interpretation of the surroundings. Colour affects mood and health. “In perceiving a colour we experience the objective meaning. Each colour is then an emotional precisely determined signal that is experienced unconsciously. The colour signals are therefore an emotional language understood at a subconscious level.”In social terms, for human beings colour is basically a means of communication and cultural transmission. “For many reasons (historical, economic, religious, military) the West has too well understood this law: all the cities are concentric; but, in accordance with the same movement of Western metaphysics, for which each centre is the location of truth, the centre of our city is always full: a marked place, where we collect and condense the values of civilisation: spirituality (with churches), power(with offices), money (with banks), the goods (with department stores), the word (with «agorà»: coffee and walks).” Analogously Western urban centres are a collection and a condensation of colours. Each city centre tends to show emblematic colours, representing the level of civilisation. Commonly the colours used in historical urban centres are often low in saturation. The newer cultures, preferring to live in a techno-scientific environment, are more attracted by highly-saturated colours.On the other hand, in the oriental culture we see empty urban centres. Considering Japan, in Tokyo the historical city is concentric and the centre is empty. It is occupied by the heart of the nation: the religious and political power. The Emperor, Japan's religious and political leader, occupies this big empty space. So the colours used are those of the tradition: red, gold and white. Similarly in the Chinese culture the urban centre is an empty space. In Beijing, the Forbidden City was exactly this kind of concentration of non-physical elements: power and religion. The colours used also in this case were those of the Emperor. After the Communist revolution red became the main colour in China. But the tradition persists and the main colours are those of the five elements: Wood, Fire, Earth, Metal, and Water. In China, there are five very specific colours (i.e. blue-green, red, yellow, white, black) resonating with meaning through every layer of traditional and modern life, representing emotional, physical, spiritual and directional forces.As synthetically expressed, transmitting a culture not only requires knowing technical aspects, but also other aspects affecting a society and its evolution. Having care of colours is not only a personal pleasure but in architecture concerns the whole community. Everybody is influenced by colour and it seems necessary that designers should be provided with some basic information. The architectural profession also involves such tasks.What’s discussed in the following is the result of research experience at the University Iuav of Venice, in leading the Research Unit “Colour and Light in Architecture”, and in the professional activity of colour design and planning for villages/towns with historical centres, expansion zones, sprawl, isolated houses or industrial areas. The focus on the improvement of such places through the appropriateuse of colour is determined by the need for upgrading the man-land, and by putting in place suitable low- impact factors.DiscussionIn the perception of our surroundings, the colours are seen differently depending on weather conditions, seasonal, direct or indirect radiation, by reflection, by source of natural or artificial lighting and in many other aspects. The perception of the surroundings takes place in terms of synaesthesia, involving all the senses of the observer.Analysing the behaviour of colour and light in built places, there is no more emblematic experience than the evaluation on site or by pictures of what happens in a common sunny day. For convenience we have taken a Venetian example, where the presence of water and the density of the built façades more easily shows the interaction of light with the facing fronts. The presence of water, also, increasing the mirror effect of the canal that is less evident in common roads, shows better the transfer of a colour from an illuminated wall to the opposite one in shadow.In the scene of Figure 1, the left front is less exposed to bad weather than the right one. Since the colours painted on the walls are based on lime they have the tendency to wash out easily. In fact, the opposite façade at right is completely washed out and then shows a grey plaster. The sun, beating on the walls of Fondamenta Minotto (left), affords a transfer of the yellow colour by reflection over the water surface of the Rio Magazen to the shadowed opposite walls. Then a double phenomenon occurs, the specular reflection from the coloured wall to the water and its transfer onto the grey wall is added to the diffused reflection coming directly from the illuminated yellow wall. Another clue comes from the reflection of sunlight on the windows bouncing directly partly on the pavement and partly on the walls of Fondamenta Gaffaro (right). In turn, the wall in shadow casts its silhouette on the opposite façade darkening the yellow colour. The shape of the tympanum makes an almost grey shaded space. On the days when the sky is covered, the difference in brightness between the two walls is considerably more noticeable, darkening the greyto a greater degree and making the yellow less expressive.Figure 1: Rio del Magazen: Fondamenta Minotto (left) and Fondamenta Gaffaro (right).Thecolours are reflected between the walls and the waterIt is easy to understand that the materials used in building’s construction have intrinsic chromatic behaviour and considering a built system like that described above, their relationship with the surroundings can also modify their chromatic expressiveness. Moreover in the perception of the surroundings, built forms are perceived differently depending on: seasons, weather conditions, direct or indirect radiation, reflection, natural or artificial light source, and many other aspects.So the minimum designer's tools for colour design, necessary to avoid prejudicial operations, are:•To know that perception of the surroundings takes place in terms of synaesthesia (vision is only one of the five senses);•To have a cultural understanding of design and colour essentials;•To know the basic rules of colour combination and colour harmony in the built environment;•To know the history, traditions, culture, geographical location, the qualities and weaknesses and the range of possible options of the site/city/environment…;•To know the characteristics that distinguish one place from another;•To formulate a dedicated strategy different from case to case, specific to each place;•To make continuous iterations between theory, project and realisation.This list could be expanded, progressing from the basic to the more sophisticated level, where detailed study gives more information to the professional, finally to attain sufficient experience on the approach to colour design. Translating the above list into knowledge requires specific instruction on a topic that usually is little practised at universities where architecture design is taught. In these academies, the training of architectural design is still almost exclusively based on the knowledge of shape and dimensionality, as if a building were an abstract living sculpture. In fact, if we analyse critically the majority of the latest works having a strong appeal to contemporary academic and the professional world we would have more than a few doubts in distinguishing sculptures from architecture.But, without digression, it is perhaps enough to tell someone who works in the world of architecture that a simple action of painting on the walls of buildings can completely disrupt the interpretation of the shape. So it could be necessary to clarify to the reader, that knowing how to use the colour, starting from the design phase, can help to counteract changes to the original project conception, as well as provide new tools to modify a lot of buildings born speculatively or following ideologies with currently indigestible forms. For example, the buildings of the former socialist countries generally need requalification for energy consumption. Architects working around the problems in repetitive mega structures are also facing a lack in aesthetic quality. The use of colour design on the refurbishment of façades, in some cases, has given excellent results.But how can we approach the chromatic choice in architecture? The answer depends on diverse aspects such as:•The size and typology of the building’s façades;•The type and scale of aggregation;•The dimensions of streets, roads, alleys, squares and so on;•The dominant colours and accent colours, contrasts, architectural unity, etc.;•The colour project/planning strategy adopted;•The congruence with the environment and with local history and culture;•The presence/absence of colour harmony and chromatic cacophonies.We could add many other aspects in a kind of journey from the general to the particular, until we define every detail. Obviously this list cannot provide useful tools for colour selection, but can supply some precautions to be noted at the time of decisions and choices.In the perception of the surroundings, built forms are perceived differently depending on weather, seasonal conditions, direct or indirect radiation, by reflection or by natural or artificial light source, and by many other factors. The shape/colour ratio is also influenced by a series of secondary effects such as:•Distance: far, from afar, close, very close;•Space: very large, large, medium, small, very small;•Environment: wet, dry, humid, windy;•Light: on, off, sunny, shady, bright, dark;•Weight: light, heavy;•Time: short, medium, long;•Thermal: cold, hot and lukewarm;•Psychology: depressive, relaxing, soothing, stimulating, exciting, very exciting, exhilarating.Some of these effects depend on the wavelengths, colour hue/tone/saturation and other optical phenomena. The feeling of space, according to ponderable and temporal terms, changes with the wavelengths and varies according to the hue and intensity. Other effects depend on the combination of closeness/distance and the overall design or perceived detail. Others are consequences of physical, electrical, optical, physiological features and combinations.The selection of colours to paint walls and other parts of buildings must reference general guidelines when treating for example:•Narrow streets;•Wide Roads;•Squares and plazas;•Sprawl houses;•Farmhouses;•Buildings in barren, arid, stony fields;•Continuous façades;•Tall buildings;•Public buildings;•Industrial buildings;•Others.Figure 2 shows a narrow calle (Venetian street) in Burano Island on a sunny day after a rain shower. In these conditions of light, colours seem much more saturated when the walls are not washed out. The chromatic cadence is based almost exclusively on warm colours, if one excludes the green façade that can be seen on the right. On the basis of the list above we can say that the distance effect is between close and very close; the environmental effect is wet; the light effect is sunny and shady; the weight effect is heavy going to light; the thermal effect is lukewarm/hot; and the psychological effect is stimulating.Figure 2: Burano Island (Venice): Narrow street. A sunny day after a storm Burano island is a particular case of the use of colour in the façades of buildings, a case begun around the 1960s with the sale of synthetic materials for painting of external façades. The colour choice was left to the discretion of individual owners who, in order to stand out in relation to their neighbours, have engaged in an uncontrollable competition by using different colours for their properties. A new reality has thus exploded with a considerable increase of the saturation of colours and the birth of combinations without rules. The recent widespread marketing of siloxane paints has further increased such saturation and the duration of colours. Also the application techniques have changed considerably and, if previously the wall painting was carried out directly by the owners, now there are professional painters who apply the products and often give advice on the choice of colours.In the Italian mainland this random choice of the colour of the exterior of buildings has had the effect of creating a visual chaos that impinges on the usability of the places and the possibility of preserving or repurposing many historical centres. Some civic administrations, however, are equipping their planning instruments with colour schemes. These local regulations are producing contrasting effects. On the one hand there are restorers who tend to set a standard epoch that serves as a model for all buildings even though they connote very different epochs; others argue for a kind of scientific restoration, that is practised to recover the buildings according to their date of construction or their period of maximum glory; others are inclined to make choices coinciding with their personal taste, legitimising the colour choices on the basis of derivation from natural local elements; others are based on statistics, considering the prevailing colours and formalising a project that doesn’t deviate much from the state of fact; others behave with reasoning difficult to interpret. In short, the plans/projects of colour, at least in Italian society, are made by professionals who may have only a vague knowledge of colour (engineers, architects, planners, restorers, industrial designers, etc.). Of course all these different people adopt different approaches, producing results that are not always congruent with the places where they perform the colour plan. The one positive thing that can be said is that most of the colourdesigns are implemented through paint, and fortunately the paintings don’t have long durability. Usually time is a gentleman and erases many design hysteric results.ConclusionsThis paper arose from what the author has written in one of his recent books in the Italian language. In fact the motivation for transmitting some knowledge to colleagues (especially architects) was born from the consideration that a good part of the practice of Italian professionals is devoid of even minimal knowledge of the use of colour. Many times they use it in an ideological manner.“Light and colour together form our visual image of the surrounding world. Despite this, colour and light are too often treated as two distinct fields of knowledge. Colour specialists often lack knowledge about light, and light specialists often do not know enough about colour. Knowledge of both colour and light are separated between different professional and academic areas, each with its own set of theories, concepts and methods. Those who want to find their own understanding and be able to apply it in their work could easily get lost in all of this – with the result that only a small proportion of existing knowledge will be used in practice.”During the investigation we found that only those who have attended schools with an artistic orientation that enable access to the university had some notions about the use of colour. The others, who are the vast majority, are fixed to either childhood or adolescent education, and are therefore not sufficiently familiar with knowledge about chromatic mechanisms. Hence there is a need to produce manuals on the proper use of colour and colour harmony. Even the colour collection handbooks showing standard solutions often seem useful, to be taken as they are and transferred to the reality. But this is not colour design. I think that promoting colour culture towards Architects is a mission for those who deal in terms of training, skills and knowledge.What is proposed is a modest "Toolbox", with instruments to design buildings knowing from the outset which colours will be chosen. The earlier we know the chromatic directions, the better we can check the quality of form, embedding it in the thought processes inherent in planning. In the "Toolbox" there are various tools andtechniques, which depart from the general and extend up to the particular. Obviously equipment is useful and often necessary, but sometimes it can also be cumbersome. It becomes worthless at the moment in which the designer has matured his own poetic impulses and is equipped with an exclusive personal set of instruments. For example, in the world of painting, the colours of the paints are always the same, but the artworks they realise are absolutely different from artist to artist. The colour choices are personal, as well as the combinations, harmony and anything else the artist considers necessary to express his or her thoughts on the canvas. This ability sets apart the great painters. In the case of amateurs however, it often happens that when they begin to mix colours on the palette the result ends up as muddy brown, despite good intentions.Thus this paper aims to avoid amateurism in design and to provide some guidance to those who build up architectures, colour plans, furniture, objects and so on, without knowing anything about colour and its impact on the environment and the human psyche.中文译文建筑环境色彩选择策略在实现色彩设计或色彩规划时，每个设计师都应拥有一套基本的方法，以防止他或她在领域、景观、城市、邻近地区和个别建筑物中进行有害的操作。
建筑环境的可持续发展 英文作文
建筑环境的可持续发展英文作文英文回答：Sustainable development in the field of architecture and the built environment is of great importance in today's world. With the increasing concerns about climate change and environmental degradation, it is crucial for us to adopt sustainable practices in the design, construction, and operation of buildings.Firstly, sustainable development in the built environment means minimizing the negative impact on the environment. This can be achieved through various means, such as using energy-efficient materials and technologies, incorporating renewable energy sources, and implementing effective waste management systems. By reducing energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions, we can contribute to mitigating climate change and preserving natural resources.Secondly, sustainable development also entails creating a healthy and comfortable living environment for occupants. This can be achieved by designing buildings that prioritize natural daylighting and ventilation, as well as using non-toxic and environmentally friendly materials. Additionally, incorporating green spaces and promoting biophilic design can enhance the overall well-being of occupants and improve their productivity.Furthermore, sustainable development in the built environment also involves considering the social and economic aspects. It is important to design buildings that are accessible and inclusive for people of all abilities, as well as considering the needs of different age groups and cultures. Moreover, sustainable buildings cancontribute to the local economy by creating job opportunities in the construction and maintenance sectors.In conclusion, sustainable development in the field of architecture and the built environment is essential for the well-being of both the planet and its inhabitants. By adopting sustainable practices, we can minimize thenegative impact on the environment, create healthy living spaces, and contribute to the social and economic development of our communities.中文回答：建筑环境的可持续发展在当今世界中具有重要意义。
建筑设计毕业论文中英文资料外文翻译文献
毕业论文中英文资料外文翻译文献Architecture StructureWe have and the architects must deal with the spatial aspect of activity, physical, and symbolic needs in such a way that overall performance integrity is assured. Hence, he or she well wants to think of evolving a building environment as a total system of interacting and space forming subsystems. Is represents a complex challenge, and to meet it the architect will need a hierarchic design process that provides at least three levels of feedback thinking: schematic, preliminary, and final.Such a hierarchy is necessary if he or she is to avoid being confused , at conceptual stages of design thinking ,by the myriad detail issues that can distract attention from more basic consideration s .In fact , we can say that an architect’s ability to distinguish the more basic form the more detailed issues is essential to his success as a designer .The object of the schematic feed back level is to generate and evaluate overall site-plan, activity-interaction, and building-configuration options .To do so the architect must be able to focus on the interaction of the basic attributes of the site context, the spatial organization, and the symbolism as determinants of physical form. This means that ,in schematic terms ,the architect may first conceive and model a building design as an organizational abstraction of essential performance-space in teractions.Then he or she may explore the overall space-form implications of the abstraction. As an actual building configuration option begins to emerge, it will be modified to include consideration for basic site conditions.At the schematic stage, it would also be helpful if the designer could visualize his or her options for achieving overall structural integrity and consider the constructive feasibility and economic of his or her scheme .But this will require that the architect and/or a consultant be able to conceptualize total-system structural options in terms of elemental detail .Such overall thinking can be easily fed back to improve the space-form scheme.At the preliminary level, the architect’s emphasis will shift to the elaboration of his or her more promising schematic design options .Here the architect’s structural needs will shift toapproximate design of specific subsystem options. At this stage the total structural scheme is developed to a middle level of specificity by focusing on identification and design of major subsystems to the extent that their key geometric, component, and interactive properties are established .Basic subsystem interaction and design conflicts can thus be identified and resolved in the context of total-system objectives. Consultants can play a significant part in this effort; these preliminary-level decisions may also result in feedback that calls for refinement or even major change in schematic concepts.When the designer and the client are satisfied with the feasibility of a design proposal at the preliminary level, it means that the basic problems of overall design are solved and details are not likely to produce major change .The focus shifts again ,and the design process moves into the final level .At this stage the emphasis will be on the detailed development of all subsystem specifics . Here the role of specialists from various fields, including structural engineering, is much larger, since all detail of the preliminary design must be worked out. Decisions made at this level may produce feedback into Level II that will result in changes. However, if Levels I and II are handled with insight, the relationship between the overall decisions, made at the schematic and preliminary levels, and the specifics of the final level should be such that gross redesign is not in question, Rather, the entire process should be one of moving in an evolutionary fashion from creation and refinement (or modification) of the more general properties of a total-system design concept, to the fleshing out of requisite elements and details.To summarize: At Level I, the architect must first establish, in conceptual terms, the overall space-form feasibility of basic schematic options. At this stage, collaboration with specialists can be helpful, but only if in the form of overall thinking. At Level II, the architect must be able to identify the major subsystem requirements implied by the scheme and substantial their interactive feasibility by approximating key component properties .That is, the properties of major subsystems need be worked out only in sufficient depth to very the inherent compatibility of their basic form-related and behavioral interaction . This will mean a somewhat more specific form of collaboration with specialists then that in level I .At level III ,the architect and the specific form of collaboration with specialists then that providing for all of the elemental design specifics required to produce biddable construction documents .Of course this success comes from the development of the Structural Material.1.Reinforced ConcretePlain concrete is formed from a hardened mixture of cement ,water ,fine aggregate, coarse aggregate (crushed stone or gravel),air, and often other admixtures. The plastic mix is placed and consolidated in the formwork, then cured to facilitate the acceleration of the chemical hydration reaction lf the cement/water mix, resulting in hardened concrete. The finished product has high compressive strength, and low resistance to tension, such that its tensile strength is approximately one tenth lf its compressive strength. Consequently, tensile and shear reinforcement in the tensile regions of sections has to be provided to compensate for the weak tension regions in the reinforced concrete element.It is this deviation in the composition of a reinforces concrete section from the homogeneity of standard wood or steel sections that requires a modified approach to the basic principles of structural design. The two components of the heterogeneous reinforced concrete section are to be so arranged and proportioned that optimal use is made of the materials involved. This is possible because concrete can easily be given any desired shape by placing and compacting the wet mixture of the constituent ingredients are properly proportioned, the finished product becomes strong, durable, and, in combination with the reinforcing bars, adaptable for use as main members of any structural system.The techniques necessary for placing concrete depend on the type of member to be cast: that is, whether it is a column, a bean, a wall, a slab, a foundation. a mass columns, or an extension of previously placed and hardened concrete. For beams, columns, and walls, the forms should be well oiled after cleaning them, and the reinforcement should be cleared of rust and other harmful materials. In foundations, the earth should be compacted and thoroughly moistened to about 6 in. in depth to avoid absorption of the moisture present in the wet concrete. Concrete should always be placed in horizontal layers which are compacted by means of high frequency power-driven vibrators of either the immersion or external type, as the case requires, unless it is placed by pumping. It must be kept in mind, however, that over vibration can be harmful since it could cause segregation of the aggregate and bleeding of the concrete.Hydration of the cement takes place in the presence of moisture at temperatures above 50°F. It is necessary to maintain such a condition in order that the chemical hydration reaction can take place. If drying is too rapid, surface cracking takes place. This would result in reduction of concrete strength due to cracking as well as the failure to attain full chemical hydration.It is clear that a large number of parameters have to be dealt with in proportioning a reinforced concrete element, such as geometrical width, depth, area of reinforcement, steel strain, concrete strain, steel stress, and so on. Consequently, trial and adjustment is necessary in the choice ofconcrete sections, with assumptions based on conditions at site, availability of the constituent materials, particular demands of the owners, architectural and headroom requirements, the applicable codes, and environmental reinforced concrete is often a site-constructed composite, in contrast to the standard mill-fabricated beam and column sections in steel structures.A trial section has to be chosen for each critical location in a structural system. The trial section has to be analyzed to determine if its nominal resisting strength is adequate to carry the applied factored load. Since more than one trial is often necessary to arrive at the required section, the first design input step generates into a series of trial-and-adjustment analyses.The trial-and –adjustment procedures for the choice of a concrete section lead to the convergence of analysis and design. Hence every design is an analysis once a trial section is chosen. The availability of handbooks, charts, and personal computers and programs supports this approach as a more efficient, compact, and speedy instructional method compared with the traditional approach of treating the analysis of reinforced concrete separately from pure design.2. EarthworkBecause earthmoving methods and costs change more quickly than those in any other branch of civil engineering, this is a field where there are real opportunities for the enthusiast. In 1935 most of the methods now in use for carrying and excavating earth with rubber-tyred equipment did not exist. Most earth was moved by narrow rail track, now relatively rare, and the main methods of excavation, with face shovel, backacter, or dragline or grab, though they are still widely used are only a few of the many current methods. To keep his knowledge of earthmoving equipment up to date an engineer must therefore spend tine studying modern machines. Generally the only reliable up-to-date information on excavators, loaders and transport is obtainable from the makers.Earthworks or earthmoving means cutting into ground where its surface is too high ( cuts ), and dumping the earth in other places where the surface is too low ( fills). Toreduce earthwork costs, the volume of the fills should be equal to the volume of the cuts and wherever possible the cuts should be placednear to fills of equal volume so as to reduce transport and double handlingof the fill. This work of earthwork design falls on the engineer who lays out the road since it is the layout of the earthwork more than anything else which decides its cheapness. From the available maps ahd levels, the engineering must try to reach as many decisions as possible in the drawing office by drawing cross sections of the earthwork. On the site when further information becomes available he can make changes in jis sections and layout,but the drawing lffice work will not have been lost. It will have helped him to reach the best solution in the shortest time.The cheapest way of moving earth is to take it directly out of the cut and drop it as fill with the same machine. This is not always possible, but when it canbe done it is ideal, being both quick and cheap. Draglines, bulldozers and face shovels an do this. The largest radius is obtained with thedragline,and the largest tonnage of earth is moved by the bulldozer, though only over short distances.The disadvantages of the dragline are that it must dig below itself, it cannot dig with force into compacted material, it cannot dig on steep slopws, and its dumping and digging are not accurate.Face shovels are between bulldozers and draglines, having a larger radius of action than bulldozers but less than draglines. They are anle to dig into a vertical cliff face in a way which would be dangerous tor a bulldozer operator and impossible for a dragline. Each piece of equipment should be level of their tracks and for deep digs in compact material a backacter is most useful, but its dumping radius is considerably less than that of the same escavator fitted with a face shovel.Rubber-tyred bowl scrapers are indispensable for fairly level digging where the distance of transport is too much tor a dragline or face shovel. They can dig the material deeply ( but only below themselves ) to a fairly flat surface, carry it hundreds of meters if need be, then drop it and level it roughly during the dumping. For hard digging it is often found economical to keep a pusher tractor ( wheeled or tracked ) on the digging site, to push each scraper as it returns to dig. As soon as the scraper is full,the pusher tractor returns to the beginning of the dig to heop to help the nest scraper.Bowl scrapers are often extremely powerful machines;many makers build scrapers of 8 cubic meters struck capacity, which carry 10 m ³ heaped. The largest self-propelled scrapers are of 19 m ³struck capacity ( 25 m ³ heaped )and they are driven by a tractor engine of 430 horse-powers.Dumpers are probably the commonest rubber-tyred transport since they can also conveniently be used for carrying concrete or other building materials. Dumpers have the earth container over the front axle on large rubber-tyred wheels, and the container tips forwards on most types, though in articulated dumpers the direction of tip can be widely varied. The smallest dumpers have a capacity of about 0.5 m ³, and the largest standard types are of about 4.5 m ³. Special types include the self-loading dumper of up to 4 m ³ and the articulated type of about 0.5 m ³. The distinction between dumpers and dump trucks must be remembered .dumpers tip forwards and the driver sits behind the load. Dump trucks are heavy, strengthened tipping lorries, the driver travels in front lf the load and the load is dumped behind him, so they are sometimes called rear-dump trucks.3.Safety of StructuresThe principal scope of specifications is to provide general principles and computational methods in order to verify safety of structures. The “ safety factor ”, which according to modern trends is independent of the nature and combination of the materials used, can usually be defined as the ratio between the conditions. This ratio is also proportional to the inverse of the probability ( risk ) of failure of the structure.Failure has to be considered not only as overall collapse of the structure but also asunserviceability or, according to a more precise. Common definition. As the reaching of a “ limit state ” which causes the construction not to accomplish the task it was designed for. Ther e are two categories of limit state :(1)Ultimate limit sate, which corresponds to the highest value of the load-bearing capacity. Examples include local buckling or global instability of the structure; failure of some sections and subsequent transformation of the structure into a mechanism; failure by fatigue; elastic or plastic deformation or creep that cause a substantial change of the geometry of the structure; and sensitivity of the structure to alternating loads, to fire and to explosions.(2)Service limit states, which are functions of the use and durability of the structure. Examples include excessive deformations and displacements without instability; early or excessive cracks; large vibrations; and corrosion.Computational methods used to verify structures with respect to the different safety conditions can be separated into:(1)Deterministic methods, in which the main parameters are considered as nonrandom parameters.(2)Probabilistic methods, in which the main parameters are considered as random parameters.Alternatively, with respect to the different use of factors of safety, computational methods can be separated into:(1)Allowable stress method, in which the stresses computed under maximum loads are compared with the strength of the material reduced by given safety factors.(2)Limit states method, in which the structure may be proportioned on the basis of its maximum strength. This strength, as determined by rational analysis, shall not be less than that required to support a factored load equal to the sum of the factored live load and dead load ( ultimate state ).The stresses corresponding to working ( service ) conditions with unfactored live and dead loads are compared with prescribed values ( service limit state ) . From the four possible combinations of the first two and second two methods, we can obtain some useful computational methods. Generally, two combinations prevail:(1)deterministic methods, which make use of allowable stresses.(2)Probabilistic methods, which make use of limit states.The main advantage of probabilistic approaches is that, at least in theory, it is possible to scientifically take into account all random factors of safety, which are then combined to define the safety factor. probabilistic approaches depend upon :(1) Random distribution of strength of materials with respect to the conditions of fabrication and erection ( scatter of the values of mechanical properties through out the structure );(2) Uncertainty of the geometry of the cross-section sand of the structure ( faults andimperfections due to fabrication and erection of the structure );(3) Uncertainty of the predicted live loads and dead loads acting on the structure;(4)Uncertainty related to the approximation of the computational method used ( deviation of the actual stresses from computed stresses ).Furthermore, probabilistic theories mean that the allowable risk can be based on several factors, such as :(1) Importance of the construction and gravity of the damage by its failure;(2)Number of human lives which can be threatened by this failure;(3)Possibility and/or likelihood of repairing the structure;(4) Predicted life of the structure.All these factors are related to economic and social considerations such as：(1) Initial cost of the construction;(2) Amortization funds for the duration of the construction;(3) Cost of physical and material damage due to the failure of the construction;(4) Adverse impact on society;(5) Moral and psychological views.The definition of all these parameters, for a given safety factor, allows construction at the optimum cost. However, the difficulty of carrying out a complete probabilistic analysis has to be taken into account. For such an analysis the laws of the distribution of the live load and its induced stresses, of the scatter of mechanical properties of materials, and of the geometry of the cross-sections and the structure have to be known. Furthermore, it is difficult to interpret the interaction between the law of distribution of strength and that of stresses because both depend upon the nature of the material, on the cross-sections and upon the load acting on the structure. These practical difficulties can be overcome in two ways. The first is to apply different safety factors to the material and to the loads, without necessarily adopting the probabilistic criterion. The second is an approximate probabilistic method which introduces some simplifying assumptions ( semi-probabilistic methods ) .文献翻译建筑师必须从一种全局的角度出发去处理建筑设计中应该考虑到的实用活动，物质及象征性的需求。
建筑环境与设备工程毕业论文中英文资料外文翻译文献
建筑环境与设备工程毕业论文中英文资料外文翻译文献篇一：建筑环境与设备工程中英文对照外文翻译文献中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)原文：Ground Source Heat PumpAt present,energy is the most important element for the development of states’economy.Because of the good energy-saving effect,using regenerate resource of energy,and no pollution,the GROUND SOURCE HEAT PUMP AIR-CONDITION is used more and more popular now.In the system of the GROUND SOURCE HEAT PUMP AIR-CONDITION,the terminal devices what include the fan,the deep well pump,the circulate pump are the biggest energy-consumed part except the inner device as well as the compressor motor, etc.So it is very important and significant to make the terminal devices running in the mostenergy-saving condition.In this paper,the author founded on the GROUND SOURCE HEAT PUMP AIR-CONDITION in Guangxi University,based on the actual project condition, made the redesign through the way of frequency conversiontechnology for the old system of GROUND SOURCE HEAT PUMP AIR-CONDITION.At first, the equipments’ running control system were improved following the energy-saving principle of fan and pump,choused Mitsubishi FR series frequency transducer with vector-controlfunction,Mitsubishi FX2N series PLC and other auxiliary parts to make up of the auto-control system for the GROUND SOURCE HEAT PUMP AIR-CONDITION,and then did the emulating analysis for the vector-control mode in the frequency conversion process.In the next based the auto-control system,made the PLC control system designing.This system monitor the temperature and flux in accurate and real time,then input feedback to the plc,finally the terminal device running status will correspond to the customer’s demanded-load,it can wellmeet the goal for saving energy and prolong the life of the motor and other device.At the same time,designed the PLC control process,according to this transformation of the specific programme,programmed for the PLC by using the FX-GP/WIN-C programme software.Researched and analyses the PIDalgorithm and its improved algorithm for the PID Operational module in the PLC.At last,through detailed analysis and accounted for energy-saving effect and the cost of thesystem-reforming,validated the profitability of this redesigned-project,and showed its feasibility and worthBe using renewable geothermal energy in shallow ground layer, a ground source heat pump (GSHP) technology is known as one of air conditioning techniques which have the greatest developmental. The GSHP has great potentials in energy reduction and in reducing CO2emissions to conventional HVAC systems. In China, energy shortage and environmental issues pose a seriouschallenge accompanied by rapid economic growth. GSHP has been spotlighted as both energy efficiency and environmental benefits. Generally, the initial investment for a GCHP system is higher than that of a conventional system. GCHP energy savings will offset the higher installing cost in future. However, there are many aspects affecting the actual amount of energy saved, such as climate, building load, ground heat exchanger, heat pump, control, etc. Recently, a lot of research on the energy performance of GCHP has been carried out. However, most of these previous research projects evaluated the performance of GCHP system based on a laboratory scale or a small capacity system. There is little data documenting the long-term performance of a large-sized GCHP. Evalution and research on real world installed GCHP will provide a more accurate understanding of the current technology’s performance.The paper presented that the energy performance evaluation of two types of GSHPs based on actual operational data. The two types of GSHPs were ground-coupled heat pump system (GCHPs) and groundwater heat pump system (GWHPs) which were,respectively, installed in two apartment buildings of Wuhan, China. In one year, we monitored various operating parameters, including the outdoor temperature, the flow rate, electrical consumption, and the water temperature. The coefficient of performance (COP) values of system and chiller were determined based on a series of measurements. During residential GCHP system operation, the heat injection rate into soil is larger than the heatextraction rate out of soil. The COP of chillers of the GCHPs decreased significantly during the heating season due to the lowering of ground soil temperature. The system power consumption exhibited a strong linear relationship with outdoor temperature in both seasons and this suggests that normalizing power consumption against degree-days is a highly practical index in energy analysis in resident buildings, especially in winter.Some research topics were studied on the two actual cases. An exergy analysis of a ground water heat pump system on the actual operation was conduced. The energy efficiency and exergy loss and efficiency in each of the components of the system are detemined forthe average measured parameters obtained from the monitored results of the hottest month and the coldest month. Inefficient facts are found out and increased energy efficiencies of two proposed improvement measures were estimated. Lower approachtemperature is effective energy saving. In addition to the energy analysis, a full exergy analysis helps to identify the components where inefficiencies occur. An economic analysis model forGWHP was established to calculate energy consumption and operating cost based on a baseline condition. Plate heat exchanger flow rate and groundwater flow rate were optimization parameters according to different water price of the groundwater:GWHP survey data shows the impact of water price on groundwater flow rate in design. The long-term energy performances of theGWHPs and the GCHPs were investigated and compared with conventional HVAC systems and other GSHPs on literature data. A performances model was established base on the two cases to constrast the predictedperformance with the actual performance.Based on superposition theorem of geothermal heat exchangers (GHE), a inverse model for GHE, G-functions interpolationapproach was proposed. Linear interpolation method was adopted to fit G-functions. The method presented here uses the Nelder and Mead simplex algorithm as part of a parameter estimation algorithm to estimate G-function. For verification of G-functions interpolation approach, anumerical experimentation had been conducted where synthetic load on GHE was established. The simulation results with error and no error, were inversely modeled by G-functions interpolation approach and DST calibrated approach. The actual dataset of a small sized and a large sized GSHPs were also used in inverse modeling to verify the results from the G-functions interpolation approach. The small sized GSHPs was from literature. The large sized vertical GSHPs was the monitored case in the paper. A detailed DST model of a GHE has been calibrated to monitored data. The secondyear predicted temperatures calculated by the two models were compared with the measured. The results show the two approaches are reliable and have good performance of error tolerance. The error of GHE water temperature calculated by G-functions interpolation approach was less than DST calibrated approaches. The data error inversely modeled was mainly from recorded day data. As a extension study of the G-functions interpolation model, degree-day G-functions approach was proposed. The model was based on degree-day prediction load and can be applied on the residential buildings. The standard deviation of GHE water temperature by degree-day G-functions approach was larger than DST calibrated approaches. The result shows the appropriateness of degree-day G-functions interpolation approach for the quantitative modeling of GHE.This paper shows that the research on actual performance according measured data and presents two inverse models:G-functions interpolation model, degree-day G-functions model approach, which provides new methods for GHE inverse modelingWith the sustainable development theory being put forward in recent years, people pay more and more attention to energy efficiency and environmental protection. The Ground Source Heat Pump(GSHP) air-conditioning system has been a kind of new technology to save energy and protect environment. This paper gives an overview of technology economy analysis on GSHPAir-conditioning System and optimization design of its ground heat exchanger, which provide helpful suggestion to engineers.First, this paper gives an overview of the history of GSHP system in China and foreign countries. Based on the work principle of the GSHP system, thecharacteristics of three circulations have been proposed, which are the use of renewable energy saving and environmental friendly, etc. hi terms of technology economy, the GSHPair-conditioning system was compared with the air source heat pump system, the water source heat pump system and the traditional central air-conditioningsystem. Main indexes are given to evaluate the technology economy of the GSHP air-conditioning system.A practical project was used as an example for the analysis.Ground-loop heat exchanger is an important part of the GSHP air-conditioning system and deferent from other traditional air-conditioning systems. This paper gave detailed designing method of Ground-loop heat exchanger, including load calculation, pipe layout, choice of tubes and its material, antifreeze method, calculation of pressure drop, etc. Taken the GSHP air-conditioning system in the report room of Shandong Institute of Architecture and Engineering as an example, its design was analyzed and the optimization design of ground-loop heat exchanger was proposed.The people attention to energy efficiency and environmental protection,which decide thesustainable development of the country.The Ground Source Heat Pump(GSHP)air-conditioning system has been a kind of new technology to save energy and protect environment.This paper gives an overview of technologyeconomy analysis on GSHP Air-condition System and optimization design of its ground heat exchanger,which provide helpful suggestion toengineersFirst,this paper gives an overview of GSHP system in China and foreign countries. Based on the work principle of the GSHP system,the characteristics of three circulations have been proposed,which are the use of renewable energy saving and environmental friendly,etc.In teams of technology ,the GSHP air-conditioning system was compared with the air source heat pump system,the water source heat pump system and the traditional central air-conditioning system.Main indexes are given to evaluate the technology economy of GSHP air-conditoning篇二：建筑施工毕业论文中英文资料外文翻译文献建筑施工毕业论文中英文资料外文翻译文献Building construction concrete crack of prevention and processingAbstractThe crack problem of concrete is a widespread existence but again difficult in solve of engineering actual problem, this text carried on a study analysis to a little bit familiar crack problem in the concrete engineering, and aim at concrete the circumstance put forward some prevention, processing measure. Keyword:Concrete crack prevention processing ForewordConcrete is formed by a sand and gravel aggregate,cement,water and other materials but mixed heterogeneous brittle materials.Because the concrete construction transform with oneself, control etc. a series problem, harden model of in the concrete existence numerous tiny hole, spirit cave and tiny crack, is exactly because these beginning start blemish of existence just make the concrete present one some not and all the characteristic of quality.The tiny crack is a kind of harmless crack and accept concrete heavy, impermeable and a little bit other use function not a creation to endanger.But after the concrete besubjected to lotus carry, difference in temperature etc. function, tiny crack would continuously of expand with connect, end formation we can see without the aid of instruments of macro view the crack be also the crack that the concrete often say in the engineering.Concrete building and Component all take sewer to make of, because of crack of existence and development usually make inner part of reinforcing bar etc. materialcreation decay, lower reinforced concrete material of loading ability, durable and impermeable ability, influence building of external appearance, service life, severity will threat arrive people's life and property safety.A lot of all of crash of engineerings is because of the unsteady development of the crack with the result that.Modern age science research with a great deal of of the concrete engineering practice certificate, in the concrete engineering crack problem is ineluctable, also acceptable in certainly of the scope just need to adopt valid of measure will it endanger degree control at certain of scope inside.Thereinforced concrete norm is also explicit provision:Some structure at place of dissimilarity under the condition allow existence certain the crack of width.But at under construction should as far as possible adopt a valid measure control crack creation, make the structure don't appear crack possibly or as far as possible decrease crack of amount and width, particularly want to as far as possible avoid harmful crack of emergence, insure engineering quality thus.Concrete crack creation of the reason be a lot of and have already transformed to cause of crack:Such as temperature variety, constringency, inflation, the asymmetry sink to sink etc. reason cause of crack;Have outside carry the crack that the function cause;Protected environment not appropriate the crack etc. caused with chemical effect.Want differentiation to treat in the actual engineering, work°out a problem according to the actual circumstance.In the concrete engineering the familiar crack and the prevention1.Shrinkage crack and preventionShrinkage crack much appear after the concrete protect be over of a period of time or concrete sprinkle to build to complete behind of around a week.In the cement syrup humidity of evaporate would creation Shrinkage, and this kind of constringency is can't negative.Shrinkage crack of the creation be main is because of concrete inside outside humidity evaporate degree dissimilarity but cause to transform dissimilarity of result:The concrete is subjected to exterior condition of influence, surface humidity loss lead quick, transform bigger, inner part degree of humidity variety smaller transform smaller, bigger surface Shrinkage transform to be subjected to concrete inner part control, creation more big pull should dint but creation crack.The relativehumidity is more low, cement syrup body Shrinkage more big, Shrinkage crack be more easy creation.Shrinkage crack is much surface parallel lines form or the net shallow thin crack, width many between 0.05-0.2 mm, the flat surface part much see in the big physical volume concrete and follow it more in thinner beam plank short to distribute.Shrinkage crackusually the impermeability of influence concrete, cause the durable of the rust eclipse influence concrete of reinforcing bar, under the function of the water pressure dint would creation the water power split crack influence concrete of loading dint etc..Concrete Shrinkage be main with water ash of the concrete ratio, the dosage of the composition, cement of cement, gather to anticipate of the dosage of the property and dosage, in addition etc. relevant.Main prevention measure:While being to choose to use the constringency quantity smaller cement, general low hot water mire and powder ash from stove cement in the adoption, lower the dosage of cement.Two is a concrete of Shrinkage be subjected to water ash ratio of influence more big, water ash ratio more big, Shrinkage more big, so in the concrete match the ratio the design should as far as possible control good water ash ratio of choose to use, the Chan add in the meantime accommodation of reduce water.Three is strict control concrete mix blend with under construction of match ratio, use of concrete water quantity absolute can't big in match ratio design give settle of use waterquantity.Four is the earlier period which strengthen concrete to protect, and appropriate extension protect of concrete time.Winter construction want to be appropriate extension concrete heat preservation to overlay time, and brushing protect to protect.Five is a constitution the accommodation is in the concrete structure of the constringency sew.2.Plastic shrinkage cracking and preventionPlastic shrinkage is the concrete is before condense, surface because of lose water quicker but creation of constringency.The Plastic shrinkage crack is general at dry heat or strong wind the weather appear, crack's much presenting in the center breadth, both ends of the thin and the length be different, with each other not coherent appearance.Shorter crack general long 20-30 cm, the longer crack can reach to a 2-3 m, breadth 1-5 mm.It creation of main reason is:The concrete is eventually almosthaving no strength or strength before the final setting very small, perhaps concrete just eventually final setting but strength very hour, be subjected toheat or compare strong wind dint of influence, the concrete surface lose water to lead quick, result in in the capillary creation bigger negative press but make a concrete physical volume sharply constringency, but at this time the strength of concrete again can't resist its constringency, therefore creation cracked.The influence concrete Plastic shrinkage of the main factors of crack to have water ash ratio, concrete of condense time, environment temperature, wind velocity, relative humidity...etc..Main prevention measure:One is choose to use dry compression value smaller higher silicate of the earlier period strength or common the portland cement.Two is strict the control water ash ratio, the Chan add to efficiently reduce water to increment the collapse of concrete fall a degree and with easy, decrease cement and water of dosage.Three is to sprinkle before building concrete, water basic level and template even to soak through.Four is in time to overlay the perhaps damp grass mat of the plastics thin film, hemp slice etc., keep concrete eventually beforethe final setting surface is moist, perhaps spray to protect etc. to carry on protect in the concrete surface.Five is in the heat and strong wind the weather to want to establish to hide sun and block breeze facilities, protect in time.3.Sink to sink crack and preventionThe creation which sink to sink crack is because of the structure foundation soil quality not and evenly, loose soft or return to fill soil dishonest or soak in water but result in the asymmetry sink to decline with the result that;Perhaps because of template just degree shortage, the template propped up to once be apart from big or prop up bottom loose move etc. to cause, especially at winter, the template prop up at jelly soil up, jelly the soil turn jelly empress creation asymmetry to sink to decline and cause concrete structure creation crack.This kind crack many is deep enter or pierce through sex crack, it alignment have something to do with sinking to sink a circumstance, general follow with ground perpendicular or present 30 °s-45 °Cape direction development, bigger sink tosink crack, usually have certain of wrong, crack width usually with sink to decline quantity direct proportion relation.Crack widthunder the influence of temperature variety smaller.The foundation after transform stability sink to sink crack also basic tend in stability.Main prevention measure:One is rightness loose soft soil, return to fill soil foundation a construction at the upper part structure front should carry on necessity of Hang solid with reinforce.Two is the strength that assurance template is enough and just degree, and prop up firm, and make the foundation be subjected to dint even.Three is keep concrete from sprinkle infusing the foundation in the process is soak by water.Four is time that template tore down to can't be too early, and want to notice to dismantle a mold order of sequence.Five is at jelly soil top take to establish template to notice to adopt certain of prevention measure.4.Temperature crack and preventionTemperature crack much the occurrence is in bigsurface or difference in temperature variety of the physical volume concrete compare the earth area of the concrete structure.Concrete after sprinkling to build, in the hardening the process, cement water turn a creation a great deal of of water turn hot, .(be the cement dosage is in the 350-550 kg/m 3, each sign square the rice concrete will release a calories of 17500-27500kJ and make concrete internal thus the temperature rise to reach to 70 ℃or so even higher)Because the physical volume of concrete be more big, a great deal of of water turn hot accumulate at the concrete inner part but not easy send forth, cause inner part the temperature hoick, but the concrete surface spread hot more quick, so formation inside outside of bigger difference in temperature, the bigger difference in temperature result in inner part and exterior hot the degree of the bulge or cooling dissimilarity, make concrete surface creation certain of pull should dint.When pull should dint exceed the anti- of concrete pull strength extreme limit, concrete surface meeting creation crack, this kind of crack much occurrence after the concrete under constructionperiod.In the concrete of under construction be difference in temperature variety more big, perhaps is a concrete to be subjected to assault of cold wave etc., will cause concrete surface the temperature sharply descend, but creation constringency, surface constringency of the concrete be subjected to inner part concrete of control, creation very big of pull should dint but creation crack, this kind篇三：建筑与环境设备工程外文翻译毕业论文（设计）题系部名称：专业班级：学生姓名：学指导教师：教师职称：外文翻译目：浅谈建筑环境与暖通空调能耗号：XX11014233 讲师 1浅谈建筑环境与暖通空调能耗摘要：研究建筑环境，了解暖通空调负荷产生的原因及影响因素，可以更加合理地提出解决问题的方法。
环境对建筑的影响英语作文
环境对建筑的影响英语作文英文回答：The environment has a profound influence on the design and construction of buildings. From the climate and geological conditions to the surrounding landscape and cultural context, the environment shapes the form, function, and sustainability of our built spaces.Climate and Geography.The climate of a region plays a significant role in determining the design of buildings. In hot and humid climates, buildings are often characterized by large overhangs, shaded windows, and open-air courtyards to promote natural ventilation and reduce solar heat gain. In cold and snowy climates, buildings typically feature thick insulation, double-glazed windows, and sloped roofs to withstand the elements.The geological conditions of a site also influence building design. Buildings located on unstable or sloping terrain may require special foundations and structural systems to ensure stability. In areas prone to earthquakes, buildings must be designed to withstand seismic forces.Landscape and Context.The surrounding landscape and cultural context can also shape the design of buildings. In urban areas, buildings are often influenced by the height and density of neighboring structures, as well as by the overall street grid and city plan. In rural areas, buildings may be designed to blend into the natural surroundings and complement the local vernacular architecture.Sustainability and Energy Efficiency.In recent years, there has been a growing emphasis on sustainability and energy efficiency in building design. Buildings are now being designed and constructed to minimize their environmental impact and reduce greenhousegas emissions. This can involve incorporating energy-efficient technologies such as solar panels, geothermal heating and cooling systems, and rainwater collection systems into building designs.中文回答：环境对建筑的影响。
环境工程英文文献附带带翻译
Environmental problems caused by Istanbul subwayexcavation and suggestions for remediationIbrahim OcakAbstract:Many environmental problems caused by subway excavations have inevitably become an important point in city life. These problems can be categorized as transporting and stocking of excavated material, traffic jams, noise, vibrations, piles of dust mud and lack of supplies. Although these problems cause many difficulties, the most pressing for a big city like Istanbul is excavation, since other li sted difficulties result from it. Moreover, these problems are environmentally and regionally restricted to the period over which construction projects are underway and disappear when construction is finished. Currently, in Istanbul, there are nine subway construction projects in operation, covering approximately 73 km in length; over 200 km to be constructed in the near future. The amount of material excavated from ongoing construction projects covers approximately 12 million m3. In this study, problems—primarily, the problem with excavation waste (EW)—caused by subway excavation are analyzed and suggestions for remediation are offered.Keywords: Environmental problems Subway excavation Waste managementIntroductionNowadays, cities are spreading over larger areas with increasing demand on extending transport facilities. Thus, all over the world, especially in cities where the population exceeds 300,000–400,000 people, railway-based means of transportation is being accepted as the ultimate solution. Therefore, large investments in subway and light rail construction are required. The construction of stated systems requires surface excavations, cut and cover tunnel excavations, bored tunnel excavations, redirection of infrastructures and tunnel construction projects. These elements disturb the environment and affect everyday life of citizens in terms of running water, natural gas, sewer systems and telephone lines.One reason why metro excavations affect the environment is the huge amount of excavated material produced. Moreover, a large amount of this excavated material is composed of muddy and bentonite material. Storing excavated material then becomes crucial. A considerable amount of pressure has been placed on officials to store and recycle any kind of excavated material. Waste management has become a branch of study by itself. Many studies have been carried out on the destruction, recycling and storing of solid, (Vlachos 1975; Huang et al. 2001; Winkler 2005; Huang et al. 2006; Khan et al. 1987; Boadi and Kuitunen 2003; Staudt and Schroll 1999; Wang 2001; Okuda and Thomson 2007; Yang and Innes 2007), organic (Edwards et al. 1998, Jackson 2006; Debra et al. 1991; Akhtar and Mahmood 1996; Bruun et al. 2006; Minh et al. 2006), plastic (Idris et al. 2004; Karani and Stan Jewasikiewitz 2007; Ali et al. 2004; Nishino et al. 2003; Vasile et al.2006; Kato et al. 2003; Kasakura et al. 1999; Hayashi et al. 2000), toxic (Rodgers et al. 1996; Bell and Wilson 1988; Chen et al. 1997; Sullivan and Yelton 1988), oily(Ahumada et al. 2004; Al-Masri and Suman 2003), farming(Garnier et al. 1998; Mohanty 2001) and radioactive materials(Rocco and Zucchetti 1997; Walker et al. 2001; Adamov et al. 1992; Krinitsyn et al. 2003).Today, traditional materials, including sand, stone, gravel, cement, brick and tiles are being used as major building components in the construction sector. All of these materials have been produced from existing natural resources and may have intrinsic distinctions that damage the environment due to their continuous exploitation. In addition, the cost of construction materials is incrementally increasing. In Turkey, the prices of construction materials have increased over the last few years. Therefore, it is very important to use excavation and demolition wastes (DW) in construction operations to limit the environmental impact and excessive increase of raw material prices. Recycling ratios for excavation waste (EW) and DW of some countries are in shown Table 1 (Hendriks and Pietersen 2000). The recycling ratio for Turkey is 10%. Every year, 14 million tons of waste materials are generated in Istanbul. These waste materials consist of 7.6 million tons EW, 1.6 million tons organic materials and 2.7 million tons DW (IMM 2007). Approximately, 3.7 million tons of municipal wastes are produced in Istanbul every year. However, the recycling rate is approximately equal to only 7%. This rate will increase to 27%, when the construction of the plant is completed. Medical wastes are another problem, with over 9,000 tons dumped every year. Medical wastes are disposed by burning. Distributions of municipal wastes are given in Fig. 1Country Concentration of CWin total waste (in%)CW and DW recycled (in%)Japan36 65Australia44 51Germany19 50Finland14 40United Kingdom over 50 40USA29 25France25 25Spain70 17Italy30 10Brazil15 8Table 1 C omparison of a few countries’ construction waste concentrationFig. 1 Current status of municipal waste distribution in IstanbulIn this study, environmental problems in Istanbul, such as EW resulting from tunnelling operations, DW resulting from building demolition and home wastes, are evaluated. Resources of EW, material properties and alternatives of possible usage are also evaluated.Railway system studiesThree preliminary studies concerning transportation in Istanbul were conducted in 1985, 1987 and 1997. A fourth study is currently being conducted. The Istanbul Transportation Main Plan states that railway systems must constitute the main facet of Istanbul’s transportation net-work (IMM 2005). In addition to existing lines, within the scope of the Marmaray Project, 36 km of metro, 96 km of light rail, and 7 km of tram, with a total of 205 km of new railway lines, must be constructed. Consequently, the total length of railway line will exceed 250 km.Environmental problems caused by subway excavationsTransporting and storing excavated materialAlmost all land in Istanbul is inhabited. Therefore, it is of utmost importance to store and recycle excavated material obtained either from metro excavations or other construction activities, causing minimal damage and disturbance to the city. The collection, temporary storage, recycling, reuse, transportation and destruction of excavated material and construction waste are controlled by environmental law number 2872. According to this law, it is essential that:1. Waste must be reduced at its source.2. Management must take necessary precautions to reduce the harmful effects of waste.3. Excavated material must be recycled and reused, especially within the construction infrastructure.4. Excavated material and construction waste must not be mixed.5. Waste must be separated from its source and subjected to “selective destruction” in order to form a sound system for recycling and destruction.6. Producers of excavated material or construction waste must provide required funds to destroy waste.According to environmental laws, municipalities are responsible for finding areas within their province limits to excavate and operate these systems. Both the Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality Environmental Protection and Waste Recycling Company are the foundations that actively carryout all operations regarding excavated material.Since dumping areas have limited space, they are quickly filled, without a ny available plausible solution for remediation. In addition, existing dumping areas are far away from metro excavation areas. This means that loaded trucks are competing with city traffic, causing traffic congestion with their low speed and pollutants dropping off their wheels or bodies. Furthermore, this results in a loss of money and labour.The approximate amount of excavated material from ongoing railway excavation will be equal to 12 million m3. All tunnels have been excavated with new Austrian tunnelling method (NATM), earth pressure balance method (EPBM), tunnel boring machine (TBM), and cut and cover method.Existing dumping areas in Istanbul are listed in Table 2. It can be seen that existing dumping areas can only accommodate material excavated from the metro construction. Another important matter according to Table 2 is that 93% of existing dumping areas are on the European side of Istanbul, with 88% of them in Kemerburgaz. Thus, all excavated material on the Anatolian side must cross over European site every day for a distance of approximately 150 km. Every day, on average, 3,000 trucks carry various types of excavated material to Kemerburgaz from other parts of Istanbul. This leads to a waste of time and increased environmental pollution.Name of firm Dumping Capacity (m3)%Total of European side13,984,158 93.3 Total of Anatolian side (six companies)Various 1,011,486 6.7Table 2 Existing dumping areas in IstanbulAnother problem related to excavation is that the materials, obtained from EPBM machines and muddy areas, cannot be directly sent to dumping facilities. They have to be kept in suitable places, so that water can be drained off from the materialand then sent to proper facilities. However, this causes muddy material to drop from trucks, causing increased litter in cities.Traffic jamSince most of the railway constructions are carried out in the most densely populated areas, city traffic must be cl osed and redirected during the construction. In most cases, an entire area must be closed for traffic. For example, Uskudar square is now closed due to the Marmaray project and most bus stops and piers have been moved to other locations.With cut and cover constructions, the case becomes even more complicated. In this case, an entire route is closed to traffic because cut and cover tunnels are constructed across streets. In order to ensure that machine operation and construction can continue uninterrupted and to minimize the risk of accidents to the people living around the construction zone, streets are either totally closed to traffic or traffic is redirected. This causes long-term difficulties. For example, shop owners on closed streets have difficulties re aching their shops, stocking and transporting their goods and retaining customers.Noise and vibrationFor metro excavations, a lot of different machines are used. These machines seriously disturb the environment with their noise and vibrations. In some regions, excavation may be as close as 5–6 m away from inhabited apartment blocks. In such cases, people are disturbed as excavation may take a significant p eriod of time to be completed.Drilling–blasting may be needed in conventional methods for drilling through hard rock. In this case, no matter how controlled the blasting is, people who are living in the area experience both noise and vibrations. Some become scared, thinking that an earthquake is happening. In blasting areas, the intensity of vibrations is measured. In order to keep them within accepted limits, delayed capsules are used.In order to minimize vibration and noise caused by machines and to reduce the effects of blasting, working areas are surrounded by fences. Super ficial blasting shaft rims are covered with a large canvas and fences are covered with wet broadcloths. However, these precautions can only reduce negative effects; they cannot totally eliminate them.The formation of dust and mudDepending on the season, both dust and mud disturb the environment. During removal of excavated material, especially muddy material, trucks may pollute the environment despite all precautions taken. Mud that forms around the excavation area may slide down the slope and cover the ground. In this case although roads are frequently cleaned, the environment is still disturbed. Trucks, which travel from dumping areas to areas that are mud dy cannot enter traffic until their wheels and bodies are washed. However, this cannot prevent the truck wheel from dropping mud on the roads while on move.Interrupted utilitiesInterrupted utilities are also one of the most crucial problems facing citizens during excavation projects due to the fact that telephone, natural gas, electricity, water, and infrastructure lines must be cut off and moved to other areas. During the transfer of these lines, services may remain unavailable for some time. Some institutions will not allow others to do this and carry out operations themselves. With so many providers conducting individual moves, services may be interrupted for an extended term of time.Damage to neighbouring buildingsMetro excavations cause deformations around the excavation area. These deformations are continuously checked and efforts are made to keep them under control. However, some deformations may become extensive; including cracks or even collapses of neighbouring buildings. Every metro tunnel excavation in Istanbul causes problems as mentioned earlier. These kinds of problems are more frequent in shallow tunnels. In such cases, although people’s financial losses are compen sated, their overall livelihood and way of life is compromised. For example, in a landslip during the first stage of the Istanbul Metro excavation, five people died. Obviously, no amount of money can compensate the death of a person.Suggestions for remedying environmental problemsEnvironmental problems that arise during tunnel excavations include traffic jams, noise, vibrations, dust, mud and deformation of surrounding buildings. Some possible solutions are recommended as listed below:• In big cities, railway systems are crucial to city transportation. However, a tram should not be considered as a viable railway system due to its low transportation capacity (approximately 1/3 of the metro). At the same time, a tram uses the same route as wheeled transportation devices. Therefore, trams occupy the same space as regular traffic a nd do not offer substantial advantages.• The most crucial problem facing metro excavations is not providing railway lines in a timely manner. Proof of this exists in big cities, including London, Paris, Moscow or Berlin, where metro lines of over 500 km exist. However, in Istanbul, there are only 8 km of metro line. Had the metro been built earlier when the city was not overcrowded, many problems facing the city would not currently exist. Now, officials must do their best to reduce troubles that future generations are likely to face.• Any kind of railway construction carried out above the ground causes serious problems to people living in the area. In addition, these kinds of construction cause both noise and litter. All railway lines are constructed completely underground in many parts of the world. This has two advantages; first, since excavation is carried out underground, it causes minimal interruption in utilities and provides a more comfortable area to work. Thus, the environment is exposed to very little damage because all operations are carried out underground.• Before beginning metro excavations, the route must be carefully examined for weaknesses in infrastructures and existing historical buildings. Otherwise, these elements cause problems, including interruptions in excavation when work must stop until the environment is stabilized. An example of this is that during the second stage of the Taksim–Yenikapi route of the Istanbul Metro, the construction of the Halic Bridge could not be started due to historical ramparts.• A lack of coordination among related institutions providing utility services is a major problem. Therefore, founding of an institution that strictly deals with relocating natural gas lines, telephone lines, sewer systems, and electricity will definitely accelerate the transfer of energy lines and avert accidents and inconveniences caused by this lack of coordination.•In order to increase benefits of railway systems both in constr uction and operational stages, projects must be continuously revised from time to time. This is the main problem facing Istanbul metro excavations. It has taken 110 years to restart metro projects in Istanbul, with the last project, the opening of the Karakoy tunnel, established in 1876 (Ocak 2004).From this time onward, initiated projects must have been stable and continuous. In 1935, 314,000 passengers were travelling daily. In the 1950s, the total length of tram lines reached 130 km (Kayserilioglu 2001). However, as the trolleybus was introduced in 1961, all tram lines on the European side, and in 1966, all lines on the Anatolian side were removed in order to make way for private vehicles (Kayserilioglu 2001).Results and discussionTBM and classic tunnel construction methods are widely used in Istanbul for different purposes, like metro, sewerage and water tunnels. Waste from rock is rarely used as construct ion material as the suitability of the material for this purpose is not well examined. However, it is believed that the muck may be used for some applications. If this suitability is realized, cost savings may be significant for tunnel construction, where the use of aggregate is a common requirement. A review of standard construction aggregate specifications indicates th at hard rock TBM waste would be suitable for several construction applications, including pavement and structural concrete (Gertsch et al. 2000). Size distributions of waste materials produced by tunnel boring machines are less (up to 125mm) than the waste materials produced by using classical construction methods. Muck size distribution is uniform, generally larger (up to 30–40 cm) and can be changed to meet a wide range of classical construction methods, making the reuse of waste more common. The waste product is used as construction materials. Fifty -seven percent of EW generated during tunnel excavations result from classical tunnel construction, 33.5% from TBM, while the remaining percentage stems from EPBM and slurry TBM. Different from TBM waste materials generated by EPB and slurry, TBM include mud and chemical materials.The annual quantity of EW generated in Istanbul is approximately 7.6 million tons. 13.8% of this total is clay and fill. The rest is composed of rock. Rock material can be properly used in roadway structures, fillings, road slopes, for erosion controland as a sub-base material, as long as it conforms to local standards (TS706, TS1114). Sand and clay have properties appropriate for use as raw materials for industrial use, depending on local standards. More studies should be completed to determine other potential uses for this material. Only 10% of rock material generated during tunnel excavation can be evaluated. A large percentage of soil material, nearly 70,000 m3, can be recycled.Generally, for any subway construction project, plans for recycling waste materials should be implemented prior to work commencement. These plans should identify which types of waste will be generated and the methods that will be used to handle, recycle and dispose these materials. Additionally, areas for temporary accumulation or storage should be clearly designated. A waste management plan directs construction activities towards an environmentally friendly process by reducing the amount of used and unused waste materials. Environmental andecon omic advantages occurring when waste materials are diverted from landfills include the following (Batayneh et al. 2007):1. The conservation of raw materials2. A reduction in the cost of waste disposal3. An efficient use of materials.EW materials mu st be kept clean and separate in order for them to be efficiently used or recycled. Storage methods should be investigated to prevent material from being lost due to mishandling. In addition, orders for materials should be placed just before work commences. To complete a waste management plan, an estimation of the amount and type of usable and unusable EW materials expected to be generated should be developed. Listing all expected quantities of each type of waste will give an indication of what type of man agement activities are appropriate for each specific waste material. At each stage of excavation, specific ways to reduce, reuse or recycle produced EW should be implement ed. The flow chart in Fig. 2 includes suggestions for an EW management plan.This paper focuses on EW produced by metro tunnel excavation through hard rock and soil. TBM and classical tunnelling wastes can be successfully used in many construction and speciality applications, including aggregates, erosion control, roadway structures, fill, sub-base material and road slopes. In order to minimize negative effects caused by excavated material both on the environment and on people, it must be reduced at its source. Including forcible decrees through the acceptance of environmental laws would also be useful. Soil and clay material, excavated through the use of EPBM machines, must be reused. It is possible to separate clay and sand, making its reuse possible and minimizing harmful environmental effect.Waste and recycling management plans should be developed for any construction project prior to commencement in order to sustain environmental, economic, and social development principles. Waste management is a critical issue facing the construction industry in Istanbul as the industry is one of the biggest generators of pollution. During different excavation projects, construction, demolitions and domestic activities, Istanbul produces about 14 million tons of solid waste each year, posing major environmental and ecological problems, including the need for a large area of land to be used as storage and disposal facilities. This wasteconsists of EW (7.6 million tons), DW (2.7 million tons) and municipal waste (3.7 million tons). The recycling rate of municipal waste is only 7%. The recycling rate of EW and DW is below 10% (IMM 2007).Fig. 2 Flow chart for EW management伊斯坦布尔地铁开挖引起的环境问题及补救建议摘要：许多地铁开挖引起的环境问题不可避免地成为城市生活的重要部分。
建筑类外文文献及中文翻译
forced concrete structure reinforced with anoverviewReinSince the reform and opening up, with the national economy's rapid and sustained development of a reinforced concrete structure built, reinforced with the development of technology has been great. Therefore, to promote the use of advanced technology reinforced connecting to improve project quality and speed up the pace of construction, improve labor productivity, reduce costs, and is of great significance.Reinforced steel bars connecting technologies can be divided into two broad categories linking welding machinery and steel. There are six types of welding steel welding methods, and some apply to the prefabricated plant, and some apply to the construction site, some of both apply. There are three types of machinery commonly used reinforcement linking method primarily applicable to the construction site. Ways has its own characteristics and different application, and in the continuous development and improvement. In actual production, should be based on specific conditions of work, working environment and technical requirements, the choice of suitable methods to achieve the best overall efficiency.1、steel mechanical link1.1 radial squeeze linkWill be a steel sleeve in two sets to the highly-reinforced Department with superhigh pressure hydraulic equipment (squeeze tongs) along steel sleeve radial squeeze steel casing, in squeezing out tongs squeeze pressure role of a steel sleeve plasticity deformation closely integrated with reinforced through reinforced steel sleeve and Wang Liang's Position will be two solid steel bars linkedCharacteristic: Connect intensity to be high, performance reliable, can bear high stress draw and pigeonhole the load and tired load repeatedly.Easy and simple to handle, construction fast, save energy and material, comprehensive economy profitable, this method has been already a large amount of application in the project.Applicable scope : Suitable for Ⅱ, Ⅲ, Ⅳgrade reinforcing bar (including welding bad reinfor cing bar ) with ribbing of Ф 18- 50mm, connection between the same diameter or different diameters reinforcing bar .1.2must squeeze linkExtruders used in the covers, reinforced axis along the cold metal sleeve squeeze dedicated to insert sleeve Lane two hot rolling steel drums into a highly integrated mechanical linking methods.Characteristic: Easy to operate and joining fast and not having flame homework , can construct for 24 hours , save a large number of reinforcing bars and energy. Applicable scope : Suitable for , set up according to first and second class antidetonation requirement -proof armored concrete structure ФⅡ, Ⅲgrade reinforcing bar with ribbing of hot rolling of 20- 32mm join and construct live.1.3 cone thread connectingUsing cone thread to bear pulled, pressed both effort and self-locking nature, undergo good principles will be reinforced by linking into cone-processing thread at the moment the value of integration into the joints connecting steel bars.Characteristic: Simple , all right preparatory cut of the craft , connecting fast, concentricity is good, have pattern person who restrain from advantage reinforcing bar carbon content.Applicable scope : Suitable for the concrete structure of the industry , civil buil ding and general structures, reinforcing bar diameter is for Фfor the the 16- 40mm one Ⅱ, Ⅲgrade verticality, it is the oblique to or reinforcing bars horizontal join construct live.conclusionsThese are now commonly used to connect steel synthesis methods, which links technology in the United States, Britain, Japan and other countries are widely used. There are different ways to connect their different characteristics and scope of the actual construction of production depending on the specific project choose a suitable method of connecting to achieve both energy conservation and saving time limit for a project ends.钢筋混凝土构造中钢筋连接综述改革开放以来，伴随国民经济旳迅速、持久发展，多种钢筋混凝土建筑构造大量建造，钢筋连接技术得到很大旳发展。
建筑类环境变化影响下的建筑学毕业论文外文文献翻译及原文
毕业设计（论文）外文文献翻译文献、资料中文题目：环境变化影响下的建筑学文献、资料英文题目：文献、资料来源：文献、资料发表（出版）日期：院（部）：专业：班级：姓名：学号：指导教师：翻译日期： 2017.02.14Architecture in a Climate of ChangePage52-Page62Low energy techniques for housingIt would appear that,for the industrialised countries,the best chance of rescue lies with the built environment because buildings in use or in the course of erection are the biggest single indirect source of carbon emissions generated by burning fossil fuels,accounting for over 50 per cent of total emissions.If you add the transport costs generated by buildings the UK government estimate is 75 per cent.It is the built environment which is the sector that can most easily accommodate fairly rapid change without pain.In fact,upgrading buildings, especially the lower end of the housing stock,creates a cluster of interlocking virtuous circles. Construction systemsHaving considered the challenge presented by global warming and the opportunities to generate fossil-free energy,it is now time to consider how the demand side of the energy equation can respond to that challenge.The built environment is the greatest sectoral consumer of energy and,within that sector,housing is in pole position accounting for 28 per cent of all UK carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions.In the UK housing has traditionally been of masonry and since the early 1920s this has largely been of cavity construction.The purpose was to ensure that a saturated external leaf would have no physical contact with the inner leaf apart from wall ties and that water would be discharged through weep holes at the damp-proof course level.Since the introduction of thermal regulations,initially deemed necessary to conserve energy rather than the planet,it has been common practice to introduce insulation into the cavity.For a long time it was mandatory to preserve a space within the cavity and a long rearguard battle was fought by the traditionalists to preserve this‘sacred space’.Defeat was finally conceded when some extensive research by the Building Research Establishment found that there was no greater risk of damp penetration with filled cavities and in fact damp through condensation was reduced.Solid masonry walls with external insulation are common practice in continental Europe and are beginning to make an appearance in the UK.In Cornwall the Penwith Housing Association has built apartments of this construction on the sea front, perhaps the most challenging of situations.The advantages of masonry construction are:● It is a tried and tested technology familiar to house building companies of all sizes.● It is durable and generally risk free as regards catastrophic failure–though not entirely.A few years ago the entire outer leaf of a university building in Plymouth collapsed due to the fact that the wall ties had corroded.● Exposed brickwork is a low maintenance system; maintenance demands rise considerably if it receives a rendered finish.● From the energy efficiency point of view,masonry homes have a relatively high thermal mass which is considerably improved if there are high density masonryinternal walls and concrete floors.Framed constructionVolume house builders are increasingly resorting to timber-framed construction with a brick outer skin,making them appear identical to full masonry construction.The attraction is the speed of erection especially when elements are fabricated off site. However,there is an unfortunate history behind this system due to shortcomings in quality control.This can apply to timber which has not been adequately cured or seasoned.Framed buildings need to have a vapour barrier to walls as well as roofs. With timber framing it is difficult to avoid piercing the barrier.There can also be problems achieving internal fixings.For the purist,the ultimate criticism is that it is illogical to have a framed building clad in masonry when it cries out for a panel,boarded,slate or tile hung external finish.Pressed steel frames for homes are now being vigorously promoted by the steel industry.The selling point is again speed of erection but with the added benefit of a guaranteed quality in terms of strength and durability of the material.From the energy point of view,framed buildings can accommodate high levels of insulation but have relatively poor thermal mass unless this is provided by floors and internal walls.Innovative techniquesPermanent Insulation Formwork Systems (PIFS) are beginning to make an appearance in Britain.The principle behind PIFS is the use of precision moulded interlocking hollow blocks made from an insulation material,usually expanded polystyrene.They can be rapidly assembled on site and then filled with pump grade concrete.When the concrete has set the result is a highly insulated wall ready for the installation of services and internal and exterior finishes.They can achieve a U-value as low as 0.11 W/m2K.Above three storeys the addition of steel reinforcement is necessary. The advantages of this system are:● Design flexibility; almost any plan shape is possible.● Ease and speed of erection;skill requirements are modest which is why it has proved popular with the self-build sector.Experienced erectors can achieve 5 m2 per man hour for erection and placement of concrete.● The finished product has high structural strength together with considerable thermal mass and high insulation value.Solar designPassive solar designSince the sun drives every aspect of the climate it is logical to describe the techniques adopted in buildings to take advantage of this fact as‘solar design’. The most basic response is referred to as‘passive solar design’.In this case buildings are designed to take full advantage of solar gain without any intermediate operations.Access to solar radiation is determined by a number of conditions:● the sun’s position relative to the principal facades of the building(solar altitude and azimuth);● site orientation and slope;● existing obstructions on the site;● potential for overshadowing from obstructions outside the site boundary.One of the methods by which solar access can be evaluated is the use of some form of sun chart.Most often used is the stereographic sun chart in which a series of radiating lines and concentric circles allow the position of nearby obstructions to insolation,such as other buildings,to be plotted.On the same chart a series of sun path trajectories are also drawn(usually one arc for the 21st day of each month); also marked are the times of the day.The intersection of the obstructions’outlines and the solar trajectories indicate times of transition between sunlight and shade. Normally a different chart is constructed for use at different latitudes (at about two degree intervals).Sunlight and shade patterns cast by the proposed building itself should also be considered.Graphical and computer prediction techniques may be employed as well as techniques such as the testing of physical models with a heliodon.Computer modelling of shadows cast by the sun from any position is offered by Integrated Environmental Solutions (IES) with its‘Suncast’program.This is a user-friendly program which should be well within normal undergraduate competence. The spacing between buildings is important if overshading is to be avoided during winter months when the benefit of solar heat gain reaches its peak.On sloping sites there is a critical relationship between the angle of slope and the level of overshading.For example, if overshading is to be avoided at a latitude of 50N,rows of houses on a 10 north-facing slope must be more than twice as far apart than on 10 south-facing slope.Trees can obviously obstruct sunlight.However,if they are deciduous,they perform the dual function of permitting solar penetration during the winter whilst providing a degree of shading in the summer.Again spacing between trees and buildings is critical.Passive solar design can be divided into three broad categories:● direct gain;● indirect gain;● attached sunspace or conservatory.Each of the three categories relies in a different way on the‘greenhouse effect’as a means of absorbing and retaining heat.The greenhouse effect in buildings is that process which is mimicked by global environmental warming.In buildings,the incident solar radiation is transmitted by facade glazing to the interior where it is absorbed by the internal surfaces causing warming.However,re-emission of heat back through the glazing is blocked by the fact that the radiation is of a much longer wavelength than the incoming radiation.This is because the re-emission is from surfaces at a much lower temperature and the glazing reflects back such radiation to the interior.Direct gainDirect gain is the design technique in which one attempts to concentrate the majority of the building’s glazing on the sun-facing facade.Solar radiation is admitted directly into the space concerned.Two examples 30 years apart are the author’s housein Sheffield,designed in 1967 and the Hockerton Project of 1998 by Robert and Brenda Vale.The main design characteristics are:● Apertures through which sunlight is admitted should be on the solar side of the building, within about 30 of south for the northern hemisphere.● Windows facing west may pose a summer overheating risk.● Windows should be at least double glazed with low emissivity glass (Low E) as now required by the UK Building Regulations.● The main occupied living spaces should be located on the solar side of the building.● The floor should be of a high thermal mass to absorb the heat and provide thermal inertia,which reduces temperature fluctuations inside the building.● As regards the benefits of thermal mass,for the normal daily cycle of heat absorption and emission,it is only about the first 100 mm of thickness which is involved in the storage process.Thickness greater than this provides marginal improvements in performance but can be useful in some longer-term storage options.● In the case of solid floors,insulation should be beneath the slab.● A vapour barrier should always be on the warm side of any insulation.● Thick carpets should be avoided over the main sunlit and heatabsorbing portion of the floor if it serves as a thermal store.However,with suspended timber floors a carpet is an advantage in excluding draughts from a ventilated underfloor zone. During the day and into the evening the warmed floor should slowly release its heat, and the time period over which it happens makes it a very suitable match to domestic circumstances when the main demand for heat is in the early evening.As far as the glazing is concerned,the following features are recommended: ● Use of external shutters and/or internal insulating panels might be considered to reduce night-time heat loss.● To reduce the potential of overheating in the summer,shading may be provided by designing deep eaves or external louvres. Internal blinds are the most common technique but have the disadvantage of absorbing radiant heat thus adding to the internal temperature.● Heat reflecting or absorbing glass may be used to limit overheating.The downside is that it also reduces heat gain at times of the year when it is beneficial. ● Light shelves can help reduce summer overheating whilst improving daylight distribution.Direct gain is also possible through the glazing located between the building interior and attached sunspace or conservatory;it also takes place through upper level windows of clerestory designs.In each of these cases some consideration is required concerning the nature and position of the absorbing surfaces.In the UK climate and latitude as a general rule of thumb room depth should not be more than two and a half times the window head height and the glazing area should be between about 25 and 35 per cent of the floor area.Indirect gainIn this form of design a heat absorbing element is inserted between the incident solar radiation and the space to be heated;thus the heat is transferred in an indirectway.This often consists of a wall placed behind glazing facing towards the sun,and this thermal storage wall controls the flow of heat into the building.The main elements● High thermal mass element positioned between sun and internal spaces,the heat absorbed slowly conducts across the wall and is liberated to the interior some time later.● Materials and thickness of the wall are chosen to modify the heat flow.In homes the flow can be delayed so that it arrives in the evening matched to occupancy periods. Typical thicknesses of the thermal wall are 20–30 cm.● Glazing on the outer side of the thermal wall is used to provide some insulation against heat loss and help retain the solar gain by making use of the greenhouse effect.● The area of the thermal storage wall element should be about 15–20 per cent of the floor area of the space into which it emits heat.● In order to derive more immediate heat benefit,air can be circulated from the building through the air gap between wall and glazing and back into the room.In this modified form this element is usually referred to as a Trombe wall. Heat reflecting blinds should be inserted between the glazing and the thermal wall to limit heat build-up in summer.In countries which receive inconsistent levels of solar radiation throughout the day because of climatic factors (such as in the UK),the option to circulate air is likely to be of greater benefit than awaiting its arrival after passage through the thermal storage wall.At times of excess heat gain the system can provide alternative benefits with the air circulation vented directly to the exterior carrying away its heat,at the same time drawing in outside air to the building from cooler external spaces.Indirect gain options are often viewed as being the least aesthetically pleasing of the passive solar options,partly because of the restrictions on position and view out from remaining windows,and partly as a result of the implied dark surface finishes of the absorbing surfaces.As a result,this category of the three prime solar design technologies is not as widely used as its efficiency and effectiveness would suggest.Attached sunspace/conservatoryThis has become a popular feature in both new housing and as an addition to existing homes.It can function as an extension of living space,a solar heat store,a preheater for ventilation air or simply an adjunct greenhouse for plants.On balance it is considered that conservatories are a net contributor to global warming since they are often heated.Ideally the sunspace should be capable of being isolated from the main building to reduce heat loss in winter and excessive gain in summer.The area of glazing in the sunspace should be 20–30 per cent of the area of the room to which it is attached.The most adventurous sunspace so far encountered is in the Hockerton housing development which will feature later.Ideally the summer heat gain should be used to charge a seasonal thermal storage element to provide background warmth in winter.。
建筑环境的可持续发展 英文作文
建筑环境的可持续发展英文作文英文回答：Sustainable Built Environment.A sustainable built environment incorporatessustainable strategies, principles, and practicesthroughout the design, construction, operation, and maintenance of buildings and infrastructure. It prioritizes environmental protection, social equity, and economic viability to create a built environment that meets the present and future needs of society while minimizing negative impacts on the planet.The built environment accounts for a significantportion of greenhouse gas emissions, energy consumption,and natural resource depletion. Sustainable design approaches aim to reduce energy consumption, conserve water, minimize construction waste, and incorporate renewable energy sources. For example, energy-efficient appliances,LED lighting, and solar panels help reduce energy demand, while rainwater harvesting systems and low-flow fixtures conserve water.Social equity is essential for sustainable built environments. Inclusive design ensures accessibility and safety for people with disabilities, while promoting community engagement and social interaction. Affordable housing programs provide access to decent and affordable housing, reducing social inequalities.Economic viability is also crucial. Sustainable buildings and infrastructure are designed to be cost-effective and resilient over their lifecycle. Green building certification programs, such as LEED and BREEAM, provide frameworks for assessing and verifying the sustainability of buildings. By adopting sustainable practices, businesses can reduce operating costs, improve employee productivity, and enhance their reputation.Sustainable built environments also enhance resilience to climate change. Climate-responsive design strategies,such as passive solar heating, natural ventilation, and green roofs, help mitigate the effects of extreme weather events. Green infrastructure, including parks, wetlands, and rain gardens, provides natural stormwater management and reduces urban heat island effects.Creating sustainable built environments requires collaboration among architects, engineers, builders, policymakers, and the public. By integrating sustainable principles into planning, design, and construction practices, we can create a built environment that is healthy, equitable, and resilient for generations to come.中文回答：可持续建造环境。
建筑环境的英文作文
建筑环境的英文作文英文：As an architecture enthusiast, I firmly believe that the environment of a building plays a crucial role in shaping the overall experience of the occupants. A well-designed environment can not only enhance the functionality and aesthetic appeal of a building but also promote the well-being of the people who live or work there.One of the key factors that contribute to a good building environment is natural light. The amount and quality of natural light can greatly affect the mood and productivity of the occupants. For example, a room with ample natural light can make people feel more energetic and focused, while a dimly lit room can induce feelings of lethargy and depression.Another important aspect of building environment is air quality. Poor air quality can lead to a host of healthproblems, such as respiratory issues and allergies. Therefore, it is crucial to ensure proper ventilation and air filtration in a building, especially in areas with high pollution or humidity.In addition, the use of sustainable materials and energy-efficient systems can greatly enhance the environmental performance of a building. For example, using recycled materials and renewable energy sources can reduce the carbon footprint of a building and contribute to a healthier planet.中文：作为一名建筑爱好者，我坚信建筑环境对于居住者的整体体验起着至关重要的作用。
建筑环境的英文作文
建筑环境的英文作文I live in a bustling city where skyscrapers dominate the skyline. The architecture here is a mix of modern glass and steel structures and historic buildings with intricate designs. It's a unique blend of old and new that gives the city its character.When I walk down the streets, I'm surrounded by the sounds of construction and the hum of traffic. Thebuildings seem to reach for the sky, and I can't help but feel small in comparison. But there's a certain energy in the air that comes from being in the midst of all this architectural marvel.Sometimes, I like to escape the city and visit the countryside where the buildings are few and far between. The wide open spaces and natural landscapes are a welcome change from the concrete jungle. It's a chance to breathe in the fresh air and appreciate the beauty of simplicity.One thing I love about urban architecture is the way it can transform a neighborhood. A rundown area can be revitalized with the construction of new buildings andpublic spaces. It's amazing to see how architecture can shape the identity of a community and bring people together.On the other hand, there are times when I feel overwhelmed by the sheer size and scale of the buildings around me. The city can feel cold and impersonal, and Ilong for the warmth and charm of smaller towns with their quaint, cozy architecture.Despite its flaws, I can't deny the allure of urban architecture. There's something awe-inspiring aboutstanding in the shadow of a skyscraper or walking through a historic district. It's a constant reminder of human ingenuity and creativity.。
环境对建筑的影响英语作文
环境对建筑的影响英语作文英文回答：Environmental Influences on Architecture.Architecture is profoundly influenced by its surrounding environment. The physical characteristics, climate, and cultural context of a region shape the design and construction of buildings.Physical Characteristics.The topography, geology, and hydrology of a site determine the feasibility and design of structures. For example, buildings in mountainous regions must be designed to withstand strong winds and mitigate erosion. Coastal structures require measures to protect against flooding and corrosion.Climate.Climate plays a crucial role in architectural form and function. Warm and humid climates require buildings with ample ventilation and shading, while cold and dry climates necessitate insulation and heating systems. In regions with extreme weather conditions, such as hurricanes or earthquakes, structures must be designed to withstand these forces.Cultural Context.Cultural values, traditions, and aesthetics also influence architectural design. Religious beliefs, social norms, and economic resources impact the size, shape, and ornamentation of buildings. Vernacular architecture, which reflects the local culture and environment, often serves as inspiration for contemporary designs.Environmental Considerations.In recent years, environmental concerns have become increasingly important in architecture. Sustainable designpractices aim to minimize the impact of buildings on the environment. This includes using energy-efficient materials and systems, reducing waste, and incorporating renewable energy sources.Bioclimatic Design.Bioclimatic design seeks to harness natural environmental elements to create comfortable interior environments. Passive design strategies, such as cross-ventilation and solar orientation, can reduce energy consumption. Green roofs and living walls improve air quality and provide insulation.Materials and Construction.The choice of materials and construction methods also has environmental implications. Sustainable materials, such as recycled steel or bamboo, can reduce carbon emissions and waste. Modular construction and prefabrication minimize on-site waste and construction time.Urban Design.Environmental considerations extend beyond individual buildings to the urban scale. Compact and walkable cities promote transportation efficiency and reduce pollution. Green infrastructure, such as parks and greenways, improves air quality, mitigates urban heat island effects, and enhances biodiversity.Conclusion.The environment plays a fundamental role in shaping architecture. By understanding the physical, climatic, and cultural influences on buildings, architects can create structures that are both functional and environmentally responsive. Sustainable design practices and innovative approaches to materials and construction can reduce the environmental impact of the built environment while enhancing the well-being of occupants.中文回答：环境对建筑的影响。
建筑与环境的关系研究(英文中文双语版优质文档)
建筑与环境的关系研究（英文中文双语版优质文档）Deep integration of intelligent buildings and the environmentWith the continuous development of science and technology and the improvement of people's living standards, intelligent buildings have become one of the important directions of future architectural development. With the application of intelligent building technology, buildings can be more intelligent, efficient, and humanized, and at the same time better integrated with the environment to achieve sustainable development.1. The integration of intelligent buildings and the environment 1. Environmental protectionIntelligent building technology can realize the monitoring and control of building energy, through intelligent system control and management, reduce energy waste and pollution, and improve energy utilization efficiency. In addition, intelligent building technology can also realize environmental protection functions such as water saving and emission reduction of buildings, and further reduce the negative impact on the environment.2. Energy savingIntelligent building technology can monitor and manage the energy usage inside the building through an intelligent system, and control the use of lighting, air conditioning and other equipment to achieve the purpose of energy saving. At the same time, intelligent building technology can also realize the passive design of buildings, such as the use of high-efficiency heat insulation materials, the use of natural ventilation, and the use of solar energy to achieve energy saving in buildings.3. Resource savingIntelligent building technology realizes the rational utilization of resources inside the building through intelligent control and management, such as reducing waste and optimizing the use of water, electricity, etc., to achieve resource conservation. In addition, intelligent building technology can also realize resource conservation and reuse through the selection and use of building materials.4. Garbage disposalIntelligent building technology can also realize garbage classification, treatment and reuse through an intelligent garbage treatment system, and realize effective treatment of building interior garbage and recycling of resources.2. The advantages of the integration of intelligent buildings and the environment1. Improve the level of environmental protectionIntelligent building technology can effectively improve the environmental protection level of buildings and reduce the negative impact on the environment by realizing environmental protection functions, such as water saving, emission reduction, and garbage disposal.2. Achieve energy saving and consumption reductionIntelligent building technology can achieve energy saving and consumption reduction in buildings by implementing energy-saving functions, such as controlling energy use, adopting energy-saving materials, and optimizing passive design of buildings.3. Improving Building Operational EfficiencyIntelligent building technology can realize the monitoring and optimization of building operations through intelligent system control and management. For example, the automatic control system can realize automatic regulation and optimize the use of lighting, air conditioning and other equipment inside the building, thereby improving the operational efficiency and efficiency of the building. Save operating costs.4. Improve living comfortIntelligent building technology can realize the automatic adjustment of the internal environment of the building through intelligent system control and management. For example, an intelligent air purification system can automatically control indoor temperature, humidity and other parameters to improve living comfort.5. Achieve sustainable developmentIntelligent building technology can realize the sustainable development of buildings and reduce the negative impact on the environment by realizing functions such as environmental protection, energy saving, and resource conservation. At the same time, it can also reduce the cost of building operations and improve the competitiveness of buildings.3. Application examples of the integration of intelligent buildings and the environment1. Gladbach Airport, GermanyGladbach Airport in Germany is an intelligent airport. It adopts an intelligent system to realize the energy-saving and environmental protection functions of buildings through solar energy, geothermal and other technologies. operating efficiency.2. Shanghai Free Trade Zone World Expo ParkThe World Expo Park in Shanghai Free Trade Zone is an intelligent park. It adopts an intelligent system, adopts high-efficiency heat insulation materials, and uses natural ventilation and other technologies to realize energy-saving and environmental protection functions in the park. The intelligent management of the park optimizes the operational efficiency of the park.3. Oslo Airport, NorwayOslo Airport in Norway is an intelligent airport. It adopts an intelligent system and realizes the energy saving and environmental protection functions inside the airport through intelligent lighting, air conditioning and other equipment control. The efficient treatment and reuse of the airport optimizes the operational efficiency of the airport.4. Future prospects of the integration of intelligent buildings and the environmentIn the future, with the continuous development and application of artificial intelligence, big data and other technologies, the integration of intelligent buildings and the environment will be more in-depth. Smart buildings in the future will be more intelligent, automated, integrated and humanized to achieve more efficient, environmentally friendly, safe and comfortable building operations and living experience.1. SmarterSmart buildings in the future will be more intelligent. Intelligent prediction and optimization of building operations will be realized through technologies such as artificial intelligence and big data, and more efficient and intelligent operation management will be realized.2. More automationIntelligent buildings in the future will be more automated. Through automatic control and management, the automatic regulation and optimization of the internal environment, equipment and resources of the building will be realized, and the operational efficiency, energy saving and environmental protection effect of the building will be improved.3. More integratedIntelligent buildings in the future will be more integrated. Through the integration and optimization of various intelligent systems, comprehensive monitoring and management of building operations can be realized. At the same time, it can also realize interconnection with the external environment and improve the intelligence of buildings.4. More user-friendlyIntelligent buildings in the future will be more humanized. Through human-computer interaction, emotion recognition and other technologies, intelligent recognition and response to the needs and preferences of residents can be realized, and the comfort and humanized experience of buildings can be improved.In short, the future prospect of the integration of smart buildings and the environment is full of infinite possibilities. Future smart buildings will be more intelligent, automated, integrated and humanized, bringing people more efficient, environmentally friendly, safe and comfortable building operations and life experience.智能建筑与环境的深度融合随着科技的不断发展和人们生活水平的提高，智能建筑已经成为未来建筑发展的重要方向之一。
建筑环境色彩外文翻译文献
建筑环境⾊彩外⽂翻译⽂献⽂献信息⽂献标题：Strategies in colour choice for architectural built environment（建筑环境⾊彩选择策略）⽂献作者：Pietro Zennaro⽂献出处：《Journal of the International Colour Association》,2017, 19:15-22.字数统计：英⽂3211单词，16942字符；中⽂5483汉字外⽂⽂献Strategies in colour choice for architectural builtenvironmentIn the realisation of a colour design, or of a colour plan, every designer should have the availability of a set of basic tools to prevent him or her from performing prejudicial operations in the territory, in the landscape, in the city, in the neighbourhood, and in the individual building. The same designer should then know some rules in the colour choice that will enhance the built environment. The approach to colour selection depends on many factors, for example the building size and function, the combination of spaces, the urban form, the dimensions of streets, alleys, plazas, squares and so on, but especially the specificity of the place. By this we mean the history, traditions, culture, geographical location, the qualities and weaknesses, the range of possible design/conservation options and all those characteristics that distinguish one place from another. So it should be clear to the designer who faces a chromatic project, that he or she primarily needs a dedicated strategy, different from case to case, specific to each place. The diversity of the places establishes the richness of traditions and customs that should be preserved and/or possibly updated.Introduction“Starting the study of perception, we find in the lang uage the concept of sensation, which seems immediate and clear: I have the sensation of red, blue, hot, cold.”The perception of space is a complex phenomenon. It takes into account not only the detection and appearance of the surroundings, but also involves the viewer in terms of synaesthesia, memory, personal experiences, moods, physical and psychological conditions, age, sex and a thousand other aspects that would be long even to list. In turn, the same perception produces innumerable and complex reactions, highly dependent from subject to subject. “We approach the variability of the outer world at several levels of experience simultaneously, partly naturally by ecologically based counterbalances in perception and body and partly through conscious actions, personal or cultural, through appropriate behaviours or through technical adaptability. ”Therefore anyone who wants to deal with the design of buildings cannot be unfamiliar with some basic knowledge that will enable the limitation of damage caused by his actions. Architectural design is a complex kind of work that has the purpose to aesthetically qualify the environment. Even just dealing with chromatic aspects in the project is not a minor thing. In fact, the colour of the planet is made up of infinitely many aspects that are certainly not easy to approach.Colour exerts a strong influence on the perception and interpretation of the surroundings. Colour affects mood and health. “In perceiving a colour we experience the objective meaning. Each colour is then an emotional precisely determined signal that is experienced unconsciously. The colour signals are therefore an emotional language understood at a subconscious level.”In social terms, for human beings colour is basically a means of communication and cultural transmission. “For many reasons (historical, economic, religious, military) the West has too well understood this law: all the cities are concentric; but, in accordance with the same movement of Western metaphysics, for which each centre is the location of truth, the centre of our city is always full: a marked place, where we collect and condense the values of civilisation: spirituality (with churches), power(with offices), money (with banks), the goods (with department stores), the word (with ?ag orà?: coffee and walks).”Analogously Western urban centres are a collection and a condensation of colours. Each city centre tends to show emblematic colours, representing the level of civilisation. Commonly the colours used in historical urban centres are often low in saturation. The newer cultures, preferring to live in a techno-scientific environment, are more attracted by highly-saturated colours.On the other hand, in the oriental culture we see empty urban centres. Considering Japan, in Tokyo the historical city is concentric and the centre is empty. It is occupied by the heart of the nation: the religious and political power. The Emperor,Japan's religious and political leader, occupies this big empty space. So the colours used are those of the tradition: red, gold and white. Similarly in the Chinese culture the urban centre is an empty space. In Beijing, the Forbidden City was exactly this kind of concentration of non-physical elements: power and religion. The colours used also in this case were those of the Emperor. After the Communist revolution red became the main colour in China. But the tradition persists and the main colours are those of the five elements: Wood, Fire, Earth, Metal, and Water. In China, there are five very specific colours (i.e. blue-green, red, yellow, white, black) resonating with meaning through every layer of traditional and modern life, representing emotional, physical, spiritual and directional forces.As synthetically expressed, transmitting a culture not only requires knowing technical aspects, but also other aspects affecting a society and its evolution. Having care of colours is not only a personal pleasure but in architecture concerns the whole community. Everybody is influenced by colour and it seems necessary that designers should be provided with some basic information. The architectural profession also involves such tasks.What’s discussed in the following is the result of research experience at the University Iuav of Venice, in leading the Research Unit “Colour and Li ght in Architecture”, and in the professional activity of colour design and planning forvillages/towns with historical centres, expansion zones, sprawl, isolated houses or industrial areas. The focus on the improvement of such places through the appropriateuse of colour is determined by the need for upgrading the man-land, and by putting in place suitable low- impact factors. DiscussionIn the perception of our surroundings, the colours are seen differently depending on weather conditions, seasonal, direct or indirect radiation, by reflection, by source of natural or artificial lighting and in many other aspects. The perception of the surroundings takes place in terms of synaesthesia, involving all the senses of the observer.Analysing the behaviour of colour and light in built places, there is no more emblematic experience than the evaluation on site or by pictures of what happens in a common sunny day. For convenience we have taken a Venetian example, where the presence of water and the density of the built fa?ades more easily shows the interaction of light with the facing fronts. The presence of water, also, increasing the mirror effect of the canal that is less evident in common roads, shows better the transfer of a colour from an illuminated wall to the opposite one in shadow.In the scene of Figure 1, the left front is less exposed to bad weather than the right one. Since the colours painted on the walls are based on lime they have the tendency to wash out easily. In fact, the opposite fa?ade at right is completely washed out and then shows a grey plaster. The sun, beating on the walls of Fondamenta Minotto (left), affords a transfer of the yellow colour by reflection over the water surface of the Rio Magazen to the shadowed opposite walls. Then a double phenomenon occurs, the specular reflection from the coloured wall to the water and its transfer onto the grey wall is added to the diffused reflection coming directly from the illuminated yellow wall. Another clue comes from the reflection of sunlight on the windows bouncing directly partly on the pavement and partly on the walls of Fondamenta Gaffaro (right). In turn, the wall in shadow casts its silhouette on the opposite fa?ade darkening the yellow colour. The shape of the tympanum makes an almost grey shaded space. On the days when the sky is covered, the difference in brightness between the two walls is considerably more noticeable, darkening the greyto a greater degree and making the yellow less expressive.Figure 1: Rio del Magazen: Fondamenta Minotto (left) and Fondamenta Gaffaro (right).Thecolours are reflected between the walls and the waterIt is easy to understand that the materials used in building’s construction have intrinsic chromatic behaviour and considering a built system like that described above, their relationship with the surroundings can also modify their chromatic expressiveness. Moreover in the perception of the surroundings, built forms are perceived differently depending on: seasons, weather conditions, direct or indirect radiation, reflection, natural or artificial light source, and many other aspects.So the minimum designer's tools for colour design, necessary to avoid prejudicial operations, are:To know that perception of the surroundings takes place in terms of synaesthesia (vision is only one of the five senses);To have a cultural understanding of design and colour essentials;To know the basic rules of colour combination and colour harmony in the built environment;To know the history, traditions, culture, geographical location, the qualities and weaknesses and the range of possible options of the site/city/environment…;To know the characteristics that distinguish one place from another;To formulate a dedicated strategy different from case to case, specific to each place;To make continuous iterations between theory, project and realisation.This list could be expanded, progressing from the basic to the more sophisticated level, where detailed study gives more information to the professional, finally to attain sufficient experience on the approach to colour design. Translating the above list into knowledge requires specific instruction on a topic that usually is little practised at universities where architecture design is taught. In these academies, the training of architectural design is still almost exclusively based on the knowledge of shape and dimensionality, as if a building were an abstract living sculpture. In fact, if we analyse critically the majority of the latest works having a strong appeal to contemporary academic and the professional world we would have more than a few doubts in distinguishing sculptures from architecture.But, without digression, it is perhaps enough to tell someone who works in the world of architecture that a simple action of painting on the walls of buildings can completely disrupt the interpretation of the shape. So it could be necessary to clarify to the reader, that knowing how to use the colour, starting from the design phase, can help to counteract changes to the original project conception, as well as provide new tools to modify a lot of buildings born speculatively or following ideologies with currently indigestible forms. For example, the buildings of the former socialist countries generally need requalification for energy consumption. Architects working around the problems in repetitive mega structures are also facing a lack in aesthetic quality. The use of colour design on the refurbishment of fa?ades, in some cases, has given excellent results.But how can we approach the chromatic choice in architecture? The answer depends on diverse aspects such as:The size and typology of the building’s faades;The type and scale of aggregation;The dimensions of streets, roads, alleys, squares and so on;The dominant colours and accent colours, contrasts, architectural unity, etc.;The colour project/planning strategy adopted;The congruence with the environment and with local history and culture;The presence/absence of colour harmony and chromatic cacophonies.We could add many other aspects in a kind of journey from the general to the particular, until we define every detail. Obviously this list cannot provide useful tools for colour selection, but can supply some precautions to be noted at the time of decisions and choices.In the perception of the surroundings, built forms are perceived differently depending on weather, seasonal conditions, direct or indirect radiation, by reflection or by natural or artificial light source, and by many other factors. The shape/colour ratio is also influenced by a series of secondary effects such as:Distance: far, from afar, close, very close;Space: very large, large, medium, small, very small;Environment: wet, dry, humid, windy;Light: on, off, sunny, shady, bright, dark;Weight: light, heavy;Time: short, medium, long;Thermal: cold, hot and lukewarm;Psychology: depressive, relaxing, soothing, stimulating, exciting, very exciting, exhilarating.Some of these effects depend on the wavelengths, colour hue/tone/saturation and other optical phenomena. The feeling of space, according to ponderable and temporal terms, changes with the wavelengths and varies according to the hue and intensity. Other effects depend on the combination of closeness/distance and the overall design or perceived detail. Others are consequences of physical, electrical, optical, physiological features and combinations.The selection of colours to paint walls and other parts of buildings must reference general guidelines when treating forexample:Narrow streets;Wide Roads;Squares and plazas;Sprawl houses;Farmhouses;Buildings in barren, arid, stony fields;Continuous faades;Tall buildings;Public buildings;Industrial buildings;Others.Figure 2 shows a narrow calle (Venetian street) in Burano Island on a sunny day after a rain shower. In these conditions of light, colours seem much more saturated when the walls are not washed out. The chromatic cadence is based almost exclusively on warm colours, if one excludes the green fa?ade that can be seen on the right. On the basis of the list above we can say that the distance effect is between close and very close; the environmental effect is wet; the light effect is sunny and shady; the weight effect is heavy going to light; the thermal effect is lukewarm/hot; and the psychological effect is stimulating.Figure 2: Burano Island (Venice): Narrow street. A sunny day after a storm Burano island is a particular case of the use of colour in the fa?ades of buildings, a case begun around the 1960s with the sale of synthetic materials for painting of external fa?ades. The colour choice was left to the discretion of individual owners who, in order to stand out in relation to their neighbours, have engaged in an uncontrollable competition by using different colours for their properties. A new reality has thus exploded with a considerable increase of the saturation of colours and the birth of combinations without rules. The recent widespread marketing of siloxane paints has further increased such saturation and the duration of colours. Also the application techniques have changed considerably and, if previously the wall painting was carried out directly by the owners, now there are professional painters who apply the products and often give advice on the choice of colours.In the Italian mainland this random choice of the colour of the exterior of buildings has had the effect of creating a visual chaos that impinges on the usability of the places and the possibility of preserving or repurposing many historical centres. Some civic administrations, however, are equipping their planning instruments with colour schemes. These local regulations are producing contrasting effects. On the one hand there are restorers who tend to set a standard epoch that serves as a model for all buildings even though they connote very different epochs; others argue for a kind of scientific restoration, that is practised to recover the buildings according to their date of construction or their period of maximum glory; others are inclined to make choices coinciding with their personal taste, legitimising the colour choices on the basis of derivation from natural local elements; others are based on statistics, considering the prevailing colours a nd formalising a project that doesn’t deviate much from the state of fact; others behave with reasoning difficult to interpret. In short, the plans/projects of colour, at least in Italian society, are made by professionals who may have only a vague knowledge of colour (engineers, architects, planners, restorers, industrial designers, etc.). Of course all these different people adopt different approaches, producing results that are not always congruent with the places where they perform the colour plan. The one positive thing that can be said is that most of the colourdesigns are implemented through paint, and fortunately the paintings don’t have long durability. Usually time is a gentleman and erases many design hysteric results.ConclusionsThis paper arose from what the author has written in one of his recent books in the Italian language. In fact the motivation for transmitting some knowledge to colleagues (especially architects) was born from the consideration that a good part of the practice of Italian professionals is devoid of even minimal knowledge of the use of colour. Many times they use it in an ideological manner.“Light and colour together form our visual image of the surrounding world. Despite this, colour and light are too often treatedas two distinct fields of knowledge. Colour specialists often lack knowledge about light, and light specialists often do not know enough about colour. Knowledge of both colour and light are separated between different professional and academic areas, each with its own set of theories, concepts and methods. Those who want to find their own understanding and be able to apply it in their work could easily get lost in all of this –with the result that only a small proportion of existing knowledge will be used in pra ctice.”During the investigation we found that only those who have attended schools with an artistic orientation that enable access to the university had some notions about the use of colour. The others, who are the vast majority, are fixed to either childhood or adolescent education, and are therefore not sufficiently familiar with knowledge about chromatic mechanisms. Hence there is a need to produce manuals on the proper use of colour and colour harmony. Even the colour collection handbooks showing standard solutions often seem useful, to be taken as they are and transferred to the reality. But this is not colour design. I think that promoting colour culture towards Architects is a mission for those who deal in terms of training, skills and knowledge.What is proposed is a modest "Toolbox", with instruments to design buildings knowing from the outset which colours will be chosen. The earlier we know the chromatic directions, the better we can check the quality of form, embedding it in the thought processes inherent in planning. In the "Toolbox" there are various tools andtechniques, which depart from the general and extend up to the particular. Obviously equipment is useful and often necessary, but sometimes it can also be cumbersome. It becomes worthless at the moment in which the designer has matured his own poetic impulses and is equipped with an exclusive personal set of instruments. For example, in the world of painting, the colours of the paints are always the same, but the artworks they realise are absolutely different from artist to artist. The colour choices are personal, as well as the combinations, harmony and anything else the artist considers necessary to express his or her thoughts on the canvas. This ability sets apart the great painters. In the case of amateurs however, it often happens that when they begin to mix colours on the palette the result ends up as muddy brown, despite good intentions.Thus this paper aims to avoid amateurism in design and to provide some guidance to those who build up architectures, colour plans, furniture, objects and so on, without knowing anything about colour and its impact on the environment and the human psyche.中⽂译⽂建筑环境⾊彩选择策略在实现⾊彩设计或⾊彩规划时，每个设计师都应拥有⼀套基本的⽅法，以防⽌他或她在领域、景观、城市、邻近地区和个别建筑物中进⾏有害的操作。
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通过建筑围护结构的设计来提高能源效率摘要建筑物及其周边环境还有相关联的企业比其他任何一个人类企业或工厂，都要产生更多的CO2、制造更多的污染、消耗更多的能源及浪费更多的自然资源。
并且，这些环境的冲击的相当大的一部分源于住宿业。
旅社建筑的多功能化设计，从而提供不同的舒适度和服务顾客。
一般渴望享受独家的设施。
度假村一般在最原始的、敏感的生态系统开发，很少甚至没有对自然环境或人文环境加以考虑。
大多数策略是边设计边实施的，很多住宿设施所提供的服务需要消耗大量的能量、水和不耐用的物品。
从建筑开始设计到最终的使用者，旅店的设施的资源利用效率通常较低，并且旅店对环境的影响比其他类型的类似规模的商业建筑物要严重的多。
对于建筑物的管理者，建筑设计期间做出的决策在减少环境影响中扮演着重要的角色。
随着旅社建筑的总能量性能的全球性提高，本文描述一个研究设计工程。
该工程坐落在土耳其的伊兹密尔市，基于被动式太阳能设计技术的影响来设计建筑物的围护结构体系，从而来开发和论证高的性能。
关键字：建筑围护结构设计酒店能源性能能效建模一、引言各种用途的费用代表着来自旅店老板的使用费的快速增长，并且在2004年至2006年期间以每年平均12%的速率增长。
旅店业在能量使用、花费和温室气体的排放上有一个显著的增加。
有一篇关于能量是什么时间在什么地方怎样被使用的，和从旅社设施管理者的立场上可能发生的存储的调查研究。
然而，旅社的能量损耗的很显著的一部分可以在建筑设计中减少。
因为，建筑设计对选择和制定建筑物的机械系统有直接的影响，而机械系统的选择和制定反过来影响建筑使用期限中的能量损耗。
因此，从建筑设计师、业主和公共事业设备的观点来看，检验减少建筑物能量损耗的可能性的关键是识别建筑物组成部分的能量损耗，不仅仅通过检验建筑物系统和管理部门的高效率，而且通过建筑物的建筑学特征。
这个研究的目的是展示如何用被动式设计来满足减少能耗的要求。
适当的建筑物设计能够显著地减少能量损耗。
此外，低能源消费减少温室气体的排放（二氧化碳、甲烷、一氧化二氮），并降低运行成本。
已经完成的旅社能源效率的研究，就旅社能源损耗模型给出了一个清楚的理解。
旅社能源强度年均为87 kBtuh/ft2(274.8 kWh/m2). 其中61% 来自电，39% 来自天然气和其他燃料。
如表1和图1、2所示，这些转换成电能的为53.1 kBtuh/ft2(167.74 kWh/m2) 和天然气0.34therms/sf(106.55kWh/m2)。
当把旅社与像事务所和零售处等其他商业建筑物相比，旅社的年均能源密集度是最高的。
办公大楼的年均能量密集度是79.8 kBtuh/ft2 (251,57 kWh/m2) ，甲级零售物业的是81.5 kBtuh/ft2 (256,93 kWh/m2) 。
因此，以节能的观点来评估旅社建筑物变得越来越关键。
然而，没有一个研究根据建筑物的能耗，给出任何关于建筑物维护结构的重要性的信息。
这些来自在下方给出文献的迄今为止的研究实例中可以看出，没有一项实施的研究考虑过建筑物维护结构体系的重要性。
在美国，2007年每年住宿房的平均能量强度从15 kBtuh/ft2 (48 kwh/m2) 到300 kBtuh/ft2 (947 kwh/m2)不等。
通常情况下，一个旅社或者汽车旅馆几乎75%的能源使用都归因于空间供暖、水供暖、照明和制冷的综合使用。
剩下的25%用于程序、电梯和厨房。
这些数据与加拿大渥太华的旅社能源性能不同。
据报道渥太华地区的每年平均的能量密集度为218 kBtuh/ft2 (688.7 kwh/m2) ，该结果来自于1991年对渥太华地区的41家旅社中的19家进行问卷调查得到的。
其不同能源类型的百分比分布与美国住房建筑能源分布的电、汽油和蒸汽分别占居28.9%, 26.4% 和44.7% 的百分比不同。
空间取暖消耗35% ，而水加热、制冷和照明的消耗分别为15%、33% 和8%。
在英国，几个有关旅社建筑物能源性能方面的研究案例已有报道。
例如：1988年，伦敦旅社每个建筑面积的平均能源消耗为226.3 kBtuh/ft2 (715 kwh/m2),，其中大约74% 来自于天然气的消耗。
在香港，有个早期关于旅社电能需求的研究指出平均电能消耗强度为81.6 kBtuh/ft2 (257.8 kwh/m2) 和115.9 kBtuh/ft2 (366 kwh/m2)。
然而香港的这些研究仅仅针对于电能使用。
也有一些关于地中海气候类型的旅社的研究。
希腊158所旅社的能源损耗平均为86.4 kBtuh/ft2 (273 kwh/m2) 。
突尼斯旅店各部门的年均总能源损耗的变动范围是54.1 到117.8 kBtuh/ft2 (170.9e372 kwh/m2.) 。
分析了土耳其安塔利亚地区的旅社，测定其能源损耗为40.8到204.6 kBtuh/ft2 (129e646.3 kwh/m2) 之间。
这篇研究论文将综合以上提到的各个研究的结果，进一步强调建筑物维护结构的能源效率的重要性。
大规模建筑物的能源效率的提高不能仅通过应用先进的动机械系统，而且也要通过经营管理的设计方案来提高，能够意识到这些是至关重要的。
这些决策应该在建筑设计的开始阶段就制定，正如本文强调的，此时决策对能源效率的影响是及其显著的。
这是一个多学科的问题，要求包括工程学、建筑学、环境管理、设计及国家政策在内的各学科的协调工作。
每个新结构的搭建，如果没有遵守可承受的原则，将使建筑的使用寿命降低。
从能源的损耗和浪费这一代的观点来看，建筑设计决定了一个建筑物在它的整个使用期限如何运作的。
建筑设计影响营业成本。
用于空间调节尤其是制冷的能量是地中海国家最关心的事情。
过去的十年间，欧洲南部的国家对机械空调的使用不仅在旅社中戏剧性地增加，而且在其他建筑业也有增加。
这一结果主要归因于生活水平的提高和空调设备组件的费用的增加。
欧盟成员国的国民生产总值的销售额有明显的增长趋势。
对电能损耗的影响令人担忧。
在欧洲南方的大部分地区，夏天开始出现电能的最大值负荷。
本研究展示了自然能源流在减少热和冷负荷方面的优势，即使当用于像被动地设计的旅社这种现存的大规模建筑物也同样存在优势。
能源损耗的减少以百分数的形式给出。
在这个特使案例的研究中，作为重点的不只有冷负荷，还有热负荷，因为旅社大多在夏季旅游观光季节使用，但也在冬季开放。
2.旅馆建筑的能源损耗的建模e-QUEST (基于美国能源部的DOE2.2计划)能源分析计划被用于模拟土耳其的伊兹密尔市的旅社建筑。
该城市坐落在爱琴海沿岸，是全国第三大人口密集的城市和著名的乡村旅游景点。
其地理坐为北纬38度25分，东经27度8分。
伊兹密尔以长期而炎热的夏天和适度而多雨的冬季为特征，是典型的热带地中海气候。
这样的气候一年又300天的日照，有很长的旅游季节。
夏天很干燥，夏天的月份（六月到九月）的特点是缺乏水及日间平均气温为82.4F（28摄氏度）或者更高。
另一方面，冬季是温和的，伴随着偶热的降雪和一般的降雨量。
事实上，总降水量的77%发生在冬季的一月到下年三月。
冬季月份的平均最高气温在48到55F （8.8到13摄氏度）间变动。
如图3、4所示由于适合DOE2能源计划使用的8760个小时的气候数据对伊兹密尔却行不通。
巴勒莫、意大利的气候被作为最相近的使用。
一月和七月的温度曲线和干湿球温度计的温度值如图3至5所示。
3.建筑模型为了进行评估，建立一个假设的模型。
一个典型的21层轻结构的建筑物（基于伊兹密尔现存的一个1992年建造的旅社）被建立，来评估其能源效率，如图6到8所示。
在90世纪期间，土耳其没有一个关于能源性能的管理规则。
政府部门和社区是有关建筑物的规章制度的责任团体。
建筑物能源性能的的规章制度在2008年十二月开始生效。
然而，仍需要评估建筑能源性能的方法，并且也存在一些漏洞，尤其对大规模的建筑。
4. 能源分析能源效率的是根据美国能源部制定的DOE2.2能源分析程序中的e-QUEST、表格、输入图形建模界面来运行。
e-QUEST是为建筑师使用设计的，尤其是在早些时候，用于在设计中做出关于外形和建筑方位这些重要决策。
它用来分析建筑物的外表面和几何结构在一年8760个小时中，对内在负荷和外在天气情况的响应。
这些负荷包括太阳辐射的热量和来自居住者、电灯和仪器设备的热量以及通过渗透物或者由墙、房顶和装配玻璃的传导来实现的获得或散失的热量。
由于本研究的目的是无源设计，在三种情况下机械系统和工厂用来消除影响。
选择高效节能的机械器具和设备是很重要的。
外貌和规划的细节都不是这次研究真的关心考虑的，但是建筑的能效模型与建筑学的观点并不相同。
例如，在能源仿真中，对分析者来说，窗户的可操作性和其遮阳物比其形状更重要。
能源分析需要建筑材料的信息，建筑材料可能影响建筑物的热质量。
因此，例如，在设计阶段从木材和混凝土中做出符合建筑学的选择是很容易的。
能源建模也要关心颜料和室内设计，这些影响室内的反射率和白天的绩效，而外面的装饰会影响太阳能的获得。
基本上，建筑物能源消耗在供暖及制冷、热水、照明设备及服务项目和设备。
该项目的年能量密集度为 67 kBtu/ft2 (211 kwh/m2)。
总能源损耗中，27%的建筑物能耗来自天然气和73%来自电力。
其中37%的电能损耗来自空间调节，包括空间制冷和通风设备（图10）。
仅仅如果在建筑设计阶段考虑这些因素，通过应用被动式设计技术可以减少相当大一部分的损耗。
因此在设计中对机械系统需求最小化可以减少建筑的总能耗。
5、被动式太阳能应用的设计技巧建筑物内被动式太阳能的设计相对的决定了建筑材料的选用。
这其中包括框架结构材料，绝缘材料以及玻璃的类型。
然而，旧的建筑外或者不合理设计的建筑物由于不好的建筑物维护体系而处于过度耗能的状态（例如，隔热性能不好的墙壁和窗户）。
被动设计方案主要包括一下几个因素：a，建筑维护结构；b，括彼此连接的屋顶阳台等维护结构的遮阳；c，相邻结构材质的遮阳；d，自然通风（可以打开或关闭的窗户）；e，冬季的太阳能辐射；f，每日的照明。
被动式太阳能设计策略把a到e都纳入了模型。
所建立的模型方位被定位在伊士麦的一家酒店处，由于当地建筑都是晚上占用并且自动照明控制不适用，所以日照对当地居民建筑影响很小。
然而，酒店类建筑的定位是非常重要的。
因为，除了要考虑太阳辐射可以利用外，它还和以下因素相关联：●视野；●客房与其隔壁房间的隔离；●建筑内功能和社会的联系。
建筑内简单的平面布置却能够满足各种活动的需求；并且减少的地板面积，提高了效率。
在温带气候和夏季炎热气候地区，遮阳处理在平衡白天室温方面非常有效，也就论证着遮阳策略在节省能源方面有着重要的作用。