化学化工英语文本unit4-1

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化工专业英语（可编辑）

化工专业英语Volatile:挥发性的 Semipermeable membrane:半透膜 immiscible：不相混的 Debit:把….记入借方 Credit:记入贷方Electrical potential:电势 Leaching:浸提 Extraction：萃取 Direct current:直流 Instantaneous:瞬间的 Successive：连续的 Collision：碰撞 Impeller：叶轮 Wavelet analysis:微元分析 Entrainment：夹带 Breakage：破坏Attrition：磨损 Indispensable：不可缺少的 Trajectory:轨道 Acrylic：丙烯酸 Baffle：挡板 Ruffle：滋扰 Discharge:释放 circulation flow:环流attrition：磨损 nucleation：成核 Catalytic：催化 frequency：频率shutter：快门 inertia：惯性 Pitched：倾斜的 histogram：柱状图breakdown：破坏 Unit 14 Distillation Dumped or ordered packings:乱堆或整齐堆放填料 Plate:板 Tray:塔盘 Hold-down and support plates:固定和支撑板 Fraction:馏分 Cascading:成瀑布落下，分多级进行 Reboiler：再沸器Overhead condenser: 塔顶冷凝器 Reflux:回流 Distillate：馏出物Countercurrent:逆流 Relative volatility：相对挥发度 Rectifying section:精馏段 Stripping section:提留段 Sidestream：侧线馏分 Circumvent:回避Hypothetical:假设的 Equilibrium-stage：平衡级（理论板） Tray efficiency:塔板效率 The number of hypothetical equilibrium stages required is then converted to a number actual trays by means of tray efficiencies, which describe the extent to which the performance of actual contact tray duplicates the performance of an equilibrium stage 然后理论塔板数通过塔板效率被转换成实际塔板数；塔板效率是实际塔板表现和理论塔板表现的比值。

化学化工专业英语

The shift of electron density in a covalent bond toward the more electronegative atom or group can be observed in several ways. For bonds to hydrogen, acidity is one criterion. If the bonding electron pair moves away from the hydrogen nucleus the proton will be more easily transfered to a base (it will be more acidic). Methane is almost non-acidic, since the C–H bond is nearly non-polar. The O–H bond of water is polar, and it is at least 25 powers of ten more acidic than methane. H–F is over 12 powers of ten more acidic than water as a consequence of the greater electronegativity difference in its atoms. Electronegativity differences may be transmitted through connecting covalent bonds by an inductive effect. This inductive transfer of polarity tapers off as the number of transmitting bonds increases, and the presence of more than one highly electronegative atom has a cumulative effect. For example, trifluoro ethanol, CF3CH2– O–H is about ten thousand times more acidic than ethanol, CH3CH2–O–H.

《化学工程与工艺专业英语》课文翻译

Unit 1 Chemical Industry化学工业organic chemicals industry started in the 1860s with the exploitation of William Henry Perkin’s discovery if the first synthetic dyestuff—mauve. At the start of the twentieth century the emphasis on research on the applied aspects of chemistry in Germany had paid off handsomely, and by 1914 had resulted in the German chemical industry having 75% of the world market in chemicals. This was based on the discovery of new dyestuffs plus the development of both the contact process for sulphuric acid and the Haber process for ammonia. The later required a major technological breakthrough that of being able to carry out chemical reactions under conditions of very high pressure for the first time. The experience gained with this was to stand Germany in good stead, particularly with the rapidly increased demand for nitrogen-based compounds (ammonium salts for fertilizers and nitric acid for explosives manufacture) with the outbreak of world warⅠin 1914. This initiated profound changes which continued during the inter-war years (1918-1939).1．化学工业的起源尽管化学品的使用可以追溯到古代文明时代，我们所谓的现代化学工业的发展却是非常近代（才开始的）。

化学化工专业英语电子版课本

ContentPART 1 Introduction to Materials Science ＆Engineering 1 Unit 1 Materials Science and Engineering 1 Unit 2 Classification of Materials 9 Unit 3 Properties of Materials 17 Unit 4 Materials Science and Engineering: What does the Future Hold? 25 Part ⅡMETALLIC MATERLALS AND ALLOYS33 Unit 5 An Introduction to Metallic Materials 33 Unit 6 Metal Manufacturing Methods 47 Unit 7 Structure of Metallic Materials 57 Unit 8 Metal-Matrix Composites 68 Part ⅢCeramics 81 Unit 9 Introduction to Ceramics 81 Unit 10 Ceramic Structures —Crystalline and Noncrystalline 88 Unit 11 Ceramic Processing Methods 97 Unit 12 Advanced ceramic materials –Functional Ceramics 105 PARTⅣNANOMATERIALS 112 Unit 13 Introduction to Nanostructured Materials 112 Unit14 Preparation of Nanomaterials 117 Unit 15 Recent Scientific Advances 126 Unit 16 The Future of Nanostructure Science and Technology 130 Part ⅤPOLYMERS 136Unit17 A Brief Review in the Development of Synthetic Polymers 136 Unit18 Polymer synthesis: Polyethylene synthesis 146 Unit19 Polymer synthesis: Nylon synthesis 154 Unit 20 Processing and Properties Polymer Materials 165 PART VI POLYMERIC COMPOSITES 172 Unit21 Introduction to Polymeric Composite Materials 172 Unit22 Composition, Structure and Morphology of Polymeric Composites 178 Unit23 Manufacture of Polymer Composites 185 Unit24 Epoxy Resin Composites 191 Part 7 Biomaterial 196 Unit 25 Introduction to Biomaterials 196 Unit 26 Biocompatibility 205 Unit 27 Polymers as Biomaterials 213 Unit 28 Future of Biomaterials 224 PARTⅧMaterials and Environment 237 Unit29 Environmental Pollution & Control Related Materials 237 Unit30 Bio-degradable Polymer Materials 241 Unit 31 Environmental Friendly Inorganic Materials 248 Unit 32 A Perspective on the Future: Challenges and Opportunities 256 附录一科技英语构词法263 附录二科技英语语法及翻译简介269附录三：聚合物英缩写、全名、中文名对照表280附录四：练习题参考答案284PART 1 Introduction to Materials Science ＆EngineeringUnit 1Materials Science and EngineeringHistorical PerspectiveMaterials are probably more deep-seated in our culture than most of usrealize. Transportation, housing, clothing, communication, recreation, and food production —virtually every segment of our everyday lives is influenced to one degree or another by materials. Historically, the development and advancement of societies have been intimately tied to the members’ ability to produce and manipulate materi- als to fill their needs. In fact, early deep-seated根深蒂固的, 深层的civilizations have been designated by the level of their materials development (Stone Age, Bronze Age, Iron Age).The earliest humans had access to only a very limited number of materials, those that occur naturally: stone, wood, clay, skins, and so on. With time they discovered techniques for producing materials that had propertiessuperior to those of the natural ones; these new materials included pottery and various metals. Furthermore, it was discovered that the properties of a material could be altered by heat treatments and by the addition of other substances. At this point, materials utilization was totally a selection process that involved deciding from a given, rather limited set of materials the one best suited for an application by virtue of its characteristics.①It was not until relatively recent times that scientists came to understand the relationships between the structural elements of materials and their properties. This knowledge, acquired over approximately the past 100 years, has empowered them to fashion, to a large degree, the characteristics of materials. Thus, tens of thousands of different materials have evolved with rather specialized charac- teristics that meet the needs of our modern and complex society; these include metals, plastics, glasses, and fibers.The development of many technologies that make our existence so comfortable has been intimately associated with the accessibility of suitable materials. An advancement in the understanding of a material type is often the forerunner to the stepwise progression of a technology. For example, pottery // 陶器structural elements结构成分；property //.性能automobiles would not have been possibl- e without the availability of inexpensive steel or some other comparable substitute. In our contemporary era, sophisticated electronic devices rely on components that are made from what are called semiconducting materials.Materials Science and EngineeringThe discipline of materials science involves investigating the relationships that exist between the structures and properties of materials. In contrast, materials engineering is, on the basis of these structure–property correlations, designing or engineering the structure of a material to produce a predetermined set of properties.“Structure’’is at this point a nebulous term that deserves some explanation. In brief, the structure of a material usually relates to the arrangement of its internal components. Subatomic structure involves electrons within the individual atoms and interactions with their nuclei. On an atomic level, structure encompasses the organization of atoms or molecules relative to one another. The next larger structural realm, which contains large groups of atoms that are normally agglomerated together, is termed ‘‘microscopic,’’meaning that which is subject to direct observation using some type of microscope. Finally, structural elements that may be viewed with the naked eye are termed ‘‘macroscopic.’’The notion of ‘‘property’’ deserves elaboration. While in service use, all materials are exposed to external stimuli that evoke some type of response. stepwise//逐步的sophisticated//精制的，复杂的；semiconducting materials 半导体材料nebulous//含糊的，有歧义的subatomic//亚原子的microscopic//For example, a specimen subjected to forces will experience deformation; or a polished metal surface will reflect light. Property is a material trait in terms of the kind and magnitude of response to a specific imposed stimulus. Generally, definitions of properties are made independent of material shape and size.Virtually all important properties of solid materials may be grouped into six different categories: mechanical, electrical, thermal, magnetic, optical, and deteriorative. For each there is a characteristic type of stimulus capable of provoking different responses. Mechanical properties relate deformation to an applied load or force; examples include elastic modulus and strength. For electrical properties, such as electrical conductivity and dielectric constant, the stimulus is an electric field. The thermal behavior of solids can be represented in terms of heat capacity and thermal conductivity. Magnetic properties demonstrate the response of a material to the application of a magnetic field. For optical properties, the stimulus is electro- magnetic or light radiation; index of refraction and reflectivity are representative optical properties. Finally, deteriorative characteristics indicate the chemical reactivity of materials.In addition to structure and properties, two other important components are involved in the science and engineering of materials, viz. ‘‘processing’’and ‘‘performance.’’With regard to the relationships of these four components, the structure of a material will depend on how it is processed. 微观的// 宏观的deformation// 变形deteriorative//破坏（老化的）elastic modulus 弹性模量strength //强度；dielectric constant介电常数；heat capacity 热容量refraction。

化工专业英语Lesson 4

Lesson 4 Chemical Reaction Engineering化学反应工程A1 Every industrial chemical process is designed to produce economically a desired product from a variety of starting materials through a succession of treatment steps.每一个工业化学过程的目的是从不同的原材料，经过一系列的处理步骤生产经济所需的产品。

2 Fig. 4-1 shows a typical situation.图4-1展示了一个典型的情况。

3 The raw materials undergo a number of physical treatment steps to put them in the form in which they can be reacted chemically.原料进行了一些物理处理的步骤，使它们能够发生化学反应。

4 They then pass through the reactor.然后让他们通过反应器。

5 The products of the reaction must then undergo further physical treatment- -separations, purifications, etc. - for the final desired product to be obtained.产物要经历进一步的物理处理——分离，净化提纯等等，以获得期望的最终产品。

B1 Design of equipment for the physical treatment steps is studied in the unit operations.物理处理步骤设备的设计在单元操作中研究。

化工专业英语练习题参考答案

练习一参考答案1将下列句子或段落翻译成英语1)A process is any operation or series of operations that causes a physical or chemical change in asubstance or a mixture of substances .The material that enters a process is referred to as input or feed the process,and that which leaves is called output or product.2)As a chemical engineer,you might be called on to design individual process units (such as reactors,distillation columns,heat exchangers),supervise the operation of a process,or modify a process design to accommodate a change in the feed or in the desired product characteristics.As a rule,to any of these things you must know the amounts,compositions,and conditions of the materials that enter and leave each process unit,and if you are working with an existing units,you must be able to measure enough of these quantities to verify that the process is doing what it was designed to do.3)Founded in 1839from a small production firm for pharmaceutical products,B.Braun has grown steadilyinto a multinational company dealing with medical products,medical technology,pharmaceutical and biotechnology.2将下列句子或段落翻译成汉语1）包括的一系列操作，如混合、蒸发、过滤，无论产物是什么，这些操作都基本同，从而导致了单元操作的概念。

Chemical Project WBS(化工工程英语中英文对照)

File: 188758509.xls / WBS
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Scope of Supply list for Hyco plants
No. 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Site preparation Storm water drainage Fire water loop Finish grading, roads & paving inside BL Finish grading, roads & paving outside BL Foundation loadings Foundation design, based on soil report Structural eng & design dwgs - for reformer Structural eng & design dwgs - ISBL piperacks, platforms, cable trays, equipment supports, stairs, handrails, pipe supports. Anchor bolt schedule Anchor bolt patterns for each equipment > 3 bolts Equipment skid design Piping Design Equipment arrangements All pipe runs Underground pipe routing (tie-ins) Above ground ISBL piping detail design (tie-ins) Piping supplied ISBL Detailed design of all pipe supports Stress analysis of piping Spec & design of any expansion joints, flex hoses, spring supports, etc. Pulsation studies Electrical Design One line diagram for power distribution Area classification drawing Schematic wiring diagrams Electrical design drawings inside battery limits - above ground conduit - wire, cable, conduit sizing - plant lighting - area lighting - grounding Electrical physical drawings, mounting details and location drawings ISBL Conduit routing drawings Cable schedule Interconnecting wiring diagrams Heat tracing design Instrument Design Instrument summary Specify DCS I/O counts - 4-20 MA inputs to DCS - 4-20 MA outputs to DCS - digital inputs to DCS (dry contacts) - digital outputs from DCS - thermocouple millivolt inputs to DCS - inputs to DCS Complete configuration of DCS DCS control strategy Instrument loop sheets Instrument physical detail drawings - mounting and support - tubing hookups - tubing routing diagrams (show hookups) - instrument locatons and elevatons - instrument data sheets - wiring from primary instruments to junction boxes Complete PLC system Burner management equipment/Trip system design PSA control logic for PLC with Automatic start Other shutdown req. in the form of wiring dia's Power requirements for all local panels and identification of UPS power requirements 基础负荷 LINDE AG Process Engineering and Contracting Division 现场准备暴雨排水防火水池界区内

化工专业英语第一片翻译

Elements and Compounds元素与化合物Elements are pure substances that can not be decomposed(分解) into simpler substances by ordinary chemical changes. At present there are 109 known elements. Some common elements that are familiar to you are carbon, oxygen, aluminum, iron, copper, nitrogen, and gold. The elements are the building blocks of matter just as the numerals 0 through 9 are the building blocks for numbers. To the best of1 our knowledge, the elements that have been found on the earth also comprise(包含) the entire universe.元素是单纯的物质，不能通过一般的化学变化分解成为更简单的物质。

目前已知有109个元素。

一些你熟悉的常见元素是碳、氧、铝、铁、氮和金。

元素是组成物质的基本单元，就象0到9的数字是组成数的基本单元一样。

就我们所知，已经在地球上发现的元素也是组成整个宇宙的元素。

About 85% of (85 percent of) the elements can be found in nature , usually combined with other elements in minerals and vegetable matter or in substances like water and carbon dioxide. Copper, silver, gold, and about 20 other elements can be found in highly pure forms. Sixteen elements are not found in nature; theyhave been produced in generally small amounts in nuclear explosions (爆炸)and nuclear research. They are man-made elements.大约有85%的元素可以在大自然的矿物或者植物中，以及如水和二氧化碳这样的物质中找到，通常与别的元素结合。

化工专业英语(刘庆文)09065课文和阅读读材料翻译部分

化工专业英语（参考译文）Specailized English for Chemical Industry刘庆文目录模块一化工生产第一单元碳酸钠的生产第二单元聚乙烯的生产第三单元炼油第四单元精细化学品第五单元结晶第六单元液液萃取第七单元分析化学模块二职业健康与卫生第八单元化学工业的危险因素第九单元职业危害与保护第十单元个人保护模块三化学工业安全第十一单元化学危险品的危害第十二单元电器事故第十三单元化工工艺安全信息模块四环境保护第十四单元废气减排第十五单元废物利用第十六单元化学废物的循环第十七单元清洁生产模块五质量第十八单元质量保证第十九单元质量管理体系第二十单元药品生产质量管理规范模块一化工生产第一单元碳酸钠的生产碳酸钠是钠的碳酸盐（也称之为洗涤碱，苏打结晶或纯碱）。

它通常以七水结晶形式存在，很容易风化变为白色的一水合物粉末。

它也是人们熟知的家庭日用水软化剂。

碳酸钠有一种冷碱味，它可以从许多植物灰中提取出来。

大量的碳酸钠是用索尔韦法通过食盐来生产的。

用途生产玻璃是碳酸钠最重要的用途。

当碳酸钠与沙子和碳酸钙混合在一起，加热到很高的温度，然后快速冷却时，就产生了玻璃。

这类玻璃叫做钠钙玻璃。

碳酸钠在各种环境下也可以用作相对较强的碱。

例如，碳酸钠用作pH调节剂，以维持大多数显影剂反应所需的稳定的碱性条件。

它是市政水池常用的添加剂，用来中和氯的酸效应，提高pH值。

化学上，它常常用作电解质。

此外，与生成氯气的氯离子不同，碳酸根离子不腐蚀阳极。

它还可以用作酸碱滴定的基准物，因为它是空气中稳定存在的固体，容易准确称量。

生产索尔韦法：1861年比利时工业化学家，欧内斯特·索尔韦发明了一种方法，使用氨将氯化钠转化为碳酸钠。

索尔韦法是在一个大的空塔内进行的。

在塔底，碳酸钙（石灰石）被加热释放出二氧化碳。

CaCO3→ CaO + CO2在塔顶，氯化钠和氨的浓溶液进入塔内。

随着二氧化碳气泡穿过溶液，生成碳酸氢钠沉淀：NaCl + NH3 + CO2 + H2O → NaHCO3 + NH4Cl碳酸氢钠通过加热转化为碳酸钠，并释放出水和二氧化碳：2 NaHCO3→ Na2CO3 + H2O + CO2同时，通过加热氯化铵和石灰（氢氧化钙），可以重新制备氨。

化学化工专业英语翻译 reactor types

Unit 4 Reaction EngineeringLesson 12 Reactor Types1. Stirred tank reactorA batch stirred tank reactor is the simplest type of reactor.It is composed of a reactor and a mixer such as a stirrer, a turbine wing or a propeller. The batch stirred tank reactor is illustrated below:This reactor is useful for substrate solutions of high viscosity and for immobilized enzymes with relatively low activity. However, a problem that arises is that an immobilized enzyme tends to decompose upon physical stirring. The batch system is generally suitable for the production of rather small amounts of chemicals.A continuous stirred tank reactor is shown above:The continuous stirred tank reactor is more efficient than a batch stirred tank reactor but the?equipment is slightly more complicated.2. Tubular ReactorTubular reactors are generally used for gaseous reactions, but are also suitable for some liquid-phase reactions.If high heat-transfer rates are required, small-diameter tubes are used to increase the surface area to volume ratio. Several tubes may be arranged in parallel, connected to a manifold or fitted into a tube sheet in a similar arrangement to a shell and tube heat exchanger. Forhigh-temperature reactions the tubes may be arranged in a furnace.3. Fluidized bed ReactorA fluidized bed reactor (FBR) is a type of reactor device that can be used to carry out a variety of multiphase chemical reactions. In this type of reactor, a fluid (gas or liquid) is passed through a granular solid material (usually a catalyst possibly shaped as tiny spheres) at high enough velocities to suspend the solid and cause it to behave as though it were a fluid. This process, known as fluidization, imparts many important advantages to the FBR. As a result, the fluidized bed reactor is now used in many industrial applications.（1）Basic principlesThe solid substrate (the catalytic material upon which chemical species react) material in the fluidized bed reactor is typically supported by a porous plate, known as a distributor. The fluid is then forced through the distributor up through the solid material. At lower fluid velocities, the solids remain in place as the fluid passes through the voids in the material. This is known as a packed bed reactor. As the fluid velocity is increased, the reactor will reach a stage where the force of the fluid on the solids is enough to balance the weight of the solid material. This stage is known as incipient fluidization and occurs at this minimum fluidization velocity. Once this minimum velocity is surpassed, the contents of the reactor bed begin to expand and swirl around much like an agitated tank or boiling pot of water. The reactor is now a fluidized bed. Depending on the operating conditions and properties of solid phase various flow regimes can be observed in this reactor.（2）AdvantagesThe increase in fluidized bed reactor use in today’s industrial world is largely due to the inherent advantages of the technology.●Uniform Particle Mixing:Due to the intrinsic fluid-like behavior of the solid material, fluidized beds do not experience poor mixing as in packed beds. This complete mixing allows for a uniform product that can often be hard to achieve in other reactor designs. The elimination of radial and axial concentration gradients also allows for better fluid-solid contact, which is essential for reaction efficiency and quality.●Uniform Temperature Gradients:Many chemical reactions produce or require the addition of heat. Local hot or cold spots within the reaction bed, often a problem in packed beds, are avoided in a fluidized situation such as an FBR. In other reactor types, these local temperature differences, especially hotspots, can result in product degradation. Thus FBRs are well suited to exothermic reactions. Researchers have also learned that the bed-to-surface heat transfer coefficients for FBRs are high.●Ability to Operate Reactor in Continuous State:The fluidized bed nature of these reactors allows for the ability to continuously withdraw product and introduce new reactants into the reaction vessel. Operating at a continuous process state allows manufacturers to produce their various products more efficiently due tothe removal of startup conditions in batch processes.( 3 ) DisadvantagesAs in any design, the fluidized bed reactor does have it draw-backs, which any reactor designer must take into consideration.●Increased Reactor Vessel Size:Because of the expansion of the bed materials in the reactor, a larger vessel is often required than that for a packed bed reactor. This larger vessel means that more must be spent on initial startup costs.●Pumping Requirements and Pressure Drop:The requirement for the fluid to suspend the solid material necessitates that a higher fluid velocity is attained in the reactor. In order to achieve this, more pumping power and thus higher energy costs are needed. In addition, the pressure drop associated with deep beds also requires additional pumping power.●Particle Entrainment:The high gas velocities present in this style of reactor often result in fine particles becoming entrained in the fluid. These captured particles are then carried out of the reactor with the fluid, where they must be separated. This can be a very difficult and expensive problem to address depending on the design and function of the reactor. This may often continue to be a problem even with other entrainment reducing technologies.●Lack of Current Understanding:Current understanding of the actual behavior of the materials in a fluidized bed is rather limited. Itis very difficult to predict and calculate the complex mass and heat flows within the bed. Due to this lack of understanding, a pilot plant for new processes is required. Even with pilot plants, the scale-up can be very difficult and may not reflect what was experienced in the pilot trial.●Erosion of Internal Components: The fluid-like behavior of the fine solid particles within the bed eventually results in the wear of the reactor vessel. This can require expensive maintenance and upkeep for the reaction vessel and pipes.4. Packed bed ReactorThere are two basic types of packed-bed reactor: those in which the solid is a reactant, and those in which the solid is a catalyst. Many examples of the first type can be found in the extractive metallurgical industries.In the chemical process industries the designer will normally be concerned with the second type: catalytic reactors. Industrial packed-bed catalytic reactors range in size from small tubes, a few centimeters diameter to large diameter packed beds. Packed-bed reactors are used for gas and gas-liquid reactions. Heat-transfer rates in large diameter packed beds are poor and where high heat-transfer rates are required fluidized beds should be considered.Unit 4 REACTION ENGINEERINGLESSON 12 REACTOR TYPES1.搅拌反应釜间歇搅拌反应釜是最简单的反应釜类型。

化学化工英语文本unit4-2

(3) The variety of processes and industries that call for the services of chemical engineers is enormous.
(4) the individual operations have common techniques and are based on the same scientific principles.
4.2.Heat transfer processes, including evaporation, condensation
4.3.Mass transfer processes, including gas absorption, distillation, extraction, adsorption, drying
(8) A number of scientific principles and techniques are basic to the treatment of the unit operations.
讲授法
翻译法
示例法
归纳法
5)Chemical engineering unit operations also fall in the following categories:
Combination (mixing)
Separation (distillation)
Reaction (chemical reaction)
(5) No chemical reaction appears in these steps.
(6) the cracking reaction could not be utilized without them.

化工专业英语

化学生物理工学院
崔洪涛
化工英语阅读
Unit 6 Chlor-Alkali and Related Processes Bulk chemical industry: 大化工
The segment is normally taken to include~~~~. 氯碱工业包括～～～。 Ever since:从那时到现在自从
化学生物理工学院
崔洪涛
化工英语阅读
In turn: 依次，轮流 Sort out: 挑选出，理清继续解决
化学生物理工学院
崔洪涛
化工英语阅读
Unit 9 Polymer refer to sb. [sth.] as:称某人[物]为 Convention:习俗, 惯例 Bulk polymer:本体聚合物 Coil: 线圈 sweep out：扫掉、清除 Make up: 组成 Aliphatic：脂肪族的 Aromatic：芳香族的 Elastomer: 人造橡胶 Liability：责任, 义务 Sparingly:节俭地, 保守地占据
化学生物理工学院
崔洪涛
化工英语阅读
Readily：容易地 Brine:盐水 Limestone:石灰石 Ready:有准备的准备完毕的, 甘心的, 情愿的, 现成的迅速的有准备的, 现成的, 有准备的 Complex:复杂,合成物,络合物,联合企业联合企业 Laid down over geological time by various marine organisms. Laid down (Lay down): 放下 Geological time: time:地质时期 Over:在...期间, 在...时间内在一段地质时期内由海洋生物形成的。 About 40% of the output of the lime industry goes into steel-making, where it is Used to react with the refractory silica present in iron ore to give a fluid slag which Floats to the surface and is easily separated from the liquid metal. 大约40%的石灰工业的产出投入到钢铁的制造中，它被用来和铁矿石中的高熔点的氧化硅反应形成液渣浮到液体金属的表面并被容易的分离出来。形成

化工常用英语词汇【精选文档】

化工专业英语词汇化学专业课程中英文对照一、化工装置常用词汇一概论 introduction方案（建议书) proposal可行性研究 feasibility study 方案设计 concept design工艺设计 process design基础设计 basic design详细设计 detail design开工会议 kick-off meeting审核会议 review meeting外商投资 foreign investment 中外合资 joint venture中外合营 joint venture补偿贸易 compensation trade 合同合同附件 contract卖方 vendor买方 buyer顾客 client承包商 contractor工程公司 company供应范围 scope of supply生产范围 production scope 生产能力 production capacity 项目 project界区 battery limit装置 plant公用工程 utilities工艺流程图 process flow diagram工艺流程方块图 process block diagram管道及仪表流程图 piping and instrument drawing物料及热量平衡图 mass ＆heat balance diagram蒸汽及冷凝水平衡图 steam ＆condensate balance diagram 设备布置图 equipment layout设备表 equipment list成品（产品) product(final product）副产品 by-product原料 raw-material设计基础数据 basic data for design技术数据 technical data数据表 data sheet设计文件 design document设计规定 design regulation现场服务 site service项目变更 project change用户变更 client change消耗定额 consumption quota技术转让 technical transfer技术知识 technical know—howtechnical knowledge技术保证 technical guarantee咨询服务 consultative services技术服务 technical services工作地点 location施工现场 construction field报价 quotation标书 bidding book公司利润 company profit固定价合同 fixed price contract固定单价合同 fixed unit price contract成本加酬金合同 cost plus award fee contract 定金 mobilization银行保证书 bank guarantee letter保留金 retention所得税 income taxes特别承包人税 special contractor's taxes城市和市政税 city and municipal taxes工作手册 work manual工作流程图 work flow diagram质量保证程序 QA/QC procedures采购计划 procurement plan施工计划 construction plan施工进度 construction schedule项目实施计划 project execution plan项目协调程序 project coordination procedure 项目总进度计划 project master schedule设计网络计划 engineering network logic项目质量保证 project quality assurance项目质量控制 project quality control采购 procurement采购周期 procurement period会签 the squad check计算书 calculation sheets询价 inquiry检验 inspection运输 transportation开车 start up / commission验收 inspection & acceptance校核 check审核 review审定 approve版次 version部门 department专业 specialty项目号 project number图号 drawing number目录 contents序言 foreword章 chapter节 section项 itemMR material requisitionSPEC engineering specificationDATA SHEET(技术表） technical data sheetTBA(技术评标） technical bid analysisPDP preliminary design packagePM （项目经理) project managerLDE（专业负责人) lead discipline engineerMRQ（材料询价单） Material requisition for quotationMRP(材料采购单） material requisition for purchaseBEP(基础工程设计包） basic engineering packageP＆ID(管道及仪表流程图） piping and instrument drawing（diagram) PFD process flow diagramNNF normally no flowFO failure openFC failure closeC/S/A civil/structure/architectureDDP（详细设计阶段) detail design phase二、工艺流程连续过程 continuous process间歇过程 batch process工艺叙述 process description工艺特点 process feature操作 operation反应 reaction副反应 side reaction絮凝 flocculation浮洗 flotation倾析 decantation催化反应 catalytical reaction萃取 extraction中和 neutralization水解 hydrolysis过滤 filtration干燥 drying还原 reduction氧化 oxidation氢化 hydrogenation分解 decomposition离解 dissociation合成 synthetics吸收 absorption吸附 adsorption解吸 desorption结晶 crystallization溶解 solution调节 modulate控制 control悬浮 suspension循环 circulation再生 regeneration再活化 reactivation沥取 leaching破碎 crushing煅烧 caloination沉降 sedimentation沉淀 precipitation气化 gasification冷冻 refrigeration固化、结晶 solidification 包装 package升华 sublimation燃烧 combustion引烧 ignition蒸馏 distillation碳化 carbonization压缩 compression三、化学物质及特性固体 solid液体 liquid气体 gas化合物 compound混合物 mixture粉 powder片状粉未 flake小粒 granule结晶 crystal乳化物 emulsion氧化物 oxidizing agent还原剂 reducing agent有机物 organic material真空 vacuum母液 master liquor富液 rich liquor贫液 lean liquor萃出物 extract萃余物 raffinate絮凝剂 flocculants冷冻盐水 brine酸度 acidity浓度 concentration碱度 alkalinity溶解度 solubility凝固点 solidificalion point 沸点 boiling point熔点 melting point蒸发率 evaporation rate粘度 viscosity吸水的 water absorbent(a）无水的 anhydrous(a)外观 appearance无色的 colorless(a）透明的 transparent(a)半透明的 translucent密度 density比重 specific gravity催化剂 catalyst燃烧 combustion引燃 ignition自然点 self-ignition temperature可燃气体 combustible gas可燃液体 inflammable liquid易燃液体 volatile liquid爆炸混合物 explosive mixture爆炸性环境 explosive atmosphere(environment）爆炸极限 explosive concentration limit废水 waste water废液 waste liquid废气 off-gas噪声 noise pollution成分 composition挠度 deflection力和力矩 force and moment弯矩 bending moment应力-应变曲线 stress—strain diagram百分比 percentage环境温度 ambient temperature工作温度 operating设计温度 design temperature（pressure)相对湿度 RH=relative humidity油渣、淤泥 sludge杂质 impurity四、化工设备泵 pump轴流泵 axial flow pump真空泵 vacuum pump屏蔽泵 canned pump柱塞泵 plunger pump涡轮泵 turbine pump涡流泵 vortex pump离心泵 centrifugal pump喷射泵 jet pump转子泵 rotary pump管道泵 inline pump双作用往复泵 double action reciprocating pump计量泵 metering pump深井泵 deep well pump齿轮泵 gear pump手摇泵 hand(wobble）pump螺杆泵 screw (spiral) pump潜水泵 submersible pump斜转子泵 inclined rotor pump封闭式电磁泵 hermetically sealed magnetic drive pump 气升泵 air—lift-pump轴承 bearing叶轮 impeller虹吸管 siphon高压容器 high pressure vessel焚化炉 incinerator火焰清除器 flame arrester工业炉 furnace烧嘴 burner锅炉 boiler回转窑 rotary kiln加热器 heater电加热器 electric heater 冷却器 cooler冷凝器 condenser换热器 heat exchanger 反应器 reactor蒸馏釜 still搅拌器 agitator混合器 mixer静态混合器 static mixers 管道混合器 line mixers 混合槽 mixing tanks破碎机 crusher磨碎机 grinder研磨机 pulverizer球磨机 ballmill过滤器 filter分离器 separator干燥器 drier翅片 fins烟囱 stack火炬 flare筛子 screen煅烧窑 calciner倾析器 decanter蒸发器 evaporator再沸器 reboiler萃取器 extractor离心机 centrifuger吸附(收)器 adsorber结晶器 crystallizer电解槽 electrolyzer电除尘器 electric precipitator洗涤器 scrubber消石灰器 slaker料仓 bin料斗 hopper加料器 feeder增稠器 thickener澄清器 clarifier分级器 classifier浮洗器 flocculator废液池 sump喷射器 ejector喷头 sprayer成套设备 package unit仪器设备 apparatus附属设备 accessory旋转式压缩机 rotary compressor往复式压缩机 reciprocating compressor水环式压缩机 nash compressor螺杆式压缩机 helical screw compressor离心式压缩机 centrifugal compressor多级压缩机 mutiple stages compressor固定床反应器 fixed bed reactor流化床反应器 fluidized bed reactor管式反应器 tubular reactor列管式换热器 tubular heat exchanger螺旋板式换热器 spiral plate heat exchanger 萃取塔 extraction column板式塔 plate column填料塔 packed column洗涤塔 scrubber吸收塔 absorber冷却塔 cooling tower精馏塔 fractionating tower汽提塔 stripper再生塔 regenerator造粒塔 prill tower塔附件 tower accessories液体分配（布）器 liquid distributor 填料支持板 support plate定距管 spacer降液管 downcomer升气管 chimney顶(底)层塔盘 top （bottom) tray挡板 baffle抽出口 draw nozzle溢流堰 weir泡罩 bubble cap筛板 sieve plate浮阀 float valve除沫器 demister pad塔裙座 skirt椭圆封头 elliptical head高位槽 head tank中间槽 intermediate tank加料槽 feed tank补给槽 make-up tank计量槽 measuring tank电解槽 cell溜槽 chute收集槽 collecting tank液滴分离器 knockout drum稀释罐 thinning tank缓冲罐 surge drum回流罐 reflux drum闪蒸罐 flash drum浮顶罐 floating roof tank内浮顶罐 covered floating roof tank球罐 spheroid气柜 gas holder湿式气柜 wet gas-holder干式气柜 dry gas—holder螺旋式气柜 helical gas—holder星型放料器，旋转阀 rotary valve抽滤器 mutche filter压滤器 filter press压滤机 pressure filter板框压滤器 plate—and—fram filter press 转鼓过滤器 rotary drum filter带式过滤器 belt filter翻盘式过滤器袋滤器 bag filter旋风分离器 cyclone separator盘式干燥箱 compartment tray drier真空干燥器 vacuum drier隧道式干燥器 tunnel drier回转干燥器 rotary drier穿流循环干燥器 through circulation drier喷雾干燥器 spray drier气流干燥器 pneumatic conveyor drier 圆盘式加料器 dish feeder螺旋式加料器 screw feeder颚式破碎机 jaw crusher回转破碎机 gyratory crusher滚洞破碎机 roll crusher锤式破碎机 hammer crusher冲击破碎机 rotor impact breaker气流喷射粉碎机 jet pulverizer棍磨机 rod mill雷蒙机 raymond mill锤磨机 hammer mill辊磨机 roller mill振动筛 vibrating screen回转筛 rotary screen风机 fan罗茨鼓风机 root's blower起重机 crane桥式起重机 bridge crane电动葫芦 motor hoist发电机 generator电动机 motor汽轮机 steam turbine五、管道工程 piping engineering1 阀门 valve阀杆 stem内螺纹阀杆 inside screw阀座 valve seat (body seat)阀座环、密封圈 sealing ring阀芯（包括密封圈,杆等) trim阀盘 disc阀体 body阀盖 bonnet手轮 hand wheel手柄 hand level （handle）压盖 gland闸阀 gate valve平行双闸板 double disc parallel seat楔形单闸板 split wedge截止阀 globe valve节流阀 throttle valve针阀 needle valve角阀(角式截止阀) angle valveY型阀（截止阀） Y—valve（Y—body globe valve）球阀 ball valve三通球阀 3—way ball valve蝶阀 butterfly valve对夹式(薄片型） wafer type偏心阀板蝶阀 offset disc （eccentric) butterfly valve 斜阀盘蝶阀 canted disc butterfly valve连杆式蝶阀 link butterfly valve止回式蝶阀 combined non-return butterfly valve柱塞阀 piston type valve旋塞阀 plug valve三通旋塞阀 three—way plug valve四通旋塞阀 four-way plug valve旋塞 cock衬套旋塞 sleeve cock隔膜阀 diaphragm valve橡胶衬里隔膜阀 rubber lined diaphragm valve 直通式隔膜阀 straight way diaphragm valve夹紧式胶管阀 pinch valve止回阀 check valve升降式止回阀 lift check valve旋启式止回阀 swing check valve落球式止回阀 ball check valve弹簧球式止回阀 spring ball check valve底阀 foot valve切断式止回阀 stop check valve活塞式止回阀 piston check valve翻板止回阀 flap check valve蝶式止回阀 butterfly check valve安全泄气阀 safety[SV]安全泄放阀 relief valve［RV］安全泄压阀 safety relief valve杠杆重锤式 lever and weight type罐底排污阀 flush-bottom tank valve波纹管密封阀 bellow sealed valve电磁阀 solenoid （operated) valve电动阀 electrically(electric-motor)operated valve 气动阀 pneumatic operated valve低温用阀 cryogenic service valve蒸汽疏水阀 steam trap机械式疏水阀 mechanical trap浮桶式疏水阀 open （top）bucket trap浮球式疏水阀 float trap倒吊桶式疏水阀 inverted bucket trap自由浮球式疏水阀 loose float trap恒温式疏水阀 thermostatic trap压力平衡式恒温疏水阀 balanced pressure thermostatic trap 热动力式疏水阀 thermodynamic trap脉冲式蒸汽疏水阀 impulse steam trap放汽阀（自动放汽阀） (automatic）air vent valve换向阀 diverting （reversing）valve呼吸阀 breather valve减压阀 pressure reducing valve控制阀 control valve执行机构 actuator差压调节阀 differential pressure regulating valve切断阀 block (shut-off, stop) valve调节阀 regulating valve快开阀 quick opening valve快闭阀 quick closing valve隔断阀 isolating valve三通阀 three way valve夹套阀 jacketed valve非旋转式阀 non—rotary valve2管子，管件，法兰管子 pipe(按标准制造的配管用管)tube(不按标准规格制造的其它用管)钢管 steel pipe铸铁管 cast iron pipe衬里管 lined pipe复合管 clad pipe碳钢管 carbon steel[C.S。

化工英语

ContentsPART1 CHEMICAL PROCESS INDUSTRY (1)Unit 1 Chemical Industy (1)Reading Material 1：Evolution of Chemical Industry (8)Unit 2 Reserch and Developmeng (15)Reading Material 2：The Anatomy of a Chemical Manufacturing Process (21)Unit 3 Typical Activities of Chemical Engineers (25)Reading Material 3：Excel in your Engineering (31)Unit 4 Sources of Chemicals (36)Reading Material 4：Organic Chemicals from Oil,Natural gas and Coal (43)PART 2 CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGIES (50)Unit 5 Basic Cheemicals (50)Reading Material 5：Major Sectors of the Chemical Industry (54)Unit 6 Chlor-Alkali and Related Processes (58)Reading Material 6：Sulphuric Acid (64)Unit7 Ammonia,Nitric Acid and Urea (68)Reading Material 7：Haber-Bosch Process (74)Unit8 Petroleum Processing (79)Reading Material 8：Coal-Coversion Processes (86)Unit9 Polymers (93)Reading Material 9：Polymerrization Techniques (99)PART 3 CHEMICAL ENGINEERING (103)Unit 10 What Is Chemical Engineering? (103)Reading Material 10：Curriculum of Chemical Engineering (109)Unit 11 Chemical and Process Thermodynamics (115)Reading Material 11：Heat Transfer (121)Unit 12 What Do We Mean by Transport Phenomena? (125)Reading Material 12：Fluid-Flow Phenomena (129)Unit 13 Unit Operations in Chemical Engineering (133)Reading Material 13：Filtration (137)Unit 14 Distillation (143)Reading Material 14：Plate Columns and Packed Columns (148)Unit 15 Solvent Extraction,Leaching and Adosrption (154)Reading Material 15：Ion Exchange (160)Unit 16 Evaporation,Crystallization and Drying (165)Reading Material 16：Separation Processes (171)Unit 17 Chemical Reaction Engineering (176)Reading Material 17：Reactor Technology (181)PART 4 FRONTIERS OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING (188)Unit 18 Chemical Engineering Modeling (188)Reading Material 18：Computer-Aided Engineering(CAE) (193)Unit 19 Introduction to Process Design (198)Reading Material 19:Major Issues in Scaleup (203)Unit 20 Material Science and Chemical Engineering (208)Reading Material 20：An Outline of Bioengineering (214)Unit 21 Chemical Industry and Env ironment (220)Reading Material21：Processing of Energy and Natural resources (226)APPENDIXES (232)Appendix 1 Reading and Searching a Patent (232)Appendix 2 Design Information and Data (236)Appendix 3 化学化工常用构词 (240)Appendix 4 Nomenclature of Organic Compounds (242)Appendix 5 总词汇表 (246)Part 1 CHEMICAL PROCESS INDUSTRYUnit 1 Chemical Industry1.Orights of the Chemical IndustryAlthough the use of chemicals dates back to the ancient civilizations, the evolution of what we know as the modern chemical industry started much more recently. It may be considered to have begun during the Indutrial Revolution, about 1800,and developed to provide chemicals for use by other industries. Examples are alkali for soapmakng ,bleaching powder for cotton, and sitica and sodium carbonate for glassmaking. It will be noted that these are all inorganic chemicals. The organic chemicals industry started in the 1860s with the exploitation of William Henry Perkin’s①discovery of the first synthetic dyestuff-mauve. At the start of the twentieth century the emphasis on research on the applied aspects of chemistry in Germany had paid off handsomely, and by 1914 had resulted in the Germany chemical industry having 75% of the world market in chemicals. This was based on the discovery of new dyestuffs plus thedevelopment of both the contact process for sulphuric acid②and the Haber process for ammonia③. The latter required a major technological breakthrough that of being able to carry out chemical reactions under conditions of very high pressure for the first time. The experience gained with this was to stand Germany in good stead, particularly with the rapidly increased demand for nitrogen-based compounds(ammonium salts for fertilizers and nitric acid for explosives. manufacture)with the outbreak of World War in 1914.This initiated profound changes which continued during the inter-war years(1918-1939).Since 1940 the chemical industry has grown at a remarkable rate, although this has slowed significantly in recent years. The lion’s share of this growth has been in the organic chemicals sector due to the development and growth of the petrochemicals area since 1950.The explosive growth in petrochemicals in the 1960s and 1970s was largely due to the enormous increase in demand for synthetic polymers such as polyethylene, polypropylene, nylon, polyesters and epoxy resins.The chemical industry today is a very diverse sector of manufacturing industry, within which it plays a central role. It makes thousands of different chemicals which the general public only usually encounter as end or consumer products. These products are purchased because they have the required properties which make them suitable for some particular application, e.g. a non-stick coating for pans or a weedkiller. Thus chemicals are ultimately sold for the effects that they produce.2.Definition of the Chemical IndustryAt the turn of the century there would have been little difficulty in defining what constituted the chemical industry since only a very limited range of products was manufactured and these were clearly chemicals, e.g. alkali, sulphuric acid. At present, however, many thousands of chemicals are produced, from raw materials like crude oil through(in some cases)many intermediates to products which may be used directly as consumer goods or readily converted into them. The difficulty comes in deciding at which point in this sequence the particular operation ceases to be part of the chemical industry’s sp here of activities. To consider a specific example to illustrate this dilemma, emulsion paints may contain poly(vinyl chloride)/poly(vinyl acetate).Clearly, synthesis of vinyl chloride(or acetate)and its polymerization are chemical activities. However, if formulation and mixing of the paint, including the polymer, is carried out by a branch of the multinational chemical company which manufactured the ingredients, Is this still part of the chemical industry or does it now belong in the decorating industry?It is therefore apparent that, because of its diversity of operations and close links in many areas with other industries, there is no simple definition of the chemical industry. Instead each official body which operations are classified as “the chemical industry”. It is important tobear this in mind when comparing statistical information which is derived from several sources.3.The Need for Chemical IndustryThe chemical industry is concerned with converting raw materials, such as crude oil, firstly into chemical intermediateds; and then into a tremendous variety of other chemicals. These are then used to produce consumer, products, which make our lives more comfortable or, in some cases such as pharmaceutical products, help to maintain our well-being or even life itself. At each stage of these operations value is added to the product and provided this added value exceeds the raw material plus processing costs then a profit will be made on the operation. It is the aim of chemical industry to achieve this.It may seem strange in textbook like this one to pose the question do we need a chemical industry? However, trying to answer this question will provide(i) an indication of the range of the chemical industry’s activities,(ii)its influence on our lives in everyday terms, and (iii)how great is society’s need for a chemical industry. Our approach in answering the question will be to consider the industry’s contribution to meeting and satisfying our major needs. What are these? Clearly food (and drink) and health are paramount. Other which we shall consider in their turn are clothing and (briefly) shelter, leisure and transport.(1)Food. The chemical industry makes a major contribution tofood productions in at least three ways. Firstly, by making available large quantities of artificial fertilizers which are used to replace the elements(mainly nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium) which are removed as nutrients by the growing crops during modern intensive farming. Secondly, by manufacturing crop protections chemicals ,i.e. pesticides, which markedly reduce the proportion of the crops consumed by pests. Thirdly, by producing veterinary products which protect livestock from disease or cure their infections.(2)Health. We are all aware of the major contribution which thepharmaceutical sector of the industry has made to help keep us all healthy, e.g. by curing bacterial infections with antibiotics, and even extending life itself, e.g. β-blockers to lower blood pressure.(3)Clothing. The improvement in properties of modern syntheticfibers over the traditional clothing materials(e.g. cotton and wool) has been quite remarkable. Thus shirts, dresses and suits made from polyesters like Terylene③and polyamides like Nylon are crease-resistant, machine-washable, and drip-dry or non-iron. They are also cheaper than natural materials.Parallet developments in the discovery of modern synthetic dyes and the technology to “bond”them to the fiber hasresulted in a tremendous increase in the variety of colors available to the fashion designer. Indeed they now span almost every color and hue of the visible spectrum. Indeed if a suitable shade is not available, structural modification of an existing dye to achieve this can readily be carried out, provided there is a satisfactory market for the product.Other major advances in this sphere have been in color-fastness, i.e. resistance to the dye being washed out when the garment is cleaned.(4) Shelter, leisure and。

化学工程与工艺英语

The chemical industry today is a very diverse sector of manufacturing industry, within which it plays a central role. It makes thousands of different chemicals which the general public only usually encounter as end or consumer products. These products are purchased because they have the required properties which make them suitable for some particular application, e.g. a non-stick coating for pans or a weedkiller. Thus chemicals are ultimately sold for the effects that they produce.今天的化学工业已经是制造业中有着许多分支的部门，并且在制造业中起着核心的作用。

它生产了数千种不同的化学产品，而人们通常只接触到终端产品或消费品。

这些产品被购买是因为他们具有某些性质适合（人们）的一些特别的用途，例如，用于盆的不粘涂层或一种杀虫剂。

这些化学产品归根到底是由于它们能产生的作用而被购买的。

The Need for Chemical IndustryThe chemical industry is concerned with converting raw materials, such as crude oil, firstly into chemical intermediates and then into a tremendous variety of other chemicals. These are then used to produce consumer products, which make our lives more comfortable or, in some cases such as pharmaceutical produces, help to maintain our well-being or even life itself. At each stage of these operations value is added to the produce and provided this added exceeds the raw material plus processing costs then a profit will be made on the operation. It is the aim of chemical industry to achieve this.对化学工业的需要化学工业涉及到原材料的转化，如石油首先转化为化学中间体，然后转化为数量众多的其它化学产品。

药学英语电子教案unit 4-4-1 Chemistry and Matter

化学与物质
• 为什么学习化学？正如本杰明，弗兰克林之前所陈述的那样，一个重要的原因是----正是通过化学及其相关科学，人类获得了力量，思想的力量以及超越物质的力量。大约200年前，Franklin提到科学在飞速发展。我们知道科学发展的速度不断加快，到目前为止，由于科技的进步，我们所生活的世界与弗兰克林时 of Matter
• Matter is made of atoms • 114 elements :periodic table. • About 90% available from natural sources • Compounds are comprised of two or more elements. • Molecules are the smallest units of compounds.
Slide 14 of 31
General Chemistry: Chapter 1
Prentice-Hall © 2007
• 化学是研究物质的科学。在学习化学这一点上，我们不能将“物质” 这个词仅限于它的科学定义上，而应该对它的实际含义有整体的理解。物质的常见的例子如水、糖、盐、铜、铁、氧气以及你能想到的其他许多东西。
Slide 15 of 31
General Chemistry: Chapter 1
Prentice-Hall © 2007
• 在过去的一个世纪里，有机化学的显著发
展已经为大工业的应用铺平了道路，在很多
方面（以多种形式）丰富了我们的生活。社
会的各个方面被先进的有机技术影响着（都
受到了有机化学技术进步的影响）——我们
Biochemistry
• The chemistry of living organisms and life processes.

化学化工专业英语试卷

element：11. orbital electron：：2．In contrast to inorganic compounds, the molecularattraction of organiccompounds is weak, soorganic compounds areusually volatile andpossess low meltingpoints.3．Benzene can undergo the typical substitutionreactions ofhalogenation,nitration,sulphonation andFriedel-Craftsreaction. 4．Evaporation is conducted by vaporizing a portion ofthe solvent to produce aconcentrated solution orthick liquor.5．The presence of a substituent group inbenzene exerts aprofound control overboth orientation and theease of introduction ofthe enteringsubstituent.6．The functional group of a ketone consists of acarbon atom connected by adouble bond to an oxygenatom.7．At equilibrium, these two rate are equal; cupricion is still reactingwith ammonia moleculesto form the complex, andthe complex is stilldecomposing, but just asmuch cupric ammoniacomplex is beingdecomposed in unit timeas is being formed. 8．The reaction of an acid chloride with an amine isused commercially in themanufacture of the veryimportant range ofsemi-syntheticpenicilings,firstproduced by the BeechanGroup in 1959. 9．Thus satisfactory binding propertise are essentialfor trouble-freecompression and theproduction of goodquality cakes over longmanufacturing periods. 10．The synthesis of organic compounds involvesconversion ofavailable substancesof known structure,through a sequence ofparticular,controlled chemicalreactions, into othercompounds bearing adesired molecularstructure.The active ingredients were identified in the unsaponifiable fraction of this vegetable product. After solvent extraction and drying, the pure unsaponifiables are obtained in the form of a waxy solid. This waxy solid is then redissolved in untreated shea butter toincrease the unsaponifiable content and thus lead to the unsaponifiable shea butter concentrate. Used incosmetics at levels of up to 2%,it provides excellent protection against sunlight and skin dryness.Another example is the extract of the kola nut, known for its anti-irritant properties. As available in the market, it has an objectionable color and odor . At Estee Lauder, we analyzed and separated its constituents, identified the individual components with anti-irritantproperties, and recombined them in the most effective ratio. In the process , objectionable color and odor were removed and possible allergens 过敏原 eliminated. All this indicates that cosmetics formulated with plantextracts today can be more effective and , at the same time, more elegant than 10 or 20 years ago. 采用一种简单、可靠并且有效的气相色谱法,来同时测定草药鱼腥草和鱼腥草注射液中8种活性组分的含量;在研究的浓度范围内,发现鱼腥草中草药和注射液中8种活性组分的R 2的值高于,都有良好的线性行为,其日内和日间的精度都很高,其RSD 小于2%,且在三种不同浓度下获得的8种组分的平均回收率范围为%–%,RSD 为～%;该方法已成功应用于鱼腥草中草药和注射液的这8种活性成分的同时测定,包括不同厂家、不同批次生产注射液过程中的中间产物;这表明四、 Translate the following paragraph intoChinese本大题共1个小题,共25分五、 Translate the following paragraph intoEnglish 共15分本文提出的方法特别适合注射液的常规分析和在生产过程中的质量控制;。

石油英语课文译文Unit1-4

石油的起源石油有机成因1. 石油是由多种碳氢化合物和特定矿物质如硫磺在极大压力下混合而成。

现如今，科学家证明，尽管不是全部，但大多数油田是几百万年前海床上的动植物残骸经过数十亿吨的泥沙沉积而成。

2. 当小型海洋动植物死亡后，尸体会下沉。

然后它们会沉淀在海床上，被分解并与泥沙混合在一起。

在分解过程中，细菌会就将其中的一些化学物质如磷、氮、氧去掉。

这一过程使得大多数的碳和氢保留下来。

海洋底部没有足够的氧气使这些尸体完全被分解。

而剩下没有被分解的就成为了石油形成的原材料。

3. 被部分分解的残骸会形成巨大的胶状物，而后会慢慢地被层层泥沙所覆盖。

层层覆盖的掩埋过程要经过数百万年的时间。

随着沉积物的逐渐堆积，泥沙作用在胶状物上的重量会将其挤压成更薄的层状物。

最后，当这些被掩埋的分解层深入到一万尺深的地方时，地球自身的热量以及巨大的压力会综合作用到胶状物上。

久而久之，石油便形成了。

石油无机成因4. 尽管现在被接受的石油形成理论包括动植物有机残留物质到碳氢化合物的缓慢转变过程（有机成因说或生物成因说），但这并不是被唯一提出的理论。

早在16世纪，有一种石油生成理论认为石油是由地球深处的积碳形成的，而这些积碳远比地球上的生物久远。

这一理论被称为石油无机成因理论，几乎被人忘却，直到最近一些人（部分是科学家）重拾这一理论。

5. 最新的石油无机成因理论认为，石油是在地壳和下地幔中经过无机过程形成的。

科学家解释说，石油形成后通过裂缝和多孔岩石渗透到油藏中，人类通过开发这些油藏来获得石油。

如果这些说法是真的的话，石油可能就不会像有机成因理论的支持者认为的那样有限。

这就意味着石油会比我们之前认为的更加―可再生‖。

6. 石油无机成因理论之所以得到拥护有很多原因，但很多当代支持者指出在彗星、流星和其它无生命特征的星球上存在着甲烷，他们并以此作为证据证明有机物在石油的产生过程中并不是必不可少的。

其他支持者在石油起源方面提出了其它线索例如，石油中金属元素的分布，碳氢化合物和氦的合成，油藏呈大规模完整沉积而不是斑块沉积。