语用模糊
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Fuzzy Continuum
Pragmatic Vagueness
Taxonomic Category Nomenclative Evaluation
Hedging in Discourse
1.Fuzzy Continuum
The notion of the fuzzy continuum refers to the extension whose border-line is ill-defined or fuzzified between truth and falsity of a propostion.
2017/9/26
论引入模糊语言的研究。利用模糊集合论所建构的语义分析 模型对它们进行分析，以确定它们的语言边界的性状与样态。
伍铁平教授在他的《模糊语言学》中并没有专门为模糊性下定 义，但是根据他的论述，特别是《模糊的正名》（伍铁平 1999：114—126）一节，我们可以把伍铁平教授所言模糊性 的内核看作是边缘界限不分明。伍先生多次强调，即札德模糊 集论衍生出来的“边缘界限不明的模糊”是唯一正统的模糊 （fuzziness），他还批驳了诸多学者混淆模糊与概括、双关、 歧义、随机等现象之间区别的观点。
2017/9/26
Fuzzy Semantics is an inherent feature of linguisitic uncertainty of a term (word, phrase,and expression) itself which admits of borderline cases and arises irrespective of the context of utterance and speaker's intention.
eg: “Thanks, it was a terrific party.”
2017/9/26
3) Vagueness of relative concepts Relative concepts refer to those concepts of modifiers such as “big” “small”, denoting relativity. eg: 大眼睛、 大房子、大个子
Vagueness in pragmatics includes the notions of fuzziness, indeterminacy, probability, ambiguity and generality manifested in practical use of language.
It is quite natural to have hedges and semantic fuzziness included in the study of pragmatic vagueness in verbal communcation.
2017/9/26
Classification
2017/9/26
凯迫森（Kempson）：给“含糊（vagueness）”下的定义： (1)外延含糊（referential vagueness），即一个词项的意义 原则上明确，但它的外延界限却很难确定。 (2) 语义不确定（indeterminacy of meaning），即语义本身 不确定。 （3）语义不确切，即语义本身明确，但细节没有说明。（缺 乏具体性） （4）确切语义的分离，即含有“或”的句子，其句义由两个以 上的语义解释组成。
eg: I have a dog. She sat on the chair.
2017/9/26
Fuzzy continuum is a vague notion between truth and falsity while taxonomic category is observed as vague associations derived form hyponymy.
eg: My desk drawer is ten inches deep. Generality: Words that may plausibly be applied to more than one object are general.(Berkeley,1990) Most words in natural language display this feature: they are applicable to a whole range of objects.
2017/9/26
2. Taxonomic Category
Refers to the elusive alternatives of hyponymy. Objects posses the relationship which obtains between specific and general lexical items, such that the former is “included” in the latter.
Background
In propositional logic: “two-valued ”logic, a proposition has a truth value,T or F. T, when the proposition is true; F, when the proposition is false. The domain for a proposition is considered a set of two elments: either truth or falsity, with nothing in between.
Pragmatic Vagueness
王晓芬 2016110084
Background
Contents
Definition Classification
Significance Further Study
Philosophical Background
什么是模糊？
尤布利德斯（Eubulides）:
3.Nomenclative Evaluation
Vagueness with nomenclative evaluation implies the uncertainty of the speaker in his/her subjective evaluation of a proposition.
卡西勒：日常言语的词不能用科学的概念所体现的那些尺度去 衡量。 沙夫： 在《语义学引论》一书中用很大的篇幅讨论语言模糊 问题。他认为:如果我们不考虑科学术语，模糊性实际上是所 有词的特性。 在客观现实中，词所表达的事物和现象的各种 类别之间是存在过渡状态, “边界现象”的。（1962）
2017Baidu Nhomakorabea9/26
1.Peter is bald. 2.Winston is keeping a book. 3.This is a chair.
2017/9/26
Disinction between fuzziness,ambiguity, generality, vagueness
Ambiguity refers to a linguistic phenomenon whereby an expression can be potentially understood in more than one way.
Fuzzy Semantic s
2017/9/26
Pragmatic Vagueness
Definition
托马斯（cf..J.Thomas，1995）、俞东明（1993）认 为： “语用模糊(pragmatic ambivalence)指的是说话人 在特定语境或上下文中使用不确定的、模糊的或间接 的话语向听话人同时表达数种言外行为或言外之力这 类现象。 这一定义主要把语用模糊视为了一种言语交际策略。
与经典逻辑即二值逻辑对应的自然是精确性，而与模糊 逻辑对应的当然是模糊性。
2017/9/26
Backgr 20世纪 70年代,美国语言学家拉考夫（G.Lakoff）就将模糊理 ound
《模糊语言学概论》中对模糊性的定义： 模糊性就是词语的所指范围的边界是不确定的这种 属性。具体来说，它是符号的使用者所感到他使用的 某个符号与所指的一个或一个以上的对象之间关系的 不确定性.(陈志安等，1997:16)
连锁推理悖论（Sorities Paradox）
皮尔斯： 当事物出现几种可能状态时，尽管说话者对这些状态 进行了仔细的思考，实际上仍不能确定，是把这些状态排 除某个命题，还是归属于这个命题。实际上，这个命题就 是模糊的。（1902）
罗素：《人类知识》断言称全部人类知识都是不确定的、不精 确的和不全面的。 在《论模糊性》（Vagueness）一文中，对 “Peter is bold.”做了精辟阐释。
eg: The forehead is part of the head. The forehead is part of the face.
2017/9/26
著名控制论专家、美国加州大学教授札德（L.A.Zadeh） 对模糊性的认识从直观升华到理论，建立了模糊集理论。 扎德于 1965 年首先提出了模糊集（Fuzzy set）的概念， 奠定了模糊性理论的基础。模糊集的实质是宣称在两个 事物或概念的界面并非是整齐划一的，它们之间有无数 的中间状态有待人们加以界定和描述。
1) Vagueness of nominal concepts
(1) The young singer is a real talent. (2) He is a good student. (3)She is a beauty.
criterion?
2017/9/26
2) Vagueness of abstract concepts Concepts such as human right, freedom are often vague. The understanding of these concepts differs greatly in the speaker's political stand and viewpoint. The language used in daily life such as “truth” “lie” also continues vague propositions.
2017/9/26
何自然：
Following Kempson, who considers the concept of vagueness to mean linguistic indeterminacy in general.
Pragmatic vagueness deals with meaning indeterminacy of language in its production and interpretation. And he uses the term vagueness to mean linguisitic indeterminacy in general.
eg: Russell: Vagueness Peter is bald.
The famous philosopher Russell once stipulated the procedure of identifying colours. According to his argument, Colour S, which is indistinguishable from Colour x,y,z, may be observed to be identical with one of them. For example: given the following shades of colour: xSyz, xySz, S may be observed identical with y, or if xyz always implies xSz, then we can say that S=y.
Pragmatic Vagueness
Taxonomic Category Nomenclative Evaluation
Hedging in Discourse
1.Fuzzy Continuum
The notion of the fuzzy continuum refers to the extension whose border-line is ill-defined or fuzzified between truth and falsity of a propostion.
2017/9/26
论引入模糊语言的研究。利用模糊集合论所建构的语义分析 模型对它们进行分析，以确定它们的语言边界的性状与样态。
伍铁平教授在他的《模糊语言学》中并没有专门为模糊性下定 义，但是根据他的论述，特别是《模糊的正名》（伍铁平 1999：114—126）一节，我们可以把伍铁平教授所言模糊性 的内核看作是边缘界限不分明。伍先生多次强调，即札德模糊 集论衍生出来的“边缘界限不明的模糊”是唯一正统的模糊 （fuzziness），他还批驳了诸多学者混淆模糊与概括、双关、 歧义、随机等现象之间区别的观点。
2017/9/26
Fuzzy Semantics is an inherent feature of linguisitic uncertainty of a term (word, phrase,and expression) itself which admits of borderline cases and arises irrespective of the context of utterance and speaker's intention.
eg: “Thanks, it was a terrific party.”
2017/9/26
3) Vagueness of relative concepts Relative concepts refer to those concepts of modifiers such as “big” “small”, denoting relativity. eg: 大眼睛、 大房子、大个子
Vagueness in pragmatics includes the notions of fuzziness, indeterminacy, probability, ambiguity and generality manifested in practical use of language.
It is quite natural to have hedges and semantic fuzziness included in the study of pragmatic vagueness in verbal communcation.
2017/9/26
Classification
2017/9/26
凯迫森（Kempson）：给“含糊（vagueness）”下的定义： (1)外延含糊（referential vagueness），即一个词项的意义 原则上明确，但它的外延界限却很难确定。 (2) 语义不确定（indeterminacy of meaning），即语义本身 不确定。 （3）语义不确切，即语义本身明确，但细节没有说明。（缺 乏具体性） （4）确切语义的分离，即含有“或”的句子，其句义由两个以 上的语义解释组成。
eg: I have a dog. She sat on the chair.
2017/9/26
Fuzzy continuum is a vague notion between truth and falsity while taxonomic category is observed as vague associations derived form hyponymy.
eg: My desk drawer is ten inches deep. Generality: Words that may plausibly be applied to more than one object are general.(Berkeley,1990) Most words in natural language display this feature: they are applicable to a whole range of objects.
2017/9/26
2. Taxonomic Category
Refers to the elusive alternatives of hyponymy. Objects posses the relationship which obtains between specific and general lexical items, such that the former is “included” in the latter.
Background
In propositional logic: “two-valued ”logic, a proposition has a truth value,T or F. T, when the proposition is true; F, when the proposition is false. The domain for a proposition is considered a set of two elments: either truth or falsity, with nothing in between.
Pragmatic Vagueness
王晓芬 2016110084
Background
Contents
Definition Classification
Significance Further Study
Philosophical Background
什么是模糊？
尤布利德斯（Eubulides）:
3.Nomenclative Evaluation
Vagueness with nomenclative evaluation implies the uncertainty of the speaker in his/her subjective evaluation of a proposition.
卡西勒：日常言语的词不能用科学的概念所体现的那些尺度去 衡量。 沙夫： 在《语义学引论》一书中用很大的篇幅讨论语言模糊 问题。他认为:如果我们不考虑科学术语，模糊性实际上是所 有词的特性。 在客观现实中，词所表达的事物和现象的各种 类别之间是存在过渡状态, “边界现象”的。（1962）
2017Baidu Nhomakorabea9/26
1.Peter is bald. 2.Winston is keeping a book. 3.This is a chair.
2017/9/26
Disinction between fuzziness,ambiguity, generality, vagueness
Ambiguity refers to a linguistic phenomenon whereby an expression can be potentially understood in more than one way.
Fuzzy Semantic s
2017/9/26
Pragmatic Vagueness
Definition
托马斯（cf..J.Thomas，1995）、俞东明（1993）认 为： “语用模糊(pragmatic ambivalence)指的是说话人 在特定语境或上下文中使用不确定的、模糊的或间接 的话语向听话人同时表达数种言外行为或言外之力这 类现象。 这一定义主要把语用模糊视为了一种言语交际策略。
与经典逻辑即二值逻辑对应的自然是精确性，而与模糊 逻辑对应的当然是模糊性。
2017/9/26
Backgr 20世纪 70年代,美国语言学家拉考夫（G.Lakoff）就将模糊理 ound
《模糊语言学概论》中对模糊性的定义： 模糊性就是词语的所指范围的边界是不确定的这种 属性。具体来说，它是符号的使用者所感到他使用的 某个符号与所指的一个或一个以上的对象之间关系的 不确定性.(陈志安等，1997:16)
连锁推理悖论（Sorities Paradox）
皮尔斯： 当事物出现几种可能状态时，尽管说话者对这些状态 进行了仔细的思考，实际上仍不能确定，是把这些状态排 除某个命题，还是归属于这个命题。实际上，这个命题就 是模糊的。（1902）
罗素：《人类知识》断言称全部人类知识都是不确定的、不精 确的和不全面的。 在《论模糊性》（Vagueness）一文中，对 “Peter is bold.”做了精辟阐释。
eg: The forehead is part of the head. The forehead is part of the face.
2017/9/26
著名控制论专家、美国加州大学教授札德（L.A.Zadeh） 对模糊性的认识从直观升华到理论，建立了模糊集理论。 扎德于 1965 年首先提出了模糊集（Fuzzy set）的概念， 奠定了模糊性理论的基础。模糊集的实质是宣称在两个 事物或概念的界面并非是整齐划一的，它们之间有无数 的中间状态有待人们加以界定和描述。
1) Vagueness of nominal concepts
(1) The young singer is a real talent. (2) He is a good student. (3)She is a beauty.
criterion?
2017/9/26
2) Vagueness of abstract concepts Concepts such as human right, freedom are often vague. The understanding of these concepts differs greatly in the speaker's political stand and viewpoint. The language used in daily life such as “truth” “lie” also continues vague propositions.
2017/9/26
何自然：
Following Kempson, who considers the concept of vagueness to mean linguistic indeterminacy in general.
Pragmatic vagueness deals with meaning indeterminacy of language in its production and interpretation. And he uses the term vagueness to mean linguisitic indeterminacy in general.
eg: Russell: Vagueness Peter is bald.
The famous philosopher Russell once stipulated the procedure of identifying colours. According to his argument, Colour S, which is indistinguishable from Colour x,y,z, may be observed to be identical with one of them. For example: given the following shades of colour: xSyz, xySz, S may be observed identical with y, or if xyz always implies xSz, then we can say that S=y.