HND经济学导论
HND大二经济学导论报告参考Outcome三
An Evaluation of UK Government Policy on Mentalhealth and behavior in schoolsTable of Contents1 Introduction (1)2 Market failure (2)2.1 Merit goods (2)2.2 Public goods (2)2.3 Impertfect competition (2)2.4 Externalities (2)3 UK Governments policy (1)3.1 Introduction to the policy (2)3.2 instruments used (2)3.3 Justification of the performance of policy (2)4 Conclusion (2)References (5)Appendices (6)Appendix I: (6)Appendix II: (6)1IntroductionThis report aims to explain the‘market failure’and the role of government in relative to merit goods, public goods, imperfect composition and externalities.The policy about mental health and behavior in school will also be introduced.Then it will describe the instruments used to achieve the policy and evaluate the policy.2Market failureMarket fail, that is, they do not provide all of the goods and services needed by the government,nor by society(SQA,2013a p184).2.1Merit goodsThe government provides services that might not be provided by the private sector in sufficient quantities or of a sufficient quantity (SQA,2013a p188).For instance,medical services,education and so on.In China,the government provides the public universities and nine year education,which support children to go to school and get a better education.2.2Public goodsThese are commodities, which would not be provided by the private sector because they would find that many people, even if they benefited from them, would refuse to pay(SQA,2013b p190), for example, grills in the park and Automatic Pet Water Fountain and so on.In many countries, the government provides the Automatic Pet Water Fountain, which is convenient for passerby to drink water whenever they want.2.3Imperfect competitionA company which control their own market , and they have no rival. A monoplist can adjust prices output in the market.for example, on February 5, 1991, pierpont Morgan bought Andrew Carnegie, Rockefeller,several iron ore and all the steel business,became the largest steel company , 65% of steel production by their control.The government could establish perfect competition through the establishment of enterprise competition policy (Peter,2013)2.4ExternalitiesAn externality is an effect of a purchase or use decision by one set of parties on others who did not have a choice and whose interests were not taken into account (SQA,2013d p188).For example, the negative externalities include car exhaust, smoking, kara OK noisy,which will do harm to the environment and people’health.As far as I am concerned, the government should have odd-and-even license plate rule and provide new energy electric vehicle.The positive externalities include new technology like purify the water and restoration of historical buildings.I think the government should support the enterprise to create more new technology.3UK Governments policy3.1 Introduction to the policy--Mental health and behavior in schoolsThe purpose of this policy is to let all pupils benefit from learning and developing in a well ordered school environment that fosters and rewards good behaviour and sanctions poor and disruptive behaviour. Their behaviour and discipline in schools advice sets out the powers and duties for school staff and approaches they can adopt to manage behaviour in their schools. It also says that schools should consider whether continuing disruptive behaviour might be a result of unmet educational or other needs. Published on16 June 2014，last updated on18 March 2016(Gov,UK,16 June 2014)3.2 Instruments usedInstruments- economic variables that governments can control directly for example, tax, public spending(SQA,2013e p194).The government take actions via government spending and relevant regulation.They found the Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services to deal with it.The specific services offered by CAMHS vary depending on the needs of the local area. The best way to influence those services overall is to get involved with the local health and wellbeing board.The government take actions to help them in referring pupils effectively to specialist CAMHS and otherwise working well with the service for the benefit of their vulnerable pupils. These include:1.The government hire some people documenting evidence of the symptoms or behaviour that are causing concern,encouraging the pupil and their parents/carers to speak to their GP2.The government spent some money working with local specialist CAMHS to make the referral process as quick and efficient as possible(Spence, S.H. 2003)3.1Justification of the performance of the policyI think the policy is successful, the mental health care benefits can make children to have a happier life.Thanks to the policy, children now have the ability to develop psychologically, emotionally, intellectually and spiritually.However,I think the policy also has some disadvantages.It has greatly increased government pressure.For example,Set up the CAMHS organization to support the school and some public organization。
HnD经济学导论outcome1报告
International CollegeCentral South University of Forestry and TechnologyASSIGNMENT COVER SHEETAssessment Task: _____________________________________________________________ Course Name:__________________________________ Outcome: ____________________ Prepared by:______________________________________________________ (English name) ________________________________ (Chinese name) ___________________ (Candidate Number) Class: ____________________ Name of Tutor:___________________________ Due Date: _______________ Date Submitted: ___________________Your report/essay should meet the following requirements. Please confirm this before submitting your assignment.☐Assignment is presented on A4 size paper and is tidily typed and well presented..☐Pages have been firmly stapled.☐ A copy has been retained by me.☐Declaration below is completed.DeclarationAll forms of plagiarism, cheating and unauthorized collusion are regarded seriously by the University and could result in penalties including failure in the unit and possible exclusion from the University. If you are in doubt, please contact the Unit Coordinator.Expect where I have indicated, the work I am submitting in this assignment is my own work._______________________________________ (Signature)Question1：With reference to the case study, summaries the relationship between goals, objectives and policy and advice the management of Scotia Airways of the contribution each will make to effective managerial performance.Answer1：Goal:Organizational goal is to complete the mission and purpose of the carrier organization. It is a future state that an organization strive to achieve, and it is the basis and motivation to carry out the organization's activities. Every social organization has its own intended purpose or result, it represents an organization's direction and future. For the organization, the purpose is the common goal; to the members, the common goal is to organize the stage needs to reach the destination. The organisations are usually determine the direction that it will take over the long term and are not always very specific, but some goals may be unintelligible and hard to understand.There are 4 types of organization: Operational goals, Product goals, Consumer goals, and Secondary goals.Operational goals that means increase efficiency, promote the work efficiency vigorously. Like the Scotia Airways, they have the culture of trust has been emphasized and developed by both the management and workers, and this has served to enhance the effectiveness, efficiency and overall performance of the business. When they have the awareness, team spirit, have the incentive measures, the working efficiency will increase.Product goals signify better service to consumer and higher products qualify, to ensure sustained and stable quality system. The Scotia Airways do well in this side,it offers several value added services, such as, valets to assist the passengers in boarding the plane, gourmet meals and a range of in-flight services and entertainment. And Scotia Airways is the first airline to offer full business class services, but at prices that are equivalent to the economy class of its competitors. A key driver of the success of Scotia Airways is the management focus upon the level and quality of service output.Consumer goals means satisfied the different demand from the different consumers. Scotia Airways is aimed at it, their operate scheduled flights mainly targeting business and leisure travelers and aims to provide exceptional value for money, unparalleled comfort and convenience to its passengers. It illustrated that everyone in the world is not the same, so an organization especially a company should adapt diverse needs.Secondary goals by organisations which are not the most important things that they would like to achieve but are nevertheless important. It is mainly about the social responsibility, making a profit or improving award. The Scotia Airways has been reinforced by positive management approaches and wide ranging reward policies that were agreed and supported by Trade Union representatives. And as far as possible to promote social harmony and integration, to create a better atmosphere.Object:Business objectives are more clear and specific than goals and identity the specific path to be taken in order to achieve goals. In this step, how can we do next, how quickly can we do it and how do we know when we have been successful are the important questions.The objectives should be SMART, include 5 aspects: Specific, Measurable, Attainable, Realistic and be Time-bound. These are the core of objectives’ requirements.To promote the market share increase, the airline has an increasing presence at Scotland’s main airports in Glasgow, Edinburgh and Aberdeen. And currently covers eight destinations across Europe, including Brussels, Paris, Frankfurt, Madrid, Rome, Lisbon, Amsterdam and Copenhagen as well as domestic flights to Manchester, Birmingham, Bristol and four London airports.It is also expanding to major business centers in Eastern Europe and the Middle and Far East. This several plans for improving the market share, expand the business scope is very effective.Pay more attention to suitable consumer groups is significant, too. The airline to operate flights mainly is the special value of providing funds for business and leisure travelers, incomparable comfort and convenience of passengers. To provide different services for different customer groups demand, is important to increase the performance and able to establish good relationship with customers.Policy:The policy is a require ment for the organization’s operating and transaction. It provides a guideline to channel a manager's thinking in a specific direction, it can also provide the path to complete goals and objectives. It provides a framework of rules or guidance within which management and staff can make decisions. Policies contain some different, for example, Inward investment policy, Welfare policy and Reward or Punishment policy.Inward investment policy: The equipments are freshing, all staff receives adequate training, the establishments of the new division and gain more market share are both in it.It has seen that the company expansion over resent year in many aspects and departments. Then they found new distributions in Eastern Europe and the Middle and Far East during this year.Reward or punishment policy: For the completion of the expansion target, organizations should set standards, regulations and purposes to evaluate employees' performance, and then take reactions respectively. The Scotia Airways has been reinforced by positive management approaches and wide ranging reward policies that were agreed and supported by Trade Union representatives.Relationship: The goal is the totality, it can including many objects, goals and objectives provide different kinds of requirements of organization. After make goals and objectives, the organization must have the policies to guides behavior by defining how something should be done. Suitable policies can help the organization to achieve goals and objectives, but inappropriate polices will result in bad effects and cannot complete the goals and objectives. Finally, healthy relationships among goals, objectives and policies are the basis of effective performance. The three affect each other and are both in hand.Q2: Explain the main principles of Open Systems Theory with reference to Scotia Airways.A2: The environments that are both internal and external would influenced the organization. The inter-related parts of a system can interact with the external environment. Changes in the external environment will affect the internal environment changes, the internal factors will also affect the overall changes, resulting in a chain effect.There are 4 aspects in this system. Input contains Staff, Managers, Clients orders, Bank loan and Equipment. Process contains Admin support, Allocation of projects, Communicate with clients, Promotion and Production. Output consists of High quality designs, Skilled staff,Satisfied clients and Service or product. Environment consists of Economy, Social trends, Policies, Legislation, Technology and Culture.When the EU and UK government relax their control over the licensing of airline provision, the input in the airway will increase, and then the output will also increase with the input. That is the external environment policy affect the change of the internal environment.And the government imposes taxes on high emissions of enterprise, then the cost will rise and the profit will reduce. So the company will decrease production, the airways maybe reduce a few airplane and maybe open up just one or two air lines.Q3: Identify the main differences between the formal and informal organization within Scotia Airways.A3: The Scotia Airways both formal and informal organization characte ristic.The aspects at formal organization characteristic are, it has clear goals, objectives, policies and missions; defined structure, clear division and classification; and the organization will be controlled. For example, the airways currently employ executives and managers in marketing, finance, HR and flight operations with operational and administrative staff within each department. Rosa Dallevic is in overall charge, assisted by her long-term colleague, Azim Ishtiaq. She has also employed the same personal assistant, Katrina Wright. That is a holonomic structure in the company.And the aspect at in formal organization characteristic is, it has ambiguous relationships in the airways. For example,the company is very much regarded as a family-style business and has established a range of suppliers and clients that are seen as the extended family. So it has relaxed and harmonious atmosphere, not very serious and tense.Q4: Describe four primary stakeholders of Scotia Airways and explain their interests in, and influence on the organisation.A4: G overnment: Whether the taxation violate related laws, whether the company compliance to related laws and whether solve the problem of local employment, that are the government concern about, is their interests. The influence in this case is the EU and UK governmentrelax their control over the licensing of airline provision. Then the airways business will improve and the profit will increase, so the government could charge a higher tax.Creditors: The creditors are concern about the credit score, liquidity, repayment ability and new contracts. When to borrow the money and when to return is the most important key to creditors. Only the airways credit rating better, can it borrow much money when they need, so the turnover of the fund more convenient.Investors: Have interest earning income from investment; have profitability, market share and business achievement are the significant matter to the investors. The influence are have big expansion plans and hire a team of administration. The investors in Scotia Airways have set an ambitious programme for expansion over the next 5 years, introducing flights to major European tourist destinations and to establish new branch in Eastern Europe and the Middle and Far East. Besides, They set about appointing a management team whose experience and expertise was firmly grounded in the budget aviation market.Employees: They concern about the rates of pay, job security, respect, truthful communication and work condition. The attitude and enthusiastic in working will influence the quantity and efficiency. The Scotia Airways have t o develop a wide range of rewards and punishment system, let the employees enthusiasm greatly improve.Q5:Identify an effective control strategy that the management of Scotia Airways could successfully implement, and justify its suitability.A5: I think the Bureaucratic control is the most effective control strategy to the Scotia Airways.Bureaucratic control means it can dominate the process, is the use of the determined rules, policies, hierarchy of authority, reward systems and other formal mechanisms to influence employee behavior and assess performance. The advantages are it could increase efficiency of the company, and can be controlled with market or price mechanisms, it is so stable. The disadvantage is the Poor flexibility. Bureaucratic control through the Organization Structure,In Scotia Airways, they begin to appointing a management team in the budget aviation market and currently employs 80 staff across all divisions. Its expansion over recent years has seen the company commit significant resources to the marketing and sales department, its finance department. There has been an increase in staffing levels, in budgets and in capital investment. It currently employs executives and managers in marketing, finance, HR and flight operations with operational and administrative staff within each department. Rosa Dallevic is in overall charge, and she has also employed the same personal assistant, Katrin Wright. In this organization structure, is helped promote consistency and continuity, lead to a positive working relationship within and between different departments. Various departments perform their respective duties, everything in good order and well arranged. The Scotia Airways also have some rules and regulations to guarantee employees behaviors in the company.So the Bureaucratic control is the best choice to the Scotia Airways.Bibliography:1. Stephen P. Robbins, (2008),The Principle of Management, 3edt,Beijing, China Renmin University Pres s Co. LTD2. Stephen P. Robbins, (2012), Organizational Behavior, 4edt,Beijing, China Renmin University Pres s Co. LTD3. Douglas Macgregor, (2008), The human side of enterprise,1edt,Beijing, Chinese International Book Trading Corporation. LTD4. James G.March, Herbert A Simon (2013), Organization, 2edt, Beijing,China Machinery press. LTD。
HND_经济学导论_outcome2_标答
Outcome 21.书178，179二个图Households buy commodities from firms, using the income individuals receive for their labour and capital supplied to firmsThe firms use the income received from the sale of commodities to pay for the labour and to invest in new premises,plant and equipment.2.Injections：Investments：Loan from banks, building societies, insurance companies etc. Money saved by household can be re-injected back into the inner flow as investment by business sector (firms) after they borrow the money out of financial institutions. Government Spending：Roads, hospitals, ing the fund largely collected through taxation, the government can be the biggest buyer spending money on the products and services provided by firms If government wishes to expend the flow of income in circulation, it may choose to increase the amount of its spending and probably adopt a tax-cutting.Exports：These are goods and services that are sold abroad. The payment for them will return to the firms in this country. For example, if someone buys textiles of China, then the proceeds of the sale belong to our country. This increases the circular flow and creates more economic activity in the economy for our country. Withdraws：Savings：Amount of income that consumers choose not to spend but retain for the future uses (normally deposit in financial institutions, e.g. banks and buildingsociety). Ability or desire to save out of income is measured by ‘marginalpropensity to save (MPS)’. Level of income is the biggest factor affects level of savings, i.e. the higher the income is, the greater savings (withdrawal) out ofcircular.Taxation：Through forms as personal income tax, V AT, corporate income tax, the disposable money circulated in the economy is drawn out by the government as its revenue. This can be in the form of direct tax on our income or indirect tax onpurchases, for example V AT.Imports：Part of the consumption of both households and firms are on foreign products or products contain imported components. So that portion of expenditure will eventually go into foreigners’ pockets therefore reduce the total income circulatedin domestic economy. For example if someone in Britain buys a Japanese car, then the proceeds of the sale will go back to Japan. Imports are therefore withdraws from the circular flow.3.四选二(a)1.Production: In calculating GNP, only those items which are paid for are normally included because calculations have to be made in money terms, the inclusion of other goods and services would involve imputing a value to them. For example, if a value is placed on certain jobs which a person does for himself—growing vegetables, cleaning his car, painting his house, then why not include shaving, cooking, cleaning, driving to work, etc. on the other hand, excluding what a person does for himself may distort national income figures. An imputed money value is included for certa in payments in kind which are recognized as a regular part of a person’s incoming earning, for example, goods produced and consumed by a farmer.2,Danger of Double Counting:This can arise through ‘stock appreciation’. When inflation occurs, the value of stocks of raw materials goods raises. While this adds to the profits of firms holding such stocks it represents no increase in real output. Such gains therefore, must be deducted from the Income and Output figures.3,The Black Economy: The size of the black economy can be difficult to estimate but certainly causes distortion. National Income figures for certain industries, for example, building industries have many workers who are self-employed and are paid in cash, tax revenue is lost and welfare benefits are claimed unnecessarily.(c)National Income will be in equilibrium when expenditure is equal to consumption or when injections equal total withdrawals total. And change in the level of injection or withdrawals will bring about a change in National Income. However, the change in National Income will be relatively greater than the initial change. This is known as the “Multiplier” effect.+ 书第200页的公式。
HND金融学导论 答案
The Bank of England has these functions:1.Banker to the government: BOE can maintain Exchequer Account; it deals with taxationreceipts and expenditure of government.2.Banker to the banks: it refer to BOE only business contact with other large financialinstitutions, it is the central depository commercial bank's reserve fund, and their loans, to act as "lender of last resort."3.Note issue: in UK and Wales the bank of England is the sole bank for note issue. In Scotlandand Northern Ireland bank issue their own notes under strict regulation.4.Management of national debt: Bank of England manages it before 1988, but debt managementoffice now responsible.5.Monetary policy implementation: it can control of interest rates and money supply growth inthe economy.6.Lender of last resort: if the commercial bank’s money are shortage, they can seek help forBank of England, for example Bills discounted or loan from Bank of England. It can ensures liquidity of financial system.7.International relations: The Bank of England works closely with other central banks andprovides services for them. And operates on committees worldwide8.Managing the Exchange Equalisation Account: it rights of intervention in foreign exchangemarkets.9.private banking: the Bank of England has a limited number of old established private bankingcustomers whose accounts were opened prior to nationalization in 1946,pus staff member’s accounts.10.open market operations: the main aim of the Bank of England’s operations in sterling moneymarkets is to meet the MPC’s interest rate decisions.11.Payment and settlement systems: in brief, it means monitoring trading, clearing and settlementsystems.2. Your Chief Executive believes that he is likely to be expected to discuss some of your bank’s services with the governor of the Bank of England.Provide a brief summary of the following bank services:(a)credit cardsA credit card is issued to users as a system of payment. It allows its holder to buy goods andservices based on the holder's promise to pay for these goods and services. The issuer of the card creates a revolving account and grants a line of credit to the consumer from which the user can borrow money for payment to a merchant or as a cash advance to the user.Themain benefit to each customer is convenience.(b)agents for paymentAssociation for Payment Clearing Systems (APACS) is used for paper transfer of fundsbetween accounts. The bankers Automated Clearing System (BACS), the computerizedversion of APACS, allows automated transfer of wages and salaries, standing orders and direct debits, etc. for full details of the types of transactions that are effected on APACS.3. London stock exchange trading platforms are designed to maximise liquidity in the stocks traded on business. London stock exchange can through to their quote driven market maker platforms for less liquid securities. it has a choice of markets that put UK and international companies in touch with one of the world's deepest pools of investment capital.A primary market involves issuing new securities in return for capital.A government or company want to sell their securities for raise money and receives money. They can issue into the primary market.And the primary can long-term loans to the government are organized by the Debt Management Office (DMO), which is responsible for the issue and sale of government securities (gilts)Reasons for such issues vary but the main reason is to cover any anticipated budget deficit where government spending is expected to exceed income from taxes.4. (a)Going public will result in increased capital for the issuer. A public offering places a value on your company's stock and insiders who retain stock may be able to sell their shares or use them as collateral. Going public also creates a type of currency in the form of its stock that the business can use to make acquisitions.By offering securities publicly, the company and its management may be able to retain a certain degree of control.going public will generally result in the ability to better promote the company. Publicly traded businesses are usually better known than non-publicly traded businesses.Along with prestige and the ability to better promote the company, going public may allow the company to attract better personnel, including high-level executives and officers. Public companies are able to offer stock options, which have the potential to substantially increase in value.(b)There are a number of reasons why a company may opt not to go public, especially if it has another way to raise capital. Going public is an expensive process and if the offering does not go through, the company will lose that money.Another disadvantage of going public is that public companies operate under close scrutiny.There is also an increased risk of exposure to civil liability for public companies, executives and directors for false or misleading statements in the registration statement.There is a new pressure on public companies to increase earnings. Even successful businesses will face this pressure as shareholders become extremely focused on the company's current earnings. Public companies are also at risk of takeover attempts.5. CDs are issued to banks and building societies, they are negotiable, in other words their ownership can be transferred to third parties. CDs are payable to bearer, technically, certificate can transferred to a third party by simply delivering it by hand. CDs’ issue terms is 3months to 5 years and for total money, it usually ranging from ￡50,000 to ￡500,000. Usually, they carry a rate of interest at par is fixed for the life of the certificate, but occasionally floating rate CDs are issued.CDs are important means of interbank financing, and the CDs being the main operator exists with discount houses in secondary market, CDs are highly liquid assets and can be realised at very short notice.6. An option which conveys the right to buy something is called a call; an option which conveys the right to sell is called a put. The reference price at which the underlying may be traded is called the strike price or exercise price. Most options have an expiration date.A call option is a financial contract between two parties. The buyer of the call option has the right, but not the obligation to buy an agreed quantity of a particular commodity or financial instrument from the seller of the option at a certain time for a certain price. An investor would buy a call option if he/she expected the market price of the share to rise.A put option is a contract between two parties to exchange an asset, the underlying, for a specified amount of cash, the strike, by a predetermined future date, the expiry or maturity. One party, the buyer of the put, has the right, but not an obligation, to sell the asset at the strike price by the future date, while the other party, the seller, has the obligation to buy the asset at the strike price if the buyer exercises the option. An investor would buy a put option if he/she expected the market price of the share to fall.。
hnd 经济学导论 outcome3 答案
Outcome 31. What is meant by public goods and merit goods? Give an example of each.Merit Goods: The Government provides services that might not be provided by the private sector in sufficient quantities or of a sufficient quality, for example, health services and education. These are commonly referred to as Merit Goods.For example: 1. Beijing International Studies University.Public Goods: These are commodities, which would not be provided by the private sector because they would find that many people, even if they benefited from them, would refuse the finance through taxation. The level of spending allocated to public goods varies and will depend on many things such as needs and circumstances and political philosophies.For example: 1. Street lamp.2.Explain why the Government allowed the merger of Carlton and Granada while refusing Tesco, Sainsbury and ASDA the opportunity of taking over Safeway.Because of TV isn’t maintaining products of the p eople’s living standard. And merger will be saving cost and rational use of resources. The main incomes are from enterprise income of Carlton and Granada. Customers aren’t main income of Carlton and Granada. Within this field, Government encourages merger to integration of resources. According to economic theory, we know that a scale monopoly is where at least a person or company supplies 25 percent or more of the goods or services of a particular type in UK. In this case, Tesco, Sainsbury and ASDA of the three companies in any one company merger of Safeway, after merger of company’s supplies will over 25 percent. The three companies will increase power after merger lead to monopoly. Because of monopoly will be threatened to benefits of customers. Therefore, the Government refuses Tesco, Sainsbury and ASDA the opportunity of taking over Safeway. On the other hand, Morrisons is a smaller than Tesco, Sainsbury and ASDA. Even if Morrisons merger Safeway, it supplies can’t more than 25 percent. Therefore, Government encourages Morrisons merger Safeway will be grow market share and improve competitive strength of Morrisons. And Morrisons have power participate competitive with other three companies. And customers will get benefits from monopoly between companies. On the other hand, products of supermarket are closely related with the household, they are direct impact on consumption level, decreasing competitive lead to increasing price to against benefits of customers.Therefore, Government allowed the merger of Carlton and Granada while refusing Tesco, Sainsbury and ASDA the opportunity of taking over Safeway.3. Government use taxation policy to regulate ‘negative externalities’. One of these isa tax on fuel used in transport. Explain why governments tax fuel and how it affects the transport market in the UK.The fuel cost and fuel tax are increasing must impact traffic. On the surface, thegovernment improves tax on fuel. In fact, the UK Government is improving price of fuel. According demand rules, we know that price increasing lead to lower demand. Therefore, after increasing price of fuel lead to drivers reduce. If people will drive as little as possible, it will be relieve traffic to bring good environment.。
HND经济学导论Outcome1考试题及翻译
Assessment task instructionsRead the following passage and answer the questions which follow.SteamScot is a privately run rail company, which provides steam train journeys in Scotland. At present they operate three specific rail journeys in various parts of Scotland. These journeys are aimed at the tourist market and operate throughout the summer months. Around 70% of passengers are domestic tourists with the other 30% overseas visitors.The company has been fairly profitable over the last decade, and with the help of various grants available, they are considering an expansion of its operations. However, it is also aware that within the next five years a major overhaul of its capital stock as well as major repairs will have to be undertaken. It is this dilemma that the board of the company faces.It is estimated that in the coming year it will have £2.5 million to spend. This money could be used to open a new line between Inverness and Fort William, or to begin the repair and replacement plan on its current routes.A recent report has highlighted that following recent terrorist threats, visitors from the USA are expected to fall within the next three years, but that European visitors are likely to increase as the Euro rises in value. It is also expected that Visit Scotland (the tourist organization) will mount a major advertising campaign in England to encourage more visitors from that country.The boards of directors of SteamScot are also considering a change in their pricingbut are unsure if this is a wise move. At present the average price of a journey is £4 and 60,000 tourists use the services. A report commissioned by the board on price, supply and demand is shown on the following table.1 SteamScot face a ‘basic economic problem’!What is this ‘problem’ and what is the opportunity cost of the replace and repair programme?2 From the table in the previous passage, construct a demand and supply schedule ona diagram and identify the equilibrium price and quantity.3 (a) Calculate, using total revenue, the price elasticity of demand when: (i) price rises from £4 to £5(ii) price falls from £4 to £3(b) If you were a member of the SteamScot board, what would you recommend the company does in both situations? Give reasons for your advice.4 How would the advertising campaign by Visit Scotland affect demand for SteamScot journeys?Show the effect on a diagram.5 Apart from an increase in price, what other determinant would encourage SteamScotto increase its supply of rail journeys?6 If the Chancellor of the Exchequer was to reduce income tax, would this affect demand for SteamScot’s product s? Explain your answer with reference to income elasticity of demand.7 Using a diagram, show what would happen to the equilibrium if the Scottish Executive gave SteamScot a subsidy. Explain any changes and how the market would return to equilibrium.评估任务说明阅读下面的文章,回答下列问题。
HND 经济学导论 outcome2
Assessment task 2Assessment task instructions The UK economy is made up of millions of people and billions of economic activities. Within these activities, goods and services are created and exchanged. It can be complicated at times but a simple model explaining in general terms how an economy is organised and how those involved interact is a good start.Question 1 Draw a diagram showing the participants of the Circular Flow of Income and explain how it operates. The simple model is sufficient for a beginning, but an economy is more complex and involves external influences, which can raise or lower economic activity.Question 2 Identify three injections and three withdrawals from the Circular Flow of Income; give examples of each, and how they affect levels of economic activity. In the following table, there are examples of the growth rate of various countries over nine years Country United Kingdom United States Bulgaria Switzerland 1994 4.7 4.0 1.8 0.3 1995 2.9 2.7 2.1 0.6 1996 2.63.6 -9.4 0.3 1997 3.44.4 -5.6 1.7 1998 3.0 4.3 4.0 2.4 1999 2.14.1 2.3 1.6 2000 3.1 3.85.4 3.0 2001 1.9 0.3 4.0 1.3 2002 1.6 2.4 3.5 0.6Question 3 Choose any two of the following questions: (a)Explain at least three difficulties encountered in measuring the National Income of a country. (b) Explain (using at least three reasons) why it is difficult to compare the growth rates of the countries in the table above. (c) Explain how the multiplier effect could substantially raise the level of National Income. (d) Explain the difference between real and nominal growth using the table above.Assessment task 2 Outcome(s) covered 2 Suggested solution and making an assessment decisionQuestion 1 A circular flow diagram clearly identifying the following in their correct places: Firms: Households: Markets for factors of production: Land, labour, capital and wages, rent, profit and income. revenue spending Goods and services sold Goods and services bought Firms Households Production inputs Land, labour, capital Wages, rent, profit income （PPT 书P74）Question 2Injections: Investment Withdrawals: Savings Government spending Taxation Exports Imports Appropriate examples: Investments: New factory being built 【built a new private enterprise (grow)】Government spending: New hospital being built (not PFI or PPP)【built public schools (grow)】Exports: Firm wins order to supply new computers to foreign firm 【In cooperation with foreign sales (grow)】Savings: High interest rates result in more savings【a country saves too much of its income (decline)】Taxation: Imports: Government raise level of income tax 【government raise income tax (decline)】Record numbers of holidaymakers go on overseas holidays 【spending on foreign goods by more national】（PPT书P73）Question 3(a) Any three from the following: Errors/omissions from the data gathered，Black economy，Non-recorded items，eg DIY, housework, barter，Transfer income，Double counting.(b) Methods may change over time. Accuracy of figures，Inflation adjustments，Social conditions，Work conditions，Unequal distribution of income. Spending patterns eg defence.(c) Explanation of multiplier either in words or through use of algebra（书P199.200）. Explanation should show that an initial injection to National Income results in a larger level of NI than the original injection. Propensity to save and consume.(d) An explanation of the difference between real and nominal growth, identifying that in real terms inflation is taken into account. In 1998 the growth rate is shown as 3%. If this figure is the nominal rate and inflation is measured at 3.1%, then there is no real growth in the economy. Any similar example will suffice.【GDP=Consumption +Capital investment spending +GeneralGovernment spending +Exports +Imports of Goods(Services) GNP=GDP+NPIA(Net property income from abroad) National Income=GNP-Capital Consumption Real Growth Rate=Nominal Growth Rate-Inflation Rate (Real Growth is the grow adjusted for inflation, Nominal Growth is the grow in the current value of money, Inflation Rate is measure of rate of change in price index)2000: 3.1-3.2=-0.1 no real growth 】。
大二HND经济学导论DE3A 34 outcome 2
Q1. Circular flow of income画图解释循环Q2 3 injection and 3 withdrawals各举一个例子。
共六个例子例子越详细越好E.g. ExportsChina sells electronics to North Korea, China's National income(or GDP, GNP) increases.Q3.A Explain difficulties in measuring the national income. P162-163只写黑体字不给分；每个都需要例子并解释B. Explain why is it difficult to compare the growth rate of various countries P169每个都举例子并解释3行算雷同C. MultiplierExplain how P199-202内容包括：定义一个例子描述multiplier是如何形成的，可套用199页的例子（但是国家名字，产品名字必须要改掉）公式举例计算MPS=0.25,0.3,0.15(假设）MPC=1-MPSK=1/MPS=W如果注入X，实际国民收入增长加WXD. Explain the difference between real and nominal growth using examples from the tableReal: 考虑到通货膨胀的效应Nominal:不考虑通货膨胀的效应比方说：表格中，英国1994年国民收入增长为4.7%，如果同年通货膨胀为10%的话，real实际上没有增长，反而减少了通货膨胀会在一定程度上削弱国民收入增长。
HND大2 金融业导论答案
第一题：Functions of the Bank of Finance England1)Bank to the government●The Bank of England maintains accounts on behalf of the government.●The main account is the Exchequer Account. Government receipts from taxation, borrowing.●The accounts of government departments are also held at the Bank of England.2)Banker to the banksHigh street banks keep hold of their cash reserves at the bank of England.The bank of England maintains a current account for banks for:●Operational balances for cleaning●Non-operational balances for cash deposit ratios●Special deposits from time to time3)Note issueNote issue in the UK is fiduciary. The Bank of England is the sole bank for note issue.4)Management of the national debt●The Bank of England's registrar's department continues to maintain a register of holders ofgilts.●The Bank of England is responsible for management the national debt since 1751 to 1998.●This responsibility has been passed to the DMO.5）Monetary policy implementationIt is responsible for the control of interest rates and money supply growth in the economy.6)Lender of Last ResortThis involves providing liquidity. This helps to stabilize the banking system. The bank of England must legally provide liquidity at all times.7)International relations●The Bank of England works closely with other central banks and provides services for them.●It is a member of various international financial institutions such as the InternationalMonetary Fund and has representation on committees of central banks.8)Managing the exchange equalization accountThe EEA was set up in 1932 to stabilize the value of sterling in relation to other currencies and consists of the country's gold and foreign currency.9)Private bankingThe Bank of England has limited number of old established private banking customers whose accounts were opened prior to nationalization in 1946,plus staff members' accounts.10)Open market operations●The main aim of the Bank of England's operations in sterling money markets is to meet theMPC'S interest rate decisions.●The buying and selling of government bonds on the open market by all bank of England.11)payment and settlement systems●The bank of England monitors trading, clearing and settlement systems relating to, e.g.:equities, bonds and exchange-traded derivatives.●The bank of England plays a critical role in payment and settlement systems by ensuringstability in the UK's clearing and settlement procedures.第二题：Credit cardsAll high street banks offer credit card facilities through either the VISA or MasterCard systems. The bank offer cardholders the opportunity to obtain goods and services on credit with the option of repaying the balance of the account in full without interest penalty or paying the balance in installments’, subject to payment of interest.(is sued for people transfer of funds between accounts. The banker automated Clearing System the computerized version of APACS allows automated transfer of wages and salaries, standing orders and direct debits, etc. for full details of the types of transactions that are effected an APACS and for details of its membership,第三题：How to raise money?●Companies raise fresh capital through the stock exchange, which brings lenders andborrowers together and encourages of those with funds to invest.●It satisfies the requirements of those in need of funds, whether government.Why issue the shares in the primary market?● A government or company wishing to raise money sells securities and receives money.●Companies issue stocks and shares. A stock refers to fixed interest securities that pay aguaranteed interest rate.● A listing will be sought on the listed market or the smaller, less regulated market known asthe alternative investment market.●Reasons for such issues vary but the main reason is to cover any anticipated budget deficitwhere government spending is expected to exceed income from taxes.第四题：Advantages and disadvantages of quotation/listingAdvantages:1.Personal guarantees of directors are not usually required for borrowing.2.Offering employees extra incentive by granting shares IPO option.3.It being a public company can provide customers and suppliers with added reassurance.4.The company may gain a higher public profile which can be good for business.5. A float makes it easier for company and other investors to realize your investment.Disadvantages:1.The cost of quotation can be substantial and there are also ongoing costs such as higherprofession fees.2.The company may have to give up some management control of the business and ultimatelythere is a risk that the company could be taken over.3.Managers could be distracted from running the business by the demands of the floatationprocess, and by dealing with investors.4.If the market conditions change during the quotation process you may have to abandon thequotation.5.The business may become vulnerable to market fluctuations which are outside your control.第五题:Negotiable CDs1.Negotiable CDs are certificates acknowledging deposit of funds, the ownership of which canbe transferred to third parties.2.These are guaranteed by the bank and can usually be sold in a highly liquid secondary market,but they cannot be cashed-in before maturity.3.They are issued at par and carry a rate of interest that is usually fixed for the life of thecertificate, although occasionally floating rate CDs are issued.4. A certificate of deposit with a minimum face value of $100,000.5.Payable to the bearer, which means that the owner’s name does not appear anywhere on thecertificate.6.Technically, a certificate can be transferred to a third party by simply delivering it by hand.7.Issued on terms of 3 months to 5 years8.For amounts usually ranging from 50,000 to 500,000 pounds.9.Dollar is the main non-sterling currency of denomination but other currencies are used aswell.10.Institutions often use these as a way to invest in a low-risk, low-interest security.11.Due to their large denominations, NCDs are bought most often by large institutionalinvestors.第六题：Options1)Call optionsA call option gives the buyer the right, in return for paying a premium, to buy a share at a predetermined price up to a specified date.An investor would buy a call option if he/she expected the market price of the share to rise.2)Put optionsA put option gives the buyer the right, in return for paying a premium, to sell a share at a predetermined price up to a specified date.An investor would buy a put option if he/she expected the market price of the share to fall. Futures:●If the investor buys the contract, he/she must take delivery.●If the investor sells the contract, he/she must make delivery.●If the investor wishes to avoid having to take or make delivery investor must close outinvestor position.●The primary difference between options and futures is that options give the holder the right tobuy or sell the underlying asset at expiration, while the holder of a futures contract is obligated to fulfill the terms of his/her contract.。
SQA-HND-Financial-Sector金融业导论-授课课件 (一)
SQA-HND-Financial-Sector金融业导论-授课课件 (一)SQA-HND-Financial-Sector金融业导论-授课课件金融业的发展已经成为现代经济系统中不可或缺的重要组成部分，有着强大的生产和支配力。
SQA-HND-Financial-Sector金融业导论-授课课件，为学习金融业和金融市场提供了重要的理论基础和实践应用。
下面几个方面，将从不同的角度分别阐述它的重要性。
1. 理论与实践SQA-HND-Financial-Sector金融业导论-授课课件，以理论基础为主，涵盖金融市场、金融产品、技术革新、政府政策、和地区经济等方面。
通过理论的学习，学生可以对金融机制有更深刻的认识。
但学生在理论学习过程中，也需要实践运用，才能更全面地掌握知识和技能。
因此，课程安排了大量实践案例和练习，以帮助学生了解真实的金融市场和手段，为学生创造出更加真实的学习环境。
2. 现实应用价值金融业现在已成为全球经济系统中的主导行业之一，直接影响着整个经济的发展，因此SQA-HND-Financial-Sector金融业导论-授课课件在应用价值方面具有很高的研究价值。
学生通过学习金融市场和金融产品，可以更好的理解现代金融市场的运作。
课程还包括现代金融工具的应用，帮助学生了解如何在实际场景中进行投资和风险管理，将所学知识全部应用到现实生活中，以帮助他们在未来的就业或职业发展中有实际的运用和表现。
3. 与当今金融業趋势相适应随着现代经济的快速发展，金融业也在不断发展，学生必须通过实践和理论实时掌握新的知识和技能。
SQA-HND-Financial-Sector金融业导论-授课课件紧密关注当前金融行业趋势，引导学生研究金融业最新趋势，了解公共政策和现代风险管理方法，以帮助学生顺应时代发展和经济发展方向，达到胜任工作的能力。
总之，SQA-HND-Financial-Sector金融业导论-授课课件对于学生的金融事业起着至关重要的作用。
经济学导论(ppt 519页)
在微观经济分析中为简化分析过程，大多 使用线形需求函数。
QD = a - bP
其中a,b是常数，且a，b>0，该函数对应的需 求曲线为一条直线。
第三节 供给和供给规律
一、供给 一种商品的供给是指生产者在一定时期内在
各种可能的价格下愿意而且能够提供出售该 种商品的数量。 供给规律：商品价格上升，生产者的供给量 增加；商品价格下降，供给量减少。
（5）通过市场价格的自发调节，资源 朝着相对价格高的用途上配置。
（二）计划经济
在这种经济体制中，所有与资源配 置有关的经济活动都由政府或通过 政府指令来进行。国家从三个层次 对资源进行配置。
1. 在现在消费和未来投资之间分配，通 过牺牲现在消费，把资源用于投资，以 提高经济增长速度。
2. 在微观经济层次上计划各行业以及各 企业的产量、所使用的生产技术、需要 的劳动力和其他资源。
（4） 一些公司的行为对社会是有害的。
（5） 私有企业不会生产一个对社会有 用但对自身无利的产品。
（6） 自由市场经济可能导致宏观经济 的不稳定。
从伦理学的意义上，自由市场经济从自 我利益出发，可能会鼓励自私、贪婪、 物质主义和权力至上的观念。
（二）对完全计划经济的评价
中央政府的计划就可以克服自由市场经济 的一些问题，使整个国家的资源配置符合 特定的国家目标。实践中，命令式的计划 经济为达到这些目标，却是以巨大的社会 和经济成本为代价的。
第一，投入品的价格变动。
第二，生产技术的变化。
第三，企业组织的变化。
第四，政府政策的变化。
2. 替代品的价格。
3.连带产品的价格。
4. 自然灾害和其他无法预期的事件
5. 生产者的目的。
6.对未来价格的预期。
SQA HND Financial Sector金融业导论 授课ppt
6. Other definitions of money
convertible and inconvertible money primary and secondary money quasiquasi-money govt. definitions of money
Section 3: The Bank of England
Section 2 Importance of money
1. The concept of money
Cash: bank notes, coins ——advantage of cash ——advantage ——a quick and convenient method ——a ——disadvantage of cash(P.36) ——disadvantage
2. Two kinds of financial intermediary: Direct lending: ——coping ——coping with the problem of liquidity
Secondary market DepositDeposit-taker
Indirect lending: ——not ——not offering the liquidity, e.g. pension funds ——solve ——solve the problem of matching surplus and deficit units
maintaining the stability of the financial system domestically and internationally —— relationship between BOE and FSA —— FSC —— LOLR seeking to ensure the effectiveness of UK’s UK’ financial services
精选-HND经济学导论Outcome1考试题及翻译
Assessment task instructionsRead the following passage and answer the questions which follow. SteamScot is a privately run rail company, which provides steam train journeys in Scotland. At present they operate three specific rail journeys in various parts of Scotland. These journeys are aimed at the tourist market and operate throughout the summer months. Around 70% of passengers are domestic tourists with the other 30% overseas visitors. The company has been fairly profitable over the last decade, and with the help of various grants available, they are considering an expansion of its operations. However, it is also aware that within the next five years a major overhaul of its capital stock as well as major repairs will have to be undertaken. It is this dilemma that the board of the company faces. It is estimated that in the coming year it will have £2.5 million to spend. This money could be used to open a new line between Inverness and Fort William, or to begin the repair and replacement plan on its current routes.A recent report has highlighted that following recent terrorist threats, visitors from the USA are expected to fall within the next three years, but that European visitors are likely to increase as the Euro rises in value. It is also expected that Visit Scotland (the tourist organization) will mount a major advertising campaign in England to encourage more visitors from that country.The boards of directors of SteamScot are also considering a change in their pricing but are unsure if this is a wise move. At present the average price of a journey is £4 and 60,000 tourists use the services. A report commissioned by the board on price, supply and demand is shown on the following table.1 SteamScot face a ‘basic economic problem’!What is this ‘problem’ and what is the opportunity cost of the replace and repair programme?2 From the table in the previous passage, construct a demand and supply schedule on a diagram and identify the equilibrium price and quantity.3 (a) Calculate, using total revenue, the price elasticity of demand when:(i) price rises from £4 to £5(ii) price falls from £4 to £3(b) If you were a member of the SteamScot board, what would you recommend the company does in both situations? Give reasons for your advice.4 How would the advertising campaign by Visit Scotland affect demand for SteamScot journeys?Show the effect on a diagram.5 Apart from an increase in price, what other determinant would encourage SteamScot to increase its supply of rail journeys?6 If the Chancellor of the Exchequer was to reduce income tax, would this affect demand for SteamScot’s product s? Explain your answer with reference to income elasticity of demand.7 Using a diagram, show what would happen to the equilibrium if the Scottish Executive gave SteamScot a subsidy. Explain any changes and how the market would return to equilibrium.评估任务说明阅读下面的文章,回答下列问题。
HNDSQA Ad 经济学导论案例参考 国贸会计金融Economic Issues Outcome1
Case study;Green Auto is auto manufacturer, established over 15 years ago. The company has three production lines and over 12,000 employees,In the last 3 years it has seen a negative growth in the marketIt might due to three reasons. Firstly, rises in gasoline prices led to more people riding bicycles or taking public transportation instead of driving. Secondly,Green Auto had to recall 3000 cars because of quality problem last year. It affected the company's reputation seriously. Thirdly, Sun Auto, the competitor of Green Auto,launches a new energy vehicle and makes big success. The demand and supply of vehicles at various market prices every year is shown in the schedule below：AYi-StudiosQ1254481424allowance to auto manufacturers. Market survey shows that demand of new energy vehicles is increasing nowManagement team of Green Auto realizes that it's a chance for the company to make success. They have identified two possible strategic course of actionThe first option is developing new energy model to catch the market trend.The second option is improving quality management system.Both options would involve a significant investment in terms of the company's resources. The management team knows that they cannot afford to achieve both options and will have to choose the one that will maximize their chance of survival and future successEnd of case studyAnswer the following questions in relation to Green Auto：1.Economics revolves around the nature of choice and the availability of resources. In relation to Green Auto's current situation,explain what the 'basic(central) economic problem' is2. With reference to Green Auto's current situation explain the concept of 'opportunity cost'3. Using the figures in the table, construct a demand and supply diagram and clearly, identify both the equilibrium price and the equilibrium quantity.4. The government decides to give allowance to auto manufacturers. This will have a positive effect on supply for vehicle market with an estimated rise in supply of 6,000 vehicles per year at each market price.(a)Draw and label the new supply curve on the diagram that you have constructed in question 3.(b)identify the new equilibrium price and quantity clearly.(c) Explain how market forces would act to return the market to a state of equilibrium at the new equilibrium position.5. Draw the separate graph to illustrate the change to demand or supply curve in the vehicle market when each of the following situations is happened, and for each situation,indicate whether the changed curve represents an increase or decrease in demand, or an increase or decrease in supply at every possible price in the market.(a)The launch of a successful advertising campaign.(b)A new technological breakthrough in automation makes it possible to reduce Labor costs by 10%(c)The government decreases personal income tax by 4%.(d) Gasoline's price increased by 8%.6. Using the demand figures in Table in the case study, calculate the price elasticity of demand for a bicycle if the price falls from f2100 to E2000.7.Making reference to the effect on the total revue as a result of the change in price, In question 6, explain the concept of ' price elasticity of demand'.。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
An investigative report on Welfare Policy in the U.K. MarketOutcome 3Candidate Name: WANGGAIGrade and Class: 11 Financial services class 6Catalog ●Introduce●Section 1●Section 2●ResearchIntroduce：This report is market failure and government's role and the social welfare policy survey report, report the information from the website as well as books, in a report last may elucidate.1、Market failure：Market malfunction is due to intrinsic functional defects and external conditions caused by the defect of market mechanism in the allocation of resources in certain areas of operation. Because the market monopoly and price distortion or for the public goods character because of the asymmetric information and the external reasons, causes the resources disposition of invalid or small effect, which can realize resource to configure zero opportunity cost of resource allocation state. Usually used for invalid rate of special major, or non market mechanism is more efficient and the ability to create wealth is better when the private choice. On the other hand, the market failure is usually used to describe the market forces can not meet the status of public interest. Market failure establishes the basis for government intervention. The roles of government in attempting to correct these failures: merit goods, public goods, externalities and imperfect competition。
Specific policy measures used by the government of the UK, such as competition, health care, transport etc. The market mechanism may fail to provide the optimal mix of output. The optimal mix of output is the most desirable combination of output attainable with existing resources, technology and social values.Government intervention in economic activities, but complementary, grant of. The government in market economy economic role, is to remedy market flaw or insufficient needs a decision. The role of government can be divided into regulation of human character, commonweal character, control characters, the arbitrator roles and role of night watchman.2、Public goods：The market mechanism works efficiently only if the benefits of consuming the good or service are available only to individuals who purchase it.Public goods are common. Pay consumer items, such as national power grid, public radio, all kinds of public facilities consulting and so on, and provide these is the government, the government is responsible for the provision of public goods to let you use.3、Externalities：In market economy, a main body of the market (consumer or producer) of the consequences of the Act (cost or revenue), not by the subject himself to bear, but by other subjects to bear, this is called external, or call the market externalities. Externalities cause of market mechanism in the allocation of resources function failure, is "market failure" which is one of the reasons. For example, Western countries set up factories in developing countries: more emission of waste gas waste water in other countries, in domestic emissions pollution are subject to strict fine, the developed country takes industrial waste shipped to some developed countries, at the same time, give some benefits in terms of commitment, to maintain their environment.4、Merit Goods: Merit goods are required by individuals on a basis of need rather than on their ability to pay. Where a free market economy may fail to provide merit goods as they could be financially unattractive, the government will intervene and provide such a necessity as education. For example,Air has the use value, is one of the three elements of survival, but no value, which could not be called commodities, if a person into the deep mountains and forests, with bottles and cans of fresh air is transported to the polluted city in sale, the air will have a value, may be called a commodity.5、Imperfect competition：Imperfect competition refers to such market perfect competition cannot be maintained, because at least one large enough to influence the market price to the buyer (or seller), and therefore face a downward-sloping demand curve (or supply).Includes various incomplete factors, such as monopoly, oligopoly or monopoly competition. For example,In December 4, 1991, the United StatesPan-American Airlines went bankrupt, the enterprise continuous loss of business for 10 years, because it relies on to sell its assets to keep the business. It put their assets to billion price has sold to the American government, as well as the major companies and business tycoon.Section 2( a )The welfare policy in U.K.( b )As a traditional bourgeois state, the British welfare policies are asset based, now is at the forefront of welfare policy debate。