高英打印版名词解释
高级英语的名词解释
高级英语的名词解释在今天的社会中，掌握一门外语已经成为人们提高自身竞争力的必要条件之一。
尤其是英语，作为全球通用的商用和交际语言，对于个人和职业发展至关重要。
然而，当我们掌握了一定程度的英语之后，我们会发现，其中也存在着一些我们不太熟悉甚至陌生的词汇或概念，这就是高级英语。
高级英语，是指在基础英语水平的基础上，更深入、更广泛地了解英语语言的复杂性和细节。
它包括了语法、词汇、文化等方面的知识。
在本文中，我们将对高级英语中的一些名词进行解释。
1. 公认名词（Countable nouns）和不可数名词（Ungountable nouns）公认名词是可以被计数的名词，如“book”（书），“dog”（狗）等。
而不可数名词则是无法被单独计数的名词，如“water”（水），“knowledge”（知识）等。
了解这两种名词的区别在语法上非常重要，因为它们在使用时需要根据数量的不同采用不同的冠词和形式。
2. 主谓一致（Subject-Verb Agreement）主谓一致是指在英语语法中，主语和谓语动词在人称和数上保持一致。
例如，当主语是单数时，谓语动词也要用单数形式；当主语是复数时，谓语动词也要用复数形式。
例如，“He eats apples”（他吃苹果）和“They eat apples”（他们吃苹果）。
3. 省略语（Ellipsis）省略语是指在英语句子中省略一些不必要的成分，以使语言表达更加简洁和流畅。
例如，“I have a pen, and she does too”（我有一支钢笔，她也有）中的“have”被省略了。
4. 比较级和最高级（Comparative and Superlative）在英语中，形容词和副词可以通过比较级和最高级来表示不同程度的比较。
比较级用于两个人或事物的比较，而最高级则用于三个或三个以上的人或事物的比较。
例如，“He is taller than me”（他比我高）和“I am the tallest in my class”（我是这个班最高的）。
英国文学名词解释大全(整理版)
名词解释1.Epic(史诗)（appeared in the the Anglo-Saxon Period ）It is a narrative of heroic action, often with a principal hero, usually mythical in its content, grand in its style, offering inspiration and ennoblement within a particular culture or national tradition.A long narrative poem telling about the deeds of great hero and reflecting the values of the society from which it originated.Epic is an extended narrative poem in elevated or dignified language, like Homer’s Iliad & Odyssey. It usually celebrates the feats of one or more legendary or traditional heroes. The action is simple, but full of magnificence.Today, some long narrative works, like novels that reveal an age & its people, are also called epic.E.g. Beowulf （the pagan（异教徒），secular(非宗教的) poetry）Iliad 《伊利亚特》，Odyssey《奥德赛》Paradise Lost 《失乐园》，The Divine Comedy《神曲》2.Romance （传奇）(Anglo-Norman feudal England)•Romance is any imaginative literature that is set in an idealized world and that deals with heroic adventures and battles between good characters and villains or monsters.•Originally, the term referred to a medieval (中世纪) tale dealing with the love and adventures of kings, queens, knights, and ladies, and including supernatural happenings.Form:long composition, in verse, in proseContent:description of life and adventures of a noble heroCharacter:a knight, a man of noble birth, skilled in the use of weapons; often described as riding forth to seek adventures, taking part in tournaments(骑士比武), or fighting for his lord in battles; devoted to the church and the king •Romance lacks general resemblance to truth or reality.•It exaggerates the vices of human nature and idealizes the virtues.•It contains perilous (dangerous) adventures more or less remote from ordinary life.•It lays emphasis on supreme devotion to a fair lady.①The Romance Cycles/Groups/DivisionsThree Groups●matters of Britain Adventures of King Arthur and his Knights of the Round Table （亚瑟王和他的圆桌骑士）●matters of France Emperor Charlemagne and his peers●matters of Rome Alexander the Great and the attacks of TroyLe Morte D’Arthur （亚瑟王之死）②Class Nature (阶级性) of the RomanceLoyalty to king and lord was the theme of the romances, as loyalty was the corner-stone（the most important part基石）of feudal morality.The romances were composed not for the common but for the noble, of the noble, and by the poets patronized （supported 庇护,保护）by the noble.3. Alliteration（押头韵）: a repeated initial(开头的) consonant(协调,一致) to successive(连续的) words.e.g. 1.To his kin the kindest, keenest for praise.2.Sing a song of southern singer4. Understatement（低调陈述）（for ironical humor）not troublesome: very welcomeneed not praise: a right to condemn5. Chronicle《编年史》（a monument of Old English prose）6. Ballads （民谣）（The most important department of English folk literature ）①Definition:A ballad is a narrative poem that tells a story, and is usually meant to be sung or recited in musical form.An important stream of the Medieval folk literature②Features of English Ballads1. The ballads are in various English and Scottish dialects.2. They were created collectively and revised when handed down from mouth to mouth.3. They are mainly the literature of the peasants, and give an outlook of the English common people in feudal society.③Stylistic （风格上）Features of the Ballads1. Composed in couplets （相连并押韵的两行诗,对句）or in quatrains （四行诗）known as the ballad stanza （民谣诗节）, rhyming abab or abcb, with the first and third lines carrying 4 accented syllables （重读音节）and the second and fourth carrying 3.2. Simple, plain language or dialect （方言，土语）of the common people with colloquial （口语的，会话的）, vivid and, sometimes, idiomatic （符合当地语言习惯的）expressions3. Telling a good story with a vivid presentation around the central plot.4. Using a high proportion of dialogue with a romantic or tragic dimension （方面）to achieve dramatic effect.④Subjects of English Ballads1. struggle of young lovers2. conflict between love and wealth3. cruelty of jealousy4. criticism of the civil war5. matters of class struggle7. Heroic couplet （英雄双韵体）（introduced by Geoffrey Chaucer）Definition:the rhymed couplet of iambic pentameter; a verse form in epic poetry, with lines of ten syllables and five stresses, in rhyming pairs.英雄诗体/英雄双韵体：用于史诗或叙事诗，每行十个音节，五个音部，每两行押韵。
名词解释英文版
名词解释英文版1. Economy（经济）：指一个国家或地区在一定时期内生产、分配和消费商品和服务的总体活动。
2. Technology（技术）：指人类在改造自然和满足自身需求的过程中所创造的知识、方法和工具。
3. Environment（环境）：指人类生存和发展的自然条件和社会条件。
4. Education（教育）：指通过传授知识、培养能力和塑造人格，使个体和社会得到发展的过程。
5. Health（健康）：指个体在身体、心理和社会适应方面的良好状态。
6. Culture（文化）：指一个国家或地区在历史长河中形成的独特的生活方式、价值观念和艺术表现形式。
7. Politics（政治）：指国家或地区内部和外部权力关系的运作和管理。
8. Law（法律）：指由国家制定和实施的规范人们行为的规则和制度。
9. Society（社会）：指由一定数量的人组成的具有共同文化、价值观和生活方式的群体。
10. Art（艺术）：指人类在审美和情感表达方面所创造的各种形式的作品和活动。
这些名词涵盖了人类社会的各个方面，是我们理解和分析世界的重要工具。
通过学习这些名词的英文解释，我们可以更好地理解和参与国际交流与合作。
名词解释英文版11. Innovation（创新）：指在现有知识和技能的基础上，创造出新的产品、服务、流程或商业模式。
12. Leadership（领导力）：指引导和激励他人为实现共同目标而努力的能力。
13. Communication（沟通）：指通过语言、文字、符号等方式，在个体之间传递信息和建立联系的过程。
14. Sustainability（可持续性）：指在满足当代人类需求的同时，不损害后代满足其需求的能力。
15. Diversity（多样性）：指在人类社会中存在的不同文化、种族、性别、宗教等方面的差异。
16. Ethics（伦理）：指人们在社会生活中应当遵循的道德规范和行为准则。
17. Globalization（全球化）：指世界经济、文化、政治等方面的联系和交流日益紧密的过程。
英国文学名词解释大全(整理版)
名词解释1.Epic(史诗)（appeared in the Anglo-Saxon Period ）It is a narrative of heroic action, often with a principal hero, usually mythical in its content, grand in its style, offering inspiration and ennoblement within a particular culture or national tradition.A long narrative poem telling about the deeds of great hero and reflecting the values of the society from which it originated.Epic is an extended narrative poem in elevated or dignified language, like Homer’s Iliad & Odyssey. It usually celebrates the feats of one or more legendary or traditional heroes. The action is simple, but full of magnificence.Today, some long narrative works, like novels that reveal an age & its people, are also called epic.E.g. Beowulf （the pagan（异教徒），secular(非宗教的) poetry）Iliad 《伊利亚特》，Odyssey 《奥德赛》Paradise Lost 《失乐园》，The Divine Comedy《神曲》2.Romance （传奇）(Anglo-Norman feudal England)•Romance is any imaginative literature that is set in an idealized world and that deals with heroic adventures and battles between good characters and villains or monsters.•Originally, the term referred to a medieval (中世纪) tale dealing with the love and adventures of kings, queens, knights, and ladies, and including supernatural happenings.Form:long composition, in verse, in proseContent:description of life and adventures of a noble heroCharacter:a knight, a man of noble birth, skilled in the use of weapons; often described as riding forth to seek adventures, taking part in tournaments(骑士比武), or fighting for his lord in battles; devoted to the church and the king •Romance lacks general resemblance to truth or reality.•It exaggerates the vices of human nature and idealizes the virtues.•It contains perilous (dangerous) adventures more or less remote from ordinary life.•It lays emphasis on supreme devotion to a fair lady.①The Romance Cycles/Groups/DivisionsThree Groups●matters of Britain Adventures of King Arthur and his Knights of the Round Table （亚瑟王和他的圆桌骑士）●matters of France Emperor Charlemagne and his peers●matters of Rome Alexander the Great and the attacks of TroyLe Morte D’Arthur （亚瑟王之死）②Class Nature (阶级性) of the RomanceLoyalty to king and lord was the theme of the romances, as loyalty was the corner-stone（the most important part基石）of feudal morality.The romances were composed not for the common but for the noble, of the noble, and by the poets patronized （supported 庇护,保护）by the noble.3. Alliteration（押头韵）: a repeated initial(开头的) consonant(协调,一致) to successive(连续的) words.e.g. 1.To his kin the kindest, keenest for praise.2.Sing a song of southern singer4. Understatement（低调陈述）（for ironical humor）not troublesome: very welcomeneed not praise: a right to condemn5. Chronicle《编年史》（a monument of Old English prose）6. Ballads （民谣）（The most important department of English folk literature ）①Definition:A ballad is a narrative poem that tells a story, and is usually meant to be 命中注定sung or recited 背诵in musical form.An important stream of the Medieval folk literature②Features of English Ballads1. The ballads are in various English and Scottish dialects.2. They were created collectively and revised when handed down from mouth to mouth.3. They are mainly the literature of the peasants, and give an outlook of the English common people in feudal society.③Stylistic （风格上）Features of the Ballads1. Composed in couplets （相连并押韵的两行诗,对句）or in quatrains （四行诗）known as the ballad stanza （民谣诗节）, rhyming abab or abcb, with the first and third lines carrying 4 accented syllables （重读音节）and the second and fourth carrying 3.2. Simple, plain language or dialect （方言，土语）of the common people with colloquial （口语的，会话的）, vivid and, sometimes, idiomatic （符合当地语言习惯的）expressions3. Telling a good story with a vivid presentation around the central plot.4. Using a high proportion of dialogue with a romantic or tragic dimension （方面）to achieve dramatic effect.④Subjects of English Ballads1. struggle of young lovers2. conflict between love and wealth3. cruelty of jealousy4. criticism of the civil war5. matters of class struggle7. Heroic couplet （英雄双韵体）（introduced by Geoffrey Chaucer）Definition:the rhymed couplet 押韵的对句of iambic pentameter抑扬格五音步; a verse form in epic poetry, with lines of ten syllables 音节and five stresses, in rhyming pairs.英雄诗体/英雄双韵体：用于史诗或叙事诗，每行十个音节，五个音部，每两行押韵。
英国文学名词解释综合版
英国文学名词解释综合版(总15页) --本页仅作为文档封面，使用时请直接删除即可----内页可以根据需求调整合适字体及大小--名词解释：1, Humanism: a variety of ethical theory and practice that emphas izes reason, scientific inquiry, and human fulfillment in the natural world and often rejects the importance of belief in God. It fo-cuses on human values and concerns, attaching prime importance to hum an rather than divine or supernatural matters. 人道主义2, Renaissance: the period of European history at the close of t he Middle Ages and the rise of the modern world; a cultural rebirth from the 14th through the middle of the 17th centuries. The renais sance was a cultural movement that profoundly affected European intell ectual life in the early modern period. Beginning in Italy, and spre ading to the rest of Europe by the 16th century, its influence was felt in literature, philosophy, art, music, politics, science, religi on, and other aspects of intellectual inquiry. Renaissance scholars em ployed the humanist method in study, and searched for realism and hu man emotion in art. 文艺复兴3, Spenserian stanza: a fixed verse form invented by Edmund Spens er for his epic poem The Fae-rie Queene. Each stanza contains nine lines in total: eight lines in iambic pentameter followed by a single 'Alexandrine' line in iambic hexameter The rhyme scheme of these lines is "ababbcbcc." 斯宾塞第二节诗4, Metaphysical poets: The metaphysical poets is a term coined by the poet and critic Samuel Johnson to describe a loose group of B ritish lyric poets of the 17th century, whose work was characterized by the inventive use of conceits, and by speculation about topics such as love or religion. 玄学诗5, Lake Poets: The Lake Poets are a group of English poets who all lived in the Lake District of Eng-land at the turn of the nineteenth century. The three main figures of what has become known as the Lakes School are William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, and Robert Southey 湖畔诗6, Beowulf: It is the oldest poem in the English language and t he most important specimen of Anglo-Saxon literature. The main stories are based on the folk legends of the primitive northern tribes. It is a pagan poem, which presents us an all-round picture of the tribal society. 贝奥武甫7, Byronic hero: The Byronic hero is a variant of the Romantic hero as a type of character, named after the English Romantic poet Lord Byron. a man proud, moody, cynical, with defiance on his brow, and misery in his heart, a scorner of his kind, implacable in rev enge, yet capable of deep and strong affection 拜伦式英雄8, Romanticism: Romanticism is a literary and artistic movement, w hich prevailed in England from 1798 to 1832. It is concerned with the expression of the individual's feeling and emotions and stressed s trong emotion as a resource of aesthetic experience.浪漫主义9, Ode: a lyrical verse written in praise of, or dedicated to s omeone or something which captures the poet's interest or serves as an inspiration for the ode. 颂诗,赋(有特殊主题,多为歌颂特定人物或事的抒情诗)O~ to the West Wind.西风颂(雪莱 (Shelley) 的诗)O~ on a Grecian Urn.希腊古瓮之歌(济慈 (Keats) 的诗)10, University Wits: The University Wits were a group of late 16 th century English playwrights who were educated at the universities and who became playwrights and popular secular writers. Prominent memb ers of this group were Christopher Marlowe, Robert Greene, and Thomas Nashe from Cambridge, and John Lyly, Thomas Lodge, George Peele fro m Oxford. 大学才子11, Sentimentalism: Sentimentalism stresses on material senses as being spiritual and/or consid-ers soul to be material, thus anything done on sentimental level is more or less materialistic rather than spiritual/transcendental. 情感主义12, Alliteration: Alliteration refers to the repetition of a parti cular sound in the first syllables of a series of words or phrases. Alliteration has developed largely through poetry, in which it more narrowly refers to the repetition of a consonant in any syllables that, according to the poem's me-ter, are stressed. Alliteration is commonly used in many languages, e specially in poetry. 头韵13,Glorious Revolution: the name of the overthrow of King James I I of England (James VII of Scot-land and James II of Ireland) by a union of English Parliamentarians with the Dutch stadtholder William III of Orange-Nassau (William of Orange). William's successful invasion of England w ith a Dutch fleet and army led to his ascending the English throne as William III of England jointly with his wife Mary II of Englan d. In 1688, William of orange landed at torbay and marched upon Lon don. This takeover was smooth, with neither bloodshed, nor any execut ion of the King, which became known as the glorious revolution. 光荣革命14, Norman Conquest: the invasion and conquest of England by an army of Normans and French led by Duke William II of Normandy. William, who defeated King Harold II of England on 14 Octo-ber 1066 at the Battle of Hastings, was crowned as king on Christma s Day 1066. He then consoli-dated his control over England and settled many of his followers in England, introducing a number of governmental and societal changes t o medieval England. 诺曼征服15, Ballad: A ballad is a form of verse, often a narrative set to music. Ballads were particularly characteristic of the popular po etry and song of the British Isles from the later medieval period u ntil the 19th century and used extensively across Europe and later t he Americas, Australia and North Africa. Many ballads were written an d sold as single sheet broadsides. The form was often used by poets and composers from the 18th century onwards to produce lyrical ball ads. In the later 19th century it took on the meaning of a slow f orm of popular love song and the term is now often used as synony mous with any love song, particularly the pop or rock power ballad.歌谣16 .Free verse : Free verse has no overall rhyme scheme, nor basic meter informing the whole poem. Ezra pound advised poets to compose in the sequence of the musical phrase, not in the sequence of the metronome. Charles Olson advised poets t compose by listening to their own breath. Walt Whitman created an impressive rhythm by accumulation: keeping writing long lines of approximately the same length and causing the pause to recur at about the same interval after each line. 自由体诗17. Open form, Free verse, Prose Poem问答题：1. Humanism was a study first done in the renaissance. instead of l earning only about god and religion, people, for the first time, sta rted to just think about ourselves as people characteristics of human ism include anatomy, classicism, nature, realism, reason and learning, religion, individualism, youth, and perspective.2, Sonnet 18 theme of man and the natural world. On one level, Son net 18 is clearly concerned with the relationship between man and th e eventual, inescapable death he’ll encounter in nature. On another level, the poet also seems fascinated by the relationship between sea sonal weather and personal, internal "weather" and balance. Sonnet 18 Theme of Literature and Writing Like much of Shakespeare’s work, S onnet 18 is all about writing and expressing one’s self through lan guage. This is, at its clearest, a poem about the power of the wri tten word over death, fate, and possibly even love. Sonnet 18 Theme of Time The speaker of Sonnet 18 is absolutely fixated on fate and mortality, but believes he’s come up with an effective time machi ne: poetry. Sonnet 18 is addressed to a friend, not to a woman!!! Shakespeare compares his friendship to a summer's day. Friendship is unlike summer not changing and it is everlasting. Friendship is likea mild and eternal summer.3 movement of RomanticismThe historical issues and developments of the time played a major role in provoking and shap-ing the new literary movement of Romanticism. The Industrial Revolutio n, its urbanization of Eng-lish life, and its abuses against the working class called for a ch ange in literary concerns and style. The basis aims of romanticism w ere various: a return to nature and to belief in the goodness of m an; the rediscovery of the artist as a supremely individual creator; the exaltation of senses and emotions over reason and intellect. 4，Charlotte BronteIn this novel, Charlotte Bronte pours a great deal of her own exper iences, such as the life at Lo-wood School and life as a governess. One of the central themes of the book is the criticism of the bourgeois system of education. An other problem raised by Charlotte in the novel is the posi-tion of woman in society. Jane Eyre is an orphan child with a fier y spirit and a longing to love and be loved. She is poor and plai n but she dares to love her master, a man superior to her in many ways. As a little governess, she is brave enough to declare to th e man her love for him. She cuts a com-pletely new women image. She represents those middle-class working women who are strug-gling for recognition of their basic rights and equality as a human being.5，metaphysical poetry——complex, highly intellectual verse filled with intricate and far-fetched metaphors. John Donne is considered the greatest of the metap hysical poets.6 Swift's proseAnother important feature of Swift's prose is that he uses the commo n touch. In other words, everybody can understand his language that is why even children can read his books with so much enjoyment. Als o, Swift addresses people as rational and political beings, making th em his equals. Swift wrote in a very plain and downright style. He didn't use any embellishment. At times, when Swift was writing seri ous stuff this same plain style appears dry but when writing humorou sly, this same plainness gives his wit a singular edge. Swift didn't use ornate or rhetorical language.7 the general relation of Normans and SaxonsAfter the Norman Conquest, the general relation of Normans and Saxo ns was that of master and servant. One of the most striking manifes tations of the supremacy of the conquerors was to be seen in the l anguage. The Norman lords spoke French, while their English subjects retained their old tongue. For a long time the scholar wrote in Lat in and the courtier in French. There was al-most no written literature in English for a time. Chronicles and rel igious poems were in Latin. Romances, the prominent kind of literatur e in the Anglo-Norman period, were at first all in French. By the end of the four teenth century, when Normans and English intermingled, English was onc e more the dominant speech in the country. But now it became someth ing different from the old Anglo-Saxon. The structure of the language remained English, and the common words were almost all retained, though often somewhat modified in f orm. But many terms employed by the Nor-mans were adopted into the English language.8 The character Shylock, in Shakespeare's The Merchant of VeniceThe character Shylock, in Shakespeare's The Merchant of Venice, is po rtrayed as a beastly monstrosity, with a lust for Antonio's life. Shylock is clearly a villain in the sense that he takes repeatedly takes advantage of people in vulnerable economic situations and makes a handsome living in this way. He is not an inherently likable ch aracter throughout “The Merchant of Venice”by Shakespeare; he avo ids friendships, he is cranky, and he is steadfast in his beliefs t o the point of being ri-gid. Shylock is also a man who is unreasonable and self-thinking, demanding Shylock is a man who is hardly likable in all a spects throughout “The Merchant of Venice”.9 Robinson Crusoe is one of the protagonists drawn most successfully in English novels. Through his characterization of Crusoe, Defoe des cribes him as a hero struggling against nature and hu-man fate with an indomitable will, and highly praises his creative l abor, physical and mental, an allusion to the glorification of the b ourgeois creativity when it was a rising and more energetic class in the initial stage of its historical development.10 In Shakespeare's Hamlet, a ghost tells Hamlet that his uncle, Cla udius, is responsible for the death of his father. Hamlet is driven to reveal the truth of his father's death and seeks to avenge his murder to achieve justice. In his quest to right the wrongdoing, H amlet delays acting toward justice for many reasons. The main factor for Hamlet's hesitation is attributed to his self-discipline. He lacks of ability to act on his emotions. Hamlet is an intelligent, moral, and reserved character. He restrains himself to act rationally and not on emotion. This hesitation is a tragic flaw for Ham-let, but in order to resolve the truth, it is necessary. Hamlet has doubts about the validity of the ghost; he is too rational a char acter to seek revenge on Claudius based on a conversation with a su pernatural spirit. He is unsure whether it was his father's ghost, or some evil deity trying to trick him.英国文学问答题:Questions:1. Why sleep is so frightening, according to Hamlet, since it can “end” the heartache and the thousand natural shocks”2. Why would people rather hear all the sufferings of the world instead choosing death to get rid of them, according to Hamlet3. What, after all, makes people lose their determination to take action Please explain in relation to the so-called hesitation of Hamlet.4. What does Romeo compare Juliet to in the beginning passage of the selection5. What is Romeo and Juliet’s attitude toward being a Montague or a Capuletdoes Romeo mean when he says “Look thou but sweet, /And I am proof against their e nmity”7.What’s your understanding on the utterance “to be or not be”8. Briefly comment on the characteristics of Hamlet’s personality. were Shakespeare’s major tragedies written What did he write about in his tragediesAnswers for reference:1. Nobody can predict what he will dream of after he falls asleep.is so mysterious that nobody knows what death will bring to us. Maybe bitter sufferings, great pains, heartbreaking stories…3.1) Conscience and over-considerations. 2) He wants to revenge, butdoesn’t know how; 2) He wants to kill his uncle, but find it too risky; 3) He lives in despair and wants to commit suicide,4)however, he kno ws if he dies, nobody will comfort his father’sghost. He is in face of great dilemma.4. Sun.5. They would give up their names for love’s sake.6. Only if you are kind to me, their hatred cannot hurt me.7. “To be or not to be” means to live or end one’s life by self-destruction. Hamlet has already spoken of suicide as a means of escape, and he dwells on it in a later part of this very speech, giving however a different reason for refraining. The notion that in the words “or not to be ” he is speculating on the possibility of “something after death”---whether there is a future life –cannot be entertained for a moment. The whole drift of the speech shows his belief in a future life. Practically the whole speech has become proverbial as an outpouring of utter worldly weariness.8. Hamlet is the typical of humanists under the pen of Shakespeare, who is characteristic of the perfection and perseverance in personality embodied in the Renaissance superman. As Ophelia tells us that he had been the ideal Renaissance prince___ a soldier, scholar, courtier, “the glass of fashion and the mold of form.” But since his father died and his mother hastily remarried, there is transition in his character. He was in the state of depression, melancholy and delay of revenging. Why Because he realizes, as a humanist, what his real duty lies in. So he pretended to be mad, melancholy, depressed and slow in action. By large, he is very sensitive, resourceful and has his own ideas, and the essence of his revenging his father is not for himself or for the bloody family feuds and hatred but lies in punishing the social corruptions, the wrongs, praising the good, and setting it right. As humanist himself he is all alone, detaching himself from the mass, which is the major reason why he failed himself.9. Shakespeare’s main tragedies were written during the period of gloom and depression, which dated from 1600 to 1607.Shakespeare’s great tragedies are associated with a period of gloom and sorrow in his life. During this period, England witnessed a general unrest, and social contradictions became very sharp. What caused the writer’s personal sadness is unknown to us. It is generally attributed to the political misfortune of his friend and patron, Earl of Essex, who was killed by the queen.10.What was the keynote of the Renaissance Can you define itAnswer: Humanism was the keynote of the Renaissance, reflecting the new outlook of the rising bourgeois class. The humanists advocated the emancipation of man, tried to have the new evaluation of man and his powers, fought for equality and justice and opposed feudal tyranny and religious obstinacy.11.What are Shakespeare’s four great comedies and four great tragedies Answer: The four great comedies: A Midsummer Night’s Dream As You Like itThe Merchant of Venice Twelfth NightThe four great tragedies: Hamlet Othello King Lear Macbeth12.What is the theme of Shakespeare’s Sonnet 18Answer: Only literature (“eternal lines”, “this”) can contend with time,and literature is created by man, so in the final analysis, this poem glorifies man’s greatness and immortality, which is a feature of the Renaissance Period.:13.According to Bacon, what studies chiefly serve for14.According to Bacon, what are the disadvantages of studies15.According to Bacon, what is the relationship between studies and life experiences16.According to Bacon, different people have different attitudes toward studies, please name some.17.According to Bacon, what way should we have toward studies18.According to Bacon, how studies exert influence over human character19.Please list at least 4 major works written by Francis Bacon.Answers:13.Studies serve 1)for delight, 2)for ornament, and3) for ability. Their chiefuse for delight, is in privateness and retiring; for ornament, is in discourse; and for ability, is in the judgement and disposition of business.(3points)14.1)To spend too much time in studies is sloth; 2)to use them too much forornament, is affectation; 3) to make judgement wholly by their rules, is the humour of a scholar. (3points)15.1)Studies perfect nature, and are perfectec by experience: 2)for natural abilities are like natural plants, that need pruning by study; 3)and studies themselves do give forth directions too much at large, except they be boundedin by experience. (3points)16.1)Crafty men contemn studies, 2)simple men admire them, and 3)wise men use them; 4)for they teach not their own use; 5)but that is a wisdom without them, and above them, won by observation.(3points)17.1)Read not to contradict and confute;2) nor to believe and take for granted; 3)nor to find talk and discourse;4) but to weigh and consider. (3points)18.1)Histories make men wise; 2)poets witty; 3)the mathematics subtile;4)natural philosophy deep; 5)moral grave; 6)logic and rhetoric able to contend. Abeunt studia in morse. (3points)19.1)Advancement of Learning, 1605; 2)New Instrument,1620; 3)New Atlantis, 1626; 4)Essays, 1625.(3points)Austen:Questions:20. Why do you think of How can you characterize her21. What do you known about Jane Austen’s writing styleAnswers for reference:20. 1) She is mean, her only care is to marry her daughter to rich young men ; 2) She is simple and foolish, even cannot understand her husband’s ironical words. 3) She loves her daughter , though she doesn’t understand them ,but what she do is only for their happiness rather than herself.21. 1) keen observation of society around her , good ear for conversation, use of mild, irony and penetrating Style, clarity, economy, skillful dialogue, tight plotting, simple and clear. 3）Readers can find sth of themselves, comfort, tranquility, escape in her novels.22.Tell the story of Pride and Prejudice.Answer: Bingley, a rich bachelor, takes Netherfield Park, and brings there his friend Darcy. Bingley falls in love with Jane, and Darcy is attracted to her next sister Elizabeth, but offends her by his proud behavior. He proposes to her but is rejected. Her prejudice against him increases as more misunderstanding arises. After many twists and turns, however, things are cleared up, and the two couples are happily united.23.In Jane Austen’s surroundings, what were the only importantissues in lifeAnswer: In Jane Austen’s surroundings, marriage, inheritance of property and maintenance of social prestige were the only important issues in life.24. On what issues were Jane Austen’s novels centeredAnswer: Her novels were centered on such issues as marriage, inheritance of property and maintenance of social prestige.25. From what book is the following paragraph taken Who wrote it“Elizabeth, feeling all the more than common awkwardness and anxiety of his situation, now forced herself to speak; and immediately, though not very fluently, gave him to understand that her sentiments had undergone so material a change, since the periodto which he alluded, as to make her receive with gratitude and pleasure his present assurances. The happiness which this reply produced, was such as he had probably never felt before; and he expressed himself on the occasion as sensibly and as warmly as a man violently in love can be supposed to do. Had Elizabeth been able to encounter his eye, she might have seen how well the expression of heartfelt delight, diffused over his face, became him; but, though she could not look, she could listen, and he told her of feelings, which, in proving of what importance she was to him, made his affection every moment more valuable.”Answer: It is taken from Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen.26. Who said the following From what book is it taken“I cannot give you credit for any philosophy of the kind. Your retrospections must be so totally void of reproach, that the contentment arising from them is not of philosophy, but, what is much better, of innocence. But with me, it is not so. Painfulrecollections will intrude which cannot, which ought not, to be repelled. I have been a selfish being all my life, in practice, though not in principle. As a child I was taught what was right, but I was not taught to correct my temper. I was given good principles,but left to follow them in pride and conceit. Unfortunately an only son (for many years an only child), I was spoilt by my parents, who, though good themselves (my father, particularly, all that was benevolent and amiable), allowed, encouraged, almost taught me to be selfish and overbearing; to care for none beyond my own family circle; to think meanly of all the rest of the world; to wish at least tothink meanly of their sense and worth compared with my own. Such I was, from eight to eight and twenty; and such I might still have been but for you, dearest, loveliest Elizabeth! What do I not owe you! You taught me a lesson, hard indeed at first, but most advantageous. By you, I was properly humbled. I came to you without a doubt of my reception. You showed me how insufficient were all my pretensions to please a woman worthy of being pleased.”Answer: It was said by Darcy. It is taken from Pride and Prejudice.27. D o you agree with the statement “it is a tr uth universally acknowledged that a single man in possession of a good fortune mustbe in want of a wife” WhyAnswer: To make the statement really true, it would be better to omit “in possession of a good fortune”. The original statement actually is only t he wishful thinking of Mrs. Bennet and is rather ironically amusing. Marriage and money have no relationship at all. We cannot define a man by his possession of fortune; marriage is something really holy and people marry because they fall in love with each other, not with moneyBronte:Questions:28.What’s the theme in Jane Eyre29.Please show your understanding on the love between Jane Eyreand Mr Rochester .Answers for reference:28.1) Jane Eyre is not only a love story; 2) it is also a plea forthe recognition of the individual’s worth and 3) sex equalitythat Women attempt to assert their own identity within the male-dominated society.29.Though poor and plain, Jane Eyre, who had a strong will of life,tried hard to get her rights of equality. She left the man verymuch who was about 20 years older than she and richer. She justwanted him to treat her equally. She was great because her lovemade disillusioned Rochester happy again. Mr. Rochester was a manfull of life’s misery, yet he loved Jane truly a nd respected her very much. That’s why he got her love.30. Why does Jane Eyre decide to stay with Mr. RochesterAnswer: She has always loved him. She doesn’t really want to marry St John. She once left Mr. Rochester because he was already married to Bertha, not because she stopped loving him. The call she hears at the window of “Jane! Jane!” makes her think Rochester is in trouble, so she goes back to find him.31.Tell the story of Jane Eyre.Answer: Jane becomes a governess for Rochester, who falls in love with her, and she with him. They are about to be married when Jane, learning that Rochester has a wife, a lunatic, flees from the house. She is taken in and cared for by Rev. Rivers. Meanwhile, a great misfortune befalls Rochester: he loses his sight during a fire in the house, set by his mad wife. Hearing that Rochester is penniless and disabled, Jane Eyre hurries to him and becomes his wife.32.Why is Jane Eyre so popularAnswer: The heroine is plain and poor; the heroine is the first female character to claim the right to feel strongly about her emotions and act on her convictions; such a psychologically complex heroine had never been created before.33. Who said the following From what book is it taken“Cruel, cruel deserter! Oh, Jane, what did I feel when I discovered you had fled from Thornfield, and when I could nowherefind you; and, after examining your apartment, ascertained that you had taken no money, nor anything which could serve as an equivalent!A pearl necklace I had given you lay untouched in its little casket; your trunks were left corded and locked as they had been prepared for the bridal tour. What could my darling do, I asked, left destitute and penniless And what did she do Let me hear now.”Answer: It was said by Mr. Rochester. It is taken from Jane Eyre.Dickens:Questions:34. How do you understand Pip’s so called “Great Expectation”35. Please explain the reason that Great Expectation is a so-called bildungsroman or growth novel.Answers for reference:(简略版)34.1) W hen he was young,he wanted to become a blacksmith like Joe, hisbrother in law. 2) When he met Havisham and fell in love with Estella, his expectations changed: to raise his social status and become a gentleman, get a better education and then marry Estella. 3) When Pip discovered that his benefactor was in fact a convict, his “greatexpectation” turned out to be bubble, beautiful but transient.Pip finally realized the money and social status is not the most important thing in life. W hat’s important is love and loyalty. M an's true value has nothing to do with his money and status.35.It is the novel of the growth and development of the hero Pip.There is absence of parents for Pip who is raised by his sisterand brother-in-law; As a gentleman, Pip condescends people oflower class, losing sight of the generous, kind aspect of being a gentleman; He is tested and drawn to destructive love etc.36.Tell the story of the excerpt from Great Expectations you haveread.Answer: One night, a familiar figure comes into Pip’s room –- the convict Magwitch, who surprises Pip by saying that he, not Miss Havisham, is the source of Pip’s fortune. He tells Pip that he wasso moved by Pip’ boyhood kindness that he had dedicated his life to making Pip a gentleman, and made a fortune in Australia for that very purpose. Magwitch is caught and sentenced to death, and Pip loses his fortune.37.What is the theme of the excerpt from Great Expectations youhave readAnswer: Affection, loyalty, and conscience were considered more important than social advancement and wealth38.From what book is the following paragraph taken Who wrote it“Nothing was needed but this； the wretched man， after loading wretched me with his gold and silver chains for years, had risked his life to come to me, and I held it there in my keeping！ If I hadloved him instead of abhorring him; if I had been attracted to him by the strongest admiration and affection，instead of shrinking from him with the strongest repugnance； it could have been no worse. On the contrary， it would have been better，for his preservation would then have naturally and ten derly addressed my heart.”Answer: It is taken from Great Expectations by Charles Dickens.39.How do you evaluate the meeting of Pip with Magwitch。
英国文学名词解释大全(整理版)
名词解释1.Epic(史诗)（appeared in the the Anglo-Saxon Period ）It is a narrative of heroic action, often with a principal hero, usually mythical in its content, grand in its style, offering inspiration and ennoblement within a particular culture or national tradition.A long narrative poem telling about the deeds of great hero and reflecting the values of the society from which it originated.Epic is an extended narrative poem in elevated or dignified language, like Homer’s Iliad & Odyssey. It usually celebrates the feats of one or more legendary or traditional heroes. The action is simple, but full of magnificence.Today, some long narrative works, like novels that reveal an age & its people, are also called epic.E.g. Beowulf （the pagan（异教徒），secular(非宗教的) poetry）Iliad 《伊利亚特》，Odyssey《奥德赛》Paradise Lost 《失乐园》，The Divine Comedy《神曲》2.Romance （传奇）(Anglo-Norman feudal England)•Romance is any imaginative literature that is set in an idealized world and that deals with heroic adventures and battles between good characters and villains or monsters.•Originally, the term referred to a medieval (中世纪) tale dealing with the love and adventures of kings, queens, knights, and ladies, and including supernatural happenings.Form:long composition, in verse, in proseContent:description of life and adventures of a noble heroCharacter:a knight, a man of noble birth, skilled in the use of weapons; often described as riding forth to seek adventures, taking part in tournaments(骑士比武), or fighting for his lord in battles; devoted to the church and the king •Romance lacks general resemblance to truth or reality.•It exaggerates the vices of human nature and idealizes the virtues.•It contains perilous (dangerous) adventures more or less remote from ordinary life.•It lays emphasis on supreme devotion to a fair lady.①The Romance Cycles/Groups/DivisionsThree Groups●matters of Britain Adventures of King Arthur and his Knights of the Round Table （亚瑟王和他的圆桌骑士）●matters of France Emperor Charlemagne and his peers●matters of Rome Alexander the Great and the attacks of TroyLe Morte D’Arthur （亚瑟王之死）②Class Nature (阶级性) of the RomanceLoyalty to king and lord was the theme of the romances, as loyalty was the corner-stone（the most important part基石）of feudal morality.The romances were composed not for the common but for the noble, of the noble, and by the poets patronized （supported 庇护,保护）by the noble.3. Alliteration（押头韵）: a repeated initial(开头的) consonant(协调,一致) to successive(连续的) words.e.g. 1.To his kin the kindest, keenest for praise.2.Sing a song of southern singer4. Understatement（低调陈述）（for ironical humor）not troublesome: very welcomeneed not praise: a right to condemn5. Chronicle《编年史》（a monument of Old English prose）6. Ballads （民谣）（The most important department of English folk literature ）①Definition:A ballad is a narrative poem that tells a story, and is usually meant to be sung or recited in musical form.An important stream of the Medieval folk literature②Features of English Ballads1. The ballads are in various English and Scottish dialects.2. They were created collectively and revised when handed down from mouth to mouth.3. They are mainly the literature of the peasants, and give an outlook of the English common people in feudal society.③Stylistic （风格上）Features of the Ballads1. Composed in couplets （相连并押韵的两行诗,对句）or in quatrains （四行诗）known as the ballad stanza （民谣诗节）, rhyming abab or abcb, with the first and third lines carrying 4 accented syllables （重读音节）and the second and fourth carrying 3.2. Simple, plain language or dialect （方言，土语）of the common people with colloquial （口语的，会话的）, vivid and, sometimes, idiomatic （符合当地语言习惯的）expressions3. Telling a good story with a vivid presentation around the central plot.4. Using a high proportion of dialogue with a romantic or tragic dimension （方面）to achieve dramatic effect.④Subjects of English Ballads1. struggle of young lovers2. conflict between love and wealth3. cruelty of jealousy4. criticism of the civil war5. matters of class struggle7. Heroic couplet （英雄双韵体）（introduced by Geoffrey Chaucer）Definition:the rhymed couplet of iambic pentameter; a verse form in epic poetry, with lines of ten syllables and five stresses, in rhyming pairs.英雄诗体/英雄双韵体：用于史诗或叙事诗，每行十个音节，五个音部，每两行押韵。
(完整word版)英国文学最全名词解释
名词解释1、Alliteration(头韵) It refers to a repeated initial consonant to successive words and it is the most striking feature in its poetic form. In alliterative verse, certain accented words in a line begin with the same consonant sound。
It usually have a caesura in the middle and two stresses (or accents） in each half. The number of unstressed syllables in the two halves may vary。
Yet，the same consonant is repeated at the beginning of the accented syllables， either twice in the first half of the verse line and once in the second half, or vice versa. Or we can say there are generally 4 accents in a line, three of which show alliteration， and it is the initial sound of the third accented syllable that normally determiners the alliteration. Alliteration makes Anglo—Saxon poetry very musical in sound and acts almost the same part that rhyme plays in later poetry。
高英完整版 2
一、选词填空1Unleash解开、不受约束2.Afflict折磨、使痛苦 3. Formulate明确表达、规划(plan,proposal)4. Forge伪造、锻造(relationship) 5. Rack齿条、折磨 6. Presuppose 假设、以…为前提7.Intercept拦截8.Loom问题浮现9.Forsake放弃、背叛10..Hunch感觉、直觉、预感、大快11. Snarl咆哮、怒骂二、词语辨析1.destroy通常指“对事物造成毁灭性破坏”不能或很难修复Demolish人为拆毁建设ruin（被毁的状态）smash 打碎，粉碎2.barrier人为的障碍obstacle 自然的障碍3.wander漫游范围小stroll漫步、闲逛rang（V.漫游）大，浪迹天涯4.mistreatment对待方式不对ill-treatment虐待5.mischievous淘气的、不一定坏的naughty坏的、捣蛋的6.persist in坚持、固执不改insist on坚持要、坚决要求adhere to坚持、拥护7.mock嘲弄、模仿、挖苦（带有挑逗性的）jeer 嘲笑ridicule丑化，嘲弄（指用语音戏弄某人，无善意）deride讥笑8.admit在压力下不得不承认已经证实或难以否认的事confess承认错误，坦白的忏悔acknowledge公开承认，指过去曾隐瞒或否认的事9.barren光秃、不毛之地belabor喋喋不休desolate凄凉10.assume旁观、假设presume 主观根据了解情况认为11.Demilish慢慢减弱、情感弱化minimize极小化12.fate致命的deadly极具杀伤力的mortal会死亡的lethal剧毒的、致命的13.incline倾向tempted诱惑14.generosity 慷慨goodwill善意、亲切、友好15.decay腐烂，随着时间推移（国家、人由盛转衰）rot 蔬菜、水果或肉类的分解、腐烂decompose侧重植物由内部组织分解而导致的腐烂16、ensure保证、确定（make certain）assure向某人保证（make sb. Confident）三、1.Precariou s危险的、不稳定的2.skeptical怀疑的3.dulcet美妙的、悦耳的4.ponderous笨重的5.avid热心的、渴望的6. forlorn绝望的、孤零零的、孤独的7.enterprising创业精神、进取精神8.strenuous紧张的、费力的、勤奋的9.inexorable不可更改的、无法改变的10.perspicacious有洞察力的、睿智的11.decorate 装饰12. immune to对；不收感染13.skeptical 怀疑的14.fruitful 硕果累累的15.desolate 荒凉的四、Paraphrase1.Unleash L3 Para11 I...before the dark powers of destruction unleashed by science engulf all humanity inWith a good conscience our only sure reward, with history the final judge of our deeds, lets us go forth to lead the land we loved.Let history finally judge whether we have done our task welt or not,but our sure reward will be a good conscience for we will have worked sincerely and to the best of our ability.3.The geographic core, in Twain's early years, was the great valley of the Mississippi River, main artery of transportation in the young nation's heartIn Twain’s childhood,the geographic core was the grate valley of the Mississippi River,main route or channel of transportation in the south and the north.P140 para2 I4.The instant riches of a mining strike would not be his in the reporting trade, but for making money, his pen would prove mightier than his pickax.In gold mining,some miners became overnight if they could discover a gold vein.in reporting trade,although Twain couldn’t become rich us most miners,his reporting brought him much money than gold mining.5.The cast of characters set before him in his new profession was rich and varied a cosmos .In his new profession he could meet people of all kind.6.After a while, it is the setting of man against man and creed against creed until we are marching backwards to the glorious age of the 16th century when bigots lighted faggots to burn the manAfter a while,there will be a war of man against man and creed against in the society. The war would not stop until the society go back to the dark age of 16th century. At that time, anyone who brave to introduce new knowledge idea and culture would be burned to death by those who were obstinate to follow the old creed.五、translate1.1.观众对被告充满了同情心。
(完整word版)高级英语1课文词汇
Hiroshima---the Liveliest City in Japan词汇 (Vocabulary)reportorial ( adj.) :reporting 报导的，报告的kimono ( n.) :a loose out garment with short，wide sleeve and a sash。
part of the traditional costume of Japanese men and women和服preoccupation ( n.) :a matter which takes up an one's attention令人聚精会神的事物oblivious ( adj.) :forgetful or unmindful(usually with of or to) 忘掉的；健忘的 (常与 of 或 to 连用 ) bob ( v．) :move or act in a bobbing manner，move suddenly or jerkily；to curtsy quickly 上下跳动，晃动；行屈膝礼ritual ( adj.) : of or having the nature of，or done as a rite or rites仪式的，典礼的facade ( n.) :the front of a building；part of a building facing a street， courtyard，etc． (房子 )正面，门面lurch ( v． ) :roll ，pitch ，or sway suddenly forward or to one side忽然向前 (或向侧面 )倾斜intermezzo ( n.) :a short piece of music played alone．or one which connects longer pieces插曲；间奏曲gigantic ( adj.) :very big；huge；colossal；immense 巨大的，宏大的，其大非常的 usher ( n.) :an official doorkeeper门房；传达员heave (v． ) :utter(a sign，groan，etc．)with great effort or pain( 费力或难过地 )发出 (惋惜、呻吟声等)barge ( n.) :a large boat，usually flat — bottomed，for carrying heavy freight on rivers，canals，etc．；a large pleasure boat，esp. one used for state ceremonies，pageants，etc．大驳船； (尤指用于庆典的)大型游艇moor ( v．) :hold(a ship，etc．)in place by cables or chains to the shore，or by anchors，etc．系泊；锚泊arresting (adj.) :attracting attention； interesting；striking 惹人注视的；风趣的 beige ( adj.) :grayish—tan 米黄色；浅灰黄色的tatami ( n.) :[Jap．]a floor mat woven of rice straw，used traditionally in Japanese homes for sitting on， as when eating[日 ]日自己家里铺在地板上的稻草垫，榻榻米stunning ( adj.) :[colloq． ]remarkably attractive， excellent[口] 极其美丽的；极其优秀的twinge ( n.) :a sudden，brief ，darting pain or pang；a sudden．brief feeling of remorse，shame，etc．刺痛，剧痛；痛心，后悔，怨恨，愧疚slay ( v.) :(slew 或 slayed, slain，slaying)kill or destroy in a violent way 杀戮；毁掉linger ( v ．) :continue to live or exist although very close to death or the end苟延；恒久犹存 agony ( n.) :very great mental or physical pain(精神上或肉体上的 )极度难过inhibit ( v ． ) :hold back or keep from some action， feeling， etc 克制 (感情等 )；拘束 (行动等 ) spinal ( adj. ) :of or having to do with the spine or spinal cord脊背的；脊柱的；脊髓的agitated ( adj.) :shaken；perturbed； excited 发抖的；不安的，忧愁的；激动的reverie ( n.) :a dreamy，fanciful ，or visionary notion or daydream 梦想；想象；白天梦heinous (adj.) :outrageously evil or wicked；abominable 极可恨的，极可恶的，极坏的cataclysm ( n.) :a violent and sudden change or event．esp. a serious flood or earthquake灾变 (尤指洪水、地震等 )demolish ( v．) :pull down ， tear down，or smash to pieces拆毁，拆掉；损坏，破坏formaldehyde ( n.) :[chem.]a colorless，pungent gas，HCHO ， used in solution as a strong disinfectant and preservation，and in the manufacture of synthetic resins，dyes. etc．[ 化]甲醛ether ( n.) :[chem.]a light colorless liquid made from alcohol，which burns and is easily changed intoa gas(used in industry and as an anaesthetic to put people to sleep before an operation)[化]醚；乙醚humiliate ( v ．) :hurt the pride or dignity of by causing to be or seem foolish or contemptible使受辱，使丢人genetic (adj.) :of or having to do with genetics遗传的短语 (Expressions)have a lump in one’s throat: a feeling of pressure in one’s throat (cause by repressed emotion as love， sadness，etc． )如哽在喉，哽咽 (因压制激动的情绪所致，如爱、伤心等 )例： Many British people had a lump in their throat on hearing the death of Dianna．很多英国人在听到黛安娜王妃的死讯时如哽在喉。
完整版英国文学名词解释
Part One:①Beowulf The national heroic epic of the English people. It has over 3,000 lines. It describesthe battles between the two monsters and Beowulf, who won the battle finally and dead for thefatal wound. The poem ends with the funeral of the hero. The most striking feature in its poeticalof ) and of metaphors(暗喻Other alliteration. features of it are the use form is the use if). understatements(含蓄Alliteration: ②) words in a line begin with the sameIn alliterative verse, certain accented(重音). There are generally 4accents in a line, 3 of which show alliteration, as can consonant sound(辅音be seen from the above quotation.③Romance:thewas in feudal England prevailing(most 流行的) kind of literature The), 散文sometimes in prose(sometimes in verse(诗篇), composition, Romance. It was a longseek to riding forth hero, usually a knight, as of describing the life and adventures a noble), or fighting for his lord in battle and the swearing of 竞赛adventures, taking part intournament(oaths.Epic:④An epic is a lengthy narrative poem, ordinarily concerning a serious subject containingdetails of heroic deeds and events significantly to a culture or nation. The first epics are known as primacy, or original epics.Ballad:⑤The most important department of English folk literature is the ballad which is a storyThe lines rhymed. the second and fourth 4-line in song, usually in stanzas(诗节), with toldsubjects of ballads are various in kind, as the struggle of young lovers against their feudal-minded families, the conflict between love and wealth, the cruelty of jealousy, the criticism of the civil war,绿林《(and the matters and class struggle. The paramount(卓越的) important ballad is Robin Hood). 好汉》Geoffrey Chaucer⑥He was an English author, poet, philosopher and diplomat.乔叟:杰弗里?He is the founder of English poetry. He obtained a good knowledge of Latin, French and Italian.the which (《坎特伯雷故事集》), remembered narrative is the Canterbury Tales His bests time. That is why ') supplies a miniature(缩影) of the English society of ChaucerPrologue(序言s'men and women”. Chaucer affirms Chaucer has been called “the founder of English realism) asceticism(禁欲主义the dogma of opposes(pursue their happiness on earth and 反对) right tos energy, intellect, 'preached(鼓吹) by the church. As a forerunner of humanism, he praises man to English poetry lies chiefly in the fact that he s contribution quick wit and love of life.Chaucer'couplet of 5 rhymed stanza of various types, especially the rhymed introduced from France theold the poetry, instead of ) “heroic抑扬格) meter(the couplet”to English iambic(accents in Anglo-Saxon alliterative verse.《农夫皮尔斯》】Piers the Plowman朗兰威廉⑦【William Langland?:1Part TwoThe English Bible:威约翰?The first complete English Bible was translated by John Wycliffe(). The Authorized Version is King James Bible made in 1611. The result is a monument of 克里夫English language and English literature.Renaissance:Renaissance or the birth of letters is an intellectual movement. Its two features area thirsting curiosity for the classical literature and the keen interest in the activities of humanity. Humanism is the key-note of the Renaissance.CaxtonWilliam England the : He is the first English printer and invented in 威廉?卡克斯顿profession of publisher.MoreThomas the Thomas More, English humanists was 莫尔: The greatest of the 托马斯?He Renaissance. ) of the ”of such “giants(巨匠author of Utopia《乌托邦》. He is also one distinguished himself as a learned scholar, a master of Latin, a witty talker, a lover of music, an), to his convictions. 坚定的honest statesman , and a man of noble character, modest but steadfast(He was a far-sighted thinker, aspired for a totally new society with happy, classless, and free from poverty and exploitation. He was one of the forerunners of modern socialist thought.Utopia:andMore a conservation between written in the form of It is More's masterpiece,long a book contains into two books. The first Hythloday, a returned voyager. It is divided discussion on the social conditions of England. In the second book is described in detail an idealand ”“no place“Utopia”comes from Greek words meaning communist society, Utopia. The name was adopted by More as the name of his ideal commonwealth.Philip Sidney He is well-known as a poet and critic of poetry. His collection of 锡德尼?: 菲利普《爱星者与星》, was published in 1591.love sonnets, Astrophel and Stella SpenserEdmund the poet of poet's )埃德蒙?斯宾塞(莎翁之前最杰出的英国诗人：The period was ES who was buried beside Chaucer in Westminster Abbey. ES has held his position asa model of poetical art among the Renaissance English poets, and his influence can be traced inthe works of Milton, Shelley, and Keats. ES is the first master to make that language the naturals 'together with Sidney感情的流露). His sonnets in Amoretti, effusions(music of his poeticthe of sonnet sequences ,are the most famous and Astrophel and Stella Shakespeare's sonnetsElizabeth Age.) of which marked the budding(萌芽s Calendar《牧人日记》【In 1579 he wrote The Shepherd'his is Queen 《仙后》northern the island of England. The faerie Renaissance the flower in】greatest work which was dedicated to Queen Elizabeth.Francis Bacon: He is the founder of English materialist philosophy and the founder of modern science in England. His New Instrument is called the Inductive Method of reasoning. He is also”the to go in dark..fear as fear “a To English the first essayist. give few, Men death children Reading makes a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an“”“Studies serve for delight.2exact man.”Drama: The Miracle Play圣迹剧The Morality Play道德剧寓意剧The Interlude幕间节目Christopher Marlowe: The most gifted of the “马洛university wits”was 克里斯托弗·Christopher Marlowe. His best work include 3 of his plays, Tamburlaine《帖木儿大帝》(1587), The Jew of Malta《马耳岛的犹太人》(1592), and Doctor Faustus《浮士德博士》(1588). He wasthe greatest of the pioneers of English drama. His work paved the way for the plays of the greatest English dramatist——Shakespeare——whose achievements were the monument of the English Renaissance. 【His plays show the spirit of the rising bourgeoisie, its eager curiosity for knowledge, its towering pride, its insatiable(不知足的) appetite for power won by military, might, knowledge, or gold. The theme of his plays is the praise of individuality freed from the restraintsof medieval dogmas and law, and the conviction of the boundless possibility of human efforts in conquering the universe. The heroes in his plays are merely individualists, their individualistic ambition often brings ruin to the world and sometimes to themselves.】William Shakespeare: Shakespeare is one of the founders of realism in world literature. Hisdramatic creation often used the method of adaptation. Shakespeare long experience with the stage and his intimate knowledge of dramatic art thus acquired make him a master hand for playwriting. Shakespeare was skilled in many poetic forms: the song, the sonnet, the couplet, and the dramatic blank verse. He was especially at home with the blank verse. Shakespeare was a great master ofthe English language. Shakespeare has been universally acknowledged to be the summit of the English Renaissance, and one of the greatest writers over the world.①The great comedies:A Midsummer Might's Dream, The Merchant of Venice, As You Like It,Twelfth Night.②The great tragedies:Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, Macbeth.The Merchant of Venice:AntonioBassanio的婚威尼斯富商安东尼奥为了成全好友巴萨尼奥Shylock借债。
高英词汇总结版
Hiroshima---the “Liveliest” City in Japan1.have a lump in my throat如鲠在喉，哽咽: have a tight feeling in the throat because of strongemotion2.preoccupation (n.)全神贯注: extreme concern for sth.3.sidewalk(n.)人行道: pavement4.kimono(n. 和服): A long, loose traditional Japanese robe with wide sleeves, tied with a sash.5.rub shoulders with: to meet and mix with (people)6.oblivious(adj.)不在意的，未觉察到的: be unaware of, not noticing, unconscious of, lackingmindful attention7.façade(n.)正面: front or face of a building towards a street or open place,the front of abuilding8.martyr(n.)(martyred)殉难者，烈士: A person who is killed because of their religious or otherbeliefs:9.martyred：killed or destroyed because of someone’s belief10.lurch(v.)突然向一边倾斜: to move unsteadily, clumsily, with heavy rolling and swaying backand forth11.intermezzo(n.)插曲:a movement coming between the major sections of a music work.12.sketch(v.)简述: giving only basic details to draw roughly and quickly with outlines but littledetail13.embankment(n.)堤坝:a raised structure used to hold back water14.moor(v)使停泊: to faster (a ship, boat) to land, to the bed of the sea, etc. by means of ropes,chains an anchor, etc.15.beige(adj.)米黄色的:grayish –tan16.skyscraper高楼大厦: A very tall building17.incessant(adj.)不停的，连续的，不断的: never stopping, it implies ceaseless or uninterruptedactivity18.tatami榻榻米: A rush-covered straw mat forming a traditional Japanese floor covering.19.twinge不安:a sudden sharp pain；A brief experience of an emotion, typically an unpleasantone:20.linger on继续存留: be slow in dying ；to live on the point of death for some time, esp. whensuffering from a disease,21.inhibit:cause one to suppress certain thoughts or desires because of the environmentalcondition22.renown(n.)名誉，声望: The condition of being known or talked about by many people; fame23.be about to即将; 就要:be going to24.sank in: penetrate, esp. gradually, to enter a solid through the surface, be fully absorbed orunderstood,25.jolt(v)震惊: to shake or be shocked26.reverie(n.)白日梦: dreamy thinking, esp. of agreeable things, that state of being absorbed indreamlike contemplation, daydreaming27.heinous(adj.)及其可恶的，邪恶的: (lit) (of wicked people or acts) very shameful, very bad,hatefully and shockingly evil, abominable, outrageous,28.cataclysm(n)大变动: a violent and sudden change or event, esp. a serious flood or earth quakeor a war, disaster29.demolish(: pull down or tear down, to destroy30.pajamas睡衣裤: A loose-fitting jacket and trousers for sleeping in31.spare: to keep from harming, punishing or attacking32.humiliate: to hurt the pride or dignity of；to cause to feel humble or to lose the respect ofothers,33.encounter: to meet or be faced by sth. bad, esp. a danger or a difficulty. n. sudden orunexpected, esp. hostile meeting with34.on the part of: by, of35.in advance：Ahead in timeThe Trial That Rocked the World1.sweltering(adj.)热的: very hot, causing unpleasantness, torrid, sultry2.orator(n.)演说家: a good public speaker, a person who delivers an oration (formal and solemnpublic speeches)3.testify(v)作证: give a testimony；to make a solemn statement, esp. under oath in a court of law,of what is true4.evolve(v.)使进化:develop gradually;(of plants, animals, etc.)gradually develop from a simpleform to a more complex on5.fundamentalism原教旨主义: A person who believes in the strict, literal interpretation ofscripture in a religion6.send for派遣: Order or instruct (someone) to come to one7.indict(v.)控告，起诉: to charge with the commission of a crime.8.ironic: Using or characterized by irony:9.festoon:decorate; If you festoon sth. with decorations, lights or other things, you spread orhang these things over it in large numbers in order to decorate it.10.sprout: to grow or come out, appear and spread rapidly (n. new growth of a plant, shoot)11.evangelist福音传道士: one who preaches the gospel (good news)12.exhort传道布教:to urge earnestly by advise，warning13.infidel异教徒: (old &derog.)a preson who does not believe in a particular religion，esp.theprevailing religion14.paunchy(adj.)大腹便便: (derog. and humour) (esp. of a man) having a fat stomach, pot belly15.steep(steeped): soak, to let sth. stay in a liquid for softening, bringing out a taste etc.16.agnostic不可知论者: a person who believes that one can only have knowledge of materialthings and that nothing is or can be known about God or life after death17.session（法庭的）开庭; 会期:a duration of time18.spar: argue or dispute (with sb)；to box without hitting hard,19.bigotry(n.)偏执，顽固:intolerance；prejudice；the state of having very strong, unreasonableattitudes and opinions20.rampant(adj.)猖獗的，遏制不住的: widespread and impossible to control21.contaminate: to make impure, bad by mixing with dirty or poisonous matter22.chuckle:Laugh quietly or inwardly23.brandish: to wave threateninglysth. esp. a weapon about, this word stresses threat.24.Sonorous洪亮的: resonant；having a pleasantly full loud sound25.sip: to drink in small quantities26.immortal不朽的: Living forever; never dying or decaying27.adjourn: to close a session or meeting for a time.28.sulphurous: violently emotional;heated, fiery.29.perch: rest, stand or sit on the edge of sth. that is not intended to be a seat30.trump card: (in card games such as bridge or poker) each card of a suit that has, for the timebeing, higher value than the other three suits31.snigger: stealthy悄悄的laugh32.livid: blue-grey, as of marks on the skin after being hit (bruise)33.slur: an unfair damaging remark34.faded champion:35.snort:(p19): to make a rough noise by blowing air down the nose, to express impatience oranger by this sound36.denounce告发，公开:P20：to criticise severely and publicly, announce threateninglyThe Libido for the Ugly1.libido (n.)欲望: psychic energy generally；specifically，a basic form of psychic energy，comprising the positive。
高英第一册13课专有名词解释
The term Third World arose during the Cold War to define countries that remained non-aligned with either NATO (with the United States, Western European nations and their allies representing the First World), or the Communist Bloc (with the Soviet Union, China, Cuba, and their allies representing the Second World). This terminology provided a way of broadly categorizing the nations of the Earth into three groups based on social, political, and economic divisions. The Third World was normally seen to include many countries with colonial pasts in Africa, Latin America, and Asia. It was also sometimes taken as synonymous with countries in the Non-Aligned Movement. The Third World has also been connected to the world economic division as "periphery" countries in the world system that is dominated by the "core, McGhee, Wilcox opened a shipping agency and brokers' office in Lime Street, London, and employed Arthur Anderson as clerk. Anderson was made a partner in 1822. In 1826 Wilcox and Anderson were appointed London agents for the Dublin and London Steam Packet Company, an aggressive and highly successful steam packet company that ran between the two cities in its name. This connection brought together the three founders of P & O--Wilcox, Anderson, and Richard Bourne, a man of great financial acumen.
高英词汇
1.assumption：假定，设想 2.crave for：渴望 3.humdrum：单调的 4.immerse：沉浸，使陷入 5.transmute：改变 6.physiological pressures： 愤怒 7.vexation：苦恼的原因 8.seminal：有潜在发展可能 性的 9.inordinate：过度的；过分 的 patible with：兼容 的 11.thrive on：以.旺盛 12.stave off：避开, 挡开, 延 迟
1.tangible：切实的。确 凿的。 2. custom：商业赞助。 3. impregnable：无法 攻取的，攻不破的。 4. credit信用。 5. dash：精力, 干劲 6. flair：才能，本领。 7. invulnerability：不 会受伤害的，刀枪不入 的。 8. composition：组成， 构成。 9. illusory：错觉的，虚 假的。 10. preclude：排除。
1.insight:洞察力 2.checkered tablecloth:有 方格图案的桌布 3.chew the cud:反复思考 4.gnome:土地神；侏儒 5.melancholy:忧郁地 6.berate:严责 7.a perverse streak:固执 8.ruefully:悔恨地 9.drag:令人厌烦的东西 10.immortality:不朽, 不朽 的声名
的
Unit Three 11) dissolution 消亡，结束
12) prevalent 盛行的，流 行的 的 13) intricacy 复杂 3) flair 资质，天赋 14) contemplative 爱沉思 4) invulnerability 难以 的 攻破的，无法伤害的 15) ancestor 祖先 5) composition 结构， 16) obsolete 过时的，陈旧 构成 6) illusory 虚幻的，迷惑 的 17) qualm 疑虑，焦虑不安 人的 18) membrane 薄膜 7) preclude 防止，阻止， 19) custom 惠顾 排除 20) all ears to sth. 洗耳恭 8) aesthetic 美学的 听 9) secluded 隐藏的，僻 静的 2) impregnable固若金汤
(完整word版)英美文学名词解释
英美文学名词解释（2011-01-04 17:02：14）转载▼分类：英国文学标签：文化01。
Humanism（人文主义)Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance.2〉 it emphasizes the dignity of human beings and the importance of the present life。
Humanists voiced their beliefs that man was the center of the universe and man did not only have the right to enjoy the beauty of the present life， but had the ability to perfect himself and to perform wonders。
02。
Renaissance(文艺复兴)The word “Renaissance"means “rebirth”， it meant the reintroduction into westerm Europe of the full cultural heritage of Greece and Rome。
2〉the essence of the Renaissance is Humanism。
Attitudes and feelings which had been characteristic of the 14th and 15th centuries persisted well down into the era of Humanism and reformation。
3〉 the real mainstream of the english Renaissance is the Elizabethan drama with william shakespeare being the leading dramatist.03。
英国文学名词解释大全(整理版)(K12教育文档)
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名词解释1.Epic(史诗）(appeared in the the Anglo-Saxon Period ）It is a narrative of heroic action， often with a principal hero, usually mythical in its content, grand in its style, offering inspiration and ennoblement within a particular culture or national tradition。
A long narrative poem telling about the deeds of great hero and reflecting the values of the society from which it originated.Epic is an extended narrative poem in elevated or dignified language, like Homer's Iliad& Odyssey。
It usually celebrates the feats of one or more legendary or traditional heroes。
高英英语第二册名词解释
高英英语第二册名词解释第一篇：高英英语第二册名词解释George Orwell was the pseudonym of Eric Arthur Blair(1903-50), an English writer who at one time served with the Indian Imperial Police in Burma.Marrakech is a major city in the northwest African nation of Morocco.It is the fourth largest city in the country after Casablanca, Fes and Rabat, and is the capital of the mid-southwestern economic region ofMarrakesh-Tensift-El HaouzMoorish: Moors, mixed Arabs and Berbers, and inhabitants of Morocco.They set up a Moorish empire from the end of the 8th century to the 12th century: by 12th century the empire included North Africa to the borders of Egypt, as well as Mohammedan SpainDistressed Area: area where there is widespread unemployment, poverty, etc., a slum areaForeign Legionnaires: France organized a foreign legion shortly after the conquest of Algiers in 1830, enlisting recruits who were not French subjects.Spain had a foreign legion, up till the revolution in Morocco, and Holland in the Dutch East Indies.The Norman Conquest:In 1066, at the battle of Hastings, the English was defeated by French-speaking Normans under Duke William, who was crowned as King of England.the King's English supposedly correct or standard English(especially British English)as to grammar andpronunciation: so called from the notion of royal sanction.When the ruling monarch is a queen, it is called “the Queen’s EnglishUtopia : is generally defined as a place of ideal perfection inall aspects of existence.All is good and no evil a perfect, ideal society, where people seem to live in a very perfect way of life.It’s ideal but impractical..the lost generation were applied to the disillusioned young intellectuals and aesthetes of the years following the First World War, who rebelled against former ideals and values, but could replace them only bydespair or a cynical hedonismBeat Generation；appeared after WWII in the US.a term applied to a group of American artists and writers, esp.poets whose work became particularly popular in the late 1950s.Bohemianism：The practice of an unconventional lifestyle, often in the company of like-minded people, with few permanent ties, involving musical, artistic, or literary pursuits.In this context, Bohemians may be wanderers, adventurers, or vagabonds.Prohibition ：The forbidding by law of the manufacture, transportation, and sale of alcoholic liquors for beverage purposes;specially in the U.S., the period(1920-1933)of prohibition by Federal Law.Puritan morality: extreme strictness in matters of morals.Strict Puritans even regarded drinking, gambling punishable offencesSpeakeasy:(Americanism): a place where alcoholic drinks are sold illegally，esp.a place in the U．S．during Prohibition flapper(Americanism): in the 1920s, a young woman considered to be bold and unconventionaldrugstore cowboy(Americanism): a young man who hangs around drugstores and other public places trying to impress womenBohemian: a person, esp.an artist, poet, unconventional in habits, dress, and sometimes in morals, material poverty because they prefer their artThe 1960s was a decade that began on 1 January 1960 and ended on 31 December 1969.The 1960s term also refers to an era more often called The Sixties, denoting the complex of inter-related cultural and political trends across the globe.This “cultural decade” is more loosely defined than the actual decade, beginning around 1963 and ending around 1974.The purpose of a political speech：to persuade、to explain、to convince people : to accept his point of view, to accept what he says so as to support himthe Civil War between the Northern(Federal)States and Southern(Confederate)States, which resulted in victory for the former and the abolition of slaverycynicism: a scornful or pessimisticattitude;a general distrust of the integrity of other peopleFloral Heights referring to Floral Park on Long Island, a residential suburb of New York.It has a commercial flower industryNotes：Distressed Area: area where there is widespread unemployment, poverty, etc., a slum areaForeign Legionnaires: France organized a foreign legion shortly after the conquest of Algiers in 1830, enlisting recruits who were not French subjects.Spain had a foreign legion, up till the revolution in Morocco, and Holland in the Dutch East Indies The Washington Post: an influential and highly respected U.S.newspaper with a national distributionmusketeers of Dumas: characters created by the French novelist, Alexandre Dumas(1802--1870)in his novel The Three Musketeersdescendants of convicts: in 1788 a penal settlement wasestablished at Botany Bay, Australia by Britain.British convicts, sentenced to long term imprisonment, were often transported to this penal settlement.Regular settlers arrived in Australia about 1829.Saxon churls: a farm laborer or peasant in early England;a term used pejoratively by the Norman conquerors to mean an ill-bred, ignorant English peasantNorman conquerors: the Normans, under William I, Duke of Normandy(former territory of N.France)conqueredEngland after defeating Harold, the English king, at the Battle of Hastings(1066).Angevins and Plantagenets: names of ruling Norman dynasties in England(1154--1399), sprung from Geoffrey, Count of Anjou(former province of W.France)Elizabethans: people, especially writers, of the time of Queen Elizabeth I of England(1533--1603)Edward Morgan Forster(1879--1970), English author, one of the most important British novelists of the 20th century.Forster's fiction, conservative in form, is in the English tradition of the novel of manners.He explores the emotional and sensual deficiencies of the English middle class, developing his themes by means of irony, wit, and symbolism.Some of his well known novels are: Where Angels Fear to Tread;The Longest Journey;A Room with a View;Howard' s End;and A Passage to India.Paris Parlement: the “sovereign” or “superior” court of judicature under the ancien regime in France.It was later divided into several chambers.inaugural address: since 1937, Inauguration Day has been changed to Jan.20.On this day every four years the newly elected president of the United States faces the people for the first time, takes the presidential oath of office and delivers his inaugural address.solemn oath: the presidential oath, traditionally administered by the Chief Justice, is prescribed in Article II,section 1 of the Constitution of the United States.The oath runs as follows: “I do solemnly swear(or affirm)that I will faithfully execute the Office of President of the United States, and will to the best of my ability, preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the United States.”crash of the world economic structure: referring to the Great Depression in U.S.history, the severe economic crisis supposedly precipitated by the U.S.stock-market crash of 1929.The American depression produced severe effects abroad, especially in Europe.Roosevelt: Theodore Roosevelt(1859-1919), 26th President of the United States(1901--09).He drewconsiderable criticism for his glorification of military strength and his patriotic fervor.After the outbreak of World War I he attacked Wilson' s neutrality policy;and when the United States entered the war he pleaded vainly to be allowed to raise and command a volunteer force.fracas with Spain in 1898: the Spanish-American War(1898), a brief conflict between Spain and the United States arising out of Spanish policies in Cuba.It was, to a large degree, brought about by the efforts of U.S.expansionists.On May 7, a U.S.squadron under George Dewey sailed into the harbor of Manila, Philippine Islands, and in a few hours thoroughly defeated the Spanish fleet there.National Guard: itia.In peace time the National Guard is placed under state jurisdiction and can be used by governors to quell local disturbances.In times of war or other emergencies, the National Guard is absorbed into the active service of the United States and the President is commander-in-chief.Napoleonic cynicism: As conqueror, Napoleon cynically rearranged the whole map of Europe.The victorious allies of World War I did the same at Versailles.country club class: people rich enough to join thecountry clubsDutch Colonial home: spacious houses following the style of Dutch Colonial architecture第二篇：英语高英翻译1.我是七月10日星期三早上出发的。
高级英语名词解释（3）
高级英语名词解释（3）高级英语名词解释9.One should choose to do the work following one's own heart if starvation is not a threat. Doing the work according to one's constructive impulse accords happiness. The work is much better than that to be done solely for good money, but not really interesting in its own right. 10.In my opinion it is easier to achieve happiness from life for those who view life as a whole because they gradually build up those fortunate circumstances with a consistent purpose by viewing life as a whole. In this consistent purpose life experiences are accumulative and interrelated. So their contentment, self-esteem, and self-respect do not stand alone as isolated elements of life, but gradually result from their persistent efforts, if people didn’t hold this view of life, they would be like leaves floating in the air, blown here today, there tomorrow, by the wind of fashion or situations. They would not achieve the peace of mind. 1.When teachers read student’s writing, they would notice nothing but mistakes or errors. When the teacher overdid the correction, students would lose confidence and gave up any effort in despair to avoid ma-ki-ng mistakes.2.I feel that I did not learn those skills oracquire the ability to solve the problems other than literary work that is my field. 3.Actually I missed a most important thing in my education. That is a proper love for my own body. The reason I missed it is that people usually do not pay enough attention to sth. that is short in life and easy to be sick.4.Both genius and heroes are creative people. Their creativity works and ideas cannot be duplicated or copied throughteaching rules or art through our university education.Advent: the time when something begins or makes the first appearance Drudgery: hard, disagreeable or dull work Compulsion: irresistible internal urge Stick out: in due stay with to the end Famishing: causing to suffer severely from hunger Fallacy: a false idea or beliefRegime: a particular system of government or management that is usually unpopularA potted history: a short and superficial historyEthics: moral rules or principles of behavior for deciding what is right or what is wrong英语名词解释2017-04-09 06:03 | #2楼Anglo-Saxons : They were two groups of Germanic peoples who settled down in England from the 5th century .They were regarded as the ancestors of the English and the founders of England .The House of Commons : The House of Commons is the real center of British political life because it is the place where about 650 elected representatives (Members of Parliament ) make and debate policy . These MPs are elected in the General Elections and should represent the interests of people who vote for them .The Bill of Rights of 1689 : In 1689 , King James Ⅱ’s daughter Mary and her husband William were invited by the politicians and church authorities to take the throne , on condition that they would respect the rights of Parliament . The Bill of Rights was passed in 1689 to ensure that the King would neve be able to ignore Parliament.Constitutional monarchy----It is a political system that has been practised in Britain since the Glorious revolution of 1688. According to this system, the Constitution is superior to theMonarch. In law, the Monarch has many supreme powers, but in practice, the real power of monarchy has been greatly reduced and today the Queen acts solely on the advice of her ministers. She reigns but does not rule. The real power lies in the Parliament, or to be exact, in the House of Commons.The New Deal----In order to deal with the Depression，President Franklin Roosevelt put forward the New Deal program. It passed a lot of New Deal laws and set up many efficient social security systems. The New Deal helped to save American democracy and the development of American economy the civil rights act of 1964---it outlawed discrimination not only in public housing,but also in employment on the basis of race,color,religion,se-x,ornational orgin.民权法案，宣布不仅在公共场所禁止种族歧视，而且在就业中所涉及的种族、肤色、宗教、性别、国籍等也禁止歧视。
(完整word版)英国文学选读名词解释2
一名词解释1. Byronic heroA proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin, with fiery passions and unbending will, expresses Byron’s own ideal of freedom. He rises against tyranny and injustice, but he’s merely a lone fighter striving for personal freedom.2. Gothic novelsGothic literature invariably exploits ghosts and monsters and settings such as castles, dungeons, and graveyards, which imparts a suitably sinister and terrifying atmosphere. It is now generally applied to literature dealing with the strange, mysterious, and supernatural designed to invoke suspense and terror in the reader.3. narrative poemA narrative poem tells a story in verse. Three traditional types of narrative poems include ballads, such as Robin Hood; epics, such as Beowulf; and metrical romances, such as sir Gawain and the Green Knight.4. lyric poemA lyric poem expresses the observation and feelings of a single speaker. Unlike a narrative poem, it presents an experience or a single effect, but it does not tell a full story. Types of lyrics include the elegy, the ode, and the sonnet.5. critical realismIn Victorian period appeared a new literary trend called critical realism. English critical realism of the 19th century flourished in the 40s and in the early 50s. It found its expression in the form of novel. The critical realists, most of whom were novelists, described with much vividness and artistic skill the chief traits of the English society and criticized the capitalist system from a democratic viewpoint. Charles Dickens, the Bronte Sisters, Thomas Hardy.6. romanticismIt is a literary moment and current. It put more attention to the spiritual and emotional life of man and focuses more on individual rather than society. It advocates freedom for expressing personal feelings and reject convention and tyranny, emphasizing the rights and dignity of common humans.7. Shakespearean sonnetA sonnet is a 14-line lyric poem with a single theme. Sonnets vary but are usually written in iambic pentameter, following one of two traditional patterns: the Petrarchan or Italian sonnet and the Shakespearean or English sonnet. Octave + sestet3 quatrains + a couplet8. OdeThe Ode is a lyric poem of some length that honors an individual, a thing, or a trait dealing with a lofty theme in a dignified manner. The form dates back to classical times and is originally intended to be sung at festivals or in plays.9. NaturalismA post-Darwinian movement of the late 19th century that tried to apply the “laws” of scientific determinism to fictionThe naturalist went beyond t he realist’s insistence on the objective presentation of the details of everyday life to insist that the materials of literature should be arranged to reflect a deterministic universe in which a person is a biological creature controlled by environment and heredity.Major writers include Crane, Dreiser, Norris, and O’Neill in America; Zola in France; Hardy and Gissing in England.二给出一部分节选（小说或诗），指出出处和作者，理解。
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NOTES1. Orwell: George Orwell was the pseudonym ['sjuːdənɪm笔名]of Eric ['εrik] Arthur['ɑ:θə] Blair[blεə] (1903-50), an English writer who at one time served with the Indian Imperial Police[ɪm'pɪərɪəl]印度帝国警察in Burma. ['bə:mə]缅甸（东南亚国家He fought in the Spanish Civil War, an experience he recorded in Homage to Catalonia.[,kætə'ləuniə] . 加泰罗尼亚His novels include Down and Out in Paris and London ; Burmese Days缅甸岁月; Coming up for Air上来透口气; A Clergyman' s['klɜːdʒɪmən]牧师；教士Daughter ; Keep the Aspidistra[,æspɪ'dɪstrə]；叶兰Flying; Animal Farm; and 1984. The last two novels vilify['vɪlɪfaɪ]诽谤；中伤；轻视；贬低socialist society and communism.['kɒmjʊnɪz(ə)m]共产主义Among his well known essays are: Shooting an Elephant ; A Hanging ; Marrakech [mə'rækeʃ];and Politics and the English Language.2. Moorish: Moors, mixed Arabs['ærəb]阿拉伯人and Berbers['bə:bə]柏柏尔人, and inhabitants[ɪn'hæbɪt(ə)nt]居民；居住者of Morocco.[mə'rɔkəu] 摩洛哥They set up a Moorish empire from theend of the 8th century to the 12th century: by 12th century the empire included North Africa to the borders of Egypt, as well as Mohammedan Spain.[məu'hæmidən]回教的西班牙4. Distressed[di'strest]痛苦的；忧虑的；贫困的Area: area where there is widespread unemployment, poverty, etc., a slum area.5. Foreign Legionnaires[,liːdʒə'neə]军团士兵: France organized a foreign legion['li:dʒən]军团；shortly after the conquest of Algiers[æl'dʒiərz]阿尔及尔in 1830, enlisting征募；支持recruits[rɪ'kruːt]招聘；新兵；新成员who were not French subjects.国民Spain had a foreign legion, up till the revolution [revə'luːʃ(ə)n]革命；in Morocco, and Holland荷兰in the Dutch East Indies.荷属东印度群岛6. fifteen-hands: unit of measurement,计量单位especially for the height of horses; a hand, the breadth [bredθ宽度，幅度；宽宏of the human palm[pɑːm],手掌is now usually taken to be 4 inches.NOTES1. Fairlie: Henry Fairlie (1924--) is a contributing editor['edɪtə编者，编辑to The New Republic as well asa contributor[kən'tribjutə投稿者to other journals.['dʒɜːn(ə)l]日报He is author of: The KennedyPromise ; The Life of Politics ; and The Spoiled [spɔilt]Child of the Western World.2. The Washington Post:华盛顿邮报an influential有影响的；有势力的[,ɪnflʊ'enʃ(ə)l]and highly respected U.S. newspaper with a national distribution3. pub: contracted收缩了的[kən'træktid]from "public house" ; in Great Britain a house licensed ['laisənst]得到许可的for the sale of alcoholic[ælkə'hɒlɪk] drinks4. musketeers火枪手of Dumas:[dju'ma:] characters created by the French novelist, Alexandre Dumas (1802--1870) in his novel The Three Musketeers5. Jupiter: ['dʒuːpɪtə木星；朱庇特referring[rɪ'fɜː]涉及；委托perhaps to the planet Jupiter and the information about it gathered by a U.S. space probe[prəʊb]探针；调查6. descendants[di'sendənt]后裔；子孙of convicts[kən'vikt]罪犯: in 1788 a penal ['pi:nl]刑事的；刑罚的settlement['set(ə)lm(ə)nt]解决，处理was established at Botany Bay,植物湾['bɒt(ə)nɪ] Australia by Britain. British convicts,英国囚犯sentenced to long term imprisonment,[ɪm'prɪz(ə)nm(ə)nt]监禁，关押；坐牢；下狱were often transported to this penal settlement. Regular settlers arrived in Australia about 1829.7. Saxon churls[tʃɜːl]中世纪的）农民: a farm laborer or peasant['pez(ə)nt] in early England; a term used pejoratively[pi'dʒɔrətivli] 贬损地；轻蔑地by the Norman conquerors to mean an ill-bred,粗野的；无教养的；教养不好的ignorant无知的；愚昧的English peasant8. Norman conquerors: the Normans, under William I, Duke of Normandy 诺曼底公爵(former territory['terɪt(ə)rɪ] of N. France) conquered England after defeating Harold, the English king, at the Battle of Hastings (1066).10.Hereward the Wake: Anglo-Saxon patriot['pætrɪət爱国者and rebel；造反leader. He rose up against the Norman conquerors but was defeated and slain [sleɪn]杀死（slay的过去分词）(1071).11.Nash: Thomas Nash (1567--1601), English satirist.['sætərɪst] . 讽刺作家Very little is known of his life .Although his first publications appeared in 1589,it was not until Pierce Penniless His Supplication[,sʌplɪ'keɪʃn] . 恳求；祈祷to the Devil ['dev(ə)l] 魔鬼；撒旦(1592),a bitter satire on contemporary society ,that his natural and vigorous['vɪg(ə)rəs] 精力充沛的style was fully developed .His other publications include: Summer' s Last Will and Testament夏天的遗嘱; The Unfortunate Traveler; and The Isle of Dogs.12.Dekker: Thomas Dekker (1572.'? --16327), English dramatist['dræmətɪst]剧作家，剧本作者and pamphleteer.[pæmflə'tɪə]小册子作者；檄文执笔者Little is known of his life except that he frequently suffered from poverty and served several prison 监狱；监禁；['prɪz(ə)n]terms for debt. Publications: The Shoe- maker' s Holiday ; The Seven Deadly Sins of London ; The Gull' s Hand- book; etc.13...here will be an old abusing滥用: "old" here means "great, plentiful丰富的"; from Shakespeare's "The Merry Wives of Windsor",温莎的风流娘儿们Act 1, Scene 4, lines5--614.Angevins and Plantagenets: names of ruling Norman dynasties in England (1154--1399), sprung from Geoffrey, Count of Anjou (former province of W. France)15.Elizabethans: people, especially writers, of the time of Queen Elizabeth I of England (1533--1603)16.(dandelion) clock: the downy['daʊnɪ] 柔和的；绒毛的；多丘岗的fruiting head of the common dandelion['dændɪlaɪən]蒲公英17.Auden: W.H. Auden (1907--73), British-born poet, educated at Oxford. During the Depression of the 1930’s he was deeply affected by Marxism.马克思主义['ma:ksizəm] His works of that period include Poems (1930) and The Orators演说者；演讲者；雄辩家；原告['ɒrətə] (1932), prose and poetry, bitter and witty,富于机智的on the impending 迫近collapse[kə'læps]倒塌；瓦解；暴跌of British middle-class ways and a coming revolution. Auden went to the U.S. in 1939 and became an American citizen in 1946.In the 1940's he moved away from Marxism and adopted a Christian['krɪstɪən基督徒，信徒existential[,egzɪ'stenʃ(ə)l] 存在主义的；有关存在的view.18. Forster:福斯特Edward Morgan Forster (1879--1970), English author, one of the most important British novelists of the 20th century. Forster's fiction, conservative[kən'sə:vətiv] . 保守派，守旧者in form, is in the English tradition of the novel of manners. He explores the emotional and sensual['sensjuəl,感觉的；肉欲的deficiencies缺乏，不足of the English middle class, developing his themes by means of irony,['aɪrənɪ] 讽刺；反语wit, and symbolism. Some of his well known novels are: Where Angels Fear to Tread ; The Longest Journey ; A Room with a View ; Howard' s End ; and A Passage to India.19. Henault: Jean-Francois Henault (? --1770), president of the Paris Parlement, and lover of Mme Deffand20. Paris Parlement: the "sovereign"['sɔvərin, 'sʌv-] 君主；独立国；最高统治者or "superior" [suː'pɪərɪə; sjuː-上级，长官；优胜者court of judicature ['dʒuːdɪkə司法；法官under the ancien regime[reɪ'ʒiːm]政权，政体in France. It was later divided into several chambers.['tʃeɪmbə]室，膛；房间；会所21. Mme. Deffand: Deffand, Marie De Vichy-Chamrond, Marquisse Du (1679--1780), a leading figure in French society, famous for her letters to the Duchesse de Choiseul, to Voltaire and to Horace Walpole. She was married at 21 to her kinsman,['kɪnzmən] 男性亲戚；同族者Jean Baptiste de la lande, Marquis du Deffand, from whom she separated in 1722. She later became the mistress['mɪstrɪs]情妇；女主人；主妇；女教师；女能人of the regent,['riːdʒ(ə)nt摄政王；摄政者Philippe, duc d' Orleans. She also lived on intimate terms with Jean- Francois Henault, president of the Parlement of Paris till his death in 1770.1. Inaugural address: since 1937, Inauguration[ɪ,nɔːgjʊ'reɪʃ(ə)n] 就职典礼；开始Day has been ch anged to Jan. 20. On this day every four years the newly elected president of the United States faces the people for the first time, takes the presidential oath of office and delivers his inaugura l address.2. Solemn oath:[əuθ誓言，誓约the presidential oath, traditionally administered 执行by the Chief Justice, is prescribed in Article II, section 1 of the Constitution of the United States. The oath ru ns as follows: "I do solemnly男性化的swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute['eksɪkjuːt]实行；执行；处死the Office of President of the United States, and will to the best of my ability, pre serve,保存；保护；维持[prɪ'zɜːv]protect and defend the Constitution of the United States. "3. The belief that the rights of man.., hand of God: refers to a passage in the American Declarat ion of Independence: "We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, th at they are endowed [[in'dau]赋予；捐赠by their Creator with certain unalienable[ʌn'eɪlɪənəb(ə)l]不可剥夺的Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness. "4. Command of Isaiah: one of the greatest Hebrew['hi:bru希伯来人，犹太人prophets['prɔfit]先知；预言者whose writings are extant'ekstənt现存的；[古]显著的(late 8th century B. C. ) ; venerated[' venəreɪt]崇敬，尊敬by rabbis 犹太）拉比（对有学识的人的尊称）；法学博士as 2nd only to Moses. The Book of Isaiah,[ai'zaiə]以赛亚书（圣经旧约）；a book in the Old Testament of the Bible of the Christian, is believed to be a work of two authors of different periods; chapters 1--39 relate to the history of the Israelites; chapters 40--66 foretell[fɔː'tel]预言；预示；预告the coming of the Messiah.弥赛亚（犹太人所期待的救世主）；[mi'saiə] The quotation[kwə(ʊ)'teɪʃ(ə)n]引用语；引证i n the text is taken from chapter 58, verse 6: "Is not this the fast that I have chosen? to loose t he bands of wickedness, to undo the heavy burdens, and to let the oppressed go free, and that ye break every yoke?"NOTES1. Ursula Le Guin: Born in Berkeley, California in 1929, she was educated at Radcliff College and Columbia University. Some of her novels are A Wizard of Earthsea地海巫师(1968), The Tomb s of Atuan 地海古墓( 1971 ), The Farthest Shore遥远的海岸(1972), The Dispossessed被剥夺者(1974), and The Beginning Place 开始的地方(1980). Her shorter works include two collections:[kə'lekʃənz] . 收集The Wind's Twelve Quarters风的十二个季度(1975) and Orsinian Tales Orsinian故事(1976), and Sur : A Summary Report of the Yelcho Expedition to the Antarctic, 1909 - 10 (1983).2. Omelas: a fictional['fɪkʃənl]小说的name for an ideal city described by the writer3. water-meadow: low-lying['ləu'laiiŋ]低洼的grassland['grɑːslænd]草原kept lush[lʌʃ]丰富的and green by constant water logging水淹4. the bomb: atom bomb; also nuclear weapons in general--usually used with the article the5. drooz: a fictional name {or a pleasant but not habit-forming drugNOTES1. Horton and Edwards: joint authors of the book书的联合作者, Backgrounds of American Literary Thought (1967), 美国文学思想的背景from which this piece is taken.2. The Sad Young Men: a term created by F. Scott Fitzgerald司各特•菲茨杰拉德in his book All t he Sad Young Men to describe the disillusioned[dɪsɪ'luːʒ(ə)nd醒悟的；幻想破灭的；不抱幻想的po st-World War I younger generation, especially the young writers who lived as expatriates[ɪks'pætr ɪət; -'peɪtrɪət; eks-] 移居海外的人；亡命国外者in west Europe for a short time. They were also called the "lost generation" by Gertrude Stein.3. flask-toting: always carrying a small flask [flɑːsk]；长颈瓶filled with whisky or other strong liq uor['lɪkə]酒，含酒精饮料；溶液；液体；烈酒4. crash of the world economic structure: referring to the Great Depression in U.S. history, the s evere[sɪ'vɪə]严峻的；严厉的；剧烈的economic crisis supposedly[sə'pəʊzɪdlɪ]可能；按照推测；恐怕precipitated [pri'sipiteitid] . 使沉淀；促成；；使陷入by the U. S. stock-market crash of 1929. T he American depression produced severe effects abroad, especially in Europe.5. Roosevelt: Theodore Roosevelt西奥多·罗斯福（前美国总统(1859-1919), 26th President of the U nited States (1901-- 09). He drew considerable criticism for his glorification[,ɡlɔ:rifi'keiʃən]赞颂o f military strength and his patriotic [pætrɪ'ɒtɪk爱国的fervor['fɜːvə]热情；热烈. After the outbreak of World War I he attacked Wilson' s neutrality[njuː'trælɪtɪ] 中立；中性policy; and when the Unit ed States entered the war he pleaded [pliːd] 借口；为...辩护；托称vainly['veinli] 徒劳地；无益地t o be allowed to raise and command a volunteer force.志愿队伍7. turn belly up: to finish, to end; a term borrowed from fishing. A fish that floats belly['belɪ] . 腹部；胃；食欲vt. 使鼓起up is dead.8. the strife of 1861--65: the Civil War between the Northern (Federal) States and Southern (Con federate[kən'fed(ə)rət]同盟国) States, which resulted in victory for the former and the abolition of slavery9. fracas with Spain in 1898: the Spanish-American War (1898), a brief conflict between Spain a nd the United States arising out of Spanish policies in Cuba. It was, to a large degree, brought about by the efforts of U. S. expansionists.[ɪk'spænʃənɪst]领土扩张论者；扩张主义者On May 7, a U. S. squadron ['skwɒdrən]空军中队under George Dewey sailed into the harbor of Manila马尼拉（菲律宾首都）, Philippine Islands, and in a few hours thoroughly defeated the Spanish fleet 西班牙舰队there.10. San Juan Hill: in East Cuba, near the city of Santiago[,sænti:'eiɡəu圣地亚哥（智利首都）deCuba. It was the scene场面；情景；景象(July, 1898) of a battle in the Spanish-American war, in which Theodore Roosevelt西奥多·罗斯福and the Rough Riders狂野骑士took part.11. National Guard: U. S. militia. In peace time the National Guard is placed under state jurisdicti on[,dʒʊərɪs'dɪkʃ(ə)n]司法权，审判权，管辖权；and can be used by governors to quell[kwel]平息；镇压；减轻；消除local disturbances.干扰；失调In times of war or other emergencies,在时代的战争或其他紧急情况the National Guard isabsorbed into the active service of the United States and the President is commander-in-chief.总司令12. Fourth-of-duly: U. S. Independence Day, commemorating[kə'meməreɪt] 庆祝，纪念the adoptio n[ə'dɒpʃ(ə)n]采用；收养；接受of the Declaration of Independence. Traditionally, it has been cele brated with the firing['faɪərɪŋ] 开火；烧制；解雇；生火of guns and fireworks, parades,[pə'reidz]游行open-air meetings, and patriotic speeches.13. Gopher Prairies: backward, undeveloped areas of the prairies大草原14. "made the world safe for democracy": The exact quotation from Woodrow Wilson' s Address to Congress (April 2, 1917) is, "The world must be made safe for democracy."15. Napoleonic cynicism: as conqueror, Napoleon cynically['sinikli] . 爱嘲笑地；冷笑地rearranged[r iːə'reɪn(d)ʒ]重新排列；重新整理the whole map of Europe. The victorious[vɪk'tɔːrɪəs] . 胜利的；凯旋的allies of World War I did the same at Versailles.[vεə'sai]凡尔赛（法国城市18. Dutch Colonial home: spacious['speɪʃəs]宽敞的，广阔的；无边无际的houses following the style of Dutch Colonial architecture['ɑːkɪt ektʃə]荷兰殖民时期的建筑19. Floral Heights: referring, perhaps, to Floral Park on Long Island, a residential[rezɪ'denʃ(ə)l] 住宅的；与居住有关的suburb['sʌbɜːb] 郊区；边缘of New York. It has a commercial flower industr y.商业花卉产业20. Rotary (International): organization of business and professional men, founded (1905) by Paul Percy Harris, a Chicago lawyer. Besides Rotary clubs in the United States, other branches were established in many countries throughout the world. The name was derived from the original cus tom of meeting in rotation[rə(ʊ)'teɪʃ(ə)n]旋转；循环，轮流at the members' places of business.22. Pound: Ezra Pound (1885--1972), American poet, critic, ['krɪtɪk]批评家，评论家and translator; An extremely important influence in the shaping of 20th century poetry, he was one of the most famous and controversial[kɒntrə'vɜːʃ(ə)l]有争议的；有争论的literary figures of this century-- prai sed as a subtle['sʌt(ə)l]微妙的；精细的；敏感的and complex modern poet, dismissed开除，解散（dismiss的过去分词）；摒弃as a naive egotist['egətɪst] 自高自大者and pedant, ['ped(ə)nt] 卖弄学问的人；空谈家condemned 已被定罪的；被责难的as a traitor['treɪtə叛徒；卖国贼；背信弃义的人and reactionary.[rɪ'ækʃ(ə)n(ə)rɪ]反动分子；反动派During World War Ⅱhe broadcast Fascist ['f æʃɪst] 法西斯主义者；法西斯党员propaganda[prɒpə'gændə]宣传；传道总会to the United States f or the Italians and wasindicted[ɪn'daɪt]for treason. Pound's major works are: Homage to Sextus Propertius; Hugh Selw 3rn Manberley, and the Cantos.29.Left Bank: left bank of the River Seine[seɪn]塞纳河（法国北部河流，流经巴黎in Paris, famou s for its open-air book stalls.露天书摊位The Latin quarter,拉丁区the haunt[hɔːnt]栖息地；常去的地方of university students and teachers, is also on the left bank.32. Fitzgerald[fits'dʒerəld]: F. Scott Fitzgerald司各特•菲茨杰拉德(1896-1940), American novelist a nd short-story writer. Fitzgerald is considered the literary spokesman of the "jazz age"-- the deca de of the 1920s. Among his famous works are: This Side of Paradise天堂的这一面; The Beautifuland Damned; 美丽与毁灭The Great Gatsby; Tales of the Jazz Age ; All the Sad Young Men, e tc.33. Faulkner: William Faulkner威廉·福克纳（美国小说家）(1897-1962), American novelist. As a wri ter Faulkner's primary concern was to probe[prəʊb]调查；探测his own region,['riːdʒ(ə)n] 地区；范围；部位the deep south. He was awarded the 1949 Nobel Prize in literature. His best-known n ovels are: The Sound and the Fury; 喧哗与骚动As I Lay Dying在我弥留之际; Sanctuary['sæŋ(k) tjʊərɪ避难所；至圣所；耶路撒冷的神殿; A Fable, 一个寓言故事etc.。