General Terms Measurement, Performance, Experimentation

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物流英语课本翻译和单词

38制造商manufacturer
39迷你型，袖珍型mini
40取最小值minimize
41替代replacement
42一票（货物）shipment
43多变的volatile
44浪费的，不经济的wasteful
45装满。收费charge
46方式mode
47定价过高overprice
95制造manufacture
96少数民族minority
97工厂plant
98集中地pool
99有潜力的potential
1资格qualification
2招募resource
3零售reta
4专业于specialize
5供应商supplier
6受训者trainee
7喜好weakness
79使迷惑，使为难，迷惑不解puzzle
80比，比率ration
81合理的，有理的reasonable
82残余，剩余物remainder
83表现，象征，代表represent
84计划，方案scheme
85对待，处理treatment
86倾向，趋势trend
87充分的adequately
6延长extend
7幸运地fortunately
8货运，运费freight
9货运代理freght forwarder
10基金fund
11租（船等）hire
12按照in terms of
13 内在的inherent
14劳动，努力，工作labor
15责任，义务，倾向，债务liability
54是与销售的sellable

Definition of terms

Definition of terms: measurement, test, evaluationMeasurement: the process of quantifying the characteristics of persons according to explicit procedures and rules. 测量是根据明确的程序和规则量化研究对象特征的过程。

Three distinguishing features: quantification，characteristics，explicit rules and proceduresTest: a procedure designed to elicit certain behavior from which one can make inferences about certain characteristics of an individual.测试是用来获取某些行为的方式、方法，其目的是从这些行为中推断个人具有的某些特征Evaluation: the systematic gathering of information for the purpose of making decis ions.评价指为做出某种决策而收集资料，并对资料进行分析，作出解释的系统过程。

”与测量、测试相比其含义更广，综合性更强。

An example of evaluation that does not involve either tests or measures (area 1) is the use of qualitative descriptions of student performance for diagnosing learning problems.An example of a non-test measure for evaluation (area 2) is a teacher ranking used for assigning gradesAn example of a test used for purposes of evaluation(area 3) is the use of an achievement test to determine student progress. The most common non-evaluative uses of tests and measures are for research purposes.An example of tests that are not used for evaluation (area 4) is the use of a proficiency test as a criterion in second language acquisition research.Finally, assigning code numbers to subjects in second language research according to native language is an example of a non-test measure that is not used for evaluation (area 5).In summary, then, not all measures are tests, not all tests are evaluative, and not all evaluation involves either measurement or tests.Approaches to language testingThe essay-translation approach:the subjective judgment of the teacher is considered to be of paramount importance. Tests usually consist of essay writing, translation, and grammatical analys is; have a heavy literary and cultural bias.写作翻译法的特点：①对测试技能或专长没有专门要求，主要依靠老师的主观判断力；②试卷主要包括写作、翻译、语法分析等项目；③试卷内容有较浓厚的文学和文化色彩；④试题需要书面回答形式，需要人工阅卷。

国际贸易术语精选全文

Sea and inland waterway transport. FOB, CFR,CIF (装运港交货的常用术语） Any mode or multi-mode transport FCA, CPT, CIP
Free on Board(…named port of shipment) 船上交货（…指定装运港）
计价单位
Price per Measurement terms
unit
unit
贸易术语
单价金额计量单位
Price= cost+ expense+ profit 价格=成本+费用+利润
HKD USD
国国际际货物货物贸易价格表述
贸易价格表述
30.00 PER CARTON FOB vessel SHANGHAI incoterms®2010
的D组的结构及其贸易术语的含义改动较
大，但是没有对INCOTERMS 2000 中的E组
、F组和C组的结构及其贸易术语含义进行大的修改。
Section Three Six Main Trade Terms in Incoterms 2010
In international trade, of 11 trade terms, FOB, CFR, CIF, FCA, CPT AND CIP are the most important.
1. sea and inland waterway transportation,
2. any mode or multimode of transportation
Section One Components of Trade Terms
1)Types of Currency 计价货币 2) Price Per Unit 单位价格 3) Measurement Unit 计价数量单位 4) Trade Terms 贸易术语

ACM数据库的检索和使用

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2005 Total Cites 1731 1065 1755 409
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Cited life
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外文翻译--绩效管理最大的问题：管理者为什么使用绩效信息？

外文翻译--绩效管理最大的问题：管理者为什么使用绩效信息？外文翻译--绩效管理最大的问题:管理者为什么使用绩效信息,本科毕业论文(设计)外文翻译外文出处 Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory外文作者 Moynihan,Pandey原文:The Big Question for Performance Management: Why Do Managers Use Performance Information?Moynihan,PandeyA MODEL OF PERFORMANCE INFORMATION USEPrevious ResearchThere are a number of empirical pieces on performance information use in the public sector, and the majority of such research is recent. Heinrich 1999 noted that most empirical evidence came from the private sector. Her study of performance standards in job training found that data were used but much depended upon the design of the overall performance system and that there was little to guide designers beyond neoclassical economic arguments for financial incentives.Since then, more research has emerged to offer alternatives to neoclassical models,usually relying on self-reported survey data. It appears fair to assert that this previouswork has not resulted in a common or overarching theory of performance informationuse. de Lancer Julnes and Holzer 2001 theorized a basic distinction between rational/technocratic and political/cultural factors. Other research has focused more on explicitly political variables. Bourdeaux and Chikoto 2008 examined the role of the governor, the legislature, and the state political context. Melkers and Willoughby 2005 categorized variables in terms of community characteristics, respondent characteristics, organizational culture, and performance measurement characteristics. Moynihan and Ingraham 2004 and Dull 2009 both placed the role of leadership as central. The study by Askim, Johnsen, and Christophersen 2008 of municipal benchmarking networks in Norway examined network characteristics, administrative factors, political variables, task characteristics, and history dependence. Moynihan and Landuyt 2009 characterized performance information use as an element of organizational learning and identified structural and cultural variables that predict such use.Many of the results of such research are discussed below in the context of specifichypotheses in order to indicate where this article builds upon and departs from previous research. Here, we summarize some of theadditional findings of this research that are not directly tied to ourmodel. Some of these findings result from testing similar variables across models. For example, the provision of adequate resources has been consistently found to be associated with performance information use Askim, Johnsen, and Christophersen 2008; de Lancer Julnes and Holzer 2001; Moynihan and Landuyt 2009 . The existence of dedicated learning forums is also associated with use Askim, Johnsen, and Christophersen 2008; Moynihan and Landuyt 2009 . Evidence from US state governments and Norwegian municipal governments associates performance information use with more liberal political settings Askim, Johnsen, and Christophersen 2008; Bourdeaux and Chikoto 2008; Moynihan and Ingraham 2004 . There is mixed evidence on size. Larger US state governments have been associated with performance information use Bourdeaux andChikoto 2008; Moynihan and Ingraham 2004 , but smaller governments were more likely to use performance data among Norwegian municipalities. Political competition Askim, Johnsen, and Christophersen 2008 has been found to be positively associated with use, although other models have not found significant results Moynihan and Ingraham 2004 , and in some instances, political conflict has been shown to have a negative or nonsignificant effect Dull 2009 . The presence of basic bureaucratic competence and expertise in performance management is associatedwith use Bourdeaux and Chikoto 2008; Dull 2009 . Measures of legislative involvement vary in their influence on use among executive branch officials, ranging from positive Bourdeaux and Chikoto 2008 , negative Moynihan and Ingraham 2004 , to nonsignificant Dull 2009 .Other findings are specific to particular studies. The following variables have beenfound to be positively associated with performance information use: administrative stability Askim, Johnsen, and Christophersen 2008 ; internal requirements and lower levels of government de Lancer Julnes and Holzer 2001 ; inclusion of organizational members in performance management processes Melkers and Willoughby 2005 ; and chief executive power Bourdeaux and Chikoto 2008 . Factors that have been negatively associated with performance information use include efforts by the central agency to control the policy agenda Moynihan and Ingraham 2004 and measurement challenges Dull 2009 .Qualitative work has examined fewer variables and has generally not attempted to construct formal models. But it has identified some common findings that overlap with much of the quantitative work cited above. Leadership and organizational culture are recurring themes Broadnax and Conway 2001; Franklin 2000; Moynihan 2005 . Radin 2006 points out that some tasks are more compatible with performance management than others, whereas Ammons and Rivenbark 2008 find that the quality of performance data matters.Conceptualizing Performance Information Use as Organizational BehaviorWe conceptualize performance information use as a form of organizational behavior. Like other forms of organizational behavior, employees have discretion about whether and the degree to which theyengage in it but are influenced by the social context and formal systems in which they work. We test categories of variables consistent with this conceptualization, incorporating individual beliefs, job attributes, organizational factors, and environmental influences.Our model draws upon some of the variables used in previous research, although we seek to use alternative measures of the underlying concept. For example, rather than measure leadership support for performance management, we measure whether the leader is in a generalist ofspecialist position. Rather than measure public participation in performance management routines, we measure if more general forms of participation matter. The model also includes variables whoserelationship with the dependent variable has been previously untested, including public service motivation PSM , reward expectations, role clarity, task-specific experience, the role of budget officials, and the influence of professional organizations.Individual BeliefsThere is significant evidence that altruistic beliefs affect public employee behavior in ways that benefit the organization. Much of this evidence falls under the rubric of the PSM concept see Perry and Hondeghem 2008 . High PSM employees exhibit higher levels of organizational commitment, enjoy higher job satisfaction, experience greater job involvement, and require less extrinsic rewards Pandey and Stazyk 2008 . There is also evidence that PSM fosters positivecitizenship behavior both internal Pandey, Wright, and Moynihan 2008 and external to the organization Brewer 2003; Houston 2006 .There has, thus far, been surprisingly little investigation into how PSM might affect organizational decision making. There are two reasons to assume that PSM might foster performance information use. First, performance information use involves costs for the employees. Performance information use is a behavior that imposes costs on the employee. It displaces traditional modes of decision making and heuristics, while adding another decision criterion, making decision processes more rather than less complex. Although using performance data might generate organizational benefits, individual benefits are unlikely or uncertain. It thus resembles a form of extra-role behavior where employees make gifts of their time and effort to the organization without the expectation of individual reward.1 Such behavior is likely to be exhibited by employeesdriven by prosocial or altruistic motives. Second, it is plausible that high PSM employees identify with and care about the achievement f organizational goals. It has been proposed that PSM fosters higher individual and organizational performance, although without definitive evidence Brewer 2008 . If high PSM employees see performance information use as a means of achieving organizational goals, they may also see it as a means to fulfill their desire to serve.H1 Managers with higher levels of PSM are more likely to use performance information.H2 Managers who perceive a link between extrinsic rewards and performance are more likely to use performance information.H3 Task-specific leaders are more likely to use performance information than generalist leaders.H4 Managers with greater task-specific experience are more likely to use performance information.H5 Managers who perceive performance information is available and tied to management systems are more likely to use it.H6 A developmental organizational culture fosters performance information use.H7 Managers who perceive decision flexibility are more likely to use performanceinformation.H9 The willingness of budget staff to adopt an adversarial stance affects performance information use.H10 Perceptions of citizen participation affects performance information use.H11 Managers influenced by professional organizations are morelikely to use performance information.CONCLUSIONThis article argues for examining performance information use as a key variable if we are to develop systematic knowledge about contemporary governance. The usual caveats and flaws of cross-sectional survey data apply. In particular, the potential that common source biasinflates the relationship between independent variables and the dependent variable cannot be dismissed. But in testing such relationships, capturing a large number of comparable individual responses on items that are difficult to externally observe―such as PSM or culture―is a key requirement, necessitating survey-based approaches. In addition, the use of previously tested measures of the majority of variables, as well as the relatively low correlation between these measures, suggests discriminant validity among the items tested and reduces concerns about common source bias.The article offers a number of contributions. First, it suggeststhat performance information use is more likely to be driven by altruism rather than self-interest among government officials. A logical next step would be to examine how this finding varies in differentcontexts―does it, for example, hold in high-powered contract settings where intrinsic motivation may be crowded-out? Is the result even more pronounced in settings where employees feel that their intrinsic motivations are being satisfied?Another contribution is to test the effect of otherwell-established predictors in organizational theory on performance information use for the first time, including organizational culture, flexibility, and professionalism. The findings not only provide new information on the antecedents of performance information use but also inform other research literatures, by demonstrating an additional effect of variables such as organizational culture. For variables that havebeen previously tested in some forms, the model offers new insights by using broad-based independent variables. There is a tendency in previous empirical work to test the aspect of a concept that is likely to havethe strongest connection with performance management. As a result, we know that leadership/political support for performance management matters, goal-oriented cultures matter, and that citizen support for and involvement in performance management processes matters. Such narrow construction of independent variables helps to answer the question:‘‘how can organizations foster performance information use?’’ But we know less about how more commonly occurring and broadly constructed organizational concepts matter to performance information use. Such variables help answer the question ‘‘which or ganizations are morelikely to succeedwith performance management?’’ This article tests many such variables, offering evidence on how more broadly constructed measures of leadership, citizen participation, and organizational culture matter.The findings cannot be considered definitive but take one additional step toward a better understanding of why public employees use performance information. In particular, one should be cautious about extrapolating the factors that shape performance information use at the local level to other levels of government since the closeness of local government officials to the public and the actual services delivered may foster an attention to performance management not seen at other levelsof government de Lancer Julnes and Holzer 2001; Jennings and Haist 2006 .Further research can profitably examine performance information use in different settings, testing a variety of variables using both quantitative and qualitative techniques.译文:绩效管理最大的问题:管理者为什么使用绩效信息,Moynihan,Pandey绩效信息的使用模型:以往的研究这里有大量的使用绩效信息经验的公共管理部门，而且大部分此类研究是最近才出现的。

General Terms

The University of Amsterdam at WebCLEF2006Krisztian Balog Maarten de RijkeISLA,University of Amsterdamkbalog,mdr@science.uva.nlAbstractOur aim for our participation in WebCLEF2006was to investigate the robustness ofinformation retrieval techniques to crosslingual retrieval,such as compact documentrepresentations,and query reformulation techniques.Our focus was on the mixedmonolingual task.Apart from the proper preprocessing and transformation of variousencodings,we did not apply any language-speciﬁc techniques.Instead,the targetdomain metaﬁeld was used in some of our runs.A standard combSUM combinationusing Min-Max normalization was used to combine runs,based on a separate contentand title indexes of documents.We found that the combination is eﬀective only forthe human generated topics.Query reformulation techniques can be used to improveretrieval performance,as witnessed by our best scoring conﬁguration,however thesetechniques are not yet beneﬁcial to all diﬀerent kinds of topics.Categories and Subject DescriptorsH.3[Information Storage and Retrieval]:H.3.1Content Analysis and Indexing;H.3.3Infor-mation Search and Retrieval;H.3.4Systems and Software;H.3.7Digital Libraries;H.2.3[Database Managment]:Languages—Query LanguagesGeneral TermsMeasurement,Performance,ExperimentationKeywordsWeb retrieval,Multilingual retrieval1IntroductionThe world wide web is a natural setting for cross-lingual information retrieval,since the web content is essentially multilingual.On the other hand,web data is much noisier than traditional collections, eg.newswire or newspaper data,which originated from a single source.Also,the linguistic variety in the collection makes it harder to apply language-dependent processing methods,eg.stemming algorithms.Moreover,the size of the web only allows for methods that scale well.We investigate a range of approaches to crosslingual web retrieval using the test suite of the CLEF2006WebCLEF track,featuring a stream of known-item topics in various languages.The topics are a mixture of human generated(manually)and automatically generated topics.Our focus is on the mixed monolingual task.Our aim for our participation in WebCLEF2006was to investigate the robustness of information retrieval techniques,such as compact document repre-sentations(titles or incoming anchor-texts),and query reformulation techniques.The remainder of the paper is organized as follows.In Section2we describe our retrieval system as well as the speciﬁc approaches we applied.In Section3we describe the runs that we submitted,while the results of those runs are detailed in Section4.We conclude in Section5.2System DescriptionOur retrieval system is based on the Lucene engine[4].For our ranking,we used the default similarity measure of Lucene,i.e.,for a collection D, document d and query q containing terms t i:sim(q,d)=t∈q tf t,q·idf tnorm q·tf t,d·idf tnorm d·coord q,d·weight t,wheretf t,X=freq(t,X),idf t=1+log|D| freq(t,D),norm d= |d|,coord q,d=|q∩d||q|,andnorm q=t∈qtf t,q·idf t2.We did not apply any stemming nor did we use a stopword list.We applied case-folding and normalized marked characters to their unmarked counterparts,i.e.,mapping´a to a,¨o to o,æto ae,ˆıto i,etc.The only language speciﬁc processing we did was a transformation of the multiple Russian and Greek encodings into an ASCII transliteration.We extracted the full text from the documents,together with the title and anchorﬁelds,and created three separate indexes:•Content:Index of the full document text.•Title:Index of all<title>ﬁelds.•Anchors:Index of all incoming anchor-texts.We performed three base runs using the separate indexes.We evaluated the base runs using the WebCLEF2005topics,and decided to use only the content and title indexes.2.1Run combinationsWe experimented with the combination of content and title runs,using standard combination methods as introduced by Fox and Shaw[1]:combMAX(take the maximal similarity score of the individual runs);combMIN(take the minimal similarity score of the individual runs);combSUM(take the sum of the similarity scores of the individual runs);combANZ(take the sum of the similarity scores of the individual runs,and divide by the number of non-zero entries);combMNZ(take the sum of the similarity scores of the individual runs,and multiply by the number of non-zero entries); and combMED(take the median similarity score of the individual runs).Fox and Shaw[1]found combSUM to be the best performing combination method.Kamps and de Rijke[2]conducted extensive experiments with the Fox and Shaw combination rules for nine european languages,and demonstrated that combination can lead into signiﬁcant improvements.Moreover,they proved that the eﬀectiveness of combining retrieval strategies diﬀers between En-glish and other European languages.In Kamps and de Rijke[2],combSUM emerges as the best combination rule,conﬁrming Fox and Shaw’sﬁndings.Similarity score distributions may diﬀer radically across runs.We apply the combination methods to normalized similarity scores.That is,we follow Lee[3]and normalize retrieval scores into a[0,1]range,using the minimal and maximal similarity scores(min-max normalization):s =s−minmax−min,(1)where s denotes the original retrieval score,and min(max)is the minimal(maximal)score over all topics in the run.For the WebCLEF2005topics the best performance was achieved using the combSUM combi-nation rule,which is in conjunction with theﬁndings in[1,2],therefore we used that method for our WebCLEF2006submissions.2.2Query reformulationIn addition to our run combination experiments,we conducted experiments to measure the eﬀect of phrase and query operations.We tested query-rewrite heuristics using phrases and word n-grams.Phrases In this straightforward mechanism we simply add the topic terms as a phrase to the topic.For example,for the topic WC0601907,with title“diana memorial fountain”,the query becomes:diana memorial fountain“diana memorial fountain”.Our intuition is that rewarding documents that contain the whole topic as a phrase,not only the individual terms,would be beneﬁcial to retrieval performance.N-grams In our approach every word n-gram from the query is added to the query as a phrase with weight n.This means that longer phrases get bigger ing the previous topic as an example,the query becomes:diana memorial fountain“diana memorial”2“memorial fountain”2“diana memorial fountain”3,where the number in the upper index denotes the weight attached to the phrase(the weight of the individual terms is1).3RunsWe submittedﬁve runs to the mixed monolingual task:Baseline Base run using the content only index.Comb Combination of the content and title runs,using the CombSUM method.CombMeta The Comb run,using the target domain metaﬁeld.We restrict our search to the corresponding domain.CombPhrase The CombMeta run,using the Phrase query reformulation technique. CombNboost The CombMeta run,using the N-grams query reformulation technique.4ResultsTable1lists our results in terms of mean reciprocal rank.Runs are listed along the left-hand side,while the labels indicate either all topics(all)or various subsets:automatically generated (auto)—further subdivided into automatically generated using the unigram generator(auto-u) and automatically generated using the bigram generator(auto-b)—and manual(manual),which is further subdivided into new manual topics and old manual topics.Signiﬁcance testing was done using the two-tailed Wilcoxon Matched-pair Signed-Ranks Test, where we look for improvements at a signiﬁcance level of0.05(1),0.001(2),and0.0001(3). Signﬁcant diﬀerences noted in Table1are with respect to the Baseline run.Table1:Submission results(Mean Reciprocal Rank)runID all auto auto-u auto-b manual man-n man-oBaseline0.16940.12530.13970.11100.39340.47870.3391Comb0.168510.120830.139430.10210.41120.49520.3578CombMeta0.194730.150530.167030.134130.418830.510810.36031 CombPhrase0.200130.157030.163930.150030.41900.51380.3587CombNboost0.195430.158630.159530.157630.38260.48910.3148Combination of the content and title runs(Comb)increased performance only for the manual topics.The use of the title tag does not help when the topics are automatically generated. Instead of employing a language detection method,we simply used the target domain metaﬁeld. The CombMeta run improved the retrieval performance signiﬁcantly for all subsets of topics.Our query reformulation techniques show mixed,but promising results.The best overall score was achieved when the topic,as a phrase,was added to the query(CombPhrase).The comparison of CombPhrase vs CombMeta reveals that they achieved similar scores for all subsets of topics,except for the automatic topics using the bigram generator,where the query reformulation technique was clearly beneﬁcial.The n-gram query reformulation technique(CombNboost)further improved the results of the auto-b topics,but hurt accuracy on all other subsets,especially on the manual topics. The CombPhrase run demonstrates that even a very simple query reformulation technique can be used to improve retrieval scores.However,we need to further investigate how to automatically detect whether it is beneﬁcial to use such techniques(and if yes,which technique to apply)for a given a topic.Comparing the various subsets of topics,we see that the automatic topics have proven to be more diﬃcult than the manual ones.Also,the new manual topics seem to be more appropriate for known-item search than the old manual topics.There is a clear ranking among the various subsets of topics,and this ranking is independent from the applied methods:man−n man−o auto−u auto−b.5ConclusionsOur aim for our participation in WebCLEF2006was to investigate the robustness of information retrieval techniques to crosslingual web retrieval.The only language-speciﬁc processing we applied was the transformation of various encodings into an ASCII transliteration.We did not apply any stemming nor did we use a stopword list.We indexed the collection by extracting the full text and the titleﬁelds from the documents.A standard combSUM combination using Min-Max normalization was used to combine the runs based on the content and title indexes.We found that the combination is eﬀective only for the human generated topics,using the titleﬁeld did not improve performance when the topics are automatically generated.Signiﬁcant improvements (+15%MRR)were achieved by using the target domain metaﬁeld.We also investigated the eﬀect of query reformulation techniques.We found,that even very simple methods can improve retrieval performance,however these techniques are not yet beneﬁcial to retrieval for all subsets of topics.Although it may be too early to talk about a solved problem,eﬀective and robust web retrieval techniques seem to carry over to the mixed monolingual setting.6AcknowledgmentsKrisztian Balog was supported by the Netherlands Organisation for Scientiﬁc Research(NWO)un-der project numbers220-80-001,600.-065.-120and612.000.106.Maarten de Rijke was supported by NWO under project numbers017.001.190,220-80-001,264-70-050,354-20-005,600.-065.-120, 612-13-001,612.000.106,612.066.302,612.069.006,640.001.501,and640.002.501. References[1]E.Fox and bination of multiple searches.In The Second Text REtrieval Con-ference(TREC-2),pages243–252.National Institute for Standards and Technology.NIST Special Publication500-215,1994.[2]J.Kamps and M.de Rijke.The eﬀectiveness of combining information retrieval strategiesfor European languages.In Proceedings of the2004ACM Symposium on Applied Computing, pages1073–1077,2004.[3]bining multiple evidence from diﬀerent properties of weighting schemes.InSIGIR’95:Proceedings of the18th annual international ACM SIGIR conference on Research and development in information retrieval,pages180–188,New York,NY,USA,1995.ACM Press.ISBN0-89791-714-6.doi:/10.1145/215206.215358.[4]Lucene.The Lucene search engine,2005./.。

实用英语商务英语公务词汇(P-Z)

公务词汇(P-Z)paid leave 有薪假期paid maternity leave 有薪分娩假paid outside work 有薪外间工作paid vacation leave 有薪例假paid-up gratuity 缴足的抚恤金panel of advisers 顾问委员会；顾问小组panel of participating lending institutions 参与计划的贷款机构名单paper promotion board 按评核报告定夺的晋升选拔委员会Pareto analysis 柏列特图分析partitions of quarters and built-in facilities record 宿舍间隔及固定设施记录part-time course 部分时间制课程；兼读课程part-time day-release course 日间部分时间给假培训课程part-time job 兼职part-time release course 部分时间给假培训课程passage 旅费；旅程passage account 旅费账户passage account holder 旅费账户持有人passage allowance 旅费津贴Passage Application 旅费申请表passage balance 旅费结存passage benefit 旅费福利passage cycle 旅费周期passage entitlement 可享有的旅费passage granted on grounds of hardship 因特别困苦情况而批准的旅程passage of probation bar 通过试用关限passage requisition 旅费拨款通知单paternity leave 陪产假pattern of utilization 使用模式pay adjustment 薪酬调整pay band 薪酬级别pay comparison survey 薪酬比较调查pay conversion 薪金换算pay day 发薪日；发薪日期pay determination 薪酬厘订pay for the job 按工论酬pay improvement package 改善薪酬方案pay in lieu of leave 薪金代替假期pay increase 加薪pay index 薪金指数pay level 薪酬水平Pay Level Survey Advisory Committee 薪酬水平调查咨询委员会Pay Level Survey Steering Group 薪酬水平调查督导小组pay method 支薪方法pay parity 薪酬对等pay policy 薪俸政策pay progression 薪酬递增pay range 薪幅pay relativity 薪酬对比关系Pay Research Advisory Committee 薪酬研究咨询委员会pay review mechanism 薪酬调整机制pay scale 薪级；薪级表pay scale for ranks with staff holding personal salaries 有人员支取个人薪金的职级及薪金表Pay Survey and Research Unit [Standing Commission on Civil Service Salaries and Conditions of Service] 薪酬研究调查组﹝公务员薪俸及服务条件常务委员会﹞pay trend 薪酬趋势Pay Trend Indicator 薪酬趋势指标pay trend survey 薪酬趋势调查Pay Trend Survey Committee 薪酬趋势调查委员会payment criteria 发放款项准则payment in lieu of notice 代通知金payroll cost 薪酬开支payroll cost of increment 应付增薪额Payroll Input Form 薪酬数据表格payroll system 薪俸记录系统PDSM [Hong Kong Police Medal for Distinguished Service] 香港警察卓越奖章peer 同职级人员pension 退休金；抚恤金pension arrangement 退休金安排；抚恤金安排pension benefit 退休金福利；抚恤金福利pension commutation factor 退休金折算因子pension credit for war service 因战时服役而获发额外退休金pension factor 退休金因子；退休金因子pension fund 退休金基金pension gratuity 退休酬金；退休金pension increase 调增退休金；调增抚恤金pension legislation 退休金法例pension paper 退休文件Pension Payment Number [PPN] 退休金支付编号pension reserve fund 退休金储备基金pension safeguard 退休金的保障pension scheme 退休金计划；抚恤金计划pensionability 可领取退休金资格pensionable 可享退休金；可享抚恤金pensionable age 合资格领取抚恤金的年龄pensionable age limit 可领取抚恤金年龄限制pensionable child 可领取抚恤金的子女pensionable emolument 可供计算退休金的薪酬pensionable establishment 可享退休金人员编制pensionable office 可享退休金职位pensionable officer 可享退休金公务员pensionable pay 可供计算退休金的薪酬pensionable salary 可供计算退休金的薪金pensionable service 可供计算退休金的服务期pensionable terms 可享退休金条款pensioner 领取退休金人员；领取抚恤金者；退休公务员Pensioners and Elderly Employment Register 退休公务员及年长求职者登记册pensioner's card 退休公务员证Pensioner's Record Card 领取退休金／抚恤金者记录表Pensioners' Welfare Fund 退休公务员福利基金Pensions Appeal Board 退休金上诉委员会Pensions Tribunal 退休金审裁处people-oriented organization 以人为本的组织per diem allowance 按日津贴performance 工作表现；服务表现performance appraisal 工作表现评核performance appraisal report 工作表现评核报告performance appraisal system 工作表现评核制度performance appraisal technique 工作表现评核方法performance assessment 工作表现评核；成绩评核performance bond 履约保证金；履约信用状performance evaluation 服务表现评估performance incentive scheme 服务表现奖励计划performance indicator 成绩衡量指标；业绩指标performance management 工作表现管理；表现管理performance management cycle 表现管理周期Performance Management Guide 《工作表现管理指南》performance management interview 工作表现评核会见performance management system 工作表现管理制度performance management tool 表现管理工具performance measure 衡量工作表现的方法；衡量服务表现的方法Performance Measurement Programme 服务表现衡量计划performance measurement system 工作表现衡量制度；服务表现衡量制度performance pay 薪酬与表现挂钩；薪效挂钩performance pledge 服务承诺Performance Pledge Programme 服务承诺计划performance review 服务表现检讨Performance Review System 服务表现监察系统performance target 工作表现指标performance-based and service-oriented management culture 以成效为本、服务精神为根的管理文化performance-based award system 以表现为基础的奖励机制performance-based culture 以表现为本的服务精神performance-based pay system 薪效挂钩制度；与表现挂钩的薪酬制度performance-based reward system 工作表现奖励制度period of absence 缺勤期间period of dependency 受养期period of notice of termination of service 终止服务通知期periodic review 定期检讨permanent deployment 永久调配permanent directorate establishment 首长级常额编制permanent establishment 常额编制permanent incapacity 永久丧失工作能力permanent leave record 永久假期记录表permanent partial incapacity 永久丧失部分工作能力permanent post 常额职位permanent post in established office 常额设定职位permanent post in non-established office 常额非设定职位permanent post to be held against 须予暂时填补的常额职位permanent redeployment 长期调配职位permanent representative 常驻代表permanent resident 永久性居民permanent staff 常额人员permanent staffing level 常额人员编制permanent staffing requirement 对常额人员的需求permanent terms 常额条款；长期聘用条款personal allowance 个人津贴personal effectiveness 个人效能personal emolument 个人薪酬；个人薪俸personal extension of salary scale 个人延长薪级personal file 个人档案；人事档案personal grounds 私人理由；个人理由personal particulars 个人资料personal pay scale 个人薪级；个人薪级表personal salary 个人薪金Personal Secretary 私人秘书Personal Secretary (CAC) 私人秘书（廉政公署）personnel registry 人事组；人事室Personnel Security Instructions 《人事保安指示》personnel vetting procedure 人事审核程序Pest Control Assistant 防治虫鼠助理员Pest Control Officer 防治虫鼠主任Pharmacist 药剂师pharmacy class 药剂职类phased withdrawal programme 分批抽调计划phasing-out programme 分批调返政府部门计划Photogrammetric Operator 摄影测量操作员Photographer 摄影员Photoprinter 影印员physical fitness test 体能测验Physicist 物理学家Physiotherapist 物理治疗师piece rate 按件计酬piece-rated worker 件薪工人；件工Pilot 机师pilot exercise 试验计划；试办计划pilot scheme 试验计划；试办计划Pilot Scheme of Team-based Performance Rewards 团队为本表现奖赏试验计划pitch at . . . level 定在……的水平；定在……的级别place of duty 公干地点place of work 工作岗位plain clothes allowance 便衣津贴planned disposal 定期销毁Planning and Lands Bureau [PLB] 规划地政局Planning Department [Plan D] 规划署Planning Officer 规划师plant management group 厂房管理类PMSM [Hong Kong Police Medal for Meritorious Service] 香港警察荣誉奖章PMSU [Procurement Management System Upgrade] 改良采购管理系统计划point system 积分制度；计分方式point-to-point economy class passage 直航经济客位机票费用point-to-point full economy class passage 直航经济客位全费机票费用Police Communications Officer 警察通讯员Police Force Council 警察评议会Police Inspector/Superintendent 警务督察／警司Police Pay Scale [PPS] 警务人员薪级；警务人员薪级表Police Research Officer 警务处研究主任Police Superintendents' Association 警司协会Police Telecommunications Inspector 警察电讯督察Police Translator 警察翻译主任policy area 政策范围policy bureau 决策局policy guidelines 政策准则policy input 政策上的意见；政策方面的意见policy issue 政策事项policy management reform 政策管理改革policy objective 政策目标；施政方针policy paper 政策文件policy portfolio 政策职责policy proposal 政策建议policy record 政策档案policy responsibility 制订政策的责任policy secretary 决策局局长；决策局局长级人员policy setting 决策环境policy support 在政策上予以支持politically neutral 政治中立pool quota 共有配额pool transport 公用集调车pooling of resources 集中资源poor contract performance 履行合约的表现差劣poor tendering performance 投标的表现差劣portability of accrued retirement benefits 容许累积的退休福利转移portable scanner [bar code] 流动条形码扫描仪position paper 立场书position report 情况报告post abandoning 旷职post allowance 职位津贴Post Office [PO] [also known as Hongkong Post] 邮政署〔又称香港邮政〕Post Office Postal Officers Union 邮政署邮务员职工会postal class 邮务职类Postal Controllers Association 邮务监督协会Postal Officer 邮务员posthumous child 遗腹子女posting 派任；职位调派；职位安排posting programme 职位调派计划Postman 邮差Postmaster General [PMG] 邮政署署长post-meeting note 会后补注；会后按语；会后记录post-qualification experience 取得资格后的工作经验post-qualification increment 取得资格后增薪post-retirement employment application 退休后任职申请post-tied 职位需要；职位工作需要post-tied departmental quarters 为职位工作需要而设的部门宿舍potential complaint 可能成为正式投诉的个案potential conflict 潜在的抵触potential pension benefit 可得退休金福利；可得抚恤金福利PPN [Pension Payment Number] 退休金支付编号PPS [Police Pay Scale] 警务人员薪级；警务人员薪级表Practical Guide to Records Scheduling and Disposal, A 《档案存废实用指南》practical training aid 实务训练的教具practice 实务；一贯做法；措施precedence table 排名表pre-engagement course 受雇前训练课程pre-interview briefing 面试前的简介会preliminary application 预先申请表premature retirement 提早退休pre-meeting 预会pre-paid coupon 预先缴费代用券pre-paid toll ticket 预先缴费通行券preparatory committee 筹备委员会preparatory supervisory course 督导预修课程prequalification experience 取得资格前的工作经验prequalified tender 预审的标书pre-resignation leave 辞职前假期；辞职前休假pre-retirement leave 退休前假期；退休前休假pre-retirement seminar 退休前讲座prescribed form 特定表格presentation skill 表达技巧Presiding Officer 审裁官press briefing 新闻简报会presumption paper 假定同意文件prevailing market rate 当前市场薪酬水平；当前薪酬市值Primary School Master/Mistress 小学教师primary subject term [file] 基本标题〔案卷〕principal official 主要官员principal official post 主要官员职位principal wife 正妻principle of fair comparison 公平比较原则printing class 印务职类Printing Department [PD] 政府印务局Printing Department Tender Board 政府印务局投标委员会Printing Officer 印务主任Printing Technician 印刷技术员prior approval 事先批准priority 优先次序；优先权；缓急先后priority list 先后次序名册privacy of the individual 个人私隐private capacity 私人身分；私人名义private concern 私人事务private quotation 非公开招标报价private rented accommodation 自行租住私人楼宇private tenancy allowance [PTA] 自行租屋津贴private tender 非公开招标private visit 私人旅程privately arranged full-time course of study 私人安排的全日制课程；私人安排的全时间课程privately-owned accommodation 自置居所privatization 私营化；转为私营privatization exercise 私营化计划privatization study 私营化计划研究pro rata gratuity 按比例领取酬金pro tempore appointment 临时委任probation 试用；见习probation bar 试用关限probationary officer 试用人员probationary period 试用期probationary terms 试用条款probationership 见习训练procedural guidelines 程序指引Procedural Manual on Discipline 《纪律处分程序指南》Procedure for Processing Claims for Employees' Compensation 《处理索取雇员补偿要求的程序》Procedures for Invaliding 《令丧失工作能力人员退休的程序》process improvement 程序改进process map 程序图procurement 采购procurement management system [Government Supplies Department] 采购管理系统〔政府物料供应处〕Procurement Management System Upgrade [PMSU] 改良采购管理系统计划productivity improvement 提高生产力；提高工作效率professional and related grades [qualification group] 专业及相连职系〔资历组别〕professional input 专业意见professional officer 专业人员professional qualification 专业资格professional support grade 专业助理职系proficiency test 熟练程度测试programme aim 纲领宗旨programme area 工作范畴programme management 计划管理；纲领管理programme management system 纲领管理制度Programme Officer 节目主任programme plan 纲领计划；计划大纲programme record [also known as operational or functional record] 业务档案〔又称运作或职能档案〕programme structure 纲领结构progress report 进度报告progressive contribution rate 累进供款率project control 项目监控project management 项目管理；工程管理project management guide 计划管理指南project monitoring and cost system 项目监察与成本计算制度project planning 项目规划project presentation 项目发布会projected workload 预计工作量Projectionist 影片放映员prolonged acting appointment 长期署任职位promotee 晋升人员promotion 晋升；升职；升级promotion bar 晋升关限promotion blockage 阻碍晋升promotion board 晋升选拔委员会promotion exercise 晋升选拔；晋升选拔工作promotion grade 晋升职系promotion in absentia 缺席提升；缺席擢升promotion interview 晋升面试promotion on a personal basis 按个人条件提升promotion policy 晋升政策promotion post 晋升职位promotion prospect 晋升机会；升职机会promotion rank 晋升职级promotion ratio 晋升比率promotion step 晋升点Proof Reader 校对Property Attendant 产业看管员proportionate homeward passage 按比例享用回国旅费；按比例享用回程旅费Proposed Fringe Benefits Package for Recruits 《建议新入职公务员可享用的附带福利》prospect for advancement 晋升机会；升级机会Protocol Officer 礼宾主任provision 预备金；拨款；条文provisional quota of awards 暂定奖励配额PSC [Public Service Commission] 公务员用委员会P.S.C. office 须向公务员用委员会征询意见的职位PTA [private tenancy allowance] 自行租屋津贴public administration 公共行政public appointment 公职人员的委任public auction 公开拍卖public body 公共机构public employment 公务人员的聘任Public Enquiry Service Centre [District Office] 咨询服务中心〔民政事务处〕public expediency 对公众有利public forms on Internet 网上政府表格public housing benefit 公共房屋福利public interest 公众利益public money 公帑public notice 公共启事public office 公职public officer 公职人员public organization 公营机构Public Records Office 历史档案馆Public Seal 政府印鉴public sector 公营部门；公营机构public sector reform 公营部门改革Public Sector Reform Policy Group 公营部门改革政策小组Public Sector Reform Programme 公营部门改革计划Public Sector Reform Steering Committee 公营部门改革督导委员会public servant 公务人员；公仆public service 公务人员；公务人员体系；公共服务；公职Public Service (Administration) Order 《公务人员（管理）命令》Public Service Commission [PSC] 公务员用委员会Public Service (Disciplinary) Regulation 《公务人员（纪律）规例》Public Services Employees General Union 公务人员总工会Public Services International Co-ordinating Committee, Hong Kong 国际公务员协会香港联络委员会public tender 公开招标Public Works Tender Board 工务投标委员会public-funded organization 公帑资助机构quadruplicate 第三副本qualification and experience 资历qualification bar 资历关限qualification benchmark 资历基准qualification for appointment 聘用资格qualification group 资历组别qualified candidate 合资格人员qualifying examination 资格检定考试qualifying period for acting allowance 符合资格支取津贴的署任期qualifying service 符合领取退休金资格的服务期quality civil service 优秀的公务员队伍quality improvement team 工作质素促进小组quality management 优质管理quality measure 质素的准则quality of service 服务质素quality service 优质服务Quality Service Enhancement Award [Civil Service Customer Service Award Scheme] 提升优质服务奖〔公务员顾客服务奖励计划〕quantifiable benefit 可计算的福利；可评值的福利quantification method 评值方法；工作条件及附带福利计算法quantity measure 数量的准则Quantity Surveyor 工料测量师Quarry Manager 石矿场厂长quartering point 可享宿舍分数Quarters Allocation Committee 宿舍编配委员会Quarters Allocation Committee Circular 宿舍编配委员会通告quarters supervisor 宿舍监督quasi-government organization 半官方组织；半政府机构quid pro quo 报偿；交换条件quorum 法定人数；会议法定人数quota allocation 名额分配quota control 配额管制Radar Specialist Mechanic 雷达机械师Radio Mechanic 无线电机匠Radio Television Hong Kong [RTHK] 香港电台Radio Television Hong Kong Programme Staff Union 香港电台节目制作人员工会Radiographer 放射技师Radiographic Technician 放射技术员RAE [resource allocation exercise] 资源分配工作railway traffic class 铁路交通职类rank 职级rank and file 员佐级人员rank and file grade 员佐级职系rank insignia 官阶徽章rank structure 职级结构ranking 职级审订ranking criteria 职级审订标准ranking factor 职级审订因素ranks not on Hong Kong rates of pay 不按香港薪酬支薪的职级RAS [Rent Allowance Scheme] 租金津贴计划〔租津计划〕rate for the job 按工论酬rate of allowance 津贴额rate of contribution 供款率；供款额rated activity sampling 评比作业抽样Rates of Allowances 《与工作相关津贴的津贴额》Rating and Valuation Department [RVD] 差饷物业估价署ratio promotion 按比例升级rationalize 精简；合理厘定；合理调整raw case 未经审查的个案real income 实际收入re-appointed officer 获重行聘用的公务员re-appointment 重行受聘；重行聘用；再度委任receipt and issue counter 收发柜台receiving officer 收货人员reception office 收货处recirculate 再行传阅reckonable service 可计算的服务期reclassification 重行编组recommending officer 推荐人员；签注人员Record Centre [Government Records Service Division] 档案中心〔政府档案处〕record equipment 档案设备record life cycle 档案存废过程record of appraisal interview 评核会见记录Record of Lost or Deficient Stores Written-off [GF 190] 遗失或盘亏物料注销记录〔通用表格第190号〕Record of Service [GF 115] 服务记录〔通用表格第115号〕recorded delivery 记录派递records classification and indexing system 档案分类和索引系统records disposal 档案存废Records Disposal Schedule 档案存废期限表records handling 档案处理records holding unit [RHU] 档案存放单位records management 档案管理Records Management Handbook 《档案管理手册》Records Management Office 档案管理组Records Management Publication Number X 档案管理丛书第Ｘ号Records Management Strategy [RMS] 档案管理策略Records Management Survey 档案管理调查records series 档案组别；档案类别records stock 档案存量records storage capacity 档案贮存空间records storage facilities and system 档案贮存设施和系统records survey 档案普查records system 档案系统Records Transfer and Delivery System [RTDS] 档案传递系统records transfer list 档案移交表recovery of unearned leave 讨回未赚取假期Recreation and Sport Officer 康乐体育主任recreational passage 游乐旅费recruitment exercise 招聘工作recruitment policy 招聘政策recruitment rank 招聘职级recurrent account departmental expenses 经常帐部门开支redeploy 重行调派；重行调配redesignate 复位职衔Redress of Grievances 《投诉有门》reduced allowance 经扣减的津贴reduced annual allowance 经扣减的年积金reduced passage allowance 经扣减的旅费津贴reduced pension 经扣减的退休金reduction in rank 降级reduction of pension 扣减退休金redundancy 超额redundancy package 遣散超额员工计划redundant staff 超额人员re-employed on agreement terms after retirement 退休后按合约条款重行受雇re-employed pensioner 重行受雇的退休公务员re-employment 重行受雇；重行受雇期；重雇期re-employment after retirement 退休后重行受雇re-employment after retirement without a break in service 退休后不中断服务而随即重行受雇；退休后不中断服务而重行受雇re-employment in a lower rank 重行受雇出任较低职级re-employment service 重行受雇期referee 咨询人reference 档号；推荐书reference period 参照期reference point [allowance] 参考薪点〔津贴〕referral letter 介绍书；介绍信referral office 转介机构referral system 转介制度Refinancing Scheme for Civil Servants 公务员再贷款计划refresher course 复修课程refund of allowance 退还津贴regional emblem 区徽regional flag 区旗regionalization 分区计划Register of Serially Numbered and Controlled Forms (100 Leaves) [GF 298] 连续编号及管制表格（100页）〔通用表格第298号〕Register of Serially Numbered and Controlled Forms (20 Leaves) [GF 298A] 连续编号及管制表格（20页）〔通用表格第298A号〕registered gratuity 登记抚恤金registered list of management consultants 注册管理顾问公司名单Registered Nurse 注册护士registered pension 登记抚恤金registered supplier 注册供货商Registrar, District Court 区域法院司法常务官Registrar, High Court 高等法院司法常务官Registrar of Companies [R of C] 公司注册处处长Registrar of Co-operative Societies 合作社注册官Registrar of Travel Agents 旅行代理商注册主任Registration and Electoral Office [REO] 选举事务处registration formalities 注册手续regrade a post 调整职位的职级regrading 重整职系；改编职系regression analysis 回归分析法regroup areas of responsibilities 重新编配职责范围regular curriculum 必修课程regular meeting 例会regular salary 固定薪金regular service 一般服务regular shift 定期轮值regular sitting 例会regularity audit 合规性审计regularize 正确厘定；合理调整regularly recurrent commitment 须定期履行的责任regulatory and monitoring arrangements 监管安排regulatory body 监管组织reimbursement 发还款项reinstate 复职；恢复原状relation between staff and management 管职关系release 获准暂时离开工作岗位；给假；解除责任relief 接替人员；替假人员relief fund 济急基金relinquishment 卸任reminder 催办便笺；催办信remittance advice 领款通知书remote station allowance 驻守偏远地区津贴；偏远警署当值津贴removal allowance 搬迁津贴removal expenses 搬迁开支removal from office 免职；解雇removal of sub-standard officers 令表现欠佳人员离职remuneration package 薪酬福利条件renewal of a contract 续订合约；续约renewal of an agreement 续订合约；续约rent allowance 租金津贴Rent Allowance Scheme [RAS] 租金津贴计划〔租津计划〕Rent Officer 租务主任reorganization 架构重整；改组；重新编制reorganization of staffing structure 改组员工职制Repair Voucher for Stores on Inventory Charge [GF 274] 非耗用物品修理单〔通用表格第274号〕repeat order 重行订购；重购订单replacement 替任人员；接替人员；补缺人员report directly to . . . 直接向……述职；直接向……汇报report form 呈报表Report No. 1, Hong Kong Standing Commission on Civil Service Salaries and Conditions of Service--First Report on Principles and Practices Governing Civil Service Pay 《香港公务员薪俸及服务条件常务委员会第一号报告书──公务员薪俸原则及程序第一次报告书》Report No. 10, Hong Kong Standing Commission on Civil Service Salaries and Conditions of Service--Overtime and Related Allowances 《香港公务员薪俸及服务条件常务委员会第十号报告书──逾时工作及有关连津贴》Report No. 15, Hong Kong Standing Commission on Civil Service Salaries and Conditions of Service--Job-Related Allowances 《香港公务员薪俸及服务条件常务委员会第十五号报告书──与工作有关连津贴》Report No. 16, Hong Kong Standing Commission on Civil Service Salaries and Conditions of Service--The First Report on the Pay Level Survey 《香港公务员薪俸及服务条件常务委员会第十六号报告书──薪酬水平调查第一号报告书》Report No. 18, Hong Kong Standing Commission on Civil Service Salaries and Conditions of Service--The Second and Final Report on the 1986 Pay Level Survey 《香港公务员薪俸及服务条件常务委员会第十八号报告书──一九八六年薪酬水平调查第二号报告书（最后报告书）》Report No. 19, Hong Kong Standing Commission on Civil Service Salaries and Conditions of Service--Leave and Passage Arrangements for Serving Officers in the Civil Service 《香港公务员薪俸及服务条件常务委员会第十九号报告书──在职公务员休假及旅费措施》Report No. 2, Hong Kong Standing Commission on Civil Service Salaries and Conditions of Service--First Report on Civil Service Pay 《香港公务员薪俸及服务条件常务委员会第二号报告书──公务员薪俸检讨第一次报告书》Report No. 21, Hong Kong Standing Commission on Civil Service Salaries and Conditions of Service--Consultative Machinery in the Civil Service 《香港公务员薪俸及服务条件常务委员会第二十一号报告书──公务员咨询架构》Report No. 23, Hong Kong Standing Commission on Civil Service Salaries and Conditions of Service--First Report on 1989 Salary Structure Review 《香港公务员薪俸及服务条件常务委员会第二十三号报告书──一九八九年公务员薪俸结构检讨第一次报告书》and Conditions of Service--Second Report on 1989 Salary Structure Review 《香港公务员薪俸及服务条件常务委员会第二十五号报告书──一九八九年公务员薪俸结构检讨第二次报告书》Report No. 26, Hong Kong Standing Commission on Civil Service Salaries and Conditions of Service--Third and Final Report on 1989 Salary Structure Review 《香港公务员薪俸及服务条件常务委员会第二十六号报告书──一九八九年公务员薪俸结构检讨第三次报告书（最后报告书）》Report No. 3, Hong Kong Standing Commission on Civil Service Salaries and Conditions of Service--Report on the Pay of Staff of the Independent Commission Against Corruption 《香港公务员薪俸及服务条件常务委员会第三号报告书──总督特派廉政专员公署人员薪俸报告书》Report No. 36, Hong Kong Standing Commission on Civil Service Salaries and Conditions of Service--Civil Service Starting Salaries Review 1999 《香港公务员薪俸及服务条件常务委员会第三十六号报告书──一九九九年公务员入职薪酬检讨》Report No. 4, Hong Kong Standing Commission on Civil Service Salaries and Conditions of Service--Consultative Machinery in the Civil Service 《香港公务员薪俸及服务条件常务委员会第四号报告书──公务员咨询机构检讨报告书》Report No. 5, Hong Kong Standing Commission on Civil Service Salaries and Conditions of Service--Second Report on Civil Service Pay 《香港公务员薪俸及服务条件常务委员会第五号报告书──公务员薪俸检讨第二次报告书》Report No. 7, Hong Kong Standing Commission on Civil Service Salaries and Conditions of Service--Interim Report on Civil Service Pay Policy: Proposed Arrangements for the 1982 General Pay Adjustment 《香港公务员薪俸及服务条件常务委员会第七号报告书──公务员薪俸政策临时报告书：一九八二年公务员薪酬全面调整的建议措施》Report No. 8, Hong Kong Standing Commission on Civil Service Salaries and Conditions of Service--Educational Qualification Benchmarks/Grades with Student Ranks/Long Service Increments 《香港公务员薪俸及服务条件常务委员会第八号报告书──学历基准／设有见习职级的职系／长期服务增薪点》Report No. 9, Hong Kong Standing Commission on Civil Service Salaries and Conditions of Service--Second Report on Civil Service Pay Policy 《香港公务员薪俸及服务条件常务委员会第九号报告书──公务员薪俸政策第二次报告书》Conditions of Service--Progress Report 19XX 《香港公务员薪俸及服务条件常务委员会第Ｘ号报告书──一九ＸＸ年工作进度报告》Report of Board of Survey on Stores [GF 236] 物料调查委员会报告〔通用表格第236号〕Report of the Working Group on the Use of Chinese in the Civil Service 《公务员使用中文事宜工作小组报告书》Report of the Working Group on the Valuation of Benefits 《福利评值小组报告书》report on the inspection of quarters furniture 宿舍家具检查报告Report on Valuation of Fringe Benefits 《附带福利评值报告书》reportee 受评人；接受评核人员reporting line 统属关系reporting officer 评核人员；评核人reporting period 评核期间reposting 重行调配representation 申述书；意见书；自辩书；请愿书representative job description 概括性职责说明reprimand 谴责reprographic service 复制服务requisite period of notice 指定通知期requisite seniority 所需年资requisition form 物料申领表requisitioning department 申领物料部门re-rank a post 重新审订职位的职级re-scheduling of priorities 重订缓急次序reserve 补缺人员resident service 可赚假服务期；在香港的服务期resident service for leave earning purpose 可赚假服务期resident site staff 留驻工地人员resident staff 现居宿舍的人员residential course 寄宿课程；留宿课程residual contract gratuity 其余的约满酬金resignation 辞职resource allocation exercise [RAE] 资源分配工作resource allocation system 资源分配制度resource bureau 资源局Resource Centre [Office of The Ombudsman] 资源中心〔申诉专员公署〕resource input 资源输入resource management 资源管理resource utilization 资源运用responsibility allowance 责任津贴rest day 休息日restricted 限阅文件；内部文件restricted (administration) 限阅文件（行政）restricted advantage 受限制利益restricted item 受限制物品restricted paper 限阅文件；内部传阅文件restricted (staff) 限阅文件（人事）restricted (tender) 限阅文件（投标）restricted tender 局限性招标restrictive demarcation of duties 职责分界；划清职务界限restructure 重组部门；重组架构；更改职制restructure a grade 重组职系；更改职系职制restructure a rank 重组职级；更改职级结构result-oriented management culture 以成效为本的管理文化resumption of duty 回任视事retain 留用；留任retention of fee 保留酬金retention of records 保留档案retention period 保留年期retire under abolition-of-office terms 按取消职位条件退休retired officer 退休公务员retiree 退休人员；退休者retirement age 退休年龄retirement allowance 退休津贴retirement benefit 退休福利retirement benefit scheme 退休利益计划retirement benefits system 退休福利制度retirement gift 退休礼物retirement gratuity 退休酬金retirement in the public interest 为公众利益想而退休retirement on invaliding 因丧失工作能力而遭令退休retirement on redundancy 因属超额人员而退休retirement passage allowance 退休旅费津贴retirement pension scheme 公务员退休金计划retirement protection system 退休保障制度retirement souvenir 退休纪念品Retirement Souvenir Scheme 公务员退休纪念品计划retiring officer 行将退休的公务员retraining 再培训retrieval of records 检索档案retrospective confirmation 追溯确实聘任return leave passage allowance 双程度假旅费津贴return passage 双程旅费returned contribution 退还供款reversion 调回原职reversion to substantive grade in the Civil Service 返回政府的实任职系review board 复核委员会Review Body on Bid Challenges 投标投诉审裁组织review committee 复核委员会Review Committee on Disciplined Services Pay and Conditions of Service [1988] 纪律部队薪酬及服务条件检讨委员会〔一九八八年〕review mechanism 复核机制Review Team of the Policy on Provision of Departmental Quarters to Disciplined Services Staff 纪律人员部门宿舍政策检讨小组reviewing officer 复核人员revised pay scale 修订薪级表。

外贸常见英文缩略词

外贸常见英文缩略词1 C&F(cost&freight)成本加运费价2 T/T(telegraphic transfer)电汇3 D/P(document against payment)付款交单4 D/A (document against acceptance)承兑交单5 C.O (certificate of origin)一般原产地证6 G.S.P.(generalized system of preferences)普惠制7 CTN/CTNS(carton/cartons)纸箱8 PCE/PCS(piece/pieces)只、个、支等9 DL/DLS(dollar/dollars)美元10 DOZ/DZ(dozen)一打11 PKG(package)一包，一捆，一扎，一件等12 WT(weight)重量13 G.W.(gross weight)毛重14 N.W.(net weight)净重15 C/D (customs declaration)报关单16 EA(each)每个，各17 W (with)具有18 w/o(without)没有19 FAC(facsimile)传真20 IMP(import)进口21 EXP（export）出口22 MAX (maximum)最大的、最大限度的23 MIN (minimum)最小的，最低限度24 M 或MED (medium)中等，中级的25 M/V（merchant vessel）商船26 S.S(steamship)船运27 MT或M/T(metric ton)公吨28 DOC (document)文件、单据29 INT（international）国际的30 P/L (packing list)装箱单、明细表31 INV (invoice)发票32 PCT (percent)百分比33 REF （reference）参考、查价34 EMS （express mail special）特快传递35 STL.(style)式样、款式、类型36 T或LTX或TX(telex)电传37 RMB（renminbi）人民币38 S/M （shipping marks）装船标记39 PR或PRC(price) 价格40 PUR (purchase)购买、购货41 S/C（sales contract）销售确认书42 L/C （letter of credit）信用证43 B/L （bill of lading）提单44 FOB （free on board）离岸价45 CIF（cost,insurance&freight）成本、保险加运费价海运业务常用缩略语A/W 全水路All WaterANER 亚洲北美东行运费协定Asia NorthAmericaEastboundRateB/L 海运提单Bill of LadingB/R 买价Buying RateBAF 燃油附加费BunkerAdjustmentFactorC&F 成本加海运费COST ANDFREIGHTC.C 运费到付CollectC.S.C 货柜服务费ContainerService ChargeC.Y. 货柜场Container YardC/(CNEE) 收货人ConsigneeC/O 产地证Certificate ofOriginCAF 货币汇率附加费CurrencyAdjustment FactorCFS 散货仓库Container FreightStationCFS/CFS 散装交货（起点/终点）CHB 报关行Customs HouseBrokerCIF 成本，保险加海运费COST，INSURANCE，FRIGHTCIP 运费、保险费付至目的地Carriage and Insurance Paid ToCOMM 商品CommodityCPT 运费付至目的地CarriagePaid ToCTNR 柜子ContainerCY/CY 整柜交货（起点/终点）D/A 承兑交单DocumentAgainst AcceptanceD/O 到港通知Delivery OrderD/P 付款交单Document AgainstPaymentDAF 边境交货Delivered AtFrontierDDC 目的港码头费DestinationDelivery ChargeDDP 完税后交货Delivered DutyPaidDDU 未完税交货Delivered DutyUnpaidDEQ 目的港码头交货DeliveredEx QuayDES 目的港船上交货DeliveredEx ShipDoc# 文件号码DocumentNumberEPS 设备位置附加费EquipmentPosition SurchargesEx 工厂交货Work/ExFactoryF/F 货运代理FreightForwarderFAF 燃料附加费FuelAdjustmentFactorFAK 各种货品Freight All KindFAS 装运港船边交货FreeAlongside ShipFCA 货交承运人Free CarrierFCL 整柜Full Container LoadFeeder Vessel/Lighter 驳船航次FEU 40‘柜型Forty-FootEquivalent Unit 40’FMC 联邦海事委员会FederalMaritime CommissionFOB 船上交货Free On BoardGRI 全面涨价GeneralRateIncreaseH/C 代理费Handling ChargeHBL 子提单House B/LI/S 内销售Inside SalesIA 各别调价IndependentActionL/C 信用证Letter of CreditLand Bridge 陆桥LCL 拼柜Less Than ContainerLoadM/T 尺码吨（即货物收费以尺码计费）Measurement TonMB/L 主提单Master Bill Of LoadingMLB 小陆桥，自一港到另一港口Minni Land BridgeMother Vessel 主线船MTD 多式联运单据Multimodal Transport DocumentN/F 通知人NotifyNVOCC 无船承运人Non Vessel OperatingCommon CarrierO/F 海运费Ocean Freight OBL 海运提单Ocean (or original )B/LOCP 货主自行安排运到内陆点Overland Continental PointOP 操作OperationORC 本地收货费用（广东省收取）Origin Recevie ChargesP.P 预付PrepaidPCS 港口拥挤附加费Port Congestion SurchargePOD 目地港Port Of Destination POL 装运港Port Of Loading PSS 旺季附加费Peak Season SuchargesS/(Shpr) 发货人ShipperS/C 售货合同Sales ContractS/O 装货指示书Shipping Order S/R 卖价Selling RateS/S Spread SheetSC 服务合同Service Contract SSL 船公司Steam Ship Line T.O.C 码头操作费Terminal Operations OptionT.R.C 码头收柜费Terminal Receiving ChargeT/S 转船，转运Trans-ShipT/T 航程Transit TimeTEU 20‘柜型Twenty-Foot Equivalent Unit 20’THC 码头操作费（香港收取) Terminal Handling Charges TTL 总共TotalTVC/ TVR 定期定量合同Time Volume Contract/ Rate VOCC 船公司Vessel Operating Common CarrierW/M 即以重量吨或者尺码吨中从高收费Weight or Measurement ton W/T 重量吨（即货物收费以重量计费) Weight TonYAS 码头附加费YardSurcharges外贸常用英语第一期:General Terms1. establishing business relation-建立业务关系2. inquiry-询盘3. offer-报盘4. counter offer-还盘5. quantity-数量6. packing-包装7. time of shipment-装运期8. price-价格9. discount-折扣10. terms of payment-支付条款11. insurance-保险12. commodity inspection-商品检验13. acceptance-接受14. signing a contract-签订合同15. claim-索赔16. agency-代理17. commission-佣金18. exclusive sales-包销19. joint venture-合资企业20. compensation(compensatory )trade-补偿贸易21. processing and assemblingtrade-加工装配贸易22. the terms of internationaltrade-国际贸易术语第二期:Establishing businessrelation 建立业务关系1. recommendation 推荐、介绍2. inform 通知3. enter into business relations建立业务关系4. catalogue 目录5. for your reference 供您参考6. specific inquiry 具体询价7. promptly 立即8. representative 代表9. chamber of commerce 商会10. specialize in 专营11. on the bases of equality andmutual benefit 在平等互利的基础上12. pamphlet 小册子13. a range of 一套14. make offers 报价15. import and exportcorporation 进出口公司16. silk 丝绸17. cotton piece goods 棉布18. blouse 女衬衫19. be of the latest style 最新式样20. financial position 财务状况21. trade reputation 贸易声誉22. on display 展出23. woolen knitwear 毛织品24. garment 服装25. meet with great favor 受欢迎26. credit standing 信用地位27. state-operated 国营的28. currency, Chinese currency,British currency 货币，中国货币，英国货币29. investment 投资30. a long-term investment 长期投资31. a profitable investment 有利可得的投资32. a safe and sure investment安全可靠的投资33. a heavy investment 巨额投资34. investment intent 投资意向35. investment partner 投资伙伴36. direct investment 直接投资37. investment environment 投资环境38. investor 投资者39. enterprise 企业40. joint venture enterprise 合资企业41. cooperative enterprise 合作企业42. exclusively foreign-ownedenterprise 外商独资企业43. state-owned enterprise 国营企业44. collectively-owned enterprise 集体企业45. individually owned enterprise 个体企业第三期: inquiry 询盘1. general inquiry 一般询盘2. specific inquiry 具体询盘3. dealer 商人4. quotation 报价5. sales department 销售部6. purchase 购买7. enquiry 询价8. quote 开价9. sample 样品10. a long-term contractt 长期合同11. discount 折扣12. grant 批准13. to make an inquiry for sth 对某物询价14. to keep the inquiry on file 把询价记录在卷15. to inquiry for sth 对某物询价16. to inquiry about sth 询问某事17. process 加工18. guarantee, guarantor 保证, 保证人19. delivery 交货20. port of delivery 交货港21. time of delivery 交货期22. prompt delivery 即期交货23. to effect delivery 办理交货24. to make delivery 办理交货25. to postpone delivery 推迟交货26. to deliver sth to sb 把某物交付给某人27. shipment 装船28. to make shipment 装船29. to receive shipment 接货30. partial shipment 分批装船31. prompt shipment 即期装运32. time of shipment 装运期33. offer 报盘报价34. a firm offer 实盘35. a counter offer 还盘36. to accept an offer 接受报盘37. to extend an offer 延长报盘38. to renew an offer 更新报盘39. to withdraw an offer 撤消报盘40. the validity of an offer 报盘有效期41. to make an offer 报价42. to offer firm 报实盘43. to offer subject to finalconfirmation 报盘以最后确认为准44. specialize in 专门经营第四期:Counter offer 还盘1. counter offer 还盘2. enjoy great popularity 享有盛誉3. ready seller; quick seller;quick-selling product 畅销品4. conclude business with sb. 与某人达成交易5. close business, close a deal ,close a transaction, close abargain 达成交易6. trade terms 贸易条件7. trade agreement 贸易协定8. trade fair 交易会9. trade mark 商标10. foreign trade对外贸易11 trade in sth 经营某物12. trade with sb.与某人交易13. favourable price 优惠价格14. favourable terms 优惠条件15. quotation 行情16. discount quotation 贴现行情17. exchange rate quotation外汇行情18. commission 佣金19. a commission of....%; ....%commission.百分之几佣金20. your ..% commission你的百分之几佣金21. The above price includes yourcommission of 2%.上述价格包括你方2%佣金.22. general practice 惯例23. accept an order 接受订单24. cancel an order 撤消订单25. confirm an order 确认订单26. execute an order 履行订单27. a back order 尚未执行的订单28. a fresh order 新订单29. a repeat order 续订订单第五期:Quantity 数量1. weight重量2. metric ton公吨3. long ton长吨4. short ton短吨5. kilogram, kilo, kg公斤6. pound, lb磅7. ounce, oz盎司8. number个数9. piece件10. pair双11 dozen打12. ream令13. set套14. length长度15. area面积16. volume体积17. cubic meter立方米18. capacity容积19. litre升20. gallon加仑21. bushel蒲式耳22. metric system公制23. british system英制24. U.S.System美制25. gross weight毛重26. net weight净重27. shipping weight装运重量28. landed weight卸货重量29. theoretical weight理论重量第六期: Packing 包装1. packaging 包装方法2. blister packing起泡包装3. neutral packing中性包装4. skin packing吸塑包装5. hanging packing挂式包装6. catch sb's eye引某人注目7. mark唛头8. unlabelled packing无牌的包装9. in bulk散装10. in loose packing散装11 nude packing裸装12. bulk pack整批包装13. consumer pack零售包装14. large packing大包装15. inner packing, external packing, end packing 小包装16. shrunk packaging, 压缩包装17. foam-spary packaging喷泡沫包装18. gift-wrap礼品包装19. bag, sack袋20. jute bag麻袋21. polythelene bag, plastic bag 塑料袋22. polythelene net尼龙绳网袋23. zippered bag拉链袋24. case, chest箱25. box 盒26. wooden case木箱27. carton纸箱28. container集装箱29. rate板条箱30. fibre board case纤维板箱第七期: Packing(二) 包装1. packet 小包2. bale包3. bundle捆4. tin , can罐头5. basket篮，篓，筐6. bamboo basket竹篓7. bottle瓶8. wooden keg小木桶9. hogshead大桶10. iron drum铁桶11 cylinder铁桶12. barrel琵琶桶13. drum圆桶14. waterproof paper防水纸15. cellophone玻璃纸16. kraftpaper牛皮纸17. canvas帆布18. fibreboard纤维板19. nylon strap尼龙腰子20. plastic strap塑料腰子21. adhesive tape胶带22. stuffing material填料23. nylon plastic尼龙丝24. fermented plastic泡沫塑料25. paper scrap纸屑26. saw dust木屑27. tar paper沥青纸28. wax paper蜡纸29. slushing compound润滑油30. tarpaulin油布、防水帆布第八期:Shipment 装运1. backlog积压而未交付的订货2. terms of shipment装运条件3. prepare goods备货4. load装货5. unload卸货6. board木板，板，船舷7. on board在船（或车、飞机）上8. steamer轮船9. space of a steamer舱位10. shipping department运输部门11 liner班轮，班机12. book up（票、车位、舱位等）订完13. tranship转运14. transhipment转载15. Force Majeure人力不可抗力16. European Main Ports --EMPs欧洲主要口岸17. vessel船；飞船；飞机18. the first available vessel第一艘可订到的船19. call at停泊20. duly 按期地，按时的第九期: Price 价格1. Price terms 价格条件2. bargain 讨价还价3. currency 货币4. on the low side 价格偏低5. market price 市场价6. current price 现行价7. floor price 底价8. make a bargain with sb 与某人成交9. drive a hard bargain over sth.为某事拼命讨价还价10. a bargain sale 廉价出售11. rock-bottom price 最低价12. F.O.B 船上交货13. C.I.F. 成本加保险费，运费价14. CFR 成本加运费价Business is closed at this price.交易就按此价敲定。

CloudResearch(云服务)_17

Seattle: A Platform for Educational Cloud Computing∗Justin Cappos Ivan Beschastnikh Arvind Krishnamurthy Tom Anderson Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of WashingtonSeattle, WA 98105, U.S.A.{justinc, ivan, arvind, tom}@ABSTRACTCloud computing is rapidly increasing in popularity. Com-panies such as RedHat, Microsoft, Amazon, Google, and IBM are increasingly funding cloud computing infrastruc-ture and research, making it important for students to gain the necessary skills to work with cloud-based resources. This paper presents a free, educational research platform called Seattle that is community-driven, a common denominator for diverse platform types, and is broadly deployed.Seattle is community-driven —universities donate avail-able compute resources on multi-user machines to the plat-form. These donations can come from systems with a wide variety of operating systems and architectures, removing the need for a dedicated infrastructure.Seattle is also surprisingly flexible and supports a variety of pedagogical uses because as a platform it represents a common denominator for cloud computing, grid computing, peer-to-peer networking, distributed systems, and network-ing. Seattle programs are portab le. Students’ code can run across di erent operating systems and architectures without change, while the Seattle programming language is expres-sive enough for experimentation at a fine-grained level. Our current deployment of Seattle consists of about one thou-sand computers that are distributed around the world. We invite the computer science education community to employ Seattle in their courses. Categories and Subject DescriptorsK.3.2 [Computer and Information Science Education]: Computer science education; C.2.4 [Computer-Communi-cation Networks]: Distributed Systems—client/server, dis-tributed applications; C.4 [Computer Systems Organi-zation]: Performance of Systems—design studies, measure-ment techniques∗This work was partially supported by NSF Grant CNS-0834243Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage an d that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. To cop y otherwise, to republish, to post on servers or to redistribu te to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee.SIGCSE’09, March 3–7, 2009, Chattanooga, Tennessee, USA.Copyright 2009 A CM 978-1-60558-183-5/09/03 ...$5.00.General TermsExperimentation, Measurement, Performance, SecurityKeywordsCloud computing, peer-to-peer computing, cluster comput-ing, distributed computing1.INTRODUCTIONCloud computing is rapidly increasing in popularity as many organizations outsource hardware and maintenance and instead focus on software [3, 4, 11, 12, 14, 8, 16]. How-ever, despite the attention, there is a lot of disparity in what cloud computing means. RedHat / Amazon’s EC2 [3] provides cloud computing asa collection of Linux machines with storage functionality [4]. Google’s platform for cloud computing hides locality and scalability issues from the pro-grammer who writes programs to a custom programming API [11]. Microsoft views it as a virtualization layer between the hardware and the OS and is releasing a developer toolkit for providing the user with ―software plus service.‖ [16]We provide an educational platform called Seattle that is a common denominator for a wide range of these definitions. Seattle’s simple to learn programming language, a subset of the Python language, is expressive enough to allow stu-dents to build algorithms for inter-machine interaction (like a global store or a DHT). As a result, Seattle is useful in many pedagogical contexts ranging from courses in cloud computing, networking, and distributed systems, to parallel programming, grid computing, and peer-to-peer computing.Seattle is a community-driven e ort that depends on re-sources donated by users of the software (and as such is free to use). A user can install Seattle onto their personal com-puter to enable Seattle programs to run using a portion of the computer’s resources. Seattle programs are sandboxed and securely isolated from other programs running on the same computer. Seattle provides hard resource guarantees that an erroneous or malicious program cannot circumvent.In addition, Seattle runs on a variety of di erent operat-ing systems and architectures including Windows, Mac OS-X, Linux, FreeBSD, and even portable devices like Nokia N800s and jail broken iPhones. Code written for Seattle is automatically (and transparently) portable to di erent ar-chitectures and runs the same across all systems.Seattle has a preexisting base of installed computers and is already widely deployed on almost one thousand computers that are spread across hundreds of universities worldwide. Seattle users can run their programs on computers span-ning the Internet – a feature that is currently being used by several classes at major universities.This paper describes the architecture of the Seattle cloud computing platform (Section 2) including the programming API (Section 2.1), the sandboxing mechanism (Section 2.2), the control of sandboxes on a host computer (Section 2.3), and the way in which students manage their running pro-grams (Section 2.5). Following this, we describe the compu-tational resources available to classes using Seattle and how we expect this platform to grow in the future (Section 3). Next, we provide some example assignments to demonstrate how Seattle can be used in courses (Section 4). We then discuss related work (Section 5) and conclude (Section 6).•ARCHITECTURETo use Seattle, the instructor creates an account on our website and obtains an installer. The machines that run the installer (such as computers in the universities computer lab) donate resources that are credited to the instructor. The instructor can then obtain resources on machines around the world. As of December 1st, 2008 the current policy is that for each donation, the instructor receives resources on ten other computers. However, the instructor can delegate those resources either directly to students or to TAs who do more fine-grained delegation. Students and TAs download a toolkit and then experiment with their resources. Seattle’s architecture is comprised of several components. At the lowest level the sandbox component guarantees secu-rity and resource control for an individual program. Pro-grams are written to the Seattle API in a subset of the Python programming language. This API provides portable access to low level operations (like opening files and sending messages). At a higher layer, the node manager determines which sandboxed programs get to run on the local computer. A public key infrastructure is used to authorize control over sandboxed programs. Lastly, the experiment manager lets students control their program instances across computers.2.1Seattle APISeattle provides a programming API for low-level opera-tions (like writing to files or sending network messages) and maintains program portability using an abstraction layer. Platform specific code below this abstraction layer handles non-portable operations enabling unmodified programs to run on a wide variety of platforms.The API consists of five categories: file, network, timer, locking, and miscellaneous. The file API calls enable limited access to the local computer’s persistent storage (interact-ing only with files in a single directory). The network API calls provide the local IP address, perform a DNS lookup, enable sending and receiving of UDP messages, and man-aging of and communicating over TCP connections. The timer API calls enable the programmer to put the current thread to sleep and to schedule functions to be called at later times. For example, the programmer can register an event to periodically send a heartbeat message to another computer. The locking functions allow the programmer to handle concurrency in their program (as common state may be accessed and modified by multiple threads at the same time). The miscellaneous API calls allow the programmer to exit the program, to generate random numbers, and to provide the amount of time the program has been running.2.2The SandboxThe sandbox’s primar y goal is to securely execute user code.There are two aspects to this — preventing insecure actions and limiting resource consumption. To prevent in-secure actions the sandbox hooks into the Python parser and reads the program’sparse tree. Only actions that the sandbox can verify as safe may execute.To control resource consumption on the host the sandboxinterposes on all API calls made by a program. The sandbox monitors the overall use of resources like CPU, memory, and diskspace to ensure the program does not exceed its bounds. Each API call that uses a monitored resource is evaluated before beinggranted or denied the resource. The sandbox also restricts the rateat which API calls are performed.The restrictions and resource limits of the sandbox are configurable and may restrict di erent programs in di erent ways.For example, one program may only be allowed to receive UDPpackets on port 11111, while another program may be restricted to receiving UDP packets on port 22222. This enables multiplesandboxes on the same computer to host programs controlled by di erent users.2.3Node ManagerWhile useful in itself, the sandbox is part of a larger ecosystem. The sandbox isolates a specific running program on a hostcomputer, but does not address how that program is started, whichprograms are run, and who has permis-sion to run a program.Such functionality is provided by the node manager, which manages sandboxed running pro-grams as part of what we callvessels. The node manager stores information about the vessels itcontrols and allows vessels to be started, stopped, combined, split, and changed.2.3.1VesselsA vessel is a controlled environment for running code(im-plemented using the Seattle sandbox). Intuitively, a vessel includes the program’s sandbox and the node manager state (such as the resources and restrictions assigned to the pro-gram).Vessels have well defined boundaries that prevent them frominterfering with one another (for example, dif-ferent vessels havetheir own disjoint set of network ports). Each vessel hasassociated with it a restrictions file, a stop file, and a log. The restrictions file lists what the vessel can and cannot do (such asthe network ports that can be used) along with the amount of eachresource the vessel may use. The stop file enables the nodemanager to stop the vessel (by creating a file with that name). Thelog is a circular bu er written by the vessel to communicate useful information to the vessel owner. The log helps the programmer todiagnose failures and to capture program state for o -line analysis.A common scenario is for a student to obtain a vessel fromtheir instructor. The student then decides the program they wantto run in their vessel. To do this, she directs the ex-perimentmanager to install the program on a node. The experiment manager uploads the program to the student’s vessel (along withany data files) and executes the program in the vessel. The studentalso can easily perform this ac-tion on groups of vessels spreadacross many di erent nodes. The student can then monitor thestatus of her program by looking at a status indicator provided by querying the node manager (coarse-grained monitoring) or by downloading in-formation about the program from its circular log bu er (fine-grained monitoring). The user can also stop the vesselwhile retaining all of the state so that she can examine data files and logs.In a more complex example an instructor splits a single vessel on a node into multiple vessels, and assigns each vessel to a student in the class. Vessels may also be combined for flexibility. For example, the students may be allowed to work in groups. Once the groups are formed, some of the students may decide to combine their vessels so as to get more resources in a single vessel.2.4Locating Seattle NodesIt is important to note that there is nothing parallel or dis-tributed about the node manager. The node manager only manages the vessels on the local system. To facilitate global location of resources, the node manager inserts a key/value pair into two di erent public DHTs (OpenDHT [19]) every five minutes. The inserted key is the owner’s public key and the value is the local computer’s IP address. This allows a user to lookup their public key to find the nodes with vessels they control without needing to keep track of these nodes on their own.2.5Experiment ManagerThe experiment manager is the main tool in the toolkit that students use to interact with Seattle. The experiment manager transparently handles discovery of vessels the user controls by querying the DHT, and communicates with re-mote node managers to perform actions on the user’s behalf.The experiment manager provides the user with a shell interface (similar to PLuSH [1]) in which the user can issue commands. For example, users can install software in their vessels –the experiment manager uploads a program into the vessels the user specifies. Users can also start and stop vessels, or report on the status of a vessel. A vessel’s status can be fresh (has never run a program), started (is running a program), stopped (was requested to stop), or terminated (terminated due to a normal exit or an unhandled program exception). When a vessel has failed (perhaps due to a bug in the student’s code), exception information with a stack trace of the fault is logged. The student can use the ex-periment manager to find the failed program instances to inspect their logs or to see an exception’s stack trace.•DEPLOYMENTSince it is unclear what the future of cloud computing will be, we are interested in providing students with the most diverse set of resources possible. Seattle runs on Linux, FreeBSD, Mac OS-X, XO (one laptop per child)1, and Win-dows platforms. Seattle also runs on mobile devices like the iPhone1(if jail broken) and Nokia N8001 . We are inter-ested in adding support for other platforms as users express interest in running Seattle on new platforms.In addition to platform diversity, network connection di-versity is also important. Seattle is already widely deployed at universities around the world. An instance of Seattle is running on each PlanetLab [18] node, giving a presence on close to one thousand nodes at hundreds of universities.PlanetLab provides access to computers at a large num-ber of well connected locations, although most only have two1 Some threading libraries and operating systems do not pro-vide accurate CPU and/or memory information. As a result, certain resources cannot be e ectively sandboxed computers per site available. As we are now publicly releas-ing Seattle for educational use, we expect to see an increase in resource diversity. We anticipate that universities will in-stall Seattle on most of the computers in their lab. Such deployments will provide a distributed environment that ef-fectively emulates cluster computing. We also anticipate that many students will load Seattle on their home comput-ers. This will allow for emulation of peer-to-peer computing as home computers will typically have connectivity charac-teristics representative of the average Internet user.We believe that the diversity of platforms and network connections enables a wide range of pedagogical uses. Stu-dents can experiment with cluster computing, grid comput-ing, peer-to-peer, and cloud computing by simply varying where their program is deployed. Additionally, the same program will run in any of these environments. Of course, the characteristics of the environment will determine the e - ciency and scalability of the employed distributed algorithm— a crucial distributed systems lesson for students.4.SEATTLE IN THE CLASSROOMThis section describes educational resources available to the student and instructor. The resources are divided into two areas. There is a student portal which contains resources for students who are learning the basics of Seattle. There is also an educator portal that contains resources for educators to help them use Seattle in the classroom.4.1Student ResourcesTo aid students learning Seattle, we provide a student por-tal with tutorials describing how to program and use Seat-tle, documentation for the API, a resources and restrictions guide, and other documentation. The tutorials provide code snippets demonstrating the API, and explains how to use the experiment manager to perform di erent tasks. Our experi-ence has shown that students can quickly learn the Python programming language [20, 6] and quickly learn to program in Seattle. Our experience is that undergraduates who had no previous networking experience can implement programs like overlay multicast and TCP forwarding with a few hours of e ort after completing the tutorial.To illustrate how easy it is to program Seattle, A popular first project for networking students is the Echo client/server. The two complete Seattle programs are both concise and simple. The echo client is just 6 lines of code:# Handle an incoming messagedef got_reply(srcip, srcport, mess, ch):print ’received:’,mess,"fro m",srcip,srcportif call func == ’initialize’:•when a message arrives on my IP, port 43210,•start an event to call the function ’got_reply’recvmess(get myip(), 43210, got_reply)•send a hello message to my IP, port 54321 sendmess(getmyip(),54321, ’hello’, getmyip(), 43210)•exit in one secondsettimer(1,exitall,())The echo server consists of just 4 lines of code:# Handle an incoming messagedef got_message(srcip, srcport, mess, ch):sendmess(srcip,srcport,mess)if call func == ’initialize’: recvmess(getmyip(), 54321,got_message)Furthermore, a first project for many students in dis-tributed systems is to measure the connectivity character-istics between pairs of computers [2]. The Appendix lists a complete 30 line Seattle program that performs an all-pairs-ping and displays its results in a webpage when contacted.4.2Educator ResourcesTo aid instructors in integrating Seattle into their exist-ing curriculum, we also provide an educator portal. The first item on the educator portal is a description of instructor ex-periences with Seattle. After Seattle has been used, we have asked the students to fill out a survey outlining how they felt the platform impacted their experience. We recorded the results on the web page. Besides information about experiences with Seattle, the educator portal also contains course materials such as hand-outs and example assignments. One special-purpose assign-ment called the TakeHomeAssignment requires no program-ming and takes about 1 hour to do. The purpose of the TakeHomeAssignment is to show the student or instructor the practical e ects of non-transitive connectivity and NATs on the Internet today, while introducing them to Seattle.In addition, the educator portal provides a collection of ready-to-go programming assignments for use with Seattle. The assignments include implementing a reliable protocol on top of UDP, performing overlay routing using link-state routing on the Internet, building application level services like a webserver, and understand layering of services by cre-ating a chat server that operates over HTTP.The educator portal also provides assignment ideas that are appropriate for course long projects or graduate assign-ments. For example, students may implement a DHT (such as Chord [22]) to better understand non-transitive connec-tivity. A simple implementation will work well on LAN environments but will fail horribly on the Internet due to non-transitive connectivity and other network e ects. After measuring these e ects and then understanding the reason behind Chord’s poor performance, the students can discuss solutions to these problems. Students can then implement and test these solutions to achieve better performance and reliability. This assignment emphasizes good software engi-neering practices (since code is reused), that test and deploy-ment environments may di er significantly, and encourages students to come up with unique solutions to the problem yet is easily evaluated using a small set of metrics.2.1RELATED WORKThere are many di erent cloud computing platforms in use today. Amazon runs a cloud of RedHat servers to pro-vide computing resources [3], which are similar in purpose to Seattle but provide a virtual machine instead of a program-ming language instance. This leads to better performance, but is not flexible to support donated resources and is not free. Their storage back end is functionally similar to the global data store proposed as an assignment on Seattle’s educator portal.Microsoft proposes a software plus services [16] architec-ture where the cloud is used as an auxiliary to enhance the capabilities of local software. While Microsoft has an-nounced the pending availability of a developer toolkit, to the best of our knowledge it is not available at this time.Google provides a cloud computing-like infrastructure with AppEngine [11], which executes programs written in a con-strained version of the Python language and supports high level abstractions (like a global database). While useful for building locality-oblivious web applications, its transparent handling of scalability and locality makes it unsuitable for teaching these fundamental distributed systems topics.IBM has announced plans for a cloud computing prod-uct called ―Blue Cloud‖ [8], which supports OS images us-ing Xen and PowerVM Linux. Blue Cloud also supports Hadoop [13] for MapReduce-type query processing and is in-tended to support high performance computing. Hadoop has also been used to teach cluster computing for large data pro-cessing [15]. The MapReduce [9] paradigm used by Hadoop simplifies distributed data processing. However, this simpli-fying abstraction also limits the scope of systems concepts that may be taught with Hadoop. We believe that a more general platform should be used to teach the system con-cepts that power Hadoop’s implementation. These concepts may then be applied more broadly to other distributed com-puting abstractions, and cloud computing more generally.In addition to cloud computing, there are a variety of grid computing and volunteer computing platforms. Globus [10] is a popular Grid toolkit, which has been used to build a vari-ety of service-oriented applications. BOINC [5] is a volunteer computing platform supporting the SETI@Home and Fold-ing@Home projects. BOINC leverages donated CPU cycles for computation, particularly spare resources on home ma-chines. Globus and BOINC both target distributed compu-tation and strive to hide locality and similar information from the programmer. Seattle is lighter-weight software that exposes locality and is therefore suited for students in distributed systems courses. Seattle also comes with a widely accessible ready-to-use platform of thousands of ma-chines. We are not aware of any Globus- or BOINC-powered testbeds available for educational use.Limited compute resources have been a key constraint in teaching distributed systems [21]. Seattle is architected to do this safely and e ciently. Recent e orts engaged under-graduates in distributed computing with simple-to-use plat-forms designed for cluster computing. The DCEZ platform o ers a simple interface that students can use without any prior knowledge of distributed computing [17]. We have like-wise endeavored to make Seattle simple to use, but target teaching of distributed systems issues that arise at Internet scales. Lastly, because Seattle runs on a variety of embedded platforms with limited resources, such as cellular phones and PDAs, our platform complements prior work on platforms for teaching ubiquitous computing [7].6.CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK This work presents the educational networking platform Seattle. Seattle is a free, portable, and lightweight platform using donated computational resources. Seattle enables stu-dents to learn the concepts of networking and distributed systems on computers spread around the Internet. Seattle can also emulate cloud computing, peer-to-peer computing, and cluster computing within a simple framework. Comput-ers running Seattle are protected from malicious and misbe-having code, making it safe to contribute resources from multi-use computers. Seattle has resources available for stu-dents to use on about a thousand computers worldwide.We are currently working to extend Seattle to improve Seattle’s NAT traversal and to provide better aggregate re-strictions on Seattle tra c.(2)REFERENCESJ. Albrecht, R. Braud, D. Dao, N. Topilski, C. Tuttle,C. Snoeren, and A. Vahdat. Remote Control:Distributed Application Configuration, Management, andVisualization with Plush. In Proc. 21th SystemsAdministration Conference (LISA ’07), Dallas, TX,Nov2007.PlanetLab All-Pairs Ping Data./ping/.Amazon EC2 - Amazon Web Services @ ./ec2.Amazon S3 - Amazon Web Services @ ./s3.BOINC. /.J. Cappos and J. Hartman. Why It Is Hard to Build a LongRunning Service on Planetlab. In Proc. of the2nd Workshop on Real, Large Distributed Systems,San Francisco, CA, Dec 2005.S. Chandra. Beacond: A Peer-to-Peer System to TeachUbiquitous Computing. In SIGCSE ’03:Proceedings of the34th SIGCSE technical symposium on Computer scienceeducation, pages 257–261, New York, NY, USA, 2003.ACM.M. Darcy. IBM Press room - 2007-11-15 IBMIntroduces Ready-to-Use Cloud Computing./press/us/en/pressrelease/22613.wss.J. Dean and S. Ghemawat. MapReduce: Simplified DataProcessing on Large Clusters. In OSDI, pages 137–150,2004.I. T. Foster. Globus Toolkit Version 4: Software forService-Oriented Systems. In H. Jin, D. A. Reed, andJiang, editors, NPC, volume 3779 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pages 2–13. Springer, 2005.Google App Engine - Google Code./appengine/.Welcome to Google Docs. /.Welcome to Hadoop!/core/.HP Press Kit: HP, Intel and Yahoo! Create Global Cloud ComputingResearch Test Bed./hpinfo/newsroom/press_kits/2008/cloudresearch/index.html.A. Kimball, S. Michels-Slettvet, and C. Bisciglia. ClusterComputing for Web-Scale Data Processing. InSIGCSE ’08: Proceedings of the 39th SIGCSE technicalsymposium on Computer science education,pages116–120, New York, NY, USA, 2008. ACM.M. O’Gara. ‖Clo ud Computing Is the Plan‖ – Ballmer Memo./node/618924.C. Pheatt. An Easy to Use Distributed ComputingFramework. SIGCSE Bull., 39(1):571–575, 2007.PlanetLab. .S. Rhea, B. Godfrey, B. Karp, J. Kubiatowicz,Ratnasamy, S. Shenker, I. Stoica, and H. Yu.OpenDHT: A Public DHT Service and Its Uses. InSI GCOMM ’05: Proceedings of the 2005 conference on Applications, technologies, architectures, and protocols for computer communications, pages 73–84, New York,NY, USA, 2005. ACM.C. Shannon. Another breadth-first approach to CS Iusing python. In SIGCS E ’03: Proceedings of the 34thSIGCSE technical symposium on Computer scienceeducation, pages 248–251, New York, NY, USA, 2003.ACM.3. C. Stewart. Distributed Systems in the UndergraduateCurriculum. SIGCSE Bull., 26(4):17–20, 1994.4.I. Stoica, R. Morris, D. Karger, F. Kaashoek, and H.Balakrishnan. Chord: A Peer-to-Peer LookupService for Internet Applications. In Proc. SIGCOMM2001, pages 149–160, San Diego, CA, Aug 2001.APPENDIXThe following Seattle program measures network latency to a list of IP addresses and displays a webpage showing the latency to each node. This program has 30 lines of code, with 11 lines of comments. Without the webpage functionality the program is only 21 lines of code. This is a complete Seattle program — no code is omitted or abbreviated.# send a probe message to each neighbor defprobe_neighbors(port):for neighborip in mycontext["neighborlist"]:mycontext[’sendtime’][neighborip] = getruntime()sendmess(neighborip, port, ’ping’,getmyip(),port)# probe again in 10 secondssettimer(10,probe_neighbors,(port,))# handle an incoming messagedef got_message(srcip,srcport,mess,ch): if mess== ’ping’:sendmess(srcip,srcport,’pong’) elifmess == ’pong’:# elapsed time is now - time when I sent the pingmycontext[’latency’][srcip] = getruntime() - \mycontext[’sendtime’][srcip]# display a web page with the latency information defshow_status(srcip,srcport,connobj, ch, mainch):connobj.send("<html><head><title>Latency Information</title>"+ \"</head><body><h1>Latency information fro m "+ \ get myip()+’</h1><table border="1">’)# list a row for each node we are talking to for neighboripin mycontext[’neighborlist’]:if neighborip in mycontext[’latency’]:connobj.send("<tr><td>"+neighborip+"</td><td>"+ \str(mycontext[’latency’][neighborip])+"<td></tr>")else:connobj.send("<tr><td>"+neighborip+"</td><td>Unknown<td></tr>") connobj.send("</table></html>")connobj.close()if call func == ’initialize’:4.this holds the response information (i.e. when nodes responded)mycontext[’latency’] = {}5.this rememb ers when we sent a probemycontext[’sendtime’] = {}5.get the nodes to probemycontext[’neighborlist’] = []for line in file("neighboriplist.txt"):myco ntext[’neighborlist’].append(line.strip())6.call gotmessage whenever receiving a message pingport =int(callargs[0]) recvmess(getmyip(),pingport,got_message)probe_neighbors(pingport)# register a function to show a status webpage pageport =int(callargs[1])waitforconn(getmyip(),pageport,show_status)。

Performance 绩效管理相关内容

Dismissal is the very last resort. Emphasis placed on resolving issues early on through support networks. However, managers sometimes fail workers by avoiding issues or moving staff to other departments.
Measurement and Ratings
Objective-setting – very common but does not take account of external influences. Rankings – increases productivity – sometimes linked to reward. GE– bottom 10% removed.
Induction and Socialisation
Starts with recruitment and leads into continuous development. Mission statement filters down. Employee: critical for understanding company goals. Employer: good induction aids retention. CIPD (2007) claim inductions on offer are wide ranging.
Performance Review: Issues
Validity – distortions, ‘halo, horns’, devil, crony effect. Conflict of purpose.

函电词汇翻译

Chapter 2业务类型（business types）：代理商(agent)、采购办事处(buying office)、分销商/批发商(distributor /wholesaler)、生产商(manufacturer) 贸易公司(trading company) registered capital 注册资金EV A （Ethylene/vinyl acetate ）乙烯-醋酸乙烯共聚物OEM（Original Equipment Manufacturer）原始设备制造商，即贴牌加工ODM（Original Design Manufacturer）即原始设计制造商OBM（Original Brand Manufacturer），即原始品牌制造商1.engage in 经营2.mould manufacturer 模具生产商3. import and export 进出口4.OEM order 贴牌加工订单5. establish business relations 建立业务关系6. sell well 畅销7.满足某人的需求meet one’s demand8.盼望look forward to9.公司宗旨company’s principle10. 注册资金registered capital the fast sale items 畅销品business lines 业务种类electronic catalogue 电子目录for your examination 供你方检查combine Western fashion elements with our design concepts结合西方时尚元素与我们的设计概念e nhance wearer’s charm提高穿戴者的魅力1.be in the market for 寻购2. private company 私人公司3. under separate cover 另函4.ODM order 设计代工订单5. fast sale items . 畅销产品6. latest catalogue 最新目录7. 满足某人的需meet one’s demand8. 多种多样 a wide range of9. 商会chamber of commerce10. 供你们参考for your reference/examination/information1.distributor 分销商2.exhibitor 参展商3.APEC 亚太经济合作组织4.broker 中间商5.wholesaler 批发商6.booth No 摊位号7.商品交易会commodities fair8.单证员documentation officer9.销售代表sales representative10. 货代员forwarding agentChapter31.Bank银行2.The Economic and CommercialCounsellor’s office of our Embassy inForeign Countries我驻外商务处3.Chambers of Commerce商会4.Enquiry agencies咨询机构5.Another company that has businesswith the new company与这个新公司有业务联系的另外一家公司1.special discount 特殊折扣2. objective information 客观资料3.logo 商标4. MOQ 最小订单量5. open an account 开启交易6. on the basis of 在...基础上7.数量折扣quantity discount8.订购place an order9.查阅refer to10.首次订单initial order1.spec为specification 的缩写，SizeSpec/Spec sheet尺寸表2.order inquiry 客户询盘3.FOB 装运港船上交货价4.payment terms 付款条件5.ASAP 尽快6.Model Number 型号7.ETD 预计交货日期8.装运代理人shipping agent9.以美元报价quote price in USD10.尺寸范围size range11.交货期time of delivery1. status inquiry 资信调查2. general inquiry 般询盘3.reference 资信证明人4. financial standing 财务情况5. make quotations 报价6. CIF 成本+保险费+运费7. 预先in advance8. 规格specification9. 合资企业joint venture10. 机密in confidenceChapter4payment termsRemittance (汇付)：Telegraphic Transfer (T/T)*Mail Transfer (M/T) 信汇,邮汇Demand Draft (D/D) 即期汇票Cash in AdvanceOpen Account 赊账Collection (托收):Bill of Exchange / Bill/ Draft: 汇票Clean draft (光票托收)Documentary draft （跟单托收）Ｄ/Ｐ:付款交单(=document againstpayment)D/A:承兑交单(=document againstacceptance)Letter of Credit : L/CSWIFT: Society Worldwide InterbankFinancial Telecommunication环球同业银行金融电讯协会L/C 种类一、可撤销与不可撤销信用证revocable L/C/irrevocable L/C二、保兑与不保兑信用证confirmed L/C/unconfirmed L/C三、即期付款信用证sight L/C四、远期信用证usance L/C1. sample n. 样品通常需要技术部确认的样品有:初样(头样) initial sample，protosample尺寸样measurement sample/sizesample确认样confirmation sample产前样pre-production sample大货船样production sample试穿样testing sample, fit trial sample回样counter samplefreight prepaid 运费预付(寄件人缴付所需邮寄费用)on collect basis 运费到付(收件人交付所需邮寄费用)1.Express account 快邮账户2. heavy burden 沉重的负担3. sales by sample 凭样品买卖4. company policy 公司规定5. force majeure 不可抗力6. on the basis of 在……基础上7. 数量折扣quantity discount8. 快件单号courier number9. 抽样sampling10. 联合包裹服务公司UPS1.color sample 色样2. sample for reference 参考样3. prototypes 原型4. arrange production 安排生产5. in duplicate 一式两份6. confirmation sample 确认样7. 最初样品initial sample8. 一式两份in duplicate9. 产前样pre-production sample10. 供我方同意for our approval考试形式（写信）以买方的名义给卖方写一封信，确认收到卖方所寄来的复制样品。

JJF-1001-2011-通用计量术语及定义

JJF 1001-2011引言本规范是对JJF 1001—1998《通用计量术语及定义》的修订。

本次修订主要依据以下国际标准：ISO/IEC 指南99:2007 国际计量学词汇——基础通用的概念和相关术语(ISO/IEC Guide 99:2007 lnternational vocabulary of metrology-Basic and general concepts and associated terms(VIM))ISO/IEC 80000: 2006 量和单位(Quantities and units)ISO/IEC 1998-3 测量不确定度第三部分：测量不确定度表示指南(Uncertainty of measurement-Part 3: Guide to the expression of uncertainty in measurement)本规范中有关法制计量的术语及其定义大部分参考国际法制计量组织《国际法制计量术语汇编》（修订版草案，2009）(lnternational vocabulary of terms in legal metrology (VIML)，2009)。

本规范在修订中保持了JJF 1001-1998《通用计量术语及定义》的章节。

本规菹中术语的定义原则上与VIM和VIML（修订版）保持一致（引用VIM条款时，在词条后表明VIM中的相应条款；鉴于VIML为修订版草案，在引用时没有标注相应条款），但根据我国的国情做适当调整或文字处理，并且通过增加注解使词条更加易懂。

术语的名称除推荐使用的名称外，又有简称、又称和全称。

JJF 1001-1998共收录词条158个，本次修订中增加到215个，同时删减了一些不常用的词条。

计量与测量含义不尽相同，但在本规范中，根据我国的国情，英文measurement既译作“测量”，有时也译作“计量”。

因此，计量单位与测量单位、计量器具与测量仪器分别为同义术语。

评估和面向结果管理的关键术语

EVALUATION AND AID EFFECTIVENESSGlossary of Key Terms in Evaluationand Results Based Managemen t评估和面向结果管理的关键术语　DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE COMMITTEE Array经济合作发展组织发展援助委员会（ＯＥＣＤ／ＤＡＣ）授权　国家科技评估中心翻译Glossaire 关键术语GLOSSARY OF KEY TERMS IN EVALUATIONAND RESULTS BASED MANAGEMENT评估和面向结果管理的关键术语1Glossaire 关键术语FOREWORDThe DAC Working Party on Aid Evaluation (WP-EV) has developed this glossary of key terms in evaluation and results-based management because of the need to clarify concepts and to reduce the terminological confusion frequently encountered in these areas. Evaluation is a field where development partners – often with widely differing linguistic backgrounds – work together and need to use a common vocabulary. Over the years, however, definitions evolved in such a way that they bristled with faux ami s, ambivalence and ambiguity. It had become urgent to clarify and refine the language employed and to give it a harmonious, common basis. With this publication, the WP-EV hopes to facilitate and improve dialogue and understanding amo ng all those who are involved in development activities and their evaluation, whether in partner countries, development agencies and banks, or non-governmental organisations. It should serve as a valuable reference guide in evaluation training and in practical development work.The selection of terms and their definitions in the attached glossary have been carefully discussed and analysed and have benefited from advice and inputs, notably from DAC Members and the academic evaluation community. A WP-EV Task Force, chaired by the World Bank, led the overall project, in collaboration with the Secretariat. France took the lead on the French version, whilst the Inter-American Development Bank produced the Spanish translation. Denmark, the Netherlands, Norway, and UNDP provided financial support for the initial collection and review work, and Switzerland contributed financial support for producing this free distribution publication.The process has been guided by the highest considerations of clarity and conciseness and a spirit of collaboration and compromise in terms of the willingness of major development agencies and banks not to impose their specific vocabulary on others. Although terminology will continue to evolve alongside changing development practices and management instruments, this glossary is a “state-of- the-art” of key terms in use today.Niels DabelsteinChair of the Working Party on Aid Evaluation.2Glossaire 关键术语前言　这份术语表包含了关于评估和面向结果的管理的关键术语。

模具专业英语词汇

Injection Mold Technical Terms（一）模具专业基本用词Professional Terms1．塑料—plastic, resin2．样件—sample3．钢料—steel4．注塑机—injection machine, press5．产品—part, product, moulding6．模具—mold, mould, toolA简略模（样板模）—prototype mold B量产用模具—production mold 7．三维造型（数模）—3D model, 3D data8．二维产品图—2D part drawing9．设计—design10．制造—manufacture, build up, construction11．查验—check, inspection12．丈量—measure, inspection13．改正—change, modify, correction14．工程改正—engineer change15．质量—quality16．数目—quantity17．基准—datum, reference牛角入水 -rads?gate（二）怎样分析2D 产品图？ How to read 2D part drawing?一．产品几何 Geometry1．点— point2．线（边）—line, edge3．面 faceA侧面—side B表面—surface C外观面—appearance surface 4．壁厚—wall thickness, stock thickness5．增强筋（骨位）—rib6．孔— hole7．修长的槽—slot8．柱位—boss9．角— cornerA 圆角—fillet B倒角—chamfer C尖角—sharpcorner10．斜度— angle, taper11.凹槽—recess , groove二．分模信息 Splitting1．分型线— parting line (P/L), splitting line2．主分模方向—main direction, line of draw3．浇口设定—gating产品表记 Part Identification1．产品名称—part name (P/N)2．产品编号 +版本号—part number + revision (Rev.) 3．型腔号— cavity number4．资料标记—material symbol5．模具编号—mold number (no.)6．日期印— dating insert, date code7．循环印— cycling code8．企业标记—company logo三．技术要求 Specification (Special Requirement) 1．项目启动表 Kick-off sheet1）项目名称—program name, project name2）产品名称—part name, product name, part description 3）产品编号—part number (P/N)4）客户模号—customer mold no.5）项目启动日期—kick off date, start date6）项目达成日期—due date, lead time7）内模件用钢—tool steel8）型腔数目—number of cavities9）数据文件编号—data file no.10）注塑资料—resin, plastic, raw material11）缩短率—shrink, shrinkage, shrink factor12）注塑机吨位—molding machine size, injection machine size 13）成型周期—cycle time14）型腔光洁度—cavity polish15）型芯光洁度—core polish16）皮纹（晒纹）—texture, grain17）拔模斜度—draft angle, removal taper18）注塑件颜色及光彩—molded color & gloss19）模具加工地—manufacturing facility20）热流道供给商—manifold manufacturer, manifold supplier 21）浇口地点—gate location / position22）浇口种类—gate type23）产品表记—stamp information, part identification24）特别要求—special instructions25）安全模数—safe steel2．产质量量及外观要求Part Quality & Appearance Requirement 1）尺寸及公差 Dimension & Tolerance①重要尺寸—critical dimension, important dim., key dim.②理论尺寸—nominal dimension③实质尺寸—actual dimension④公差— tolerance⑤公差带—tolerance range⑥尺寸超差—dimension deviation⑦接受（合格）—accept, OK⑧拒绝（不合格）—reject, refuse, obsolete, NG⑨退步接受—concession, special admit⑩返工— re-work2）产品缺点（常有的） Defects (normal)①缩水— sink mark, shrinkage②飞边，毛边—flash, burr③段差— mismatch discrepancy④银丝纹，蛇纹—snake marks, streak⑤曲折，变形—warpage, distortion⑥打不饱（缺料）—short shot⑦熔接线—weld line⑧多胶— unwanted plastic⑨拉伤— damage3．产品外观 Part Appearance①产品颜色—part color②产品光彩—gloss③皮纹粒度—grain4．常用词汇、词组及短语Normal Word, Short Sentence1）单边— per side2）双边— both sides3）加入，增添—add, incorporate4）去除，撤消—remove, cancel5）知足的要求，切合，与要求一致—according to, conform to, satisfy, meet 6）要求，需要—require, need, demand7）确认— be approved, agreed by8）同意— permit, allow9）在范围以内—within10）不能够，不同意，严禁—free from, prevent, avoid 11），除非有另指—unless otherwise specified12）或少于—or less13）自动化运作—automatic operation14）未注尺寸（详尽形状）见三维造型Non dimensioned contour (detailed shape) see 3D model.15）分型线上的飞边（披缝）或段差应小于Burrs or discrepancy on the P/L shall be or less.四．标题栏 Title Block1．产品名称—part name2．图纸编号 + 版本号（索引号）—drawing no. + level (index) 3．一般公差—general tolerance（三）怎样阅读制模标准？How to read tooling standard?一．模具构造术语Mold Construction TermsA．模架 Mold Base1．模架量化特点Measurement Feature①长 X 宽 X 高— Length X Width X Height②模具高度尺寸（模厚）—stack height of mould③模具重量—total weight of mould, mould thickness2．定模底板—front plate, top clamping plate, clamp plate, clamping plate 3．定模板—cavity plate, fixed mould plate, A–plate4．动模板—core plate, moving mould plate, B–plate5．浮动板—floating plate6．支撑板—support plate, backing plate7．间隔板 , 方铁— support blocks, rails, risers, spacer block8．顶杆固定板—retaining plate, ejector retaining plate9．顶板—ejector plate，bottom clamping plate10．动模底板—back plate11．导柱—guide pillar, leader pin, guide pin 12．导套—guide bush, leader pin bush13．复位杆—return pin, push-back pin14．弹簧—spring15．撑头—support pillar16．顶针板导柱、导套—ejection guide pin / bush 17．垃圾钉—stop pin, stop button18．模脚—standing-off pillars19．标牌—plaque scutcheonB．成型零零件 moulding components20．型芯—core insert21．型腔—cavity insert22．镶针—core pin23．镶块—sub-insert, split24．滑块— slide, sliding split25．斜顶— lifter, angled-lift splitA 斜顶头— lifter head B斜顶杆— lifter rod, liftershaftC斜顶连结块——lifter coupling D斜顶导向块——lifter guideE斜顶导滑块——lifter Gib26．成型顶杆—moulding face pin, form pinC．浇注系统 Feed System1．塑料 Plastica．主流道—sprueb．分流道 runner①主分流道—main runner② 二级分流道—branch runner分流道断面形状cross-sectional shape of runner①圆形— full round②半圆形—semicircular③梯形—trapezoidalc．浇口 gate常用浇口形式 normal gate type :①边沿浇口（ J 型浇口）—edge gate, J–gate②侧浇口—side gate③潜藏式浇口—sub-gate, cashew gate, subsurface gate, submarine gate潜顶针— subgate to pin④潜藏式二次浇口 ( 地道式浇口 ) — tunnel gate onto feeder post⑤点浇口—pin gate⑥直接浇口 ( 主流道型浇口 ) — sprue gate, direct gate⑦护耳式浇口—tab gated．模腔— impressione．冷料井—cold slug wellf ．热流道—hot runner2．模具零件 mold componentsa．定位圈—locating ring, location ring, register ringb．浇口套—sprue bushc．挡圈—stop ringd．浇口镶块—gate inserte．热流道板—manifoldf ．热嘴— hot dropD．分型面及其锁紧、排气Parting Surface, inter-locking & venting 1．分型线— parting line ( P/L )2．镶拼线— bodyline, joint line3．平 /不平的分型面—flat / non–flat parting surface 4．封胶面— shut off surfaces, seal-off surfaces5．擦穿位— shut off6．碰穿位— kiss-off7．管位— parting line lock8．分型面的开释 ( 避空 ) — relief of parting surface 9．分型面的均衡—balancing of parting surface 10．锁紧角度—locking angle11．锁紧力—clamping force12．锁模块—safety strap13．精定位—Interlock, die lock14．困气—air trap15．排气槽—vent, vent slot16．撬模坑--- pry slot17．计数器--- shot counter/ cycle counterE．滑块机构 Slide1．驱动 Actuation①斜导柱—angle pin, horn pin, cam pin②弹簧— spring③油缸— hydraulic cylinder2．制动 Detention①滑块固定器—slide retainer②弹簧制动器—spring-loaded detention (plunger)③挡钉、挡板—stop pin, stop plate, slide stop3．导轨— gib, guide strip,center guide4．锁紧块（楔紧块）—heel block, locking heel, wedge block, chase block,slide driver5．耐磨片— wear plate, wear strip6．压板— retainer,gib7．螺钉— screw8．定位销— dowel pin9．行位扣— slide lock / slide retainer10．?flat ejector pin?扁顶针F．斜顶机构 Lifter1．斜顶头— lifter head2．斜顶杆— lifter rod, lifter shaft 3．斜顶固定块— lifter rod retainer 4．斜顶导向块— lifter guide5．张口销— split pin6．固定板（压板）—retainer plate 7．耐磨片— wear plate8．铜导套— bronze bushing9．导套固定板— bushing retainer 10．衬套—spacer11．导轨—L–gib12．导轨---T-Gib13．滑动块—slide14．连结块—U-CouplingG．顶出系统 Ejection System1．基本词汇 Basic Word①顶出行程—ejection stroke②模具开档—daylight③粘模— stick on④产品脱模—part is push off from,clear part of mould, separation of part2．顶板机构 Ejector plate assembly①顶板— ejector plate②顶板固定板—retaining plate③推板— stripper plate④推板导柱—ejector guide pin⑤推板导套—ejector guide bush⑥撑头— support pillar⑦限位块— stop block,stroke block3．复位机构 Return System①复位杆（回程杆）—return pin, push–back pin②垃圾钉— stop pin, stop button③压簧— compressed spring④碟簧— a stack of“Belleville” washers⑤早复位机构—early return system⑥强迫复位机构—positive return system4．顶出方法 Ejection Techniques1）顶杆顶出—pin ejection2）顶管顶出—sleeve ejection3）顶块顶出—bar ejection4）扁顶顶出—blade ejection5）顶板顶出—stripper ejection6）油缸顶出—hydraulic ejection7）气顶— air ejection8）阀门顶出—valve ejection5．顶出元件 Ejection Elements1）拉料杆—sprue puller, sucker pin2）顶杆— ejector pin3）阶梯式顶杆—stepped ejector pin4）顶管— ejection sleeve, sleeve5）扁顶— ejector blade, slabbed off ejector pin 6）顶块— stripper bar7）顶环— stripper ring8）推板— stripper plate9）加快顶—accelerated ejection10）直顶 ----straight lifter/EJECTOR BAR6．顶出协助机构 Supplementary operating system1）弹簧柱塞器—spring–loaded plunger2）弹珠定位器—ball catch system3）插销式锁扣—Latch–lock4）尼龙拉杆装置—friction puller device7．电器元件 Electric Components1）压力传感器—pressure transducer2）限位开关—limit switchF．冷却系统 Cooling System1．基本词汇 Basic Word1）温差— temperature variation2）水孔（水道）—waterlines, water-ways, flow-way, channel 3）水道— cooling circuit4）水道表示图—water schematic, schematic circuit5）冷却液—coolant, coolant fluid6）内连结—interconnect7）外连结—external connection8）出口、进口—outlet、inlet9）漏水— water leakage2．水道散布 Circuits1）阶梯式水道—stepped system2）分开板水道—baffled hole system3）斜孔式水道—angled hole system3．水道元件 Components1）闷头（螺塞、止水栓）—（threadless）brass pressure plug : female plug & male2）隔水片—baffle3）密封圈—O–ring4）快插水道接头—quick disconnect fitting, quick connection adaptor5）弯头— elbow6）巧合器（连结器、接头）—adaptor (including a plug & a socket) 7）橡皮管—rubber hose8）分水板 , 集水块— water manifoldG．螺纹、螺纹孔& 螺钉 Thread, thread hole & screw1．螺纹— thread2．管螺纹— pipe thread3．螺纹孔— screw hole, tapped hole4．起吊孔— handling hole, jack screw hole, eye bolt hole5．螺钉— screw6．内六角螺钉—7．沉头螺钉—8．螺栓— bolt9．螺母— nut10．锁紧螺母—locknut11．螺纹标准Thread Standard①公制标准—Metric②英制标准—Imperial③英制管螺纹标准—British Standard Pipe thread（BSP）④美制管螺纹标准—NPT⑤美制粗螺纹标准—United Coarse thread（UNC）⑥美制细螺纹标准—United Fine thread（UNF）H．润滑 Lubrication1．润滑槽— grease groove2．加油管— grease line3．油杯— lubrication fittingI ．丈量仪器 Measuring Instruments1．游标卡尺—vernier caliper2．千分尺— micrometer3．高度规— height gauge4．刻度规— dial gauge5．三坐标丈量仪（三次元）—Coordinate Measure Machine（CMM）6．塞规— pin gauge7．圆角量规—radii gauge8．轮廓投影机— profile projectorJ．注塑机参数 Injection Machine Parameter1．注塑机规格参数Injection Machine Specification①锁紧种类 clamp typea．油缸— hydraulic b．肘杆式—toggle②垂直注塑机导柱间距—tie bar vertical clearance③水平注塑机导柱间距—tie bar horizontal clearance④台板尺寸—platen dim.⑤最小 /最大模厚—mold height Min. / Max., Min. / Max. mold thickness⑥最小 /最大注塑机开档—open daylight Min. / Max.⑦锁紧行程—clamp stroke⑧锁紧力— clamping force⑨顶出行程—ejector stroke⑩顶卖力— ejector force2．试模工艺参数 Moulding Process Parameter, machine setting①时间 Timer （TM）, seca．注塑（充填）时间—filling time, injection timeb．冷却时间—cooling timec．补缩时间—packing timed．保压时间—holding timee．成型周期—cycle time②速率、速度 Velocity, %、speed, in/sec③ 压力④ 温度a．注塑（充填）速度—injection speedb．保压速率—hold pressure velocityc．螺杆转速—screw rotation speedPressure （Prs. ）, psia．注塑压力—injection pressureb．保压压力—hold pressurec．回压（背压）—back pressureTemperature （Temp.）,° Fa．注塑机喷嘴温度—nozzle temp.b．料筒前段、中段、后段温度—barrel frontc．模温—mould temp.、 middle 、rear temp. d．料温—purged resin melt temp.e．空射料温—air shot melt temp.。

国贸术语

第一课Barter trade 易货贸易credit reference 资信证明direct transit trade 直接过境贸易economies of scale 规模经济export procedures 出口流程general trade 一般贸易\总贸易import trade 进口贸易international trade 国际贸易special trade 专门贸易commodity inspection 商检customs clearance 清关documentation 单证entrepot trade 转口贸易export trade 出口贸易import license 进口许可indirect trade 间接贸易invisible trade 无形贸易transit trade 过境贸易comparative advantage 相对优势direct trade 直接贸易domestic trade 国内贸易export license 出口许可证free-liquidation trade 自由结算贸易import procedures 进口流程indirect transit trade 间接过境贸易payment 支付visible trade 有形贸易第二课Actual delivery 实际交货delivery 交货shipment contract 装运合同arrival contract 到货合同nspection 检查\检验shipment notice 装运通知customary practice 惯例means of transportation 交通工具symbolic delivery 象征交货customs clearance 清关mode of transportation 运输方式transfer of risk 风险转移customs formalities 海关手续obligation 义务第三课Acceptance 接受\承兑commission 佣金counter-offer 还盘discount 折扣\贴现export cost for foreign exchange 出口换汇成本expert profit margin 出口盈亏率final price 最终价格total price 总价unfixed price 非固定价firm offer 实盘fixed price 固定价格initial price 最初价格inquiry 询盘irrevocable offer 不可撤销的发盘material price index 原材料价格指数money of account 计价货币money of payment 支付货币net price 净价non-firm offer 虚盘unit price 单价validity period 有效期offer报盘\发盘offeree 受盘者offeror 发盘者price adjustment clause 价格调整条款price including commission 含佣价quotation 报价rebate 回扣revocation of an offer 撤销报盘wage index 工资指数withdrawal of an offer 撤回报盘第四课Bar code 条形码conditioned weight 公量confirming sample 确认样counter sample 回样\对等样gross for net 以毛作重gross weight 毛重indicative mark 知识性标志more or less clause 溢短装条款net weight 净重neutral packing 中性包装quality tolerance 品质公差quantity latitude 品质机动幅度reference sample 参考样regain 回潮率sale by actual commodity 凭实际货物买卖sale by actual quality 凭实际品质买卖sale by descriptions or illustrations 平说明书或图样买卖sale by grade 凭等级买卖sale by trade mark or brand name 凭商标或品牌买卖sale by sample 凭样品买卖sale by specifications 凭规格买卖sale by standard 评标准买卖sale by origin 凭产地名称买卖shipping mark 运输标志shipping package 运输包装shipping sample 装船样tare 皮重第五课Ad valorem 从价运费additional 附属费advanced B\L 预签提单air waybill 空运单ante-dated B\L 倒签提单basic freight 基本运费charter（tramp）不定期货船charter party 租船契约charter transportation 租船运输clean B\L 清洁提单containerization 集装箱运输demurrage 滞期费freight rates 运费率freight ton 运费吨lay day 装卸天数liner terms 班轮条件liner transportation 班轮运输measurement ton 尺码吨optional port 选择港order B\L 指示提单partial shipment 分批装运sea waybill 海运单stale B\L 过期提单straight B\L 记名提单surcharge 附加费time charter 期租船transshipment 转船voyage charter 程租船weight ton 重量吨第七课Anticipatory credit 预支信用证back-to-back credit 对背信用证beneficiary 受益人bill of exchange 汇票check 支票clean bill 光票clean collection 光票托收clean credit 光票信用证confirmed L\C保兑信用证deferred payment 延期付款discount 贴现\折扣documentary bill 跟单汇票documentary L\C 跟单信用证endorsement 背书factoring 保理forfeiting 福费廷irrevocable L\C 不可撤销信用证paying instrument 支付工具payment by installment 分期付款payment in advance 预付payment term 支付方式presentation 提示promissory note 本票reciprocal credit 对开信用证red clause credit 红条款信用证remittance 汇付revocable L\C 可撤销信用证revolving credit 循环信用证sight draft 即期汇票sight L\C 即期信用证standby L\C 备用信用证tenor 汇票期限time\usance draft 远期汇票transferble L\C 可转让信用证第八课Booking note 订舱单\托运单consular invoices 领事发票customs declaration 报关单customs invoices 海关发票export license出进口许可证inspection certification 检验证书insurance policy 保险单packing list 装箱单pro forma invoices 形式发票promptness 交割日期shipping advice 装运通知shipping order 装货单CISG（United Nations Conventionon Contracts for International Saleof Goods）MOFCOM(Ministry of Commerce)ICC(International Chamber ofCommerce)UCP(Uniform Customs andPractice for Documentary Credits)Incoterms 2010 (Rules for theInterpretation of Trade Terms 2010)RAFD(Revised American ForeignTrade Definitions 1941)ECFFE(export cost for foreignexchange ratio)FCL(full container loading)LCL(less than container loading)FAQ(fair average quality)GMQ(good merchantable quality)OEM(original equipmentmanufacturer)CFS(Container Freight Station)CP(Charter Party)CY(Container Y ard)DR to DR(Door to Door)F.I.(Free In)F.O.(Free Out)F.I.O.(Free In and Out)F.I.O.S.T.(Free In and Out, Stowedand Trimmed)FCL(Full Container Load)IMT(International Multi-modalTransportation)LCL(Less than Container Load)M(Measurement)MTO(Multi-modal Transportationoperator)W(Weight)CIC(China Insurance Clause)FPA(Free from Particular Average)GA(General Average)ICC(Institute Cargo Clauses)IOP(irrespective of percentage)PICC(the People’s InsuranceCompany of China)SRCC(strikes, riots and civilcommotions)TPND(theft, pilferage andnon-delivery)WPA(With Particular Average)W\W Clause(Warehouse towarehouse Clause)D\D(demand draft)M\T(mail transfer)T\T(telegraphic transfer)D\P(documents against payment)D\A(documents againstacceptance)FCI(Factors Chain International)L\G(letters of guarantee)SWIFT(Society for WorldwideInter-bank FinancialTelecommunication)URC522(Uniform Rules forCollection522)UCP600(Uniform Customs andPractice for DocumentaryCredits600)B\N(Boking Note)CIQ(China Entry-Exit Inspectionand Quarantine Bureau)C.O.(Certificate of Origin)E\L(Export License)Form A(Generalized System ofPreferences Certificate of OriginFORM A)GSP Certificate oforigin(Generalized System ofPreferences Certificate of Origin)S\O(Shipping Order)第一课Barter trade 易货贸易credit reference 资信证明direct transit trade 直接过境贸易economies of scale 规模经济export procedures 出口流程general trade 一般贸易\总贸易import trade 进口贸易international trade 国际贸易special trade 专门贸易commodity inspection 商检customs clearance 清关documentation 单证entrepot trade 转口贸易export trade 出口贸易import license 进口许可indirect trade 间接贸易invisible trade 无形贸易transit trade 过境贸易comparative advantage 相对优势direct trade 直接贸易domestic trade 国内贸易export license 出口许可证free-liquidation trade 自由结算贸易import procedures 进口流程indirect transit trade 间接过境贸易payment 支付visible trade 有形贸易第二课Actual delivery 实际交货delivery 交货shipment contract 装运合同arrival contract 到货合同nspection 检查\检验shipment notice 装运通知customary practice 惯例means of transportation 交通工具symbolic delivery 象征交货customs clearance 清关mode of transportation 运输方式transfer of risk 风险转移customs formalities 海关手续obligation 义务第三课Acceptance 接受\承兑commission 佣金counter-offer 还盘discount 折扣\贴现export cost for foreign exchange出口换汇成本expert profit margin 出口盈亏率final price 最终价格total price 总价unfixed price 非固定价firm offer 实盘fixed price 固定价格initial price 最初价格inquiry 询盘irrevocable offer 不可撤销的发盘material price index 原材料价格指数money of account 计价货币money of payment 支付货币net price 净价non-firm offer 虚盘unit price 单价validity period 有效期offer报盘\发盘offeree 受盘者offeror 发盘者price adjustment clause 价格调整条款price including commission含佣价quotation 报价rebate 回扣revocation of an offer 撤销报盘wage index 工资指数withdrawal of an offer 撤回报盘第四课Bar code 条形码conditioned weight 公量confirming sample 确认样counter sample 回样\对等样gross for net 以毛作重gross weight 毛重indicative mark 知识性标志more or less clause 溢短装条款net weight 净重neutral packing 中性包装quality tolerance 品质公差quantity latitude 品质机动幅度reference sample 参考样regain 回潮率sale by actual commodity 凭实际货物买卖sale by actual quality 凭实际品质买卖sale by descriptions or illustrations平说明书或图样买卖sale by grade 凭等级买卖sale by trade mark or brand name凭商标或品牌买卖sale by sample 凭样品买卖sale by specifications 凭规格买卖sale by standard 评标准买卖sale by origin 凭产地名称买卖shipping mark 运输标志shipping package 运输包装shipping sample 装船样tare 皮重第五课Ad valorem 从价运费additional 附属费advanced B\L 预签提单air waybill 空运单ante-dated B\L 倒签提单basic freight 基本运费charter（tramp）不定期货船charter party 租船契约charter transportation 租船运输clean B\L 清洁提单containerization 集装箱运输demurrage 滞期费freight rates 运费率freight ton 运费吨lay day 装卸天数liner terms 班轮条件liner transportation 班轮运输measurement ton 尺码吨optional port 选择港order B\L 指示提单partial shipment 分批装运sea waybill 海运单stale B\L 过期提单straight B\L 记名提单surcharge 附加费time charter 期租船transshipment 转船voyage charter 程租船weight ton 重量吨第七课Anticipatory credit 预支信用证back-to-back credit 对背信用证beneficiary 受益人bill of exchange 汇票check 支票clean bill 光票clean collection 光票托收clean credit 光票信用证confirmed L\C保兑信用证deferred payment 延期付款discount 贴现\折扣documentary bill 跟单汇票documentary L\C 跟单信用证endorsement 背书factoring 保理forfeiting 福费廷irrevocable L\C 不可撤销信用证paying instrument 支付工具payment by installment 分期付款payment in advance 预付payment term 支付方式presentation 提示promissory note 本票reciprocal credit 对开信用证red clause credit 红条款信用证remittance 汇付revocable L\C 可撤销信用证revolving credit 循环信用证sight draft 即期汇票sight L\C 即期信用证standby L\C 备用信用证tenor 汇票期限time\usance draft 远期汇票transferble L\C 可转让信用证第八课Booking note 订舱单\托运单consular invoices 领事发票customs declaration 报关单customs invoices 海关发票export license出进口许可证inspection certification 检验证书insurance policy 保险单packing list 装箱单pro forma invoices 形式发票promptness 交割日期shipping advice 装运通知shipping order 装货单CISG（United Nations Conventionon Contracts for International Saleof Goods）MOFCOM(Ministry of Commerce)ICC(International Chamber ofCommerce)UCP(Uniform Customs andPractice for Documentary Credits)Incoterms 2010 (Rules for theInterpretation of Trade Terms 2010)RAFD(Revised American ForeignTrade Definitions 1941)ECFFE(export cost for foreignexchange ratio)FCL(full container loading)LCL(less than container loading)FAQ(fair average quality)GMQ(good merchantable quality)OEM(original equipmentmanufacturer)CFS(Container Freight Station)CP(Charter Party)CY(Container Y ard)DR to DR(Door to Door)F.I.(Free In)F.O.(Free Out)F.I.O.(Free In and Out)F.I.O.S.T.(Free In and Out, Stowedand Trimmed)FCL(Full Container Load)IMT(International Multi-modalTransportation)LCL(Less than Container Load)M(Measurement)MTO(Multi-modal Transportationoperator)W(Weight)CIC(China Insurance Clause)FPA(Free from Particular Average)GA(General Average)ICC(Institute Cargo Clauses)IOP(irrespective of percentage)PICC(the People’s InsuranceCompany of China)SRCC(strikes, riots and civilcommotions)TPND(theft, pilferage andnon-delivery)WPA(With Particular Average)W\W Clause(Warehouse towarehouse Clause)D\D(demand draft)M\T(mail transfer)T\T(telegraphic transfer)D\P(documents against payment)D\A(documents againstacceptance)FCI(Factors Chain International)L\G(letters of guarantee)SWIFT(Society for WorldwideInter-bank FinancialTelecommunication)URC522(Uniform Rules forCollection522)UCP600(Uniform Customs andPractice for DocumentaryCredits600)B\N(Boking Note)CIQ(China Entry-Exit Inspectionand Quarantine Bureau)C.O.(Certificate of Origin)E\L(Export License)Form A(Generalized System ofPreferences Certificate of OriginFORM A)GSP Certificate oforigin(Generalized System ofPreferences Certificate of Origin)S\O(Shipping Order)。

计量名词英语词汇大全

计量名词英语词汇大全计量名词是表示度量单位、测量结果和测量仪器的专用名词。

在科学、工程、医学等领域，计量名词具有重要的作用。

本文将为您提供一份计量名词的英语词汇大全，希望能够帮助您更好地理解和运用这些专业术语。

1. Units of Measurement (度量单位)- Length (长度)meter 米kilometer 千米mile 英里inch 英寸foot 英尺- Area (面积)square meter 平方米acre 英亩hectare 公顷square foot 平方英尺- Mass (质量)gram 克kilogram 千克pound 磅ounce 盎司- Volume (容积)liter 升milliliter 毫升gallon 加仑cubic meter 立方米- Time (时间)second 秒minute 分钟hour 小时day 天2. Measurement Results (测量结果) - Temperature (温度)Celsius 摄氏度Fahrenheit 华氏度Kelvin 开氏度- Pressure (压力)pascal 帕斯卡bar 巴atmosphere 大气压pound per square inch 磅/平方英寸- Energy (能量)joule 焦耳calorie 卡路里watt 瓦特kilowatt 千瓦- Speed (速度)meter per second 米/秒kilometer per hour 千米/小时mile per hour 英里/小时3. Measurement Instruments (测量仪器)- Thermometer (温度计)- Barometer (气压计)- Hydrometer (比重计)- Voltmeter (电压表)- Ammeter (电流表)- Stopwatch (秒表)- Ruler (尺子)- Scale (秤)4. Other Measurement Terms (其他计量术语) - Accuracy (准确性)- Precision (精确度)- Calibration (校准)- Error (误差)- Range (范围)- Resolution (分辨率)- Sensitivity (灵敏度)以上仅为计量名词英语词汇的部分示例，更详尽的词汇大全可参考专业计量学教材或相关专业词典。

3GPP 5G基站(BS)R16版本一致性测试英文原版(3GPP TS 38.141-1)

4.2.2
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1 Scope.......................................................................................................................................................13
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通用计量术语及定义

通用计量术语及定义测量人员培训手册编制:质量保证部计量科第一章通用计量术语及定义General Terms in Metrology and Their Defitions1.何谓“测量”、“计量”、“计量学”,测量measurement:以确定量值为目的的一组操作。

注1:操作可以是自动地进行的。

注2:测量有时也称计量。

计量metrology:实现单位统一和量值准确可靠的活动。

计量学metrology:有关测量的科学。

注1:计量学涵盖有关测量的理论与实践的各个方面，而不论测量的不确定度如何，也不论测量是在科学技术的哪个领域中进行的。

注2:计量学有时简称计量。

注3:计量学曾称度量衡学和权度学。

2. 何谓“量”、“数值” 、“量值”,可测的]量[measurable]quantity:现象、物体或物质可定性区别和定量确[ 定的属性。

[量的]数值numerical value[of a quantity]:在量值表示中与单位相乘的数。

量值value of a quantity:一般由数值乘以测量单位所表示的特定量的大小。

例如:1.18m，18kg，-58?3. 何谓“真值”、“约定真值”,[量的]真值true value[of a quantity]:与给定的特定量的定义一致的值。

注1:量的真值只有通过完善的测量才可能获得。

注2:真值按其本性是不确定的。

注3:与给定的特定量定义一致的值不一定只有一个。

[量的]约定真值conventional true value[of a quantity]:对于给定目的具有适当不确定度的、赋予特定量的值，有时该值是约定采用的。

例如:阿23 -1伏加德罗常数值6.0221367*10mol4. 何谓“单位” 、“单位符号”、“法定[计量]单位”, [计量/测量]单位unit[of measurement]:为定量表示同种量的大小而约定第1页测量人员培训手册编制:质量保证部计量科地定义和采用的特定量。

ACM数据库的检索和使用

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Examples of Searching with Words
computer The words computer, Computer, and COMPUTER next apple computer The words next, apple, and computer internet-style The words internet-style, internet style, Internet-style, and Internet Style col*r The words color, colour, and other words that begin with col and end with r.
2005年各类型期刊影响因子排名
• In the category of Theory & Methods, out of 71 journals in total: • -ACM Computing Surveys (1) • -IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking (5) • -Journal of the ACM (8) • -Transactions on Computer Systems (10) • -Communications of the ACM (13)
ACM 数据库的检索和使用
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ACM 简介
ACM，美国计算机学会Association for Computing Machinery的简称，创立于 1947年，是全球历史最悠久和最大的计算机教育和科研机构。目前ACM提供的服务遍及 100余国家，会员人数达80,000多位专业人
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客户审核中的measurement of performances

客户审核中的measurement ofperformances在现代商业领域，客户审核中的measurement of performances是非常重要的。

这个过程是通过定期收集和分析数据的方式，以检查公司在满足客户需求方面的表现。

这样的审核是必要的，因为它可以为企业提供宝贵的反馈信息，以便改进流程和服务，同时增强客户的忠诚度。

（word count: 70）下面，我们将详细介绍客户审核中的measurement of performances，并讨论其对企业的影响：1. 收集客户数据客户数据可以通过许多渠道收集，包括在线客户反馈，电话调查，面对面访谈和社交媒体评论。

这些数据可以帮助企业了解客户的需求，评估公司产品和服务的实际质量和价值，同时可以发现客户感到不满意的方面。

2. 分析收集到的数据对于客户数据的收集是万无一失的，但这些数据没有经过深入的分析和检查，也就毫无意义了。

通常，这个过程涉及到专业的数据分析，以得出可信的数据和结论。

分析的目的是确定企业的强项和短处，以及哪些因素会影响客户的满意度。

3. 建立相关衡量标准建立衡量标准，以确保所有数据都是按同一基准进行比较的，这是十分必要的。

可以使用一些共通的指标来衡量客户满意度，并将其与业务成本、销售数据、产品质量和服务水平等因素进行比较。

4. 帮助企业改进客户反馈通过客户审核中的measurement of performances可以帮助企业发现问题，以便加以改进。

企业可以使用这些数据来制定计划和政策，以满足客户的需求。

这将进一步提升客户体验，同时加强客户忠诚度，从而增加企业的利润。

总的来说，客户审核中的measurement of performances是企业不可或缺的一个环节。

它可以提供必要的数据和反馈，以改进企业流程和服务，同时增强客户的忠诚度，从而促进企业的增长和发展。