Abstract_writing__英文摘要写作方法
Abstract_writing__英文摘要写作方法
3.1. Topic Sentence
The
first sentence in an abstract is usually called the “topic sentence”. By answering the question of “what”, the topic sentence always goes straightforwardly to the subject or the problem and indicate the primary objectives of the paper.
"A
well-prepared abstract enables readers to identify the basic content of a document quickly and accurately, to determine its relevance to their interests, and thus to decide whether they need to read the document in its entirety" (American National Standards Institute, 1979b).
3.1. Examples (4)
The experiment being made by our research group is aimed at obtaining the result of… The main objective of our investigation has been to obtain some knowledge of… Experiments on… were made in order to measure the amount of… The emphasis of this study lies in…
Abstract--Writing-英语摘要写作
Functions of Abstracts
ToБайду номын сангаасhelp readers identify articles of interest
To outline the main points of an article To guide the reading of longer
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Types of Technical Abstract
3. Informative Abstract To inform, to present the principal facts and
conclusions given in the original work. Sic-tech paper abstracts are usually written in this form. E.g. Title: Composing Letters With a Simulated listening Typewriter
documents An important measure for retrieving
papers and for promoting the international sic-tech exchange
Types of Technical Abstract
According to their functions: 1. Descriptive abstract tells what the full report contains.
英文摘要的类型
指示性文摘（Indicated Abstracts） 指示型摘要也称为介绍型摘要或陈述型摘要，它
只是简要地介绍论文的论题，仅使读者对论文主要 内容有一些概括了解。一般那不介绍方法、结果、 结论的具体内容，不包含任何数据。它仅指出论文 的综合内容，适用于综述性文献，图书介绍及编辑 加工过的专著等。
论文英文摘要的撰写方法
论文英文摘要的撰写方法When writing an abstract, it is crucial to use clear and concise language. Avoid jargon or technical terms that may not be familiar to a general audience. Use simple andstraightforward language to convey the main ideas and findings of the research. Additionally, it is advisable to use active voice and present tense to give a sense of immediacy and engagement to the abstract.The length of an abstract can vary depending on the requirements of the journal or conference. However, a general guideline is to keep the abstract between 150 and 250 words. This word count allows for sufficient information to be included while still maintaining the brevity and clarity expected of an abstract. Some journals may have specific guidelines for word count, so it is important to check the target journal's submission guidelines.A well-structured abstract should have a logical flow and coherence. It should be organized into sections that correspond to the main elements of the research paper. For example, the introduction of the abstract provides a brief background and context for the study, the methodology section outlines the research design and methods used, the results section summarizes the key findings, and the conclusion section highlights the implications and significance of the research.。
英文摘要的写作技巧
英文摘要的写作技巧
一、写作方法
1、确定主题：写英文摘要时，要确定文章的主题，这是写英文摘要
的首要任务，这样才能把握全文的主旨，为摘要写作构思提供依据。
2、确定摘要内容：接下来，要确定摘要内容，一般来说，英文摘要
是对文章的全部内容进行精简总结，要考虑哪些是文章的重点内容，哪些
是支撑性的内容。
3、分析文章结构：然后，要进行文章的结构分析，把握文章的结构，以及每段内容的主要情节，这样才能把握文章的全部内容。
4、梳理摘要结构：接下来，要根据文章的结构确定摘要的结构，一
般来说英文摘要的结构是以“主题+逻辑分论点”的形式来进行总结。
5、撰写英文摘要：最后，要开始撰写英文摘要，写英文摘要时，要
注意字数，一般英文摘要占整篇文章的20%左右，不宜过多或过少，要适
当精炼。
二、写作注意
1、要注意文章的主旨：写英文摘要时，要注意文章的主旨，去掉无
用的信息，强调核心信息，而不是把全文都写了一遍。
2、要注意语言：写英文摘要时，要注意语言的表达，要尽量使用客观、简洁明了的表达，不要冗长繁琐，也不要太过牵强附会。
3、要注意语法：在写英文摘要时，要注意语法。
英语论文摘要写作方法
2.
Deciding “yes” or “no” Expanding the circulation
3.
Many international conference sponsors just review the abstract and make the decision without referring t o t h e w h o l e t e x t . First, it frames the writer’s ideas for those who are beginning to read his paper. Second, it identifies the writer’s contribution for those who are using an information-retrieval ser vice.
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English paper writing
Part II Abstract pqyuan@
Abstract (1)
1.
General function of abstract An abstract is a condensed statement of the contents of a Miniaturizing the text paper, which servers as a useful tool
Abstract (1)
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
Concluding sentence It is concluded that … The results of the experiment indicate that … The research we have done suggests that … All our preliminary results throw light on the nature of … These findings of the research have led the author to the conclusion that … The data obtained appear to be very similar to those reported earlier by …
AbstractWriting详解
Abstract Writing英文摘要的写法现在我国的科技期刊都要求一篇论文应包括：（ 1 ）题名；（2 ）作者及作者单位；（3 ）摘要；（ 4 ）关键词；（5 ）正文（可包括致谢词）；（ 6 ）参考文献六部分。
为了便于国际间的学术交流，中文期刊也要求同时包括一定的英文信息，如英文题名，作者（拼音或外文）及英文作者单位，英文摘要与英文关键词。
如果因为英文摘要写不好，结果无法被很多国际检索机构收录，就会直接影响文章的对外学术交流作用。
因此，提高科技期刊文章的英文摘要的质量是非常重要的，这是我国科技期刊（特别是中文版）与国际接轨的重要途径。
世界几大著名检索机构科学引文索引SCI ( Science Citation Index )工程索引EI ( Engineering Index )科学评论索引ISR ( Index to Scientific Reviews )科学技术会议索引ISTP ( Index to Scientific and TechnicalProceedings )化学文摘CA ( Chemical Abstracts )第一节：题名1.题名的写法：题名有三个作用：便于读者选读；便于审选编排：便于编制索引。
具体的写法：(1)首先遵循三个原则：准确，简练，清晰。
简称A ( accuracy )B ( brevity )C ( clarity ).例1：Development and Exploration on Utilization of New Resources for Countryside. 农村新能源的开发和探讨点评：此文章是研究沼气在农村的利用，所以题名太泛，应改为Utilization of Marsh Gas for Countryside. 农村沼气的利用。
例2: Actions of Antibiotics 抗生素的作用。
点评：文章是阐述苯锉青霉素对金黄色葡萄球菌的作用，由于抗生素的种类很多，因此这个题目太笼统，应该具体化为：Actions of Oxazolyl Penicillin onStaphylococcus Aureus. 苯锉青霉素对金黄色葡萄球菌的作用。
Abstract writing∶摘要的写法
Types of abstracts
Descriptive abstract
Descriptive abstracts may tell what subjects are in the paper, but they tell nothing about the details, much less the conclusions, of your paper. They tease, rather than inform. Consider, for example, this excerpt from a hypothetical abstract: __ Saturable(可饱和的) dyes（染料） for laser Q switches are found to degrade (退色)with time. The cause of this degradation is discussed and a possible solution is proposed. This example gives me no useful information and requires me to read the paper.
Four basicjectives of the research paper(论文所研 究的具体对象 ) Methodology you used in the research(运 用的具体方法 ) The findings from the research(得出的具体 结果 ) Conclusions induced from the finding or experiments(结果进行剖析而得出的具有创 新性的结论 )
Summary
Size: brief, not as brief as that of abstract Purpose: presents the most important information contained in the reports, for a story, it covers the serial events occurred in it. Similar with abstract, it is an independent part.
英文摘要的写作方法
英文摘要的写作方法论文摘要的时态基本上有两种: 一般现在时、一般过去时。
由于学术论文写作通常采用一般现在时, 摘要也多用一般现在时。
目的、方法、结果及结论部分多用一般现在时, 背景介绍常采用一般过去时。
一般现在时用于描述研究目的和范围、研究内容、结果和结论;一般过去时用于描述论文撰写前作者已做的工作, 也可用于表示转述已发表文献的报导、讨论和研究内容。
语态与人称主张多采用被动语态。
因为使用被动语态不仅可以省略施动者, 避免出现“Ｗｅ”表示式, 而且还可以使需强调的事物做主语而突出了它们的地位, 有利于说明事实。
英文摘要往往采用第三人称的被动语态, 可以避免提及有关执行者, 使行文显得客观。
同时, 被动语态句子在结构上有较大的调节余地, 有利于使用恰当的修辞手段, 扩展名词短语, 扩大句子信息量。
但有时采用主动语态比用被动语态在结构上更简练, 表达更英文摘要的翻译英文摘要应直接用英文写, 这样能按英文思维方式更直接、准确地表达原文。
但是, 这对一些作者尚有难度。
在翻译过程中, 要避免按中文字面意义逐字翻译, 应从语篇层次把握原文, 选择恰当的翻译单位。
刘士聪认为, 在翻译过程中, 分析和转换是一个难以截然分开的思维过程, 以主述位作翻译单位, 一方面是注意到了它本身的形式特点, 另一方面也注意到了它在语篇中的衔接功能, 可以把对原文的分析和转换统一起来。
英文摘要的写作根据《ＥＩ》的要求, 一篇较好的英文摘要应较好地回答以下4 个方面的问题:1) What you want to do ( 目的);2) How you did it ( 方法); 3) What results did you get and what conclusions can you draw ( 结果和结论); 4) What is original in your paner ( 创新独到之处) 。
在开头交待论文的目的时, 英文摘要的首句不要重复题名或题名的一部分, 同时摘要中要尽量少谈或不谈背景信息。
摘要写作 abstract writing
1. Miniaturizing the Text
Is a condensed statement of contents of a paper.Viewed as a mini-version or miniature of the document, summarizing the content of the main body.
50-100 words may sufficient for a short article. Each journal and/or abstracting index has a
different requirement. As a general rule, an abstract will be approximately 3-5% of the length of the paper.
4. Dynamic operating characteristics of a one-month interval are given for the collector array and heat transfer devices, and cost efficiency is compared with that of the conventional design.(85 words)
6. The transport fluid for transferring enery from the solar array to the storage tank was important to overall efficiency.
7. An optimum ratio of 64/36 was determined for the proportion of propylene ['prəʊpəli:n]( 丙烯) glycol ['glaɪkoʊl] (醇)to water.
专业英语写作Chapter 6 Abstract Writing
Abstract: (Body part) Key words:
***The body part***
1. Only one paragraph is needed. 2. Imperative sentences, exclamations, formulas and tables, etc. are not permitted. 3. Comments, explanations and interpretations are not needed. 4. Third person should be used, for example: this paper, it, etc. 5. Passive voice is often used. 6. Present tense, past tense, and present perfect tense are often used in writing an abstract. 7. Sentences used should be clear and concise.
Voices used in abstracts
1. Presently, the passive voice is frequently used in English abstracts. It is thought that more information is gathered in the beginning part in this way, which highlights the meaning. 2. The active voice is occasionally but increasingly used. And the person “we” is used. The sentence with active voice is regarded to be clear, forceful, and concise.
英文摘要书写技巧
英文摘要书写技巧【摘要】The abstract is a crucial part of any research paper, providing a brief summary of the study's key points. In this article, we discuss some important tips for writing an effective abstract.Firstly, it is essential to choose a clear and concise title that accurately reflects the research. Including relevant keywords can help improve the visibility of the study in search results. The abstract should provide a brief overview of the research, outlining the purpose, methods, results, and conclusions. Using a structured format with distinct sections can help guide the reader through the abstract. Avoiding technical jargon can ensure that the abstract is accessible to a wider audience.【关键词】英文摘要、书写技巧、清晰简洁的标题、关键词、研究摘要、结构化格式、避免技术术语1. 引言1.1 IntroductionThe abstract is a crucial part of any research paper as it provides a brief overview of the study and its findings. It servesas a snapshot of the entire paper, allowing readers to quickly understand the purpose and significance of the research. In this article, we will discuss some key tips for writing an effective abstract that effectively communicates the essence of your research. By following these guidelines, authors can ensure that their abstracts are clear, concise, and informative, ultimately helping to attract readers and generate interest in their work.2. 正文2.1 Choose a clear and concise titleRemember that the title of your abstract is often the first thing that readers will see, so it is important to make a good first impression. By choosing a clear and concise title, you can ensure that your abstract stands out and attracts the attention of potential readers.2.2 Include keywordsOne strategy for choosing keywords is to identify key terms that are repeated throughout your paper. These may include important concepts, variables, or theories that are central to your research. Additionally, consider using synonyms or alternative terms that readers might use when searching for information on your topic.2.3 Provide a brief summary of the researchOverall, the summary should give readers a clear understanding of what the research is about and why it is significant. By providing a concise overview of the study, the abstract can help readers determine whether the research is relevant to their interests and worth further investigation.2.4 Use a structured formatOne common format for structuring an abstract includes the following sections:2.5 Avoid technical jargonAdditionally, avoiding technical jargon can also help improve the overall readability and flow of your abstract. Readers will be able to grasp the key concepts and findings of your research more easily, leading to a more engaging and informative abstract.3. 结论3.1 ConclusionIn conclusion, writing a concise and well-structured abstract is essential for effectively communicating the key findings and importance of your research. By following the tips outlined inthis article, such as choosing a clear title, including relevant keywords, providing a brief summary of the research, using a structured format, and avoiding technical jargon, researchers can increase the visibility and impact of their work. A well-written abstract can attract more readers, increase the chances of publication, and enhance the overall quality of a research paper. Therefore, it is important for researchers to dedicate time and effort to crafting a well-written abstract that accurately represents the significance of their research findings.。
怎么写英语作文摘要格式
怎么写英语作文摘要格式Abstract Writing Format。
Abstract writing is a skill that is essential for students, researchers, and professionals alike. It involves summarizing a piece of writing or research in a concise and informative manner. The format for writing an abstract typically includes the following elements:1. Introduction: This should provide a brief overview of the topic being discussed and the purpose of the research or writing.2. Methods: This section should outline the methods used to conduct the research or write the piece.3. Results: This section should summarize the main findings or results of the research or writing.4. Conclusion: This section should provide a summary ofthe main points discussed and the implications of the research or writing.5. Recommendations: This section should provide recommendations for future research or action.Abstract writing is an important skill to master as it allows you to quickly and effectively communicate the main points of your research or writing to others. By following the format outlined above, you can create an informative and concise abstract that will be useful to readers.My Experience with Abstract Writing。
Abstract Writing (论文摘要写作精简版)
Writing: AbstractWHAT IS AN ABSTRACT1. The Definition of an Abstract1 ) the objectives and scope of investigation;2) the methods used;3) the most important results;4) conclusion or recommendation.2. Features of AbstractsBrevity Accuracy Specificity Objectivity Informativeness IndependencyCLASSIFICATION OF ABSTRACTS1.Indicative Abstractsrmative Abstractsrmative-indicative Abstracts4.Other Types of Abstracts 1) Critical Abstracts 2) Mini-abstractsFUNCTIONS OF ABSTRACTSA Screening Device of Documents: An abstract gives readers the idea of what the article is about.A Self-contained Text: We’ll know the information it contains, without seeing the article .A Helpful Preview: It "frames" the article and prepares the reader for the main points to come.To Facilitate Indexing: It will improve the chances of having it read by the right people.STYLISTIC FEATURES OF ABSTRACTS1. The Length of Abstracts1) In general, there is a 100-300 word limit to the number of words in an abstract.2) Do not confuse an abstract with a review. There should be no comment or evaluation.3) Give information only once.4) Do not repeat the information given in the title.5) Do not include any facts or ideas that are not in the text.6) For informative abstracts, include enough data to support the conclusions.7) If reference to procedure is essential, try to restrict it to identification of method or process.8) State results, conclusions, or findings in clear concise fashion.9) Organize the information in the way that is most useful to the reader. (a thesis-first abstract)2. Verbs and Tenses Used in Abstracts1) Active verbs: use active verbs rather than passive verbs.2) Present tense: background information, existing facts, what is in the paper and conclusion.3) Past tense /present perfect tense: completed research, methodology or major activities results.3. Words Used in Abstracts1) Avoid use of highly specialized words or abbreviations. Define unfamiliar words.2) Synthesize or rephrase the information into clear, concise statements.3) Avoid using jargon.4. Sentence Structures of Abstracts1) Use third person sentences.2) Use short sentences, but vary sentence structure.3) Use complete sentences.4) The first sentence should present the subject and scope of the report. The thesis or the writer's focus should be presented in the second sentence. The balance of the article is a summary of the important points of each section, including methods, procedures, results and conclusions.5) Good abstracts are sure to include a variety of pat phrases:a. Background Information (Research has shown... It has been proposed... Another proposed property... The search is on for... One of the promising new...)b. Statement of the Problem (The objective of the research is to prove / verify... The experiment was designed to determine...)e. Statement of Procedure (To investigate this .... A group of 10 specimens / subjects ... Measurementswere taken after... A second group was...)d. Conclusions (It was found that .... Results imply... This data suggests... In the experimental group... In the control group...)e. Relates the Experiment to the Words (This kind of research encourages the belief that... Similar to ...) HOW TO WRITE AN ABSTRACT (An abstract must be written last as it sums up the results)l) Locate the thesis statement, identify the main divisions of the document, find the main terms (key words) and statements in each section;2) Decide the degree of detail to include;3) Prepare a single paragraph including the crucial information gathered;4) Edit the draft, eliminate unnecessary background information, and reduce wordy phrases;5) Finally, revise the opening statement to emphasize the new information contained in the paper.Start out the abstract by telling exactly what you did and how you did it. Focus on the rationale and ideas of the study and why it is important in the first two sentences. In the next few lines, focus on the materials and methods, and the data generated from the study. Tell the reader how the data were collected, compiled, and state statistical significance(s). Mention any new tools developed.Avoid using bibliographic references in the abstract. However, if your article follows directly from a published work and is a major advance on that specific piece of work, do cite the paper in the abstract.The end of the abstract is just as important as the beginning. The concluding lines of the abstract should lead into the first paragraph of the introduction without repeating what has been said. State the implications of your studies to the field of scholarship in which you are working.1. How to Write Informative Abstracts1) An informative abstract should be orderly, succinct, and concrete, with the length of no mere than 10% of the essay.2) Plan to write an abstract that is in the first draft, note key facts, statistics, etc. on the organisms, materials and locations used.3) Do not include a statement of scope or a sentence like "this paper will look at .... ".4) Write selected details of the experimental methods, including the duration of the study, the treatments, methods and equipment used.5) Be sure to omit or condense lengthy examples, tables, and other supporting detail.6) Do not hedge or equivocate.7) Give the key results, with a description of them and some of the main figures and their statistical significance.8) Use active verbs such as "report", "propos ", and "analyze" rather than static verbs such as "is", "are" and "appears to be".9) Revise the draft into smooth, stand-alone prose; the abstract itself should be a mini-essay.10) Edit the revision. Be sure that the abstract is complete and accurate, with a brief note on the significance of the results.11) Double check that the abstract is written in the same voice as is the paper.2. How to Write Indicative Abstracts1) List the title of the research report after "Abstract of..." at the top of your page.2) Summarize the major thesis and supporting main ideas of the report without omitting any important ideas.3) Avoid wordiness and repetition.4) Condense source material in your own words, being careful not to directly borrow text. You should not use direct quotations in abstracts.5) Use good sentence structure, grammar, mechanics, and spelling.6) Adhere to the 100-word limit. (No fewer than 90, nor more than 110)3. How to write Abstracts for Engineering InformationBackground: A simple opening sentence or two ;Aims: One or two sentences giving the purpose, the development, the survey as well as the assignment and the scope of the research;Method(s): One or two sentences explaining what was done and what the principles, the theory, the condition, the objective, the techniques, the framework, the means, the equipment and the procedure, etc. used in the research are;Results: One or two sentences indicating the main findings, the result, the data, the relationship, the effect and the performance of the experiment and research;Conclusions: One sentence giving the most important consequence of the work, the results of the analysis, the research, the evaluation and the application, and the issues that are raised as well.4. How to Write Abstracts for DissertationsThere are two purposes in dissertation abstract writing: to inform your reader, and to market your product. Aside from the guidelines mentioned above, there are some others:1) a dissertation abstract should have three elements, and three elements alone:a. a section on the problem you examined;b. a section showing your method;c. a section showing your findings.2) you need not give the history of the problem, why you chose to study it, your philosophy, or your self-congratulatory but humble remarks about how your dissertation will change the world.3) be sure to use some key words for easy referencing, an accurate and specific summary of your findings, and as active a voice as you can muster.5. How to Write Abstracts for ConferencesIt is a competitive process, but one to be undertaken seriously.1) Look for "Call for Papers" notices.2) Title: The title should be informative and focused, indicating the problem, kind of data and your general approach.3) Make your abstract as brief as possible, within the word limit set by the "Call for Papers".4) Make sure to describe the general topic clearly.5) Try to make your abstract appeal to the concept for the conference as it is defined in the "Call for Papers".6) Describe your treatment of the topic, and how it relates to previous work on the same topic.7) Explain how you will justify your treatment, and quote crucial evidence.8) Consider your audience carefully. You are essentially writing a speech. Your sentence structures, use of specialized language and theories, etc., should take this into account. Also, in oral discourse, you might want to summarize and / or repeat ideas more often.6. How to Write Research Abstracts1)The purpose of a research abstract can be boiled down to providing the answers to the following questions:a. Why did you start?b. What did you do?c. What did you find?d. What does it mean?2) Title: Ideally about 10-12 words long, the title should include the scope of the investigation, the study design, and the goal. In general it is preferable to make the title a description of what was investigated. The title should be easy for the reader to understand and should not include jargon or 3) Introduction or Background: this should provide a brief context or explanation for doing the study, and state the aim of the study, and ideally should include a concise statement of the study' s hypothesis. A scientific study is "to find out whether it is true."4) Methods: In an abstract the description of the methods has to be concise, and much of the details of what was done must be omitted. However, in a few short sentences the reader can be given a good idea of the design of the study, the context in which it was done, and the types of patients or measurements that were included.5) Results: space is limited. Still, it is important to give the main results of the study not just in subjective terms but also in the form of the most important data. Do not include a table or figure unless it is necessary to convey your results.6) Conclusions: Keep your conclusions reasonable and supportable by the findings of your study.7) Follow the instructions7. Some Don'ts in Abstract Writing1) Do not commence with "this paper...", "this report..." or similar. It is better to write about the research. Similarly, do not explain the sections or parts of the paper.2) Avoid sentences that end in "... is described", "... is reported", "... is analyzed" or similar. These are simply too vague to be informative.3) Do not begin sentences with "it is suggested that...", "it is believed that... ", "it is felt that..." or similar, for the words can be omitted without damaging the essential message.4) Do not write in the first person. Not only should you avoid I, but also we , the author , the writer, etc., because the abstract should be about the research, not about the act of writing.5) Do not submit an abstract with the length exceeding the limit offered.6) Do not submit your abstract later than the given date.7) Do not write an imprecise abstract.SAMPLESSample 1:Microscopic characterization of a TiB2-carbon material composite:Raw materials and composite characterizationAbstract: Titanium diboride (TiB2) is a very attractive material for the aluminum industry, because it is readily wetted by molten aluminum and combines good physical properties (electrical conductivity), chemical (fairly resistant to dissolution by molten aluminum), and mechanical (wear resistance) properties.// In this article, both raw materials(anthracite, pitch, and TiB2powder) and TiB2-carbon composites (TCC) were characterized.//Inclusions of aluminosilicate and iron oxide types were found in the anthracity aggregates. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis allowed differentiation between two types of aggregates: stratified (L C=44 nm) and nonstratified (L C=15 nm). The principal impurity found in the TiB2 powder was TiCN and surface analysis of the particles revealed the presence of a contaminant layer composed of C, N, O, and Ti; the thickness of this layer varied from 5 to 15 nm.// Characterization of the TiB2particles in the composite showed important surface modifications compared to their initial state. Evidence seen on the particles’ surfaces showed that a TiC-(O traces) formed preferentially on the side of particles rather than on top surface. The thickness of this TiC-(O traces) layer was evaluated to 30 nm.TiB2碳基复合材料的微观特征:原材料和复合物特征硼化钛(TiB2)在制铝业中是一种很受欢迎的材料,由于它易于被熔融的铝润湿,而且具有好的物理性能(导电率),化学性能(很好地抵御被熔融的铝分解)和机械性能(耐磨性).在这篇文章中,讨论了原材料(无烟煤,沥青和TiB2粉末)及TiB2碳基复合材料(TCC)的特征.在无沿煤聚合体中发现了铝矽酸盐和铁的氧化物.由X 射线衍射分析(XRD)可得两种聚合物的区别:层积的(L C=44 nm)和未层积的(L C=15 nm). TiB2粉末中发现的主要杂质是TiCN,另外颗粒表面分析可见由C, N, O, 和Ti组成的污染层;这个污染层从长远来5直15 nm 不等.符合物中TiB2颗粒的特征表明了与初始状态相比而言很重要的表面修正.颗粒表面所见的迹象显示TiC-(O traces)优先在颗粒的边缘而不是顶表面形成.这个TiC-(O traces)层厚度据估计有30 nm.Sample 2:Establishing a knowledge management programme for competitive advantage in an enterprise Abstract: This article is concerned with the establishment of a knowledge management programme that will ensure sustainable competitive advantage within an enterprise//. The main problem under investigation is to assess the importance of knowledge management within an enterprise and to ascertain how it can ensure sustained competitive advantage in an enterprise.// An empirical survey was conducted in the Eskom Transmission Group, Johannesburg, South Africa to investigate understanding of the knowledge management concept amongst business leader, determine enablers and barriers to implement a knowledge management programme and to determine whether knowledge is seen as a source for competitive advantage.// It is suggested that enterprises should adopt a holistic and integrated approach when establishing such a programme. Broad recommendations for establishing a knowledge management programme that will be source of sustainable competitive advantage are proposed. 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd.为实现企业的竞争优势建立知识管理的程序这是一篇关于为确保企业持续性竞争优势建立知识管理程序的文章.调查的主要问题是评价企业中知识管理的重要性和确定知识管理怎样保证企业的持续性竞争优势.为了调查知识管理概念在商业领导者中的理解程度,确定实施知识经济管理程序的有利和不利因素以及确定是否知识被看作竞争优势的源泉,南美约翰内斯堡的埃斯克姆传播小组进行了一次实验性研究.文章建议在建立知识管理程序的时候,企业应该采用完整综合的方法.文章在作为持续性竞争优势源泉的知识管理程序的建立方面提出了狠多的建议.。
英文摘要写作
五：Conclusion
正确全面地掌握论文研究的主题范围 认真地进行主题分析，从摘要的四要素出发， 找出论文所研究的具体对象、作者运用的具体 方法、得出的具体结果及对结果进行剖析而得 出的具有创新性的结论 正确地组织好这些主题内容，简明地写出来。 尤其是信息性摘要叙述要完整，清楚，简明扼 要，摘要逻辑性要强，结构完整。
4.3 人称（personal pronoun） 人称（ ）
英文摘要的人称：原来摘要的首句多用第三人 称This paper…等开头， 现在倾向于采用更简洁的被动语态或原形动词 开头。例如：To describe…， To study…， To investigate…， To assess…，To determine…，建议采用“对……进行了研 究”、“报告了……现状”、“进行了……调 查”等记述方式标明文献的性质和文献主题, 不必使用“本文”、“作者”等作为主语。
4.4、英文摘要的语态 、 (voice) 采用何种语态，既要考虑摘要的特点，又要满足表达的需要。 一篇摘要很短，尽量不要随便混用，更不要在一个句子里混 用。 (1)主动语态(active voice) ：摘要中谓语动词采用主动语态， 有助于文字简洁、表达有力。 (2)被动语态( passive voice) ：以前强调多用被动语态，理 由是科技论文主要是说明事实经过，至于那件事是谁做的， 无须一一证明。为强调动作承受者，采用被动语态为好；被 动者无关紧要，也必须用强调的事物做主语。
英文摘要写作 English Abstracts Writing
定义
摘要的定义 摘要又称概要、内容提要。摘要是论文主 体的高度浓缩,它应该能提炼论文的主要观点, 简明地描述论文的内容和范围,简短地进行概 括和总结。摘要能让读者尽快了解论文的主要 内容,以补充题名的不足,并为科技情报文献检 索,数据库的建设和维护提供方便。
论文写作中的英文摘要范例
论文写作中的英文摘要范例AbstractThe abstract is a crucial component of academic writing, providing readers with a concise summary of the research paper. This article aims to demonstrate a sample format for writing an English abstract in academic papers.1. IntroductionIn academic writing, the abstract serves as a brief overview of the research topic, the methodology used, the main findings, and the overall conclusion. It is typically placed at the beginning of the paper, after the title and author information.2. Length and StructureThe length of an abstract can vary depending on the specific guidelines provided by the journal or conference. However, it is generally recommended to keep the abstract within 150 to 300 words. This ensures that the abstract remains concise and informative.3. ContentThe abstract should contain the following elements:- Research Problem: Clearly state the research problem or objective.- Approach/Methodology: Describe the methodology or approach used in the study.- Results: Summarize the main findings and outcomes of the research.- Conclusion: Present the key conclusions or implications of the study.4. Language and Style- Clear and Concise: Use clear and concise language to convey the main points of the research.- Avoid Abbreviations and Jargon: Use full terms instead of abbreviations, unless they are widely recognized.- Past Tense: Write the abstract in the past tense since the research has already been conducted.- Third Person: Write the abstract in the third person, using objective language.5. Example[The following is a fictional example of an abstract for a research paper on climate change.]Title: The Impact of Climate Change on Biodiversity in Tropical RainforestsAbstract:This research aims to investigate the impact of climate change on the biodiversity of tropical rainforests. The study utilized a combination of field surveys, satellite imagery analysis, and statistical modeling to assess changes in species diversity, habitat loss, and ecosystem stability. The results indicated a significant decline in species richness, increased habitat fragmentation, and heightened vulnerability of endemic species to climate-related events. These findings have important implications for conservationstrategies and the management of biodiversity hotspots in the face of climate change. By understanding the effects of climate change on tropical rainforests, policymakers can develop more targeted approaches to mitigate its impact and ensure the long-term survival of these vital ecosystems.6. ConclusionIn conclusion, writing an effective English abstract is crucial for an academic paper as it provides readers with a concise overview of the research. Following the recommended format and guidelines can help researchers communicate their findings accurately and succinctly. By adhering to the suggested structure and style, authors can ensure their abstracts are informative and engaging for readers.。
Abstract_writing__英文摘要写作方法
The Abstract should not exceed 250 words and should be designed to define clearly what is dealt with in the paper. The Abstract should be typed as a single paragraph.
"A well-prepared abstract enables readers wellto identify the basic content of a document quickly and accurately, to determine its relevance to their interests, and thus to decide whether they need to read the document in its entirety" (American National Standards Institute, 1979b). 1979b
3.1. Topic Sentence
The first sentence in an abstract is usually called the “topic sentence”. By answering “topic sentence”. the question of “what”, the topic sentence always goes straightforwardly to the subject or the problem and indicate the primary objectives of the paper.
3.1. Examples (2)
The authors are now initiating some experimental investigation to establish… establish… The work presented in this paper focuses on several aspects of the following… The problem we have outlined deals largely with the study of… With his many years’ research, the author’s endeavor is to explain why…
英文摘要书写技巧
英文摘要书写技巧Abstract Writing Tips (1500 words)Writing an abstract is a crucial skill for researchers and academics as it helps them communicate the essence of their work in a concise and accessible manner. An abstract is a summary of a research paper, report, or article that provides an overview of the main points and findings. This article provides some useful tips for writing effective and compelling abstracts.1. Understand the Purpose of an Abstract: Before starting to write the abstract, it is important to understand its purpose. An abstract serves as a snapshot of the entire work and allows readers to quickly determine if the study is relevant to their interests. It should provide enough information to help readers decide whether to read the full paper or not.2. Follow the Structure: Abstracts generally follow a specific structure that includes the background, objective, methods, results, and conclusions of the study. However, this structure may vary depending on the requirements of the journal or conference you are submitting to. It is essential to follow the prescribed structure to ensure that all the necessary information is included.3. Be Concise: Abstracts should be concise and to the point. Since they have word limits, it is important to prioritize the most essential information and avoid unnecessary details. A good abstract should be between 150-250 words, depending on the guidelines provided by the target journal or conference.4. Use Clear and Straightforward Language: Abstracts should be written using clear and straightforward language. Avoid unnecessary jargon or technical terms that may confuse the readers. Instead, use terminology that is easily understandable to a broad audience. Remember that the purpose of an abstract is to present your work to a wider audience, including non-specialists.5. Highlight Key Points: Since abstracts serve as a summary, it is important to highlight the key points of your work. These are usually the main objectives, methods, major findings, and significant conclusions. By emphasizing these key elements, readers can get a clear idea of your research without going through the entire paper.6. Be Accurate and Objective: When writing an abstract, it is crucial to be accurate and objective. Avoid making exaggerated claims or overgeneralizations about your findings. Stick to the facts and provide a fair representation of your research. This will help establish credibility and trust among the readers.7. Avoid Citations and References: Abstracts should not include citations or references to other papers or sources. It is not the place to provide a detailed literature review. Instead, focus on summarizing your own work without external references.8. Proofread and Edit: Like any other piece of writing, abstracts should be proofread and edited to ensure clarity and correctness. Pay attention to grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors. Ensure that the abstract reads smoothly and provides a coherent summary of your study.9. Revise for Different Platforms: If you plan to submit your work to multiple journals or conferences, it is important to revise your abstract accordingly. Each target platform may have different requirements, such as word limits or specific sections to include. Tailor your abstract to meet these requirements, ensuring that it optimally represents your research for each platform.10. Seek feedback: Lastly, it is always beneficial to seek feedback from colleagues, mentors, or writing professionals. They can provide valuable insights and suggestions for improving your abstract. Incorporate their feedback to enhance the quality and impact of your abstract.In conclusion, writing an abstract requires careful consideration and attention to detail. By following these tips, you can effectively summarize your research and engage readers, ultimately increasing the visibility and impact of your work.11. Customize for Different Disciplines: It is important to keep in mind that abstracts may vary across different disciplines. Depending on the field of study, different aspects may be prioritized. For example, in scientific research, the methods and results sections may be more emphasized, while in humanities research, the theoretical framework and analysis may be more prominent. Therefore, it is crucial to tailor your abstract to the specific requirements and conventions of your discipline.12. State the Problem or Research Question: Start your abstract by clearly stating the problem or research question your study addresses. This helps readers understand the purpose and relevanceof your work. Be brief but specific in describing the issue you are investigating.13. Provide Context: In addition to stating the problem, it is important to provide some context for your study. This can include a brief background or literature review to explain the significance of the research. However, be cautious not to make the abstract too lengthy or to include excessive details. Focus on the key aspects that are directly relevant to your study.14. Summarize the Methodology: Briefly describe the methodology or approach used in your study. This includes the research design, data collection methods, and any analytical techniques employed. Highlight the key steps or procedures that are crucial for understanding your findings.15. Summarize the Results: Outline the main findings or results of your study. Be concise and specific, avoiding ambiguous or vague statements. If possible, use quantitative or qualitative data to support your conclusions. It is important to convey the most significant findings in a clear and understandable manner.16. Emphasize Novelty or Contribution: If your study has a unique or innovative aspect, make sure to highlight it in the abstract. This could be a novel methodology, a new theoretical framework, or a significant contribution to the existing literature. By emphasizing the novelty of your work, you can attract the attention of readers and make your abstract stand out.17. State the Implications and Conclusions: Conclude your abstractby summarizing the implications and conclusions of your study. Explain how your findings contribute to the existing knowledge, theory, or practice in your field. If applicable, mention any limitations or caveats of your study. By providing a clear and realistic assessment of your work, you can demonstrate its importance and practical implications.18. Include Keywords: Many journals and conferences require authors to include a list of keywords in their abstracts. Keywords are specific terms or phrases that represent the main topics or themes of your research. They help search engines and researchers find your work more easily. Choose keywords that accurately reflect the content and scope of your study.19. Pay Attention to Formatting and Style: When writing an abstract, it is important to adhere to the specific formatting and style guidelines of your target journal or conference. This includes font size, word limits, and citation styles, among others. Ensure that your abstract is properly formatted and meets all the requirements to avoid potential rejection or issues during the submission process.20. Keep Revising and Improving: Abstract writing is an iterative process. It is rare to have a perfect abstract in the first draft. Continuously revise and refine your abstract to make it more compelling and impactful. Seek feedback from colleagues, mentors, or experts in your field. Incorporate their suggestions and polish your abstract to enhance its quality and effectiveness.Writing an abstract is a skill that improves with practice. Byfollowing these tips and continually honing your abstract writing abilities, you can effectively communicate the essence of your research and increase its visibility and impact in your field. Keep in mind that abstracts play a crucial role in attracting readers' attention, so invest time and effort into crafting a clear, concise, and engaging abstract that accurately represents your work.。
英文摘要写法
SCI结构式摘要案例 结构式摘要案例
Abstract: Context Patients experience the highest rate of death and recurrent ischemic events during the early period after an acute coronary syndrome, but it is not known whether early initiation of treatment with a statin can reduce the occurrence of these early events. Objective To determine whether treatment with atorvastatin, 80 mg/d, initiated 24 to 96 hours after an acute coronary syndrome, reduces death and nonfatal ischemic events. Design and Setting A randomized, double-blind trial conducted from May 1997 to September 1999, with follow-up through 16 weeks at 122 clinical centers in Europe, North America, South Africa, and Australasia. Patients A total of 3086 adults aged 18 years or older with unstable angina or non-Q-wave acute myocardial infarction. Interventions Patients were stratified by center and randomly assigned to receive treatment with atorvastatin (80 mg/d) or matching placebo between 24 and 96 hours after hospital admission. Main Outcome Measures Primary end point event defined as death, nonfatal acute myocardial infarction, cardiac arrest with resuscitation, or recurrent symptomatic myocardial ischemia with objective evidence and requiring emergency rehospitalization. Results A primary end point event occurred in 228 patients (14.8%) in the atorvastatin group and 269 patients (17.4%) in the placebo group (relative risk [RR], 0.84; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.70-1.00; P = .048). There were no significant differences in risk of death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, or cardiac arrest between the atorvastatin group and the placebo group, although the atorvastatin group had a lower risk of symptomatic ischemia with objective evidence and requiring emergency rehospitalization (6.2% vs 8.4%; RR, 0.74; 95% CI, 0.57-0.95; P = .02). Likewise, there were no significant differences between the atorvastatin group and the placebo group in the incidence of secondary outcomes of coronary revascularization procedures, worsening heart failure, or worsening angina, although there were fewer strokes in the atorvastatin group than in the placebo group (12 vs 24 events; P = .045). In the atorvastatin group, mean low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level declined from 124 mg/dL (3.2 mmol/L) to 72 mg/dL (1.9 mmol/L). Abnormal liver transaminases (>3 times upper limit of normal) were more common in the atorvastatin group than in the placebo group (2.5% vs 0.6%; P < .001). Conclusion For patients with acute coronary syndrome, lipid-lowering therapy with atorvastatin, 80 mg/d, reduces recurrent ischemic events in the first 16 weeks, mostly recurrent symptomatic ischemia requiring rehospitalization.
如何写论文摘要
Abstract Writing Tips1 英文摘要的功能好的英文摘要应具备以下功能:1 提供足够但包括文献的基本思想和主要论点,同时也包括基的信息,让读者迅速准确地了解文献的基本内容, 帮助该专业读者决定是否查阅原文,帮助相关专业读者毋需阅读原文就能获得所需要的信息; (2) 帮助一次出版物的编辑人员缩短选稿进程,使他们一看文摘就能估计该文献的深度和创造性; (3) 减轻文献杂志等二次出版物的编辑工作,供他们直接采用或稍作加工就使用; (4) 帮助克服使用一次文献的语言障碍.英文摘要的内容理想的文摘通常应包括以下主要内容:目的和范围、方法和过程、结果和结论.1 目的和范围多数文摘一开始便简明扼要地说明该研究或实验的目的和范围,或者陈述写这篇文章的原因,有的文摘同时又指出或暗示该项研究的特点、结果和意义.目的和范围要写得具体,要能吸引读者,要给读者留下深刻的印象.在表示目的和范围时,常用下列句型:英文摘要的文体一般的英文摘要为200 词左右的一段文章,用标准的英语、规范的语法和完整的句子,简明扼要地陈述文献的目的、方法、结果和结论.文摘自身要完整,可以不依附于文献而独立存在.它应尽可能多地包含文献的信息,最好能保持文献的基调和风格,但不能出现文献里没有的东西.由于篇幅的限制,文摘不宜列举例证,不宜引用他人的作品,不宜使用插图和表格.为了提高可读性readability , 文摘中应尽量少用或不用非标准的缩写词及符号,方程式和分子式,不宜过多地运用太专业化的术语.好的文摘应是:信息准确,文字精炼,连贯流畅,逻辑性强,通俗易懂,引人入胜.请看下例:The nature of quality education is to nurture qualified people with creative spirit and ability. The kernel of quality education is individualizational accomplishing education. The premise of individualizational accomplishing education is to recognize that every student is unique , and we should conduct special education to every student in accordance with his aptitude , and help every student to develop his own individual characteristics. The key of individualizational accomplishing education is to make every student be initiative to put the foundation on students, and to treat students as the main part of education. Do not excessively responsive , directing, and demanding to students. Individualizational accomplishing education represents the humanity spiritsof modern education.文摘的开头文摘关系到读者是否阅读文献全文,文摘的开头多种多样.下面这两种方法是比较好的,用得比较普遍.1 用陈述目的和范围的主题句开始.这种方法开门见山,直截了当,使读者一下就抓住文摘的中心.如:This paper describes recent modeling and experimental studies of reverse combustion RC linking, aimed at understanding the propagation of dynamics of a RCfront.2 回顾历史或总结现状的基础上提出问题,引出文献的主题. 这种方法逻辑性强,丝丝入扣,使读者产生一种非一口气读完,找到解决问题的方法方肯罢休的强烈愿望.如:Recent research on parallel systems has shown that the most difficult problem for system designers and users is interprocessor connection and communication. A methodology for the automated design and implementation of interprocessor communication for certain multiple-processor systems has been developed and is presented in this paper.文摘的结尾文摘的人称绝大多数英文摘要都使用第三人称但不使用he 和she ,间或出现the author s ,the writer s 和第一人称we ,即使原文献作者只有1 人,也宜用“we”而不宜用“I”. 请看下面这篇文摘,作者是Ahmed E. Kamal.In this paper we study local area networks based on the star topology. We consider different access protocols used for communication over star networks. The study is concerned with network performance. We present models for the analysis of existing star network protocols. We also propose a new access protocol for star networks. The protocol has a performance that is very close to perfect scheduling. It is based on using the semaphore mechanism for bandwidth sharing. We also present an exact performance model for this protocol.Purpose:For conference papers, research papers, theses and dissertations, you will almost always be asked to write an abstract. The main point to remember is that it must be short, because it should give a summary of your research. In fact, not only are abstracts short, they must almost always be a certain, specified length. Many abstracts are, so, before you begin writing, you must find out how long your abstract should be (for example, 200 words for the master's theses) and you should come close to - but not go over - this limit. Abstracts that exceed the maximum word limit are often rejected because they cannot be used for databases, summaries of conferences, etc.An abstract should briefly:1) Re-establish the topic of the research.2) Give the research problem and/or main objective of the research (this usually comes first).3) Indicate the methodology used.4) Present the main findings.5) Present the main conclusionsIt is essential that your abstract includes all the keywords of your research, as it will enabled on databases which other researchers will search. Obviously if you only have two hundred words, you can only cover each of these areas briefly. The emphasis is generally on the main findings and main conclusions since these areas are of most interest to readers.COMMON PROBLEMS:Too long.If your abstract is too long, it may be rejected - abstracts are entered on databases, and those is usually a specified maximum number of words. Abstracts are often too long because people forget to count their words and make their abstracts too detailed.Too much detail.Abstracts that are too long often have unnecessary details. The abstract is not the place for detailed explanations of methodology or for details about the context of your research problem because you simply do not have the space to present anything but the main points of your research.Too short. Shorter is not necessarily better. If your word limit is 200 but you only write 95 words, you probably have not written in sufficient detail. You should review your abstract and see where you could usefully give more explanation - remember that in many cases readers decide whether to read the rest of your research from looking at the abstract. Many writers do not give sufficient information about their findingsFailure to include important information.You need to be careful to cover the points listed above. Often people do not cover all of them because they spend too long explaining, for example, the methodology and then do not have enough space to present their conclusion。
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3.1. Topic Sentence
The first sentence in an abstract is usually called the “topic sentence”. By answering “topic sentence”. the question of “what”, the topic sentence always goes straightforwardly to the subject or the problem and indicate the primary objectives of the paper.
The Formalized Structure of Abstract
An abstract usually consists of the following three major parts: topic sentence, supporting sentences and concluding sentences.
Abstract Writing
Definition and components of an abstract Samples of abstract writing
What Is Abstract
An abstract should be viewed as a miniature version of the paper. The Abstract should provide a brief summary of each of the main sections of the paper: Introduction, Materials and Methods, Results and Discussion. Discussion. As Houghton (1975) put it, "An abstract can be defined as a summary of the information in a document."
3.1. Examples (2)
The authors are now initiating some experimental investigation to establish… establish… The work presented in this paper focuses on several aspects of the following… The problem we have outlined deals largely with the study of… With his many years’ research, the author’s endeavor is to explain why…
2.2 Indicative abstract (1)
Another common type of abstract is the indicative abstract (sometimes called a descriptive abstract). This type of abstract is designed to indicate the subjects dealt with in a paper, making it easy for potential readers to decide whether to read the paper. However, because of its descriptive rather than substantive nature, it can seldom serve as a substitute for the full paper.
3.1 Examples (1)
The purpose of this paper is… The primary goal of this research is… The intention of this paper is to survey… The overall objective of this study is… In this paper, we aim at… at… Our goal has been to provide… The chief aim of the present work is to investigate the features of…
When writing the Abstract, examine every word carefully. If you can tell your story in 100 words, do not use 200. Most of the Abstract should be written in the past tense, tense, because it refers to work done. The Abstract should never give any information or conclusion that is not stated in the paper. References to the literature must not be cited in the Abstract (except in rare instances, such as modification of a previously published method). Likewise, the Abstract should not include or refer to tables and figures.
2.2 Indicative abstract (2)
Thus, indicative abstracts should not be used as “heading” abstracts in research papers, but they may be used in other types of publications (review papers, conference reports, the government report literature, etc.); such indicative abstracts are often of great value to reference librarians.
"A well-prepared abstract enables readers wellto identify the basic content of a document quickly and accurately, to determine its relevance to their interests, and thus to decide whether they need to read the document in its entirety" (American National Standards Institute, 1979b). 1979b
2.1 Informative abstract
An informative abstract is designed to condense the paper. It can and should briefly state the paper. problem, the method used to study the problem, and the principal data and conclusions. Often, conclusions. the abstract supplants the need for reading the full paper; without such abstracts, scientists would not be able to keep up in active areas of research. This is the type of abstract that is used as a “heading” in most journals today.
The Abstract should (1) state the principal objectives and scope of the investigation； investigation； (2) describe the methods employed； employed； (3) summarize the results； results； (4) state the principal conclusions.
Types of Abstracts
Informative abstract (more detailed, and may include quantitative details) 信息性/报道性/ 信息性/报道性/资料性摘要 Indicative /descriptive abstract (brief and qualitative, indicating what kind of research has been done) 指示性/说明性/ 指示性/说明性/描述性摘要 InformativeInformative-indicative abstract 报道报道-指示性摘要
The Abstract should not exceed 250 words and should be designed to define clearly what is dealt with in the paper. The Abstract should be typed as a single paragraph.
3.1. Examples (4)
The experiment being made by our research group is aimed at obtaining the result of… The main objective of our investigation has been to obtain some knowledge of… Experiments on… were made in order to measure the amount of… The emphasis of this study lies in… in…