THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM11 - 副本(1)
生化本科题库题库Chapter 11 Test Bank
Chapter 11 CarbohydratesMatching QuestionsUse the following to answer questions 1-10:Choose the correct answer from the list below. Not all of the answers will be used.a) Fehling’sb) enantiomersc) UDPd) glycogene) monosaccharidesf) celluloseg) lectinsh) Heparini) axialj) glycoproteinsk) epimersl) glycosyltransferases1 ____________ This class of compounds has the molecular formula of (CH2O)n.Ans: eSection: 11.12 ____________ These are stereoisomers that are mirror images of each other.Ans: bSection: 11.13 ____________ These monosaccharides differ at a single asymmetric carbon.Ans: kSection: 11.14 ____________ This is the most abundant organic molecule in the biosphere.Ans: fSection: 11.25 ____________ This is a test solution used to identify reducing and nonreducing sugars.Ans: aSection: 11.16 ____________ The storage form of glucose in animals.Ans: dSection: 11.27 ____________ This is an example of a glycosaminoglycan.Ans: hSection: 11.28 ____________ These are the enzymes that synthesize oligosaccharides.Ans: lSection: 11.29 ____________ Molecule to which most sugars are attached prior to transfer.Ans: cSection: 11.210 ____________ These proteins bind to specific carbohydrate structures.Ans: gSection: 11.3Fill in the Blank Questions11 A _______________ is a stereoisomer that is not a mirror image.Ans: diastereoisomer Section: 11.112 A _______________ is a five-membered ring formed from a monosaccharide.Ans: furanose Section: 11.113 A _______________ is formed when two monosaccharides are linked together via a glycosidicbond.Ans: disaccharide Section: 11.114 Plant starch is composed of amylose, a linear polymer of glucose, and a branched polymer ofglucose referred to as _______________.Ans: amylopectin Section: 11.215 Maltose is composed of two molecules of glucose linked together by ____________ glycosidicbond.Ans: α-1,4 Section: 11.216 _______________ is a galactose joined to a glucose by a β-1,4 glycosidic bond.Ans: Lactose Section: 11.217 In N-linked glycoproteins, the carbohydrate portion is attached to a(n)_____________ residue inthe protein.Ans: asparagine Section: 11.318 When the carbohydrate portion is attached to a serine or threonine residue in a glycoprotein, it isreferred to as a(n)_______________ glycoprotein.Ans: O-linked Section: 11.319 The influenza virus recognizes _______________ residues of glycoproteins present on cellsurface.Ans: sialic acid Section: 11.420 In C-type lectins, a _______________ acts as a bridge between the carbohydrate and the protein.Ans: calcium ion Section: 11.4Multiple Choice Questions21 Carbohydrates areA) polyhydroxy aldehydes.B) polyhydroxy ketones.C) polyhydroxy acids.D) polyhydroxy alcohols.E) a and b.Ans: E Section: Introduction22 The simplest carbohydrates areA) D- and L-glyceraldehyde.B) dihydroxyacetone and D- and L-glyceraldehyde.C) dihydroxyacetone and glycerate.D) All of the above.E) None of the above.Ans: B Section: 11.123 An aldehyde and alcohol can react to form aA) hemiaketal. D) All of the above.B) hemiketal. E) None of the above.C) hemiacetal.Ans: C Section: 11.124 Fructose can cyclize to (a)A) pyranose ring.B) furanose ring.C) both pyranose and furanose ring forms.D) All of the above.E) None of the above.Ans: C Section: 11.125 The nutritional storage form(s) of glucose in plants.A) glycogen B) amylose C) amylopectin D) b and c E) All of the aboveAns: D Section: 11.226 The enzyme that digests amylopectin.A) -amylase D) All of the above. B) amylose E) None of the above. C) celluloseAns: A Section: 11.227 To which amino acid residues in glycoproteins are the sugars commonly linked?A) tyrosine and asparagine D) serine and threonine B) serine, threonine, and asparagine E) a and d C) serine, tyrosine, and asparagine Ans: B Section: 11.328 Glycoproteins are normallyA) found on membranes.D) a and b.B) secreted as extracellular proteins. E) All of the above. C) found inside organelles.Ans: D Section: 11.329 At what sites in a cell are proteins glycosylated?A) ribosome D) b and c B) endoplasmic reticulum E) a, b, and c C) Golgi complexAns: D Section: 11.330 Which of the following is the anomer of β-D -glucopyranose?D)C)B)A)Ans: C Section: 11.231 Glycoforms refers toA) a single protein type that can have forms that vary in glycosylation. B) glycoproteins from the same gene family.C) a common core of sugars that can be found on many different proteins. D) all of the above. E) none of the above. Ans: A Section: 11.332 Selectins are proteins thatA) selectively bind proteins destined for lysozomes.B) aid in selection of proteins bound for the Golgi complex.C) bind immune-system cells as part of the inflammatory response.D) all of the above.E) none of the above.Ans: C Section: 11.433 What are lectins?A) proteins that bind the carbohydrates on glycoproteins and other macromoleculesB) proteins that promote cell-cell interactionC) proteins found in animals, plants, and microorganismsD) All of the above.E) None of the above.Ans: D Section: 11.4.34 How do some viruses gain entry into specific cells?A) by attaching to ion channelsB) by cleaving the glycosidic bonds and altering protein shapesC) by binding to glycoproteins on the cell surface that are unique to specific cellsD) All of the above.E) None of the above.Ans: C Section: 11.435 Inhibitors against this viral enzyme have potential as anti-influenza agents.A) calnexin D) All of the above.B) neuramidase E) None of the above.C) selectinAns: B Section: 11.4Short-Answer Questions36 List some of the reasons carbohydrates are considered important molecules.Ans: Carbohydrates serve several important functions as fuels, metabolic intermediates, and energy stores. They are the basis of most of the organic matter on our planet. Carbohydratesserve as the structural framework or building blocks for DNA, RNA, and polysaccharides.They are also linked to other molecules, such as proteins and lipids, and play importantroles in signaling and structure.Section: Introduction37 Draw the Fischer projection structures of all of the trioses.Ans: CH 2OH C CH 2OH O C C CH 2OHOH OH H C C 2OH O H HO H dihydroxyacetone D-glyceraldehyde L-glyceraldehyde Structures shown in Figure 11.1.Section: 11.1 and Figure 11.138 What is the difference between an enantiomer and a diastereoisomer?Ans: An enantiomer is a stereoisomer that is a perfect (nonsuperimposable or nonidentical)mirror image. A chiral molecule has one perfect mirror image. But for larger carbohydrates that have the same chemical formula and have multiple chiral centers, variations inasymmetric carbon structures mean that additional stereoisomers exist. The stereoisomers that are not mirror images of each other are called diastereoisomers.Section: 11.139 How is the D or L configuration determined?Ans: The D or L designation is determined by the asymmetric carbon farthest from the ketone oraldehyde group, and is related to the glyceraldehyde D and L structures.Section: 11.140 Draw the Haworth projections of the two pyranose forms of D -glucose.Ans:α-D -glycopyranose β-D -glucopyranose as shown in Figure 11.4 of the text.Section: 11.141 Draw the structure of lactose. Identify the monosaccharides involved and identify the type oflinkage in lactose? Ans:D-glucose (α anomer)Section: 11.242 Compare the structures of amylopectin and amylose.Ans: Both are homopolymers of glucose. Amylose consists of unbranched α-1,4 linkages of glucose. Amylopectin is a branched structure, and contains both α-1,4 linkages and α-1,6linkages, with the α-1,6 branches occurring about once every 30 glucose residues.Section: 11.243 What are the chemical and structural differences between cellulose and glycogen?Ans: Both are glucose homopolymers. Glycogen is a branched polymer and contains α-1,4 linkages with β-1,6 branchpoints about every 10 residues. Cellulose is a linear polymerthat contains β-1,4 linkages. Because of the β linkages, cellulose can form very longstraight chains which can form interchain hydrogen bonds to form fibrils.Section: 11.244 Describe some of the functions of glycosaminoglycans and proteoglycans.Ans: They function as lubricants, anticoagulents, and structural components; are important in pathways stimulating cell proliferation; and aid in mediating cell adhesion to extracellularmatrices.Section: 11.245 How does a genetic mutation account for some of the different human blood types?Ans: Blood type is determined by specific glycosyltransferases that add the end sugar to the glycoproteins found on red blood cells. Three different types of glycosyltransferase genescan be inherited, and each individual receives one from each parent. Two different formsresult in the A and B blood types. A mutation in a third type results in a truncated productthat is not active.Section: 11.246 What is the advantage of having different blood types within a species?Ans: Variations are protective because differences may be critical to protection against disease and infection. A microorganism that gains advantage over a host by mimicking and/orusing specific antigens, will not survive in host members that have differing antigens.Section: 11.247 Describe the mechanism by which N-linked sugars are synthesized and attached to proteins.Ans: The units are assembled in the ER attached to dolichol phosphate scaffold. Two N-acetylglucosamine residues and five mannose residues are added to form a commonprecursor, which is flipped into the ER lumen. Then specific enzymes adddolichol-phosphate-linked sugars, forming a 14-residue core. This is transferred to anasparagine residue on a protein, and the sugar core is processed by removal of three glucosemolecules. The addition and removal of other sugars in the Golgi complex further modifythe carbohydrate.Section: 11.3 and Figure 11.248 What are the two primary functions of the Golgi complex?Ans: The Golgi complex is 1) the site of carbohydrate addition and modification to glycoproteins, and 2) the major protein sorting center of the cell.Section: 11.349 What is the role of mannose 6-phosphate? What disease is caused by lack of this terminal sugar onglycoproteins?Ans: It acts as the marker that directs many lysozomal enzymes to their proper site. Without the modified mannose residue, the proteins are misdirected. For example, in I-cell disease,several enzymes are directed to blood and urine instead of the lysozomes. As a result,hydrolases required for glycosaminglycan and glycolipid degradation are missing, leadingto deformity and retardation.Section: 11.350 Why is it more difficult to determine the structure of the oligosaccharides, when compared toamino acid sequences?Ans: Amino acids are linked through peptide bonds and the side chains vary in size, charge, and chemical properties. In contrast, sugars can be branched, and can have α or β linkages,which makes determining the attachment difficult. Furthermore, many sugars have thesame or similar chemical formula, and similar chemical properties, making specificidentification and linkage difficult.Section: 11.3。
古墓丽影11地底河流bug
古墓丽影11地底河流bug摘要：一、古墓丽影11概述二、地底河流BUG现象描述三、BUG对游戏进程的影响四、解决方法及注意事项正文：古墓丽影11（Shadow of the T omb Raider）是劳拉·克劳馥冒险系列的最新作品。
在这款游戏中，玩家将跟随劳拉探索墨西哥和秘鲁的丛林，揭示一场灾难性事件的真相。
然而，在游戏过程中，一些玩家遇到了地底河流BUG，影响了游戏体验。
本文将对此BUG进行简要介绍，并提供解决方法。
地底河流BUG主要出现在游戏中的一段地底河流场景。
BUG现象表现为，当劳拉进入河流游泳时，游戏角色会突然卡在原地，无法继续前进。
这使得玩家无法完成相关任务，影响了游戏进程。
为了解决这一BUG，玩家可以尝试以下方法：1.重启游戏：退出游戏并重新启动，清除可能的临时文件，再尝试进行任务。
2.调整游戏设置：降低游戏画质，以减少系统负担，提高游戏稳定性。
3.更新显卡驱动：确保显卡驱动程序为最新版本，以充分发挥硬件性能。
4.避免使用过于复杂的MOD：一些复杂的MOD可能导致游戏不稳定，建议暂时卸载或避免使用。
5.重新安装游戏：若以上方法仍无法解决问题，可以尝试卸载并重新安装游戏。
需要注意的是，地底河流BUG可能与特定硬件或软件冲突有关，因此，在尝试解决BUG时，要关注硬件和软件方面的调整。
同时，保持系统清洁，避免病毒和恶意软件的侵害，也有助于提高游戏稳定性。
总之，古墓丽影11中的地底河流BUG确实给玩家带来了困扰。
通过尝试上述解决方法，相信玩家可以摆脱这一问题，继续畅游这款精彩的冒险之旅。
在游戏过程中，玩家还需关注硬件和软件的兼容性，确保游戏运行得更加稳定。
小学下册E卷英语第五单元暑期作业(含答案)
小学下册英语第五单元暑期作业(含答案)英语试题一、综合题(本题有100小题，每小题1分，共100分.每小题不选、错误，均不给分)1.What is the main purpose of the circulatory system?A. To breatheB. To digest foodC. To circulate bloodD. To filter waste答案:C To circulate blood2.This boy, ______ (这个男孩), is learning martial arts.3.My friend is a ______. He enjoys creating music.4.The book is _____ (interesting/boring).5.I see ________ in the water.6.What is the name of the famous wizarding school in Harry Potter?A. HogwartsB. DurmstrangC. BeauxbatonsD. Ilvermorny7.__________ (固体) have a definite shape and volume.8.My dad drives a ________ (汽车).9.I love to drink ___. (tea)10. A ______ is a small, timid animal.11.Atoms of the same element with different masses are called ______.12.Hubble's law explains the expansion of the ______.13.The sun is ______ in the morning. (rising)14.My sister enjoys __________ (舞蹈) classes after school.15.What do we call an animal that eats both plants and animals?A. HerbivoreB. CarnivoreC. OmnivoreD. Insectivore答案:C16.My dad is a great __________ (领导者).17. A __________ (分子生物学技术) can revolutionize healthcare and agriculture.18.What is the largest organ in the human body?A. HeartB. LiverC. SkinD. Lungs答案:C19.The parakeet is a small ______ (鸟).20.The chemical symbol for uranium is _____.21.How do you say "goodbye" in Spanish?A. Au revoirB. AdiosC. SayonaraD. Arrivederci22.The chemical formula for benzene is _____.23.My school has a big ________ (图书馆) filled with many interesting ________ (书籍).24.My favorite animal is a ______ (猫) because they are so affectionate.25. A ______ is a geographical feature that can act as a barrier.26.My sister is my best _______ who loves to share laughter and joy.27.The dog enjoys going for long _______ (散步).28.The ________ is a type of flower that blooms in spring.29.The Battle of Waterloo marked the end of ________ rule in France.30. A _______ is a reaction that occurs in the presence of water.31.The sun is ___ (rising) in the morning.32.We will visit our _____ this weekend. (grandparents)33. A __________ is a type of animal known for its loyalty to humans.34.The doctor, ______ (医生), checks our health every year.35.The cat is very ______.36.I love the smell of fresh _____ (香草).37.What is the name of the famous American landmark in South Dakota?A. Mount RushmoreB. Statue of LibertyC. Golden Gate BridgeD. Grand Canyon答案:A38.The _____ (森林) is full of wildlife.39.The ancient Egyptians created ________ for their deceased rulers.40.I like _____ (sharing) my gardening tips with others.41.What is the capital of Thailand?A. BangkokB. PhuketC. Chiang MaiD. Pattaya答案:A42.Which country is known for sushi?A. ChinaB. JapanC. ThailandD. India答案:B43. A rabbit has big _______ that help it hear sounds.44.I live in a ______ house.45. A fish lives in ______ (水).46.What is the longest river in the world?A. AmazonB. NileC. YangtzeD. Mississippi答案:B47.I admire people who follow their passions. They inspire me to pursue my own interests and dreams. I hope to find my passion in __________.48.Our garden has many ________.49.The main gas emitted during combustion is __________.50.The dog digs a hole in the _________. (沙子)51.Which shape has four equal sides?A. TriangleB. CircleC. SquareD. Rectangle52.My sister enjoys __________ (参加讨论会).53.The ancient civilization of ________ is revered for its artistic achievements.54.The clock shows ______ (five) o'clock.55.The moon goes through different ______ each month.56.The rainbow has ______ colors. (many)57.The __________ (历史的智慧) can offer guidance.58.What is the opposite of "big"?A. LargeB. HugeC. SmallD. Tall59.The parrot can ______ (说话). It repeats what we ______ (说).60.Coastal erosion is influenced by the action of ______.61.What is the name of the famous explorer who sailed around the world?A. Ferdinand MagellanB. Christopher ColumbusC. Vasco da GamaD. Captain Cook答案:A62.The _______ of a pendulum is the time it takes to swing back and forth.63.I like to ______ (与家人一起) cook traditional meals.64.What is the primary color of a fire?A. YellowB. RedC. OrangeD. All of the above答案:D All of the above65.What is the capital of France?A. BerlinB. MadridC. ParisD. Rome答案:C66.What do we call a young goat?A. CalfB. KidC. LambD. Cub答案:B67.The _____ (蛇) slithers silently through the grass.68.The garden has many ______ (plants).69.What is the name of the famous author who wrote "Pride and Prejudice"?A. Emily BrontëB. Jane AustenC. Charlotte BrontëD. Mary Shelley70.Which fruit is red and often mistaken for a vegetable?A. TomatoB. PotatoC. OnionD. Carrot71. A prism bends light to create a ______.72.What do we call a group of fish swimming together?A. SchoolB. PodC. FlockD. Pack73. A ______ is the term for a solution that cannot dissolve any more solute.74.Light travels in _______ lines.75. A pig loves to roll in the ________________ (泥土).76.Shadows are formed when light is ______ (blocked).77.Which instrument has black and white keys?A. GuitarB. DrumsC. PianoD. Violin78.The dog is _____ (barking/sleeping) in the yard.79.The __________ can reveal the effects of climate change.80.What is the name of the longest river in the world?A. AmazonB. NileC. MississippiD. Yangtze81.I have a ________ that can jump very high.82.The ________ (开花) of a plant is its most beautiful stage.83.An animal that changes colors is a ______.84. A hamster loves to run on its ______ (轮子).85. A _______ is a chemical method of preserving food.86.The pH scale measures how __________ a substance is.87.Which planet has the longest year?A. JupiterB. SaturnC. NeptuneD. Venus88.My grandmother tells me about ____.89.Wind is caused by differences in _______.90.What do you call the hard outer covering of an egg?A. ShellB. CrustC. CoatingD. Layer答案:A91.What do you call the part of the plant that grows underground?A. StemB. LeafC. RootD. Flower答案:C92.The bird builds its _______ (家) high in the tree.93. A ____(seismograph) records earthquake activity.94.My sister enjoys learning about ____ (science).95. A __________ is a scientific explanation based on experiments and observations.96.The ________ is very useful.97. A zebra is a type of ______.98.She is a dancer, ______ (她是一位舞者), and performs on stage.99.What is the name of the animal that has a long tail and climbs trees?A. CatB. SquirrelC. DogD. Rabbit答案:B100.I am learning to speak ________ (法语) because I want to visit ________ (法国).。
小学上册第五次英语第一单元真题试卷
小学上册英语第一单元真题试卷英语试题一、综合题(本题有100小题，每小题1分，共100分.每小题不选、错误，均不给分)1.The element with the chemical symbol O is _______.2. A bee gathers _______ from flowers to create honey.3. A _______ is a reaction that combines several elements to form a compound.4. A reaction that produces gas is called a ______ reaction.5.__________ (物质循环) describes how elements move through the ecosystem.6.The ice cream is _____ (cold/warm) and delicious.7.An alloy is a mixture of two or more _____, usually metals.8.The process of turning a liquid into a gas is called _____.9.The Earth’s inner core is believed to be solid due to the immense ______.10.The temperature is very ______ (热) in the summer.11.The parrot can _______ (说话) like a human.12.I learn new things from my ____.13.The peacock displays its feathers to attract ________________ (配偶).14.The soup is ___. (hot)15.Hedgehogs curl into a ________________ (球) when scared.16.Which insect makes honey?A. AntB. FlyC. BeeD. Mosquito17.We celebrate New Year in ______ (一月).18.Certain plants can change colors with the ______. (某些植物可以随着季节改变颜色。
循环系统CirculatorySystemPPT课件
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右半心的血流方向：
肺动脉 肺动脉口 上腔静脉口 下腔静脉口 右心房 右Biblioteka 室口 右心室 冠状窦口27
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（三）左心房left atrium 位于右心房的左后方。左心耳 四个入口：两对肺静脉口。 一个出口：左房室口。
（四）左心室left ventricle 位于右心室的左后方。 一个入口：左房室口。口周围有二尖瓣（前瓣、后瓣）。 一个出口：主动脉口。口周围有主动脉瓣。主动脉窦（左、右、后窦）
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（二）右心室right ventricle 位于右心房的左前下方。
一个入口：右房室口。口周围有三尖瓣环，其上附有三尖瓣tricuspid valve（借腱索连于乳头肌）。
三尖瓣复合体：三尖瓣环、三尖瓣、腱索、乳头肌共同构成，防止血液 逆流。
一个出口：肺动脉口。周围有肺动脉瓣，心室舒张时关闭，阻止血液逆 流入心室。
肺动脉
肺循环
主动脉
左心室 右心房
组织毛 细血管
上、下腔静脉 冠状窦
体循环
血液循环示意图 10
血管吻合及侧支循环
概念：血管吻合vascular anastomosis是指动脉与动脉、静脉与静脉 或动脉与静脉之间藉吻合支相互连接。
血管吻合的方式
动脉间吻合 静脉间吻合 动、静脉间吻合 侧支吻合
侧支循环collecteral circulation
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淋巴系统 lymphatic system
组成：淋巴系统由淋巴管道、淋巴组织和淋巴器官组成。 淋巴管道：为静脉的辅助管道，流动着无色透明的淋巴液。 淋巴组织 淋巴器官
小学上册第14次英语第4单元期末试卷(含答案)
小学上册英语第4单元期末试卷(含答案)英语试题一、综合题(本题有100小题，每小题1分，共100分.每小题不选、错误，均不给分)1.What do we call the marks on a map that represent directions?A. ScaleB. Compass RoseC. LegendD. Grid答案: B2.My uncle is a skilled __________ (手工艺人).3.I have a wonderful _____ (老师).4. A ________ (山谷) is often fertile and green.5.The process of a liquid turning into a gas is called ______.6. A circuit must be _______ for electricity to flow.7.I have a robot ____ that does tricks. (玩具名称)8.I have a ___ (collection) of stickers.9.The gazelle can leap very _________ (远).10.He is a _____ (政治家) advocating for change.11.The __________ (水利工程) help manage resources.12.What do we call the study of the atmosphere and weather?A. MeteorologyB. GeographyC. AstronomyD. Climatology答案:A. Meteorology13.I want to help protect the _______ (环境). It’s important for future _______ (世代).14.The _____ is a star that can be seen during the day.15.The capital of Japan is _______.16.The chemical formula for ammonium sulfate is ______.17.我的朋友喜欢 _______ (活动). 她觉得这很 _______ (形容词)18. A _______ change can be reversed, but a chemical change cannot.19.The first successful human flight in space occurred in ________.20.I can’t believe how cool my __________ (玩具名) is!21.I think every toy has its own ________ (名词) and personality.22. A ____(public-private partnership) leverages resources for community benefit.23.The term "combustion" refers to a reaction that produces _______.24.The capital of Georgia is __________.25.What do you call the center of an atom?A. NeutronB. ProtonC. NucleusD. Electron答案:C26.I love _______ (去野餐) in the summer.27.The _____ (种植合作社) supports local farmers.28.Did you hear the _____ (小狗) yapping excitedly?29.My cat chases after ______ (小虫子).30.I love _______ (去图书馆).31.I love listening to __________ music because it makes me feel __________. My favorite singer is __________. I like to sing along to his/her songs when I am__________.32.I enjoy _____ with my friends. (playing)33. A whale is a type of ______ that lives in the ocean.34.I enjoy playing ________ games on my tablet.35. A __________ is a landform that rises significantly above its surroundings.36.I have a new ___. (shirt)37.I collect _______ (名词) as a hobby. Each item has its own _______ (故事).38.The _____ (车站) is busy.39. A __________ is a type of bond formed by sharing electrons.40.ts are used in ______ for their medicinal properties. (某些植物因其药用特性而用于传统医学。
循环系统Thecirculatorysystem
红血球：多数鱼类呈扁圆形。一般具细胞核，含血红蛋白，所以血液均为鲜红色。 白血球：分为粒细胞和无粒细胞两类。粒细胞分为：嗜中性白血球、嗜酸性白血球及嗜碱性白血球；无粒细胞：淋巴球和单核白血球。 血栓细胞：无色，小 于红血球。血栓细胞与血 液的凝固作用有关。鱼类 的血栓细胞与哺乳类的血 小板的不同点是它是一个 真细胞，有核和细胞质。
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第一节 血 液 第二节 心 脏 第三节 动脉和静脉 第四节 淋巴和淋巴管 第五节 造血器官
第七章 循环系统 The circulatory system
202X
商务工作通用模板
功能：将氧气、营养物质以及激素运送到体内各器官和组织内，并把代谢废物排出体外。
特点：封闭型，单循环，心脏一心房一心室。
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脾脏是鱼体最大最重要的淋巴髓质组织，此外还有不少淋巴髓质组织分布于鱼体不同部位：消化管粘膜下层、肝脏、生殖腺及中肾等。
软骨鱼类食道粘膜层下方的扁平的器官，能生成白血球，当脾脏移去后，它也能产生红血球。
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头肾
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一些硬骨鱼类的肾脏前部有前肾的残余组织，称为头肾，它已不起排泄作用，变成一种淋巴髓质组织，具有制造白血球、血栓细胞与毁灭陈旧红血
真骨鱼类：尾静脉→分成左右两支进入肾脏：左侧一支称肾门静脉，它在肾脏后部拆散成毛细血管，然后又汇集到左后主静脉；右侧的一支不形成肾门静脉，直接连到右后主静脉，这支静脉一般较粗大。
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鱼类的血球可以在不同的器官内形成，在早期胚胎阶段，血管能形成血球，成体阶段，除了血管仍能制造血球外，已经形成更重要的造血中心：脾脏、淋巴髓质组织、赖迪氏器官、头肾等。
血量：仅为体重的1.5%--3%，而哺乳动物一般都在6%以上。 比重：平均为1.035，低于哺乳类(1.053)。 组成：由血浆(blood plasma)及血球(blood cell)组成。血球由红血球、白血球和血栓细胞（或称血小板）等组成。 血浆:略呈黄色，含有大量水分、盐分，蛋白质、氨基酸、脂肪、葡萄糖等营养物质及代谢产物。 血清：将血浆中的纤维蛋白元除去所残留的液体。
《11规则》题库第一章航海图书资料测试题
《11规则》题库第一章航海图书资料测试题同一ip地址只能提交一次，如果提交不了的情况下请打开流量提交。
1. Admiralty Notices to Mariners, containing important information for the mariners and enabling them to keep their charts and books corrected for the latest information, are issued daily and published in .[单选题] *Weekly Editions(正确答案)Quarterly EditionsAnnual EditionsMonthly Editions2. The information regarding ports such as buoyed channels, fairway, location and number of terminals, river channels, details of navigational marks, location of overhead bridges, underground cables etc. are shown in . [单选题] *small-scale chartsmedium-scale chartslarge-scale charts(正确答案)natural scale charts3. The Coast Radio Stations are found in . [单选题] *Admiralty List of Lights and Fog SignalsAdmiralty Maritime CommunicationsAdmiralty List of Radio Signals(正确答案)Admiralty Digital List of lights4. All straight lines represent great circle tracks on a chart based on a /an .[单选题] *Mercator projectionpolyconic projectionorthographic projectiongnomonic projection(正确答案)5. A light is from ChangshanZui, the SE extremity of the island. [单选题] * exhibited(正确答案)establishedconstructedbuilt6. Where would you find information about the time of high tide at a specific location ona particular day of the year? [单选题] *Tide Tables.(正确答案)Tidal Current Tables.Coast Pilot.Nautical Almanac.7. The table below is to record Section IV NTM amendments _____this volume. Sub-paragraph numbers in the margin of the book are to assist the user when making amendment to this volume.[单选题] *affecting(正确答案)correctinginfluencingeffecting8. Important changes to charts and lights (including temporary ones), radio signals and Sailing Directions are listed in .[单选题] *Weekly Admiralty Notices to Mariners(正确答案)The Mariner’s Handbook (NP100)Ocean Passages for the World (NP136)Symbols and Abbreviations used on Admiralty Charts, Chart 50119. Navigational warning are published according to . [单选题] *the designed areathe designated area(正确答案)the indicated areaall area over the world10. Information on the operating times and characteristics of foreign radio beacons can be found in which publication? [单选题] *List of Lights(正确答案)Coast pilotSailing DirectionsList of Radio beacons11. Contour elevations on this chart refer to heights in meters above mean . [单选题] *lower low waterhigh waterlow watersea level(正确答案)12. It is recommended that corrections to the Sailing Directions be . [单选题] * made by handconsulted at the last week of each monthstuck in the parent book or current supplementkept in a file with the latest list of corrections in force on top(正确答案)13. What is the use of the books of Admiralty List of Lights and Fog Signals? Their use is to ____. [单选题] *Mention signal stations and ice，storm，traffic and port signalsGive the international numbers of lightsGive the correction of the lights and fog signalsGive the information on the lights and fog signals(正确答案)14. In relation to the route radio service, which part shall be consulted in the List of Lights and Fog Signals? [单选题] *Part 2Part 3(正确答案)Part 5Part 615. Which conic projection chart features straight lines which closely approximate a great circle? [单选题] *PolyconicLambert conformal(正确答案)OrthographicStereographic16. How does the bearing direction 000-359 in the sailing Directions reckoned? [单选题] *Clockwise(正确答案)AnticlockwiseBackingVeering17. Where is the Admiralty chart identification number? [单选题] *At the top left-hand corner & bottom right-hand corner(正确答案)Above the chart titleBelow the chart titleAt the top left-hand corner18. The revision date of a chart is printed on which area of the chart? [单选题] *Top centerLower-left corner.(正确答案)Part of the chart title.Any clear area around the next line.19. On the Metric chart, the statement “Depths in meters” can be found .[单选题] *on the top of the chartbelow the title of the chart(正确答案)on the right bottom of the chartabove the title of the chart20. Which is a weekly publication advising mariners of important matters affecting navigational safety? [单选题] *Light ListNotice to Mariners(正确答案)Coast PilotSailing Directions21. Symbols and abbreviations used on admiralty charts are contained in . [单选题] *Chart 5011(正确答案)NP294 –How to keep your admiralty chart up-to-dateNP100-Mariner’s HandbookNP247-Annual Summary of Admiralty Notices to Mariners22. A SEAMARK, I.E.A BUOY, INDICATING THE NORTH, EAST, SOUTH OR WEST FROM A FIXED POINT E.G.A WRECK is . [单选题] *entrance buoynew buoyport buoycardinal buoy(正确答案)23. provides a selection of commonly used routes with their distances between principal ports and important positions.[单选题] *The Mariner’s HandbookAdmiralty Sailing DirectionsOcean Passages for the World(正确答案)Mariners’ Routeing Guide24. What kind of information does the fire control plan contain? [单选题] *Fire alarm signal, fire instruction and your assignment.Location of firefighting equipment onboard.(正确答案)How to use firefighting equipment onboard.Information on how to handle different types of fires.25. Navigational warnings and weather bulletins for shipping from Singapore Radio. [单选题] *broadcastbroadcastedare broadcast(正确答案)are broadcasted26. You will find information about the duration of slack water in the .[单选题] *Tidal Current Tables(正确答案)Tide TablesAmerican Practical NavigatorSailing Directions27. The unit used in Sailing Directions at sea is and at land is . [单选题] * nautical mile and cable; kilometer(正确答案)nautical mile and kilometer; cablenautical mile; kilometer or cablenautical mile; cable and kilometer28. In very high latitude, the most practical chart projection is the . [单选题] * MercatorgnomonicazimuthalLambert conformal(正确答案)29. Latest additions and amendments to Admiralty Tide Tables are published in . [单选题] *Notices to Marinersthe corrections to Admiralty Tide TablesAnnual Summary(正确答案)Amendments30. Admiralty Tide Tables should be published in volumes annually. [单选题] *34(正确答案)61231. If you need information regarding ordering pilot and/ or entering ports you may see Admiralty List of Radio Signal volume . [单选题] *2456(正确答案)32. Sailing Directions include . [单选题] *current in the various location(正确答案)navigational lightsrequired lightscasualty report procedure33. The information on Ocean Voyage Planning with routeing details for powered and sailing vessels is likely found in . [单选题] *Ocean Passages for the World (NP136)(正确答案)Symbols and Abbreviations used on Admiralty Charts, Chart 5011Weekly Admiralty Notices to MarinersThe Mariner’s Handbook (NP100)34. A chart with a scale of 1:80,000 would fall into the category of a . [单选题] * sailing chartgeneral chartcoastal chart(正确答案)harbor chart35. The Fourteenth Edition of Africa Pilot Volume III the Thirteenth Edition (1980) and Supplement No.10 (2001), which are canceled.[单选题] *supersedes(正确答案)takes in charge ofshuts downrun into force of36. A chart position enclosed by a square is a(n) .[单选题] *fixestimated position(正确答案)dead reckoning positionrunning fix37. Many navigational warnings are of a temporary nature, but others remain in force for several months or may be succeeded by . [单选题] *Notices to Mariners(正确答案)Sailing DirectionsList of Lights and SignalsGuide to port Entry38. Which of the following about the Mercator chart is TRUE? [单选题] *Meridian line is curvature.It is of the conformal character.(正确答案)The scale of the latitude is always same.Latitude is curvature.39. Which one of the following is INCORRECT about Mercator projection? [单选题] *It projects a sphere onto a cylinder.Because the resulting distance between latitudes are constantly increasing, it is also called progressive projection.It can always give true distances.(正确答案)Its advantage is that longitudes and latitudes are at right angles, which makes it easy to read true bearings.40. The visible range of a lighthouse in a chart refers to . [单选题] *minimum 10 milesmaximum 10 miles12 milesthe distance when the visibility in calm weather is 10 miles(正确答案)41. The data may become corrupted in any of the following process EXCEPT . [单选题] *during transmissionin the display or printing on the user’s equipmentin converting to other software formatsin air mail delivery to the readers(正确答案)42. Isogonic lines are lines on a chart indicating_______.[单选题] *points of equal variation(正确答案)points of zero variationthe magnetic latitudemagnetic dip43. On having completed entering the notice in the correction folio, mark in the margin against that notice.[单选题] *ENTERINGENTERED(正确答案)COMPLETEDCORRECTED44. On completion of corrections of all notices from a NM, mark on the front cover page of the NM with the same. [单选题] *ENTERINGENTEREDCOMPLETEDCORRECTED(正确答案)45. To predict the actual depth of water using the Tide Tables, the number obtained from the Tide Tables is . [单选题] *the actual depthadded to or subtracted from the charted depth(正确答案)multiplied by the charted depthdivided by the charted depth46. When a buoy is in position only during a certain period of the year, where may the dates when the buoy is in position be found? [单选题] *Light List.(正确答案)Notice to Mariners.On the chart.Coast Pilot.47. objects are those which stand out clearly from the background or other objects and are easily identifiable from a few miles offshore in normal visibility.[单选题] *Conspicuous(正确答案)PermanentPreliminaryTemporary48. Of the following, is not likely found in the Mariner’s Handbook (NP100). [单选题] *navigational hazards and buoyage, meteorological data, details of pilotage, regulations, port facilities and guides to major port entry(正确答案)information on chartsinformation on operational information and regulationinformation on tides, currents and characteristics of the sea49. The information on is not likely found in the Mariner’s Handbook (NP100). [单选题] *IALA buoyage systemhydrography, topography, navigational aids and their services(正确答案)basic meteorology and navigation in ice and hazards and restrictions to navigation information on tides, currents and characteristics of the sea50. The information in ______is intended primary for use by mariners in vessel of 150GT or more. [单选题] *Notice to MarinersSailing Direction(正确答案)Mariner's handbookGuide to Port Entry51. The new edition will include all of the minor light changes accumulated overthe . [单选题] *previous year(正确答案)next yearprevious quarterprevious month52. will be broadcast every one hour on VHF Channel 6. [单选题] *VHF newsChannel RulesVisibility TimeNavigational Warnings(正确答案)53. Weekly NMs are available without subscription from appointed . [单选题] * Admiralty Distributors(正确答案)Admiralty Publication HouseUnited Kingdom Hydrographic( UKHO )UK Maritime & Coastguard Agency ( MAC )54. Block in NM often substitutes . [单选题] *a certain part of chart(正确答案)a kind of toola kind of tacklea piece of wood55. gives a description of the combined Cardinal and Lateral Buoyage system including textual [ˈtekstʃuəl] and diagrammatic explanations [eksplə'neɪʃnz] of the five types of marks: cardinal, lateral, isolated danger, safe water and special marks.[单选题] *Ocean Passages for the World (NP136)Symbols and Abbreviations [əbri:v'ɪeɪʃnz]used on Admiralty Charts, Chart 5011IALA Maritime Buoyage System (NP735)(正确答案)The Mariner’s Handbook (NP100)56. Alignment and light sectors used in Admiralty Sailing Directions are given seen from .[单选题] *landsea(正确答案)vesselair57. The distance between any two meridians measured along a parallel of latitude . [单选题] *increases in north latitude and decreases in south latitudedecreases as DLO increasesincreases with increased latitudedecreases with increased latitude(正确答案)58. Which vessel is required to participate in STRAITREP? [单选题] *Vessels of less than 50 m in length.Vessels of any tonnage carrying perishable cargo.Vessels engaged in towing or pushing with a combined GT of 300 at most.All passenger vessels that are fitted with VHF, regardless of length or GT.(正确答案)59. Chart legends printed in capital letters show that the associated landmark is . [单选题] *inconspicuousconspicuous(正确答案)a government facility or stationa radio transmitter60. is a comprehensive reference in graphical and textual form of all Admiralty Charts and Publications worldwide (link to Admiralty Charts) listed by region.[单选题] *Ocean Passages for the World (NP136)Symbols and Abbreviations used on Admiralty Charts, Chart 5011IALA Maritime Buoyage System (NP735)Catalogue of Admiralty Charts and Publications (NP131)(正确答案)61. How is variation indicated on a small-scale nautical chart? [单选题] * Magnetic compass tableMagnetic meridiansIsogonic lines(正确答案)Variation is not indicated62. Which factor has the greatest effect on the amount of gain required to obtain a fathometer reading? [单选题] *Salinity of water.Temperature of water.(正确答案)Atmospheric pressure.Type of bottom.63. The Experimental Lighthouse-buoy has no navigational significance and may be removed at will. The above sentence means ______. [单选题] *it’s of no use for navigation and would be removed with noticeit’s useful in navigation and may be removed without noticeit’s helpless in navigation and may be removed without notice(正确答案)it’s helpful in navigation and may be removed without notice64. Light lists for coastal water are _____. [单选题] *published every year and require no correctionspublished every second year and must be correctedpublished every five years and require no correctionaccurate thru NM and must be corrected(正确答案)65. Periodic publications notifying changes in, or additions to, previously published navigational data are . [单选题] *SupplementsAnnual SummaryNavigational WarningsNotices to Mariners(正确答案)66. Entering from sea, a daymark on the port side of the channel would be indicated on a chart by a .[单选题] *red triangle with the letter Rwhite triangle with the letters RGgreen square with the letter G(正确答案)white square with the letter GR67. Chart/Publication Correction Record Card system ensures that every chart is properly corrected ________. [单选题] *in useprior to use(正确答案)after useWhen chart received on board68. Ocean Passages for the World will be kept up-to-date by . [单选题] *supplements(正确答案)Notices to MarinersThe Mariner’s HandbookAnnual Summary of ANM69. The light vessel is reported ______. [单选题] *to be destroyedto be demolished(正确答案)to be ruinedto be spoiled70. How long would 15 minutes of longitude be at latitude of 60 degrees north? [单选题] *30 nm60 nm15 nm7.5 nm(正确答案)71. The buoy symbol printed on your chart is leaning to the northeast. Thisindicates______ [单选题] *you should stay to the north or east of the buoy.you should stay to the west or south of the buoy.the buoy is a major lighted buoy.nothing special for navigational purposes.(正确答案)72. Small-scale charts cover large areas of ocean and are also called . [单选题] * natural scale chartsreference charts(正确答案)coastal chartsharbor charts73. The place where the light is situated is printed in .[单选题] *italicsboldscapitals(正确答案)underlines74. The period of a lighted aid to navigation refers to the . [单选题] *date of construction or establishmentlength of time between flashes of the lighttime required for the longest flash of each cycletime required for the light to complete each cycle(正确答案)75. Weekly Notices are dated for the appropriate to the week they are issued on the UKHO website. [单选题] *MondayTuesdayWednesdayThursday(正确答案)76. The velocity of the current in large coastal harbors is . [单选题] * predicted in Tidal Current Tables(正确答案)unpredictablegenerally constantgenerally too weak to be of concern77. gives listings of all lighthouses, lightships, lit floating marks (over 8 m in height), fog signals and lights of navigational significance.[单选题] *Ocean Passages for the World (NP136)Admiralty List of Radio SignalsIALA Maritime Buoyage System (NP735)Admiralty List of Lights and Fog Signals(正确答案)78. Cumulative list of amendments of Admiralty List of Radio Signalspublished every year.[单选题] *dailyweeklyquarterly(正确答案)yearly79. What is the most important source of information to be used in correcting charts and keeping them up to date?[单选题] *Fleet GuidesNotices to Mariners(正确答案)Sailing DirectionsPilot Charts80. Temporary and Preliminary Notices are placed at the end of Admiralty Notices to Mariners. [单选题] *Section ISection II(正确答案)Section IIISection VI81. Which information is NOT provided in broadcasts by the National Institute of Standards and Technology? [单选题] *NAVAREA warnings(正确答案)Storm warningsTime announcementOmega status information82. The Admiralty Notices to Mariners can be obtained by masters of vessels from any Admiralty Chart Agent.[单选题] *free of charge(正确答案)with no responsibilitywithout limitations of distributionwith little charges83. Areas enclosed by a long and short dashed magenta line indicate . [单选题] *cable areasdumping groundsfish trap areas(正确答案)precautionary areas84. The range of a light on Admiralty Charts is normally the .[单选题] *nominal range(正确答案)luminous rangegeographical rangevisible range85. A chart has extensive corrections to be made to it. When these are made and the chart is again printed, the chart issue is a . [单选题] *first editionnew edition(正确答案)revised editionreprint86. Depths of Wk. are to be inserted in the chart. What does the underlined word mean? [单选题] *workwreck(正确答案)wakeweak87. The reproduction of portions of charts which accompany some notices is knownas . [单选题] *notessymbolsblocks(正确答案)chocks88. are changes on charts due to changes in Hydrography, topography, construction, removal or addition of dangers to navigation etc. [单选题] *Revised editionNew editionSmall corrections(正确答案)Source data89. Maintenance of charts and nautical publications up to date is a statutory requirement under the Convention.[单选题] *STCWMARPOLSOLAS(正确答案)ISM90. Ocean Passages for the World is updated by . [单选题] *Notices to Mariners Weekly EditionAdmiralty Notices to Mariners Weekly Edition (ANMW)(正确答案)NP237Annual Summary of the Admiralty Notices to Mariners91. SEARCHABLE NOTICES TO MARINERS can be searched by all of the following options EXCEPT .[单选题] *Chart Number onlyChart Number + Previous NM Number/ YearChart Number + Between Previous and Present DatesCumulative Number(正确答案)92. Magnetic information on a chart may be . [单选题] *found in the center(s) of the compass rose(s)indicated by isogonic linesfound in a note on the chartall of the above(正确答案)93. What information is found in the chart title? [单选题] *Date of the first edition.Date of the edition and, if applicable, the revisionInformation on the sounding datum.(正确答案)Information on which IALA buoyage system applies94. Chart correction information is NOT disseminated through the .[单选题] *Summary of CorrectionsLocal Notice to MarinersDaily MemorandumChart Correction Card(正确答案)95. On notification by Admiralty Notices to Mariners that a new edition of one of the books, or a new supplement to one, has been published, it should be obtained . [单选题] *as soon as possible(正确答案)prior to its publicationin advance of any possible accidentby means of other than airmails96. The survey information upon which a chart is based is found .[单选题] *at the top center of the next linenear the chart title(正确答案)at the lower left cornerat any convenient location97. Navigation details including soundings, nature of the bottom, navigational marks etc. are shown in . [单选题] *small-scale chartsmedium-scale charts(正确答案)large-scale chartsnatural scale charts98. When navigating in high latitudes and using a chart based on a Lambert conformal projection, .[单选题] *a straight line drawn on the chart approximates a great circle(正确答案)the chart should not be used outside of the standard parallelsthe course angle is measured at the mid-longitude of the track linedistance cannot be measured directly from the chart99. Which statement about a gnomonic chart is CORRECT? [单选题] *A rhumb line appears as a straight line.Distance is measured at the mid-latitude of the track line.Meridians appear as curved lines converging toward the nearer pole.Parallels, except the equator, appear as curved lines.(正确答案)100. A pilot chart does NOT contain information about . [单选题] *average wind conditionstidal currents(正确答案)magnetic variationaverage limits of field ice。
circulatory system循环系统
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The lymphatic system is a widely distributed system with multiple functions. Its role in circulation is to return excess fluid and proteins from the tissues to the bloodstream. The fluid carried in the lymphatic system is called lymph. Another function of the lymphatic system is to absorb digested fats from the small intestine These fats are then added to the blood near the heart. One other major function of the lymphatic system is to protect the body from impurities and invading microorganisms.
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Coronary heart disease (CHD) is a condition in which proper circulation of blood and oxygen are not provided to the heart and surrounding tissue. This result is due to a narrowing of the small blood vessels, which normally supply the heart with blood and oxygen. The typical cause of coronary heart disease is a condition known as atherosclerosis, which takes place with plaque and fatty build up on the artery walls, narrowing the vessels. Some more frequent symptoms of coronary heart disease include:
刺客信条：大革命各序列易卡关难点图文攻略
刺客信条：⼤⾰命-各序列易卡关难点图⽂攻略 《刺客信条：⼤⾰命》其实不算很难，可能⼀些新⼿玩家刚刚接触游戏，⼀些游戏的任务细节和潜⼊逃跑的关卡还不是很熟悉，下⾯讲解下游戏中各序列容易卡关的地⽅，⼀些遇到困难的朋友可以参考⼀下。
序章追踪战⽃难点 序章基本上没有太⼤的难点，仅有的可能是玩家还不熟悉游戏的操作或者是没有习惯游戏的设定，⽽这关也就是让新⼿玩家尝试游戏的⼀关。
⼩编还是为可能卡关的玩家来介绍下这关的追逐和战⽃吧! 这关⼀开始跟着N P C⾛就好了，N P C叫你⼲嘛就⼲嘛，后来他会叫你去找圣剑和圣书。
玩家只需要从这个梯⼦爬上去就可以了。
⼀直⾛就会到这个场景，按住s h i f t+空格继续往上爬就好。
之后就遇到偷书的刺客，⼀直按着s h i f t冲刺追上他就可以了。
下⾯就直接战⽃了，这⾥只要在对⽅攻击你⾎条变黄的时候按下E键就可以实现格挡，多试⼏次⽤好这招就可以轻松搞定对⼿! 这⾥当然还可以按下空格实现闪避，但是这个⽐较难⽤⽽且反击时机不好掌握，玩家需要多加练习。
这样游戏的序章就结束了!%{p a g e-b r e a k|序章追踪战⽃难点|p a g e-b r e a k}% 序列1会议潜⼊难点 这关有⼀个难点就是男主要潜⼊建筑⽽不被守卫发现，可能会有玩家在这⾥卡关。
⼩编这⾥要介绍⼀个直接进⼊捷径! 如上图玩家们其实可以直接爬上旁边的围墙(左右侧都可以)，注意四周有没有守卫，然后直接上屋顶就可以了(⼩⼼屋顶上有的地⽅有守卫)。
然后直接从图上所⽰的窗⼜进⼊建筑的⼆层。
下到⼀楼打开门即可! 当然有的玩家可能希望潜⼊的⽅式进⼊建筑，这⾥⼩编也来介绍下! 进门从⼈群中⾏⾛，记住千万不要跑，不然很容易被发现。
来到上图的位置，利⽤马车躲过右侧守卫的视线。
躲过守卫后继续往前⾛，注意观察守卫的位置即可。
前⾯还有第⼆辆马车，这个也很重要，顺着⼈群⾛就可以了，⽤V键观察守卫的朝向，最好在他们背对着你的时候经过。
《魔兽世界》副本及BOSS中英文名称一览
《魔兽世界》副本及BOSS中英文名称一览副本名称：1. 副本名称：熔火之心英文名称：Molten Core副本简介：熔火之心是《魔兽世界》中第一个大型副本，位于艾泽拉斯的赤脊山。
副本中充满了火元素生物，包括火焰领主拉格纳罗斯等强大的BOSS。
2. 副本名称：奥妮克希亚的巢穴英文名称：Onyxia's Lair副本简介：奥妮克希亚的巢穴是《魔兽世界》中的一个五人副本，位于艾泽拉斯的荒芜之地。
副本中的最终BOSS是奥妮克希亚，一只强大的黑龙。
3. 副本名称：黑翼之巢英文名称：Blackwing Lair副本简介：黑翼之巢是《魔兽世界》中的一个二十人副本，位于艾泽拉斯的荒芜之地。
副本中的最终BOSS是奈萨里奥，一只强大的黑龙。
BOSS名称：1. BOSS名称：拉格纳罗斯英文名称：RagnarosBOSS简介：拉格纳罗斯是熔火之心的最终BOSS，一只强大的火元素生物。
玩家需要克服火焰和熔岩的挑战，才能击败它。
2. BOSS名称：奥妮克希亚英文名称：OnyxiaBOSS简介：奥妮克希亚是奥妮克希亚的巢穴的最终BOSS，一只强大的黑龙。
玩家需要面对她的龙息和飞行技能，才能击败她。
3. BOSS名称：奈萨里奥英文名称：NefarianBOSS简介：奈萨里奥是黑翼之巢的最终BOSS，一只强大的黑龙。
玩家需要面对他的龙息和飞行技能，以及他的龙族，才能击败他。
这份《魔兽世界》副本及BOSS中英文名称一览仅为冰山一角，游戏中还有更多精彩的副本和BOSS等待玩家去挑战。
希望这份一览能帮助玩家更好地了解和准备这些挑战，享受《魔兽世界》带来的乐趣。
《魔兽世界》副本及BOSS中英文名称一览（续）为了帮助玩家更好地掌握《魔兽世界》中的副本和BOSS，我们继续完善这份中英文名称一览，涵盖了更多的副本和BOSS，以及它们的相关信息。
副本名称：1. 副本名称：祖尔格拉布英文名称：Zul'Gurub副本简介：祖尔格拉布是《魔兽世界》中的一个四十人副本，位于卡利姆多的费伍德森林。
黑暗神殿副本包官方中文规则书
黑暗神殿副本包官方中文规则书总览最后的关口已经被击破，部落和联盟大军从黑暗神殿墙体的裂缝中潮水般的涌入。
大量的对伊利丹誓死效忠的奴仆已经做好准备，清除这些胆敢闯入他们大本营深处的人。
不要犹豫。
正是进行最后一击和拯救已经深陷疯狂的外域大陆的时候！面对那个背叛者时你会畏缩么，还是你有勇气击败他并且将他的能力据为己有？YOU ARE NOT PREPARED!（你们这是自寻死路！--国服版翻译，英文直译为：你还不够格！）在这款游戏中，一位玩家将掌控黑暗神殿中的各个领主，而其他玩家则扮演挑战方，使用他们各自拥有的从魔兽世界集换式卡牌各系列牌库中所构筑的套牌进行游戏。
这款黑暗神殿副本套牌是基于对抗三位挑战玩家的模式而设计。
这款副本包中囊括什么？λ*40张主套牌λ*28张奴仆套牌λ*23张事件套牌λ*5张背叛者事件套牌λ*10张双面，大尺寸英雄卡牌λ*13张双面盟军替代物卡牌λ*12张奖励包卡牌游戏目标对于领主玩家，游戏目标很简单：消灭所有胆敢向背叛者挑战的人。
一位挑战玩家的英雄受到致命伤害（伤害大于或等于其生命值），或者这位玩家需要抓牌而牌库为空时，其英雄被消灭。
对于挑战玩家，游戏目标则是通过合作，击败黑暗神殿副本包中的众多领主-从高阶督军纳因图斯开始直到最后遭遇背叛者结束。
当背叛者受到致命伤害时，领主玩家被最终击败。
游戏设置每位挑战玩家持有一套标准的60张（最少60张）套牌和英雄。
如果一位或更多玩家操控的英雄的阵营是联盟，则其他人的英雄角色不能为部落，反之亦然，而没有其他更多的限制。
比如，叛逆者英雄（Traitor heros）可以加入到没有其他叛逆者英雄的挑战队伍，而恶魔英雄（Demon heros）同样可以加入到一个没有其他恶魔英雄组成的挑战队伍中。
领主玩家将主套牌、奴仆套牌、事件套牌和背叛者事件套牌分别洗牌。
确认这些套牌都是分开放置的。
将5张背叛者事件套牌和盟军替代物卡牌先放在一边。
高阶督军纳因图斯（High Warlord Naj’entus）是首个领主，（在其类型栏里有“1号英雄领主[Boss Hero 1]”作为提示。
小学下册第十二次英语第1单元期末试卷[含答案]
![小学下册第十二次英语第1单元期末试卷[含答案]](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/e09ac74eec630b1c59eef8c75fbfc77da2699784.png)
小学下册英语第1单元期末试卷[含答案]考试时间：90分钟（总分:110）A卷一、综合题(共计100题共100分)1. 选择题：What do you call a young horse?A. CalfB. FoalC. KidD. Pup答案:B2. 填空题：My dream is to travel to ______.3. 听力题：Space exploration helps us understand our place in the _______.4. 选择题：What do you call a person who travels to space?A. AstronautB. PilotC. EngineerD. Scientist答案:A5. 选择题：How many zeros are in one thousand?A. 1B. 2C. 3D. 46. 选择题：How many stars are on the USA flag?A. 50B. 48C. 52D. 49答案:A7. 填空题：The ________ (太阳) rises in the east.8. 填空题：My friend is a skilled _______ (职业). 她能 _______ (动词)很多事情.9. 选择题：Which month comes after January?A. FebruaryB. MarchC. AprilD. December答案:A10. 听力题：The chemical symbol for vanadium is _____.11. 填空题：Horses can run very ______.12. 填空题：The hedgehog curls into a _________. (球)13. 听力题：The __________ is a region known for its volcanic activity.14. 听力题：The process of a gas turning into a liquid is called __________.15. 选择题：What is the opposite of love?A. CareB. HateC. LikeD. Joy16. 选择题：How many legs does a spider have?A. 6B. 8C. 10D. 12A ______ (沙漠) plant can survive with little water.18. 填空题：The penguin is adapted for life in ______ (水) and on land.19. 填空题：I saw a _______ (小刺猬) in the garden.20. 选择题：Which animal says "meow"?A. DogB. CatC. CowD. Sheep答案:B21. 听力题：The capital city of Nigeria is __________.22. 听力题：The ________ (event) promotes dialogue.23. 听力题：A __________ is formed by the slow accumulation of sediment.24. 听力题：I have a _____ (collection) of postcards.25. 填空题：I like to play with my toy ________.26. 填空题：My sibling has a great sense of __________ (审美).27. 选择题：What is the main ingredient in pudding?A. WaterB. MilkC. SugarD. Gelatin答案:B28. 填空题：In the zoo, I saw a ________ (大象). It was so ________ (大) and friendly.The chemical formula for sodium oxalate is __________.30. 选择题：What is the capital of Turkey?A. IstanbulB. AnkaraC. IzmirD. Bursa答案:B31. 填空题：The _____ (种植) of trees helps the environment.32. 填空题：The teacher cultivates ______ (创造力) in her classroom.33. 填空题：A ________ (环境教育) informs the public.34. 填空题：I like to help organize _______ (活动) at school. It’s a great way to meet new _______ (朋友).35. 填空题：The ______ (根系) plays a key role in stability.36. 听力题：A ______ is a type of fish that can be found in rivers.37. 听力题：Chemical reactions often involve the rearrangement of _____.38. 选择题：What is the closest planet to the Sun?A. VenusB. EarthC. MarsD. Mercury39. 填空题：The __________ is a famous mountain range in Europe. (阿尔卑斯山)40. 填空题：The _____ (阳光) is essential for photosynthesis.A _______ (兔子) can hop quickly.42. 选择题：What is the capital of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines?A. KingstownB. GeorgetownC. CalliaquaD. Barrouallie答案: A43. 听力题：The city of Amman is the capital of _______.44. 听力题：The table is ______ with food. (full)45. 选择题：What is 10 3?A. 6B. 5C. 7D. 8答案:C46. 听力题：The flowers are ______ in the springtime. (blooming)47. 选择题：What is the boiling point of water?A. 100 degrees CelsiusB. 50 degrees CelsiusC. 0 degrees CelsiusD. 25 degrees Celsius答案：A48. 填空题：My friend excels in __________ (数学).49. 选择题：What is the main purpose of the circulatory system?A. To breatheB. To digest foodC. To circulate bloodD. To filter waste答案: C. To circulate bloodMy friend is a _____ (摄影师) who captures special moments.51. 听力题：We need to ________ the house.52. 选择题：Which season is after summer?A. WinterB. SpringC. Fall (Autumn)D. Summer53. 选择题：What is the name of the famous space telescope?A. HubbleB. KeplerC. GalileoD. James Webb答案：A54. 填空题：I love _______ (我的家) because it is very _______ (舒适).55. 听力题：My friend is a ______. He loves to play football.56. 选择题：Which ocean is the largest?A. Atlantic OceanB. Indian OceanC. Arctic OceanD. Pacific Ocean答案: D57. 听力题：A ______ has unique patterns on its skin.58. 填空题：My favorite game is _______ (棋盘游戏).59. 听力题：A ______ is an animal that has hooves.60. 听力题：My friend is a ______. He enjoys sharing knowledge.What is the name of the famous scientist known for his work in thermodynamics?A. Rudolf ClausiusB. Lord KelvinC. James Clerk MaxwellD. Albert Einstein答案: A62. 填空题：The _______ (小鳐鱼) glides gracefully in the water.63. ts are known for their ______ and resilience in difficult environments. (某些植物以其在艰难环境中的耐久性和适应性闻名。
CHAKRA - 副本
心轮
（绿色） 位置：位于心的位置，即膻中 穴（两乳中间的位置）。 特质：此能量中心打开，心胸将会宽广 ，同时会产生爱心、慈悲心。 器官：主要器官为心、肺、胸腺、血液 、循环系统，及免疫与内分泌系统。 腺体：与胸腺有关，与心脏神经丛相连 。
功能：与爱心、慈悲心、同情心、和 谐有关（是否具备爱心、慈悲心与此 轮有关）。此轮缺乏能关 。
顶轮
（紫色） 位置：位于头部顶端（百 会的位置） 特质：与自性和灵性相关。 器官：主要器官为松果腺及脑的上半 部。 腺体：与松果腺相关，与树枝突神经 丛相连。
功能：心与灵性连接在一起，它会以 神性整合人类，并结合神性与人的命 运。（此轮与身心灵的统合有关，心 想事成与此轮有关。）此轮能量不足 时，容易引起头部方面的病变，及全 身机能的失调；能量具足时，对身心 灵统合帮助极大。
蛇麻草 • 洋茴香 • 岩兰草 • 香草 • 万寿菊
•
太阳轮
（黄色） 位置：位于胸骨基部之处。 特质：与情绪的反应及个人的力量有 关。 器官：主要器官为肝、脾、胃、胆囊 、胰脏等器官。 腺体：与胰岛素分泌有关，与太阳神 经丛相连。
功能：我们所有的情感，都位在这个能 量中心。当这个能量中心，处于一种平 衡状态时，我们的思想会清明，自信、 自律及自制，而且很容易学会新事物。 但当它失去平衡时，它就会产生情绪失 调现象，并会有胃肠方面的疾病及糖尿 病发生。（感情、情绪是否稳定，与此 轮有关）
课室教授：蔡仲淮
海底轮
（红色） 位置：位于脊柱底端，在阴窍 的位置。 特质：与生活及生存有关，具有安定的 作用。当能量不足时，就会产生恐惧， 打斗或逃跑。 器官：主要器官为膀胱、性器官（生殖 泌尿系统）。 腺体：与性腺及坐股神经相通。
功能：与性征、力量及安全感有关。 治愈这个能量中心之后，我们会释放 掉恐惧，得到平安的感觉。（性生活 满足，将有益于海底轮的平衡。）忧 郁症及癌症患者，海底轮能量容易流 失。
小学下册D卷英语第六单元综合卷
小学下册英语第六单元综合卷英语试题一、综合题(本题有100小题，每小题1分，共100分.每小题不选、错误，均不给分)1.What is the main purpose of the circulatory system?A. To breatheB. To digest foodC. To circulate bloodD. To filter wasteC To circulate blood2.The kitten is very ___ (curious).3.When you mix vinegar and baking soda, it produces __________.4.The process of converting a solid directly into a gas is called _______.5.What is the opposite of 'dark'?A. BrightB. LightC. DimD. Shadow6.What do you use to cut paper?A. ScissorsB. GlueC. TapeD. RulerA7.The __________ (人类的进步) has been driven by curiosity and exploration.8.The dog is ________ and friendly.9.Which planet has the most moons?A. EarthB. JupiterC. SaturnD. Neptune10.The _______ (小蜻蜓) catches insects in the air.11.Plants that grow in water are called ______ plants. (生长在水中的植物被称为水生植物。
)12.My mom loves to plant ______ in the garden.13.An object at rest stays at rest unless acted on by a _______.14.The chemical formula for ammonium fluoride is __________.15.The Earth's surface is made up of various ______ types.16.What is the capital city of India?A. MumbaiB. New DelhiC. KolkataD. Bangalore17.The capital of Chad is ________ (恩贾梅纳).18.The ______ communicates through sounds.19.Which ocean is the largest?A. AtlanticB. IndianC. ArcticD. Pacific20.In which direction does the sun rise?A. NorthB. SouthC. EastD. West答案:C21. A _____ is a representation of a chemical reaction using symbols.22. A ________ is a small hill or mound.23.The capital of Saudi Arabia is ________ (利雅得).24.We should ________ (保护) the environment.25.My favorite toy is a ________ that can fly.26.The dog is _____ by the tree. (sitting)27.The __________ (非洲殖民时期) changed many countries.28.She _____ (likes/dislikes) chocolate ice cream.va flows can create new ______ when they cool and harden.30.Which animal is known for its stripes?A. LeopardB. TigerC. BearD. ElephantB31.The _______ (Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen) was adopted during the French Revolution.32. A _______ can help to visualize the passage of time.33.What do you call the frozen form of water?A. LiquidB. GasC. IceD. SteamC34.She likes to ________ in the park.35.I enjoy drawing pictures of _______ (我喜欢画_______的画).36.The _______ (The Age of Exploration) led to European colonization of the Americas.37. A diatomic molecule consists of two ______ of the same element.38.The capital of Belarus is ________ (白俄罗斯的首都是________).39.What is the name of the red fruit that keeps the doctor away?A. BananaB. PearC. AppleD. OrangeC40.The teacher fosters a love of _____ (学习) in students.41.An example of a physical change is _______. (冰块融化)42.I enjoy going to the __________ with my family. (动物园)43.The boy likes ________.44.How many eyes do humans have?A. OneB. TwoC. ThreeD. Four45.The _______ plays a vital role in our environment.46.The chemical symbol for cobalt is ______.47.Which ocean is the largest?A. Atlantic OceanB. Indian OceanC. Arctic OceanD. Pacific OceanD48.What do you call a story that is not true?A. FactB. LegendC. MythD. FictionD Fiction49.Which holiday is celebrated on July 4th in the USA?A. ChristmasB. Independence DayC. ThanksgivingD. Memorial DayB50.The sandwich is ___ (yummy).51.The main purpose of fats is to store _____.52.What is the capital of Portugal?A. LisbonB. PortoC. FaroD. CoimbraA53.Which holiday is celebrated on February 14th?A. ThanksgivingB. New YearC. Valentine's DayD. HalloweenC54.The capital of Micronesia is ________ (帕劳).55.The cat climbed up the ______.56.The lizard can shed its _______ (尾巴) to escape.57.My brother loves to __________ (解决难题).58.My favorite holiday is ________ (复活节) because of the eggs.59.Certain plants can ______ (影响) climate locally.60.The _____ (蜜蜂) buzzes busily around flowers.61.The __________ (历史的探讨) encourages inquiry.62.My sister has a collection of ____.63.nature reserve) protects wildlife and habitats. The ____64.I need to _____ (wash/clean) my room.65.adaptive reuse) repurposes old buildings. The ____66.Which holiday is celebrated on December 25th?A. ThanksgivingB. HalloweenC. ChristmasD. New YearC67.The ancient Romans built roads that connected __________ (城市).68.The _______ of a plant can tell us about its age.69.I have _____ crayons in my box. (ten)70.My pet rabbit loves to _______ (跳跃) in the grass.71.How many wings does a butterfly have?A. 2B. 4C. 6D. 8B72.The ____ is a small bird that builds nests high in trees.73.What is the opposite of "big"?A. SmallB. TallC. WideD. LargeA Small74.What is the name of the fairy tale character who has magical hair?A. CinderellaB. RapunzelC. Snow WhiteD. Belle75. A ______ (鸟) can be very colorful and beautiful.76.The stars are shining ________.77.What is the name of the famous giant in the children's story?A. JackB. BeanstalkC. GiantD. CloudC78. Fire of London occurred in _____. The Grea79.The cake is ________ for my birthday.80.This girl, ______ (这个女孩), enjoys acting in plays.81.The chemical formula for ammonium nitrate is ______.82.I enjoy ________ in the summer.83.What do we call the study of plants?A. BiologyB. BotanyC. ZoologyD. EcologyB Botany84. A __________ can indicate the potential for natural disasters.85.What is the capital of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines?A. KingstownB. Arnos ValeC. CalliaquaD. GeorgetownA86.Which holiday is celebrated on July 4th in the USA?A. ThanksgivingB. Independence DayC. Labor DayD. Memorial DayB87.I am excited about the ________ (科学博览会) at school this year. I will present my ________ (项目).88.My teacher is _______ and supportive.89. A crab has pincers to catch its ________________ (食物).90. A saturated solution is in ______ equilibrium.91.My sister enjoys singing in the ____ (choir).92.What do we call the process of collecting rainwater for reuse?A. Rainwater harvestingB. Water conservationC. Rainwater recyclingD. Stormwater managementA Rainwater harvesting93.What is the name of the famous wizard in J.K. Rowling's series?A. FrodoB. Harry PotterC. Sherlock HolmesD. GandalfB94.The flowers are blooming ___. (beautifully)95.Respiration is a chemical process that occurs in ________.96.In an experiment, a _______ is a variable that is changed.97.She has long ________ hair.98.I want to _______ (学习)如何制作。
ISO 10993-11-2006 第11部分：全身毒性试验 (1)
BS EN ISO 10993-11:2009ICS 11.100.20NO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAW BRITISH STANDARDBiological evaluation of medical devicesPart 11: Tests for systemic toxicity (ISO 10993-11:2006)This British Standard was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 30 June 2009.© BSI 2009ISBN 978 0 580 65828 0Amendments/corrigenda issued since publication DateCommentsBS EN ISO 10993-11:2009National forewordThis British Standard is the UK implementation of EN ISO10993-11:2009. It is identical to ISO 10993-11:2006. It supersedes BS ENISO 10993-11:2006 which is withdrawn.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to TechnicalCommittee CH/194, Biological evaluation of medical devices.A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained onrequest to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisionsof a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application.Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunityfrom legal obligations.EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPÉENNE EUROPÄISCHE NORM EN ISO 10993-11 April 2009ICS 11.100.20Supersedes EN ISO 10993-11:2006English VersionBiological evaluation of medical devices - Part 11: Tests forsystemic toxicity (ISO 10993-11:2006)Évaluation biologique des dispositifs médicaux - Partie 11: Essais de toxicité systémique (ISO 10993-11:2006)Biologische Beurteilung von Medizinprodukten - Teil 11: Prüfungen auf systemische Toxizität (ISO 10993-11:2006)This European Standard was approved by CEN on 12 April 2009.CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN Management Centre or to any CEN member.This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN Management Centre has the same status as the official versions.CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATIONC O M I TÉE U R O PÉE NDE N O R M A LI S A T I O NEUR OPÄIS C HES KOM ITEE FÜR NOR M UNGManagement Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels© 2009 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reservedworldwide for CEN national Members.Ref. No. EN ISO 10993-11:2009: EBS EN ISO 10993-11:2009EN ISO 10993-11:2009 (E)ForewordThe text of ISO 10993-11:2006 has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 194 “Biological evaluation of medical devices” of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and has been taken over as EN ISO 10993-11:2009 by Technical Committee CEN/TC 206 “Biological evaluation of medical devices” the secretariat of which is held by NEN.This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by October 2009, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by March 2010.Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN [and/or CENELEC] shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.This document supersedes EN ISO 10993-11:2006.This document has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the European Commission and the European Free Trade Association, and supports essential requirements of EU Directives 93/42/EEC on Medical Devices and 90/385/EEC on Active Implantable Medical Devices.For relationship with EU Directives, see informative Annex ZA and ZB, which are integral parts of this document.According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom.Endorsement noticeThe text of ISO 10993-11:2006 has been approved by CEN as a EN ISO 10993-11:2009 without any modification.3BS EN ISO 10993-11:2009EN ISO 10993-11:2009 (E)4Annex ZA(informative)Relationship between this European Standard and the Essential Requirements ofEU Directive 93/42/EEC on Medical DevicesThis European Standard has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the European Commission and the European Free Trade Association to provide a means of conforming to Essential Requirements of the New Approach Directive 93/42/EEC on medical devices.Once this standard is cited in the Official Journal of the European Communities under that Directive and has been implemented as a national standard in at least one Member State, compliance with the clauses of this standard given in table ZA confers, within the limits of the scope of this standard, a presumption of conformity with the corresponding Essential Requirements of that Directive and associated EFTA regulations.Table ZA — Correspondence between this European Standard and Directive 93/42/EEC on medicaldevices Clause(s)/sub-clause(s) of this EN Essential Requirements (ERs) of Directive 93/42/EECQualifying remarks/Notes4, 5, 6Annex I: 7.1, 7.2, 7.5WARNING — Other requirements and other EU Directives may be applicable to the product(s) falling within the scope of this standard.BS EN ISO 10993-11:2009EN ISO 10993-11:2009 (E) 5Annex ZB(informative)Relationship between this European Standard and the Essential Requirements ofEU Directive 90/385/EEC on Active Implantable Medical DevicesThis European Standard has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the European Commission and the European Free Trade Association to provide a means of conforming to Essential Requirements of the New Approach Directive 90/385/EEC on active implantable medical devices.Once this standard is cited in the Official Journal of the European Communities under that Directive and has been implemented as a national standard in at least one Member State, compliance with the clauses of this standard given in table ZB confers, within the limits of the scope of this standard, a presumption of conformity with the corresponding Essential Requirements of that Directive and associated EFTA regulations.Table ZB — Correspondence between this European Standard and Directive 90/385/EEC on activeimplantable medical devicesClause(s)/sub-clause(s) of this EN Essential Requirements (ERs) of Directive 90/385/EECQualifying remarks/Notes4, 5, 6 Annex I :9WARNING — Other requirements and other EU Directives may be applicable to the product(s) falling within the scope of this standard.BS EN ISO 10993-11:2009ISO 10993-11:2006(E)Contents PageForeword (iv)Introduction (vi)1Scope (1)2Normative references (1)3Terms and definitions (1)4General considerations (2)4.1General (2)4.2Selection of animal species (3)4.3Animal status (3)4.4Animal care and husbandry (3)4.5Size and number of groups (3)4.6Route of exposure (4)4.7Sample preparation (4)4.8Dosing (5)4.9Body weight and food/water consumption (6)4.10Clinical observations (6)4.11Clinical pathology (6)4.12Anatomic pathology (7)4.13Study designs (7)4.14Quality of investigation (7)5Acute systemic toxicity (7)5.1General (7)5.2Study design (8)5.3Evaluation criteria (9)5.4Final report (10)6Repeated exposure systemic toxicity (subacute, subchronic and chronic systemic toxicity) (11)6.1General (11)6.2Study design (12)6.3Evaluation criteria (14)6.4Final report (15)Annex A (informative) Routes of administration (16)Annex B (informative) Dosage volumes (18)Annex C (informative) Common clinical signs and observations (19)Annex D (informative) Suggested haematology, clinical chemistry and urinalysis measurements (20)Annex E (informative) Suggested organ list for histopathological evaluation (22)Annex F (informative) Information on material-mediated pyrogens (24)Bibliography (26)© ISO 2006 – All rights reserved iiiBS EN ISO 10993-11:2009ISO 10993-11:2006(E)ForewordISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.ISO 10993-11 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 194, Biological evaluation of medical devices.This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 10993-11:1993) which has been technically revised.ISO 10993 consists of the following parts, under the general title Biological evaluation of medical devices:⎯Part 1: Evaluation and testing⎯Part 2: Animal welfare requirements⎯Part 3: Tests for genotoxicity, carcinogenicity and reproductive toxicity⎯Part 4: Selection of tests for interactions with blood⎯Part 5: Tests for in vitro cytotoxicity⎯Part 6: Tests for local effects after implantation⎯Part 7: Ethylene oxide sterilization residuals⎯Part 9: Framework for identification and quantification of potential degradation products⎯Part 10: Tests for irritation and delayed-type hypersensitivity⎯Part 11: Tests for systemic toxicity⎯Part 12: Sample preparation and reference materials⎯Part 13: Identification and quantification of degradation products from polymeric medical devices⎯Part 14: Identification and quantification of degradation products from ceramics⎯Part 15: Identification and quantification of degradation products from metals and alloysiv © ISO 2006 – All rights reservedBS EN ISO 10993-11:2009ISO 10993-11:2006(E)⎯Part 16: Toxicokinetic study design for degradation products and leachables⎯Part 17: Establishment of allowable limits for leachable substances⎯Part 18: Chemical characterization of materials⎯Part 19: Physico-chemical, morphological and topographical characterization⎯Part 20: Principles and methods for immunotoxicology testing of medical devices© ISO 2006 – All rights reserved vBS EN ISO 10993-11:2009ISO 10993-11:2006(E)IntroductionSystemic toxicity is a potential adverse effect of the use of medical devices. Generalized effects, as well as organ and organ system effects can result from absorption, distribution and metabolism of leachates from the device or its materials to parts of the body with which they are not in direct contact. This part of ISO 10993 addresses the evaluation of generalized systemic toxicity, not specific target organ or organ system toxicity, even though these effects may result from the systemic absorption and distribution of toxicants.Because of the broad range of medical devices, and their materials and intended uses, this part of ISO 10993 is not overly prescriptive. Whilst it addresses specific methodological aspects to be considered in the design of systemic toxicity tests, proper study design must be uniquely tailored to the nature of the device’s materials and its intended clinical application.Other elements of this part of ISO 10993 are prescriptive in nature, including those aspects that address compliance with good laboratory practices and elements for inclusion in reporting.While some systemic toxicity tests (e.g. long term implantation or dermal toxicity studies) can be designed to study systemic effects as well as local, carcinogenic or reproductive effects, this document focuses only on those aspects of such studies, which are intended to address systemic effects. Studies which are intended to address other toxicological endpoints are addressed in ISO 10993-3, ISO 10993-6, ISO 10993-10 and ISO/TS 10993-20.Pyrogenicity (see Annex F) represents an additional systemic effect which has historically been included in this part of ISO 10993. However, efforts are being taken to address pyrogenicity in a dedicated, stand-alone standard.Finally, toxicology is an imperfect science. The outcome of any single test should not be the sole basis for making a determination of whether a device is safe for its intended use.vi © ISO 2006 – All rights reservedINTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 10993-11:2006(E)Biological evaluation of medical devices —Part 11:Tests for systemic toxicity1 ScopeThis part of ISO 10993 specifies requirements and gives guidance on procedures to be followed in the evaluation of the potential for medical device materials to cause adverse systemic reactions.2 Normative referencesThe following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.ISO 10993-1, Biological evaluation of medical devices — Part 1: Evaluation and testingISO 10993-2, Biological evaluation of medical devices — Part 2: Animal welfare requirementsISO 10993-12, Biological evaluation of medical devices — Part 12: Sample preparation and reference materials3 Terms and definitionsFor the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 10993-1 and the following apply.3.1dosedosageamount of test sample administered (e.g. mass, volume) expressed per unit of body weight or surface area3.2dose-effectrelationship between the dosage and the magnitude of a defined biological effect either in an individual or in a population sample3.3dose-responserelationship of dosage to the spectrum of effects related to the exposureNOTE There are two types of dose-response relationships. The first type is the response of an individual to a range of doses. The second type is the distribution of responses of a population of individuals to a range of doses.3.4leachable substancechemical removed from a device or material by the action of water or other liquids related to the use of the deviceNOTE Examples of leachable substances are additives, sterilant residues, process residues, degradation products, solvents, plasticizers, lubricants, catalysts, stabilizers, anti-oxidants, colouring agents, fillers and monomers.ISO 10993-11:2006(E)3.5limit testuse of a single group treated at a suitable dosage of test sample in order to delineate the presence or absence of a toxic hazard3.6systemic toxicitytoxicity that is not limited to adverse effects at the site of contact between the body and the deviceNOTE Systemic toxicity requires absorption and distribution of a toxicant from its entry point to a distant site at which deleterious effects are produced.3.7acute systemic toxicityadverse effects occurring at any time after single, multiple or continuous exposures of a test sample within 24 h3.8subacute systemic toxicityadverse effects occurring after multiple or continuous exposure between 24 h and 28 dNOTE Since this term is semantically incorrect, the adverse effects occurring within the specified time period may also be described as a short-term repeated exposure systemic toxicity study. The selection of time intervals between 14 d and 28 d is consistent with most international regulatory guidelines and considered a reasonable approach. Subacute intravenous studies are generally defined as treatment durations of > 24 h but < 14 d.3.9subchronic systemic toxicityadverse effects occurring after the repeated or continuous administration of a test sample for a part of the lifespanNOTE Subchronic toxicity studies are usually 90 d in rodents but not exceeding 10 % of the lifespan of other species. Subchronic intravenous studies are generally defined as treatment durations of 14 d to 28 d.3.10chronic systemic toxicityadverse effects occurring after the repeated or continuous administration of a test sample for a major part of the life spanNOTE Chronic toxicity studies usually have a duration of 6 months to 12 months.3.11test samplematerial, device, device portion, component, extract or portion thereof that is subjected to biological or chemical testing or evaluation4 General considerations4.1 GeneralSelection of the appropriate test(s) for a device shall be in accordance with ISO 10993-1, giving due consideration to mode and duration of contact.Testing shall be performed on the final product and/or representative component samples of the final product and/or materials. Test samples shall reflect the conditions under which the device is normally manufactured and processed. If deviations are necessary, they shall be recorded in the test report, together with their justification. For hazard identification purposes, it may be necessary to exaggerate exposure to the test samples.ISO 10993-11:2006(E) Physical and chemical properties of the test sample including, for example, pH, stability, viscosity, osmolality, buffering capacity, solubility and sterility, are some factors to consider when designing the study.When animal tests are considered, to satisfy the provisions of ISO 10993-2, all reasonably and practically available replacement, reduction and refinement alternatives should be identified and implemented. For in vivo acute toxicity testing, in vitro cytotoxicity data are useful in estimating starting doses [9].4.2 Selection of animal speciesThere is no absolute criterion for selecting a particular animal species for systemic toxicity testing of medical devices. However, the species used shall be scientifically justified and in line with the provisions of ISO 10993-2. For acute oral, intravenous, dermal and inhalation studies of medical devices the mouse or rat is preferred with the option of the rabbit in the case of dermal and implantation studies. Non-rodent species may also need to be considered for testing, recognizing that a number of factors might dictate the number or choice of species for study.It is preferred that a single animal species and strain is used when a series of systemic toxicity studies of different durations are performed, e.g. acute, subacute, subchronic and/or chronic systemic toxicity. This controls the variability between species and strains and facilitates an evaluation related solely to study duration. Should multiple species or strains be used, justification for their selection shall be documented.4.3 Animal statusGenerally, healthy purpose-bred young adult animals of known origin and with defined microbiological health status should be used. At the commencement of the study, the weight variation of animals used within a sex should not exceed ±20 % of the mean weight. When females are used, they should be nulliparous and non-pregnant. Animal selection shall be justified.4.4 Animal care and husbandryCare and handling of animals shall conform to accepted animal husbandry guidelines. Animals shall be acclimatized to the laboratory conditions prior to treatment and the period of time documented. Control of environmental conditions and proper animal care techniques are necessary for meaningful results. Dietary constituents and bedding materials that are known to produce or influence toxicity should be properly characterized and their potential to influence test results taken into account.4.5 Size and number of groups4.5.1 Size of groupsThe precision of the systemic toxicity test is dependent to a large extent on the number of animals used per dose level. The degree of precision needed and, in turn, the number of animals per dose group needed depends on the purpose of the study.Group sizes should logically increase with the duration of treatment, such that at the end of the study enough animals in every group are available for thorough biological evaluation. However, the minimum number of animals should be used consistent with obtaining meaningful results (see ISO 10993-2). Recommended minimum group sizes, all routes considered, are given in Table 1.ISO 10993-11:2006(E)Table 1 — Recommended minimum group sizesStudy type Rodent Non-rodentAcute a 5 3Subacute 10 (5 per sex) a 6 (3 per sex) aSubchronic 20 (10 per sex) a8 (4 per sex) aChronic 40 (20 per sex) b, c ca Testing in a single sex is acceptable. When a device is intendedfor use in only one sex, testing should be done in that sex.b The recommendation refers to one dose-level group testing.Where additional exaggerated dose groups are included therecommended group size may be reduced to 10 per sex.c Expert statistical consultation for chronic study group size isrecommended. The number of animals tested should be based on theminimum required to provide meaningful data. Enough animals mustremain at the termination of the study to ensure proper statisticalevaluation of the results.4.5.2 Number of groupsOne dose group treated at a suitable dosage of test sample in a single species could delineate the presence or absence of a toxic hazard (i.e., limit test). However, other multi-dose or dose response studies require multiple groups to delineate the toxic response.Group numbers may increase when attempting to exaggerate the dose. The following examples for exaggerating dose should be considered:⎯multiples of the clinical surface area exposure;⎯multiples of the duration of exposure;⎯multiples of the extractable fraction or the individual chemicals;⎯multiple administrations within a 24-h period.Other methods to exaggerate the dose may be acceptable. The method used shall be justified.4.5.3 Treatment controlsDepending on the objective of the study, the nature of the test article and the route of exposure, negative, vehicle and/or sham-treated controls should be incorporated into all systemic toxicity studies. These controls shall mimic the test sample preparation and treatment procedure.4.6 Route of exposureMedical devices or their leachable substances may gain access to the body by multiple routes of exposure. The test route of exposure shall be the most clinically relevant to the use of the device, where possible. If an alternative route of exposure is necessary, it shall be justified. Examples of routes of administration can be found in Annex A.4.7 Sample preparationGuidance on sample preparation and stability is given in ISO 10993-12.ISO 10993-11:2006(E)4.8 Dosing4.8.1 Test sample administrationProcedures should be designed to avoid physiological changes or animal welfare problems not directly related to the toxicity of the test material. If a single daily dose of a sufficient volume or concentration is not possible, the dose may be given in smaller fractions over a period not exceeding 24 h.Test samples shall be delivered at a physiologically acceptable temperature. In general, room or body temperature is a common practice. Deviations shall be justified.Vehicles administered by a parenteral route should be physiologically compatible. When necessary, sample filtration to remove particulates should be used and documented.Restraint of animals in repeated exposure systemic toxicity studies should generally be limited to between 4 h and 6 h per day. The nature and the duration of restraint should be the minimum required to meet the scientific objectives and should not of themselves compromise the welfare of the test animals. Deviations shall be justified.When restraint is required animals should be acclimatized to the restraint device prior to test sample administration.4.8.2 Dosage volumesGuidance on dosage volume is summarized in Annex B. When multiple dosage groups are used, variability in the test volume may be minimized by adjusting the concentration to ensure a constant volume at all doses. Use of dosage volumes greater than those given in Annex B shall be justified.Large dose volumes administered by the oral route should be avoided because they have been shown to overload the stomach capacity and pass immediately into the small bowel. Large volumes may also reflux into the oesophagus.Intramuscular administration is also volume-limited, depending on size of the animal and the muscular site. Species-specific intramuscular administration volumes are addressed in Annex B.Bolus intravenous injection volumes are usually given over a short period of approximately 1 min. The rate of injection is an important factor and it is suggested that, for rodents, the rate shall not exceed 2 ml/min.Slow or timed injection, or intravenous infusion, may be required for large volume administration. Regardless of the calculated rate, the rate of fluid administration shall be stopped or decreased if the animal demonstrates a marked change in clinical condition.Slow intravenous injection rates may be necessary for test samples limited by solubility or irritancy. Continuous infusion may be used if clinically indicated. The volume and rate of administration will depend on the substance being given and take into account standard fluid therapy practice. As a guide, the volume administered on a single occasion will be < 10 % of the circulating blood volume over 2 h. Minimal effective restraint of test animals is a key factor to be considered for prolonged infusion.For subcutaneous administration of test article, refer to Annex B. The rate and extent of absorption depends on the test sample formulation.ISO 10993-11:2006(E)4.8.3 Dosage frequencyThe dosage frequency should be based on clinical relevancy. Exaggerated procedures shall be clearly described and justified.In acute systemic toxicity studies, the animals should be exposed to the test sample in a single dose or with multiple fractions of the dose given within a 24 h period.In repeated exposure studies the animals should be dosed with the test sample daily, seven days each week for the duration of the test. Other dosage regimens may be acceptable but shall be justified.4.9 Body weight and food/water consumptionBody weight change and changes in food and water consumption may be attributed to the effects of a test article. Consequently, individual weights of the animals shall be determined shortly before the test sample is administered (e.g. usually within 24 h for single or acute dosing, and no more than 7 d for repeated exposure studies), at regular intervals throughout the study and at study termination. When dosing by body weight, the most recent body weight should be utilized.Measurements of food and water consumption, as appropriate, shall be considered for longer-term repeated exposure studies.4.10 Clinical observationsClinical observations should be performed by trained individuals to ensure consistent reporting. The frequency and duration of observation should be determined by the nature and severity of the toxic reactions, rate of onset and recovery period. Increased frequency of observation may be necessary in the early phase of a study, especially acute studies. The time at which signs of toxicity appear and disappear, their duration and the time of death are important, especially if there is a tendency for adverse clinical signs or deaths to be delayed. Humane endpoints should be used in order to avoid unnecessary suffering. General clinical observations shall consider the peak period of anticipated effects after dosing.Observations shall be recorded systematically as they are made. Records shall be maintained for each animal. Cage-side observations for viability or overt clinical signs shall be recorded at least once each day using common laboratory descriptors of clinical effects (see Annex C).Morbidity and mortality observations shall be recorded at least twice daily for long-term repeated exposure studies. A more extensive screening for adverse clinical signs may be considered on at least a weekly basis for longer-term repeated exposure studies.4.11 Clinical pathologyHaematology and clinical chemistry analyses are performed to investigate toxic effects in tissues, organs and other systems. When indicated, these analyses shall be performed on blood samples obtained from repeated exposure study animals at least just prior to, or as a part of, the procedure for scheduled animal termination. Fasting of animals prior to blood sampling may be necessary in some cases. When scientifically indicated, urinalysis can be performed during the last week of a long-term repeated exposure study using timed (e.g. 16 h to 24 h) urine volume collection.Suggested haematology, clinical chemistry and urinalysis parameters for evaluation are listed in Annex D.。
英语医学考试题目及答案
英语医学考试题目及答案****1. **词汇题****题目**：Match the following medical terms with their correct definitions.A. CardiologyB. DermatologyC. GastroenterologyD. NeurologyE. Ophthalmology1. The study of the skin2. The study of the heart and its diseases3. The study of the nervous system4. The study of the eyes5. The study of the stomach and intestines**答案**：1. B2. A3. D4. E5. C2. **阅读理解题****题目**：Read the following passage and answer the questions."In recent years, telemedicine has become increasingly popular due to its ability to provide medical care to patients in remote areas. This technology allows doctors to consult with patients via video calls, email, or smart phone applications, which can save both time and resources."Question: What is the main advantage of telemedicine mentioned in the passage?A. It can provide medical care to patients in remote areas.B. It is cost-effective.C. It saves time and resources.D. It allows doctors to consult with patients in person.**答案**：C. It saves time and resources.3. **语法填空题****题目**：Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the words given.The human body is composed of several systems, including the circulatory system, which is responsible for the transportation of blood and nutrients throughout the body. The heart, a vital organ in this system, (1) _______ (pump) blood to the lungs and the rest of the body. The circulatory system also includes the blood vessels, which (2)_______ (carry) blood to different parts of the body. The lymphatic system, which is closely related to the circulatory system, (3) _______ (help) in the immune response by filtering out harmful substances from the body.**答案**：1. pumps2. carry3. helps4. **完形填空题****题目**：Read the following text and choose the best word to fill in each blank.Diabetes is a chronic condition that affects millions of people worldwide. It is characterized by high blood sugar levels, which can lead to serious health complications if not managed properly. There are two main types of diabetes: Type 1 and Type 2. Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease where the body's immune system attacks and destroys the insulin-producing cells in the pancreas. Type 2 diabetes, on the other hand, is often related to obesity and a sedentary lifestyle. Both types require careful monitoring and management to prevent complications such as heart disease, kidney failure, and nerve damage.1. Diabetes can lead to serious health complications if not_______ properly.2. Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease where the body's immune system _______ the insulin-producing cells.3. Type 2 diabetes is often _______ to obesity and a sedentary lifestyle.**答案**：1. managed2. attacks3. related5. **翻译题****题目**：Translate the following medical terms from English to Chinese.1. Hypertension2. Bronchitis3. Arthritis4. Anemia5. Asthma**答案**：1. 高血压2. 支气管炎3. 关节炎4. 贫血5. 哮喘6. **简答题****题目**：Explain the difference between an X-ray and a CT scan.**答案**：An X-ray is a type of medical imaging that uses a small amount of ionizing radiation to capture images of the body's internal structures. It is often used to diagnose fractures, infections, and other conditions. A CT (computed tomography) scan, on the other hand, is a more advanced imaging technique that uses a series of X-ray images taken from different angles and combines them to create cross-sectional images of the body. CT scans provide more detailed information than standard X-rays and are particularly useful for diagnosing conditions that involve soft tissues, such as tumors or internal injuries.7. **案例分析题****题目**：A patient presents with a persistent cough, shortness of breath, and chest pain. Based on these symptoms, what could be the potential diagnoses, and what further tests might be required to confirm the diagnosis?**答案**：Potential diagnoses could include pneumonia, asthma, or a pulmonary embolism. Further tests might include a chest X-ray to check for signs of infection or fluid buildup, a spirometry test to assess lung function for asthma, and a D-dimer blood test or a CT pulmonary angiogram to rule out a pulmonary embolism.8. **写作题****题目**：Write a short essay on the importance of vaccination in preventing infectious diseases.**答案**：Vaccination is a crucial tool in the prevention of infectious diseases. It works by introducing a weakened or inactivated form of a pathogen into the body, which stimulates the immune system to produce antibodies without causing the disease. This process results in immunity, protecting the individual from future infections. Vaccination not only safeguards the health of the vaccinated individual but also contributes to herd immunity, which protects those who cannot be vaccinated, such as infants or immunocompromised individuals. By reducing the spread of infectious diseases, vaccination helps to prevent outbreaks and减轻 healthcare systems' burden. It is a cost-effective public health intervention that has saved millions of lives worldwide.以上是一套英语医学考试的题目及答案，涵盖了词汇、阅读、语法、完形填空、翻译、简答和写作等多种题型，旨在考察学生在医学英语方面的综合运用能力。
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Blood Pressure
• Blood pressure is the force exerted by blood againt the wall of a blood vessel. • It is commonly measured in a large artery with a sphygmomanometer.Both systolic and diastolic pressure are measured and reported as systolic then diastolic separated by a slash,such as 120/80. • Blood pressure is a valuable diagnostic measurement that is easily obtained. • 血压是血液的流动时，撞击血管壁的所产生的力。 • 它通常用血压计测量在一个大的动脉。收缩压和舒张 压都是测量和报告为收缩压舒张压一个斜杠隔开,如 120/80。 • 血压是一种有价值的诊断测量,很容易获得。
心脏四腔,双泵,由上面的右 和左心房和左、右心室。 从右边距心脏右心房。接 收来自上腔静脉血液,下腔 静脉和冠状静脉窦。 右心室血液从右心房通过 三尖瓣填补右心室。 左心房位于心脏的后部,接 收来自肺静脉血液 左心室左心室接收血液从 左心房。这两个房间是分 开的僧帽(二尖瓣)阀。
1.Superior vena cava 2.Inferior vena cava 3.Right atrium 4.Tricuspid valve 5.Right ventricle 6.Pulmonic valve 7.Pulmonary artery 8.Right pulmonary artery 9.Left pulmonary artery 10.Left pulmonary vein s 11.Right pulmonary veins 12.Left atrium 13.mitral(bicuspid)valve 14.Left ventricle 15.Aortic valve
• • • • • • aortic valve stenosis（主动脉瓣狭窄) mitral valve stenosis（二尖瓣狭窄） aortic insufficiency(主动脉瓣关闭不全) mitral insufficiency（二尖瓣关闭不全） Tricuspid valve damage（三尖瓣损坏） Pulmonary valve lesions(肺动脉瓣畸变）
Circulatory system
Cardiovascular system Lymphatic system Word list
Cardiovascular system
heart
Blood vessel
artery
capillary
vein
Chambers of the heart
The heart is a four-chambered,double pump,consisting of the right and left atria • above and the right and left ventricles below. Right atrium From the right margin of• the heart. Receives blood from the superior vena cava, inferior vena cava and coronary sinus. Right ventricle Blood from the right • atrium passes through the tricuspid valve to fill the right ventricle. • Left atrium located on the posterior aspect of the heart，receives blood from the pulmonary vein • Left ventricle The left ventricle receives the blood from the left atrium. These two chambers are separated by the bicuspid (mitral) valve.
• Blood is kept moving in a forward direction by one-way valves. • There are tricuspid valve ,bicuspid valve, pulmonic valve, aortic valve.
Common valvular disease
Inspection
X radiograph X胸片 electrocardiogram 心电图
The heartbeat
• The rhythmic contraction and expansion of the arteries with each beat of the heart • Each contraction of the heart,termed systole is followed by a relaxtion phase,diastole,during which the chambers filled.Each time the heart beats,both atria contaction and immediately thereafter both ventricles contraction.
Heart rate：Quiet heart rate refers to the normal
state, the number of heartbeats per minute. Usually for 60 ~ 100 times/min, but due to age, gender, or other physiological factors produce individual differences. In general, the smaller the age, the faster the heart rate, the elderly heart beat slower than young people, the heart rate is faster than the age of the female, these are all normal physiological phenomenon. 安静状态下通常为60 ~ 100次/分钟,但由于年龄、性别或其他 生理因素产生个体差异。一般而言,年龄越小,心率越快,老 年人比年轻人慢的心跳,心率快于女性的年龄,这些都是正 常的生理现象。
Abnormalities in heart rate
Tachycardia 心动过
速：When adults quiet heart rate over 100 times/min (generally not more than 160 times/min)
• Common in excited： excited, smoking, drinking, after drink strong tea or coffee, or seen in infection, fever, shock, anemia, hypoxia, hyperthyroidism, pathological conditions, such as heart failure or in application of atropine, adrenaline, ephedrine and other drugs.
Bradycardia
心动
过缓：Adult quiet heart
rate less than 60 times/min (generally in more than 45 times/min), known as sinus bradycardia.
Brief Descriptions
• Blood circulates throughout the body in the cardiovascular system , which consists of the heart and the blood vessels. • This system delivers oxygen and nutrients to all cells and carries away waste products . • The lymphatic system is also functioning in circulation , which drains fluid and proteins from the tissues and returns them to the bloodstream. • 在心血管系统血液循环到全 身,包括心脏和血管。 • 该系统提供氧气和营养细胞, 会带走体内的废物。 • 淋巴系统在流通中也发挥作 用，将液体和蛋白质从组织 中返回到血液中
Common cause
rheumatic fever（风湿热）、Mucous degeneration（粘液变性）、 congenital malformation（先天畸形）、Infected wound（感染创伤） and so on.
clinical manify chronic heart valve disease development process, but no clinical symptoms in the early valve lesions, when an arrhythmia, heart failure, or thromboembolic（血栓栓塞） events occur when the corresponding clinical symptoms. Patients often show the activity after flustered, shortness of breath, fatigue and burnout, activity significantly reduced endurance, make a little movement appeared dyspnea (namely exertional dyspnea 劳动性呼吸困 难)， severe cases appear nocturnal paroxysmal dyspnea even cannot lay down to have a rest.许多慢性心脏瓣膜疾病的发展过程, 在瓣膜病变早期,没有临床症状 , 当心律失常、心力衰竭,或血栓栓塞(血栓栓塞)事件发生时会出现相应的临床症状。病 人常常显示活动后心慌,气短、疲劳和倦怠、活动耐力显著降低,做一个小运动出现呼吸 困难(即劳力性呼吸困难劳动性呼吸困难),严重病例出现夜间阵发性呼吸困难甚至无法 躺下休息。