Cooperation in decentralised networks

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网络的近与远考研英语作文

网络的近与远考研英语作文In the digital age, the internet has bridged distances once thought insurmountable, connecting people in real-time across the globe. It has become an indispensable tool for communication, education, and commerce.However, the internet's vastness also presents a paradox: while it brings us closer to some, it can distance us from others. The allure of online interactions can sometimes overshadow the importance of face-to-face connections, leading to a sense of isolation despite being virtually connected.The impact of the internet on language learning is particularly noteworthy. It has democratized access to resources, allowing students to learn languages at their own pace and from any corner of the world. Yet, the reliance on technology can also hinder the development of conversational skills that are essential for true fluency.Moreover, the internet's influence on the job market is undeniable. It has opened up new avenues for remote work, enabling professionals to work from anywhere. However, this flexibility can also lead to a blurring of work-life boundaries, which may affect work-life balance.In the realm of education, the internet hasrevolutionized the way we learn. Online courses and resourcesprovide a wealth of knowledge at our fingertips. Yet, the quality of education can vary, and the self-discipline required for online learning is a challenge for many.The internet's role in shaping public opinion is significant. It allows for the rapid dissemination of information and ideas, fostering a more informed society. However, it also exposes us to misinformation and echo chambers, which can polarize views and stifle open dialogue.In conclusion, the internet is a double-edged sword, offering both incredible opportunities and unique challenges. As we navigate this digital landscape, it is crucial to find a balance that harnesses its benefits while mitigating its drawbacks.。

第3版新视野大学英语4读写教程课后练习题答案(第三单元)

Unit3Words in use （P70，3）1. The curtains changed the atmosphere of the house completely and made it into a place of (exquisite) beauty.窗帘彻底改变了房子的气氛，使之成为一个美丽的地方。

2. As the sun (dispersed) the clouds, we enjoyed our afternoon of playing cards in the forest under the clear sky and observing the most spectacular view I have ever seen in my life.当太阳驱散云层时，我们在晴朗的天空下的森林里玩牌，欣赏着我一生中见过的最壮观的景色。

3. The big company (decentralized/ decentralised) their operations last year and opened several regional offices in the country to meet the needs of the market.这家大公司去年将业务分散，并在中国开设了多个地区办事处，以满足市场需求。

4. It is not easy to (deduce) a trend of growth from the available facts since they are quite scarce and not that convincing.从现有的事实中不容易推断出增长趋势，因为它们非常稀少，而且没有那么令人信服。

5. Formerly found only in large industrial applications, microwave ovens now have become a standard (fixture) of most modern kitchens.微波炉以前只存在于大型工业应用中，现在已成为大多数现代厨房的标准设备。

Addressing the Digital Divide

Addressing the Digital DivideThe digital divide is a significant challenge that has emerged in the recent past, and it has been a major concern for policymakers, educators, and technology companies. The digital divide refers to the gap that exists between people who have access to digital technology and those who do not. This divide has been growing, and it has become a significant issue in many countries across the world. In this response, I will explore various perspectives on the digital divide and suggest some possible solutions.One perspective is that the digital divide is a social justice issue. Those who lack access to digital technology are often marginalized and excluded from the benefits that technology can bring. For instance, students who do not have access to computers and the internet may find it difficult to complete their homework or access educational resources. Similarly, people who lack access to digital technology may find it challenging to access healthcare services, apply for jobs, or participate in civic activities. Therefore, addressing the digital divide is essential for promoting social justice and ensuring that everyone has equal opportunities to succeed.Another perspective is that the digital divide is an economic issue. Digital technology has become an essential tool for economic growth, and those who lack access to it may find it difficult to participate in the digital economy. For instance, businesses that do not have access to digital technology may find it challenging to reach new customers or compete with other businesses. Similarly, workers who lack digital skills may find it difficult to find employment or advance in their careers. Therefore, addressing the digital divide is essential for promoting economic growth and ensuring that everyone can benefit from the opportunities that digital technology can bring.A third perspective is that the digital divide is a technological issue. While access to digital technology is essential, it is not sufficient. People also need the skills and knowledge to use digital technology effectively. Therefore, addressing the digital divide also requires investing in digital literacy programs that can help people acquire the skills and knowledge they need to use digital technology effectively. Digital literacy programs can help peoplelearn how to use digital tools for communication, information retrieval, and problem-solving. They can also help people learn how to protect their privacy and security online.One possible solution to addressing the digital divide is to increase access to digital technology. This can be done by investing in infrastructure such as broadband networks, public Wi-Fi, and community technology centers. Governments can also provide subsidies or tax incentives to encourage technology companies to invest in underserved areas. Additionally, technology companies can develop products and services that are affordable and accessible to people with low incomes.Another possible solution is to invest in digital literacy programs. These programs can be provided in schools, libraries, community centers, and other public spaces. They can be designed to meet the needs of different age groups, skill levels, and learning styles. Digital literacy programs can also be tailored to specific communities, such as rural or urban areas, or to specific groups, such as seniors or immigrants.In conclusion, the digital divide is a complex challenge that requires a multifaceted approach. Addressing the digital divide is essential for promoting social justice, economic growth, and technological progress. To address the digital divide, we need to invest in infrastructure, develop affordable products and services, and provide digital literacy programs. By working together, we can bridge the digital divide and ensure that everyone has equal opportunities to succeed in the digital age.。

《零边际社会成本》国内外相关点评

2014年11月26日《零边际社会成本》国内外各界的观点点评【‘The Zero Marginal Cost Society’, by Jeremy Rifkin】2014-3-21Machines are about to change what it means to be human. According to social theorist Jeremy Rifkin, they will undermine our sense of private property, take away our jobs and turn us into free agents in a new global “sharing economy”. For good measure, they will also destroy capitalism before the middle of the 21st century.If you’re already thinking that The Zero Marginal Cost Society belongs to the genre of techno-futurism that resorts to extreme predictions to attract attention, then you’d be right. The value of this book, however, doesn’t lie in the accuracy of its specific forecasts, but rather in the extrapolations of current trends that enable Rifkin to reach them. On that measure, this is a thought-provoking read that pushes some of the most important new technologies to their logical –and sometimes scary – conclusions.Take the machines that underpin the book’s central argument. They will be self-replicating, capable of producing their own spare parts and propagating themselves indefinitely. They will be powered by an alternative energy source like the sun, allowing them to run more or less forever. And they will be connected by the coming “internet of things”, a self-organising network that will allow them to operate as part of a new pervasive intelligent infrastructure. These machines will also be fully automatic and require no human labour to operate. As a result, they will throw off products at virtually no cost, save the minimal one of supplying the basic raw materials.This gets to the heart of Rifkin’s argument. If the marginal cost of producing each additional item falls to essentially nothing, then everything becomes free. In their pursuit of profit, businesses will have irrevocably undermined their own margins: capitalism will have destroyed itself. But don’t despair. Rising in its place, Rifkin argues, will be a civilisation based on a new and more fulfilling communitarianism, free of the hang-ups that have characterised the materialistic individualism of the late capitalist age.Though only 300 or so pages, this is sometimes a dense book. Besides detours into subjects such as the economic history of the human race from earliest times, there are sections that pack in extensive descriptions of some of the key technologies. They include 3D printing; open-source software; the internet of things; the sharing economy; the online courses that are reshaping education; and the artificial intelligence enabling machines to replace many types of human labour.An extensive bibliography shows that Rifkin has read widely and compressed the results into his latest tome –though, to be fair to his previous work, he has also written entire books himself on several of the themes that converge here. That makes this something of a grand unifying theory of his thinking over four decades.Three of Rifkin’s predictions serve to illustrate both the breadth and the finality of his arguments. One is that the “sharing economy”(think letting out your spare room on Airbnb or summoning a car on Uber) will overthrow some of the biggest companies on the planet. It will only take between 10 and 30 per cent of a particular market to shift to these self-help networks, argues Rifkin, for the thin profit margins of giant companies to shrink to nothing.A second prediction is that a decentralised network of alternative energy sources will replace the existing vertically integrated, carbon-based energy industry. It will be made up of “prosumers”generating their own power and networked together through a smart grid that routes power to where it is needed. By the middle of this century, says Rifkin, 80 per cent of electricity will be generated this way – an estimate he claims is conservative.A third trend is the elimination of work, as the machines take over. According to Rifkin, workers –and the profitmaking companies that employ them –can look forward to one last hurrah. This will cover the 40-year period it takes to build the world’s smart, self-replicating infrastructure. After that, it will be the end of history for labour: apart from a few people needed to programme and monitor the machines, it’s all over for the wage slaves and salarymen.This all sounds ominous. But Rifkin reaches an optimistic conclusion. He anticipates a world of plenty where individuals will lead more fulfilling lives than they do now, with their material wants taken care of and their days of toil at an end. Fulfilment, he argues, will come from building “social capital”. Freed from the need to earn a living, people will get closer to the things that really matter: collaborating – and empathising – with other people.There are obvious quibbles to be had with much of this. One is that capitalism has proved pretty adaptable so far. When markets are commoditised and profits evaporate, capitalists have been good at either monopolising industries or finding new sources of value to build on top of the commoditised markets of the past. Just because, from the blinkered present, we can’t see what the mark ets of the future will be, it doesn’t mean they won’t exist.A second quibble is with Rifkin’s assumptions about how human nature will change to accommodate the new realities he describes. After all, if everything is free, won’t that lead to an even greater materialism that wrecks the planet for good?The way Rifkin sees it, replacing scarcity with abundance will spell the death of materialism. When everything is in plentiful supply, why gather and hoard? Rather than outright ownership, the humans who populate his future will be content with access to material goods, many of which will be shared – just as they are already becoming accustomed to accessing digital goods in a world of infinite supply. The millennial generation, as he sees it, is already hankering for this more collaborative, altruistic society.He also sees an automatic stabilisation that brings the human race into a permanent equilibrium with the planet. As living standards rise, birth rates in poorer parts of the world will fall: the global population will gradually fall back to a sustainable 5bn (though it isn’t clear why Rifkin picked this level). Alternative futures seem equally plausible. Wealth and income inequality could become more accentuated, as a winner-takes-all capitalism takes hold. The millions emerging from extreme poverty in developing countries could find themselves in a world of limited opportunity. The loss of employment may create a permanent – and growing – underclass.If Rifkin’s predictions have value, however, it is in bringing home the extent of the technologically induced upheaval that may lie ahead. How we deal with the consequences is up to us.【Capitalism is making way for the age of free Jeremy Rifkin】2014-3-31Karl Marx spent a lifetime trying to uncover what he suspected were the deep contradictions that drove the capitalist system forward but that would one day lead to its demise. Although his search revealed a number of important ancillary contradictions, his focus on the relationship between the means of production, surplus value and alienated labour kept him from unmasking an even deeper paradox at the heart of the system.In a capitalist market, governed by the invisible hand of supply and demand, sellers are constantly searching for new technologies to increase productivity, allowing them to reduce the costs of producing their goods and services so they can sell them cheaper than their competitors, win over consumers and secure sufficient profit for their investors. Marx never asked what might happen if intense global competition some time in the future forced entrepreneurs to introduce ever more efficient technologies, accelerating productivity to the point where the marginal cost of production approached zero, making goods and services "priceless" and potentially free, putting an end to profit and rendering the market exchange economy obsolete. But that's now beginning to happen.Over the past decade millions of consumers have become prosumers, producing and sharing music, videos, news, and knowledge at near-zero marginal cost and nearly for free, shrinking revenues in the music, newspaper and book-publishing industries.Some of the US's leading economists are waking up to the paradox. Lawrence Summers, former US treasury secretary, and J Bradford DeLong, professor of economics at the University of California, Berkeley, addressed this in August 2001, in a speech delivered before the Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City. Summers and DeLong focused their presentation on the new communication technologies that were already reducing the marginal (per-unit) cost of producing and sending information goods to near zero.They began by acknowledging that "the most basic condition for economic efficiency: [is] that price equal marginal cost", and further conceded that "with information goods the social marginal cost of distribution is close to zero". They then went to the crux of the problem. "If information goods are to be distributed at their marginal cost of production – zero – they cannot be created and produced by entrepreneurial firms that use revenues obtained from sales to consumers to cover their [fixed set-up] costs … [companies] must be able to anticipate selling their products at a profit to someone."Summers and DeLong opposed government subsidies to cover up-front costs, arguing that they destroy the entrepreneurial spirit. Instead they supported short-term monopolies to ensure profits, declaring that this is "the reward needed to spur private enterprise to engage in such innovation". They realised the trap this put them in, recognising that "natural monopoly does not meet the most basic condition for economic efficiency: that price equal marginal cost" but nonetheless concluded that in the new economic era, this might be the only practical way to proceed.The pair had come up against the catch-22 of capitalism that was already freeing a growing amount of economic activity from the market, and threw up their hands, favouring monopolies toartificially keep prices above marginal cost, thwarting the ultimate triumph of the invisible hand. This final victory, if allowed, would signal not only capitalism's greatest accomplishment but also its death knell.While the notion of near-zero marginal cost raised a small flurry of attention 12 years ago, as its effects began to be felt in the music and entertainment industry and newspaper and publishing fields, the consensus was that it would likely be restricted to information goods, with limited effects on the rest of the economy. This is no longer the case.Now the zero-marginal cost revolution is beginning to affect other commercial sectors. The precipitating agent is an emerging general-purpose technology platform – the internet of things. The convergence of the communications internet with the fledgling renewable energy internet and automated logistics internet in a smart, inter-operable internet-of-things system is giving rise to a third industrial revolution.Siemens, IBM, Cisco and General Electric are among the firms erecting an internet-of-things infrastructure, connecting the world in a global neural network. There are now 11 billion sensors connecting devices to the internet of things. By 2030, 100 trillion sensors will be attached to natural resources, production lines, warehouses, transportation networks, the electricity grid and recycling flows, and be implanted in homes, offices, stores, and vehicles – continually sending big data to the communications, energy and logistics internets. Anyone will be able to access the internet of things and use big data and analytics to develop predictive algorithms that can speed efficiency, dramatically increase productivity and lower the marginal cost of producing and distributing physical things, including energy, products and services, to near zero, just as we now do with information goods.Summers and DeLong glimpsed that as marginal costs approach zero, "the competitive paradigm cannot be fully appropriate" for organising commercial life, but admitted "we do not yet know what the right replacement paradigm will be". Now we know. A new economic paradigm –the collaborative commons –has leaped onto the world stage as a powerful challenger to the capitalist market.A growing legion of prosumers is producing and sharing information, not only knowledge, news and entertainment, but also renewable energy, 3D printed products and online college courses at near-zero marginal cost on the collaborative commons. They are even sharing cars, homes, clothes and tools, entirely bypassing the conventional capitalist market.An increasingly streamlined and savvy capitalist system will continue to operate at the edges of the new economy, finding sufficient vulnerabilities to exploit, primarily as an aggregator of network services and solutions, allowing it to flourish as a powerful niche player. But it will no longer reign. Hundreds of millions of people are already transferring bits and pieces of their lives from capitalist markets to the emerging global collaborative commons, operating on a ubiquitous internet-of-things platform. The great economic paradigm shift has begun.【The Zero Marginal Cost Society】The capitalist era is passing - not quickly, but inevitably. Rising in its wake is a new globalcollaborative Commons that will fundamentally transform our w ay of life. Ironically, capitalism’s demise is not coming at the hands of hostile external forces. Rather, The Zero Marginal Cost Society argues, capitalism is a victim of its own success. Intense competition across sectors of the economy is forcing the introduction of ever newer technologies. Bestselling author Jeremy Rifkin explains that this competition is boosting productivity to its optimal point where the marginal cost of producing additional units is nearly zero, which makes the product essentially free. In turn, profits are drying up, property ownership is becoming meaningless, and an economy based on scarcity is giving way to an economy of abundance, changing the very nature of society.Rifkin describes how hundreds of millions of people are already transferring parts of their economic lives from capitalist markets to global networked Commons. "Prosumers" are producing their own information, entertainment, green energy, and 3-D printed products at nearly zero marginal cost, and sharing them via social media sites, rentals, redistribution clubs, bartering networks, and cooperatives. Meanwhile, students are enrolling in massive open online courses (MOOCs) that also operate at near-zero marginal cost. And young social entrepreneurs are establishing ecologically sensitive businesses, crowdsourcing capital, and even creating alternative currencies in the new sharable economy. As a result, "exchange value" in the marketplace - long the bedrock of our economy - is increasingly being replaced by "use value" on the collaborative Commons.In this new era, identity is less bound to what one owns and more to what one shares. Cooperation replaces self-interest, access trumps ownership, and networking drubs autonomy. Rifkin concludes that while capitalism will be with us for at least the next half century, albeit in an increasingly diminished role, it will no longer be the dominant paradigm. We are, Rifkin says, entering a world beyond markets where we are learning how to live together collaboratively and sustainably in an increasingly interdependent global Commons.【The Zero Marginal Cost Society】In The Zero Marginal Cost Society, New York Times bestselling author Jeremy Rifkin describes how the emerging Internet of Things is speeding us to an era of nearly free goods and services, precipitating the meteoric rise of a global Collaborative Commons and the eclipse of capitalism.Rifkin uncovers a paradox at the heart of capitalism that has propelled it to greatness but is now taking it to its death—the inherent entrepreneurial dynamism of competitive markets that drives productivity up and marginal costs down, enabling businesses to reduce the price of their goods and services in order to win over consumers and market share. (Marginal cost is the cost of producing additional units of a good or service, if fixed costs are not counted.) While economists have always welcomed a reduction in marginal cost, they never anticipated the possibility of a technological revolution that might bring marginal costs to near zero, making goods and services priceless, nearly free, and abundant, and no longer subject to market forces.Now, a formidable new technology infrastructure—the Internet of things (IoT)—is emerging with the potential of pushing large segments of economic life to near zero marginal cost in theyears ahead. Rifkin describes how the Communication Internet is converging with a nascent Energy Internet and Logistics Internet to create a new technology platform that connects everything and everyone. Billions of sensors are being attached to natural resources, production lines, the electricity grid, logistics networks, recycling flows, and implanted in homes, offices, stores, vehicles, and even human beings, feeding Big Data into an IoT global neural network. Prosumers can connect to the network and use Big Data, analytics, and algorithms to accelerate efficiency, dramatically increase productivity, and lower the marginal cost of producing and sharing a wide range of products and services to near zero, just like they now do with information goods.The plummeting of marginal costs is spawning a hybrid economy—part capitalist market and part Collaborative Commons—with far reaching implications for society, according to Rifkin. Hundreds of millions of people are already transferring parts of their economic lives to the global Collaborative Commons. Prosumers are plugging into the fledgling IoT and making and sharing their own information, entertainment, green energy, and 3D-printed products at near zero marginal cost. They are also sharing cars, homes, clothes and other items via social media sites, rentals, redistribution clubs, and cooperatives at low or near zero marginal cost. Students are enrolling in free massive open online courses (MOOCs) that operate at near zero marginal cost. Social entrepreneurs are even bypassing the banking establishment and using crowdfunding to finance startup businesses as well as creating alternative currencies in the fledgling sharing economy. In this new world, social capital is as important as financial capital, access trumps ownership, sustainability supersedes consumerism, cooperation ousts competition, and “exchange value” in the capitalist marketplace is increasingly replaced by “sharable value” on the Collaborative Commons.Rifkin concludes that capitalism will remain with us, albeit in an increasingly streamlined role, primarily as an aggregator of network services and solutions, allowing it to flourish as a powerful niche player in the coming era. We are, however, says Rifkin, entering a world beyond markets where we are learning how to live together in an increasingly interdependent global Collaborative Commons.【Praise for The Zero Marginal Cost Society】“Admirable in its scope...what makes The Zero Marginal Cost Society worth reading is its audacity, its willingness to weave a vast string of developments into a heartening narrative of what our economic future may hold for the generations to come. You can call it naive, but it’s much more than that. It's hopeful."—Fortune“A thought-provoking read that pushes some of the most important new technologies to their logical–and sometimes scary–conclusions…The value of this book… doesn't lie in the accuracy of its specific forecasts, but rather in the extrapolations of current trends that enable Rifkin to reach them. If Rifkin’s predictions have value... it is in bringing home the extent of the technologically induced upheaval that may lie ahead. How we deal with the consequences is up tous. A grand unifying theory of [Rifkin’s] thinking over four decades.” —The Financial Times "[An] illuminating new book…Rifkin is very good on the historical origins of the giant, vertically integrated organizations that dominated the 20 Century economy. [He] makes a powerful case that from a longer-term perspective, it is these giant hierarchies that are the anomalies of economic history. The shredding of vertical value chains, the creation of vast new horizontal value chains, and the social change of people preferring access to ownership…bring massive economic and social changes to business and society, the implications of which [are] only beginning to be glimpsed. For Rifkin, ... more“Admirable in its scope...what makes The Zero Marginal Cost Society worth reading is its audacity, its willingness to weave a vast string of developments into a heartening narrative of what our economic future may hold for the generations to come. You can call it naive, but it’s much more than that. It's hopeful."—Fortune“A thought-provoking read that pushes some of the most important new technologies to their logical–and sometimes scary–conclusions…The value of this book… doesn't lie in the accuracy of its specific forecasts, but rather in the extrapolations of current trends that enable Rifkin to reach them. If Rifkin’s predictions have value... it is in bringing home the extent of the technologically induced upheaval that may lie ahead. How we deal with the consequences is up to us. A grand unifying theory of [Rifkin’s] thinking over four decades.” —The Financial Times "[An] illuminating new book…Rifkin is very good on the historical origins of the giant, vertically integrated organizations that dominated the 20 Century economy. [He] makes a powerful case that from a longer-term perspective, it is these giant hierarchies that are the anomalies of economic history. The shredding of vertical value chains, the creation of vast new horizontal value chains, and the social change of people preferring access to ownership…bring massive economic and social changes to business and society, the implications of which [are] only beginning to be glimpsed. For Rifkin, the shifts are positive and huge.”—Forbes “Jeremy Rifkin offers an ambitious and optimistic image of how a commons-based, collaborative model of the economy could displace industrial capitalism when the economic and social practices of the Internet are extended to energy, logistics, and material fabrication. Even skeptical readers, concerned with the ubiquitous surveillance and exquisite social control that these same technologies enable, should find the vision exhilarating and its exposition thought provoking.”—Yochai Benkler, Harvard Law School“This breathtaking book connects some of today's most compelling technology-driven trends into a five-hundred-year spiral from commons to capitalism and back. Rifkin has produced an intellectual joyride that takes us to the threshold of a new economic order.”—Kevin Werbach, the Wharton School“The Zero Marginal Cost Society confirms Jeremy Rifkin as the peerless visionary of technological trends. The future arrives only to fill in the sketches that Rifkin so ably draws. I highly recommend this book as a cure for those who are perplexed about the future of technology.”—Calestous Juma, John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University “In his latest work, Jeremy Rifkin turns his gaze on the world in which almost everything has a marginal cost approaching zero, asking what the implications are for our economy and the environment. Rifkin’s radical conclusio ns—foretelling the eclipse of our current economic systemand the rise of the "collaboratists"—will make this one of the most discussed books of the year.”—James Boyle, the Center for the Study of the Public Domain, Duke Law School “Jeremy Rifkin takes us on a whirlwind tour of our past and future, making the undeniable case for our growing, global collaborative destiny. I dare you to read this book and not rethink your future!”—Lisa Gansky, author of The Mesh: Why the Future of Business is Sharing "A comprehensive exploration of the implications of anyone being able to make anything"—Neil Gershenfeld, Director, MIT Center for Bits and Atoms“An amazing work…This insightful, surprising, and practical book helps us understand how the emerging Internet of Things is driving extreme productivity, the rush to a near zero marginal cost society, and the rise of a new economic paradigm. Rifkin solves the puzzle of what companies, nonprofit organizations, and governments need to do to reposition themselves on the new Collaborative Commons. The book is a must read for every citizen and decision maker.”—Jerry Wind, the Wharton School“Free-market traditionalists have trouble recognizing that the future of governance and economics lies with the Commons—a world of collaboration, sharing, ecological concern and human connection. Jeremy Rifkin deftly describes the powerful forces that are driving this new paradigm and transforming our personal lives and the economy. A highly readable account of the next big turn of the wheel.”—David Bollier, author of Think Like a Commoner: A Short Introduction to the Life of the Commons"Brilliantly tackled…Rifkin describes how the dramatic lowering of transaction, communication, and coordination costs allow the global scaling of small group dynamics, fundamentally changing the choices that humanity can make for its social organization. Read it, rejoice, and take action to build the new world in which the market and the state are not destroying the commons, but aligned with it."—Michel Bauwens, Founder, P2P Foundation "Jeremy Rifkin has always been ahead of the curve. In The Zero Marginal Cost Society, Rifkin takes us on a journey to the future, beyond consumerism to "prosumers" who produce what they consume and share what they have on a Collaborative Commons, a contemporary expression of Gandhi's "Swadeshi.” His down to earth vision of democratizing innovation and creativity on a global scale, for the wellbeing of all, is inspiring and, equally important, doable.”—Vandana Shiva, Environmental Activist and recipient of the Right Livelihood Award【'The Zero Marginal Cost Society': Welcome to the Brave NewWorkerless World】2014-3-30"The Capitalists will sell us the rope with which we will hang them." --Vladimir Ilyich Lenin (1870-1924) First Leader of the Soviet UnionMarginal cost is the term used in the science of economics and business to refer to the increase in total production costs resulting from producing one additional unit of the item. Zero marginal cost describes a situation where an additional unit can be produced without any increasein the total cost of production. Producing another unit of a good can have zero marginal costs when that good is non-rivalrous, meaning that it is possible for one person to consume the good without diminishing the ability of others to simultaneously consume it as well. --Wise Maybe economists like Jeremy Rifkin will stop writing books like "The Zero Marginal Cost Society: The Internet of Things, the Collaborative Commons, and the Eclipse of Capitalism" (Palgrave Macmillan, 368 pages, $28.00) when they are replaced by robots who can do the same work as human economists at far less cost.This is already happening in academia, as many prestigious teachers are offering online courses for free or for a modest fee, he writes in a book that will probably discourage the hell out of many people already at the end of their job-seeking tether. At the same time, Rifkin's book is that rarity, a book about economics that general readers can understand and enjoy, even.Brick and mortar universities will be replaced by massive open online courses (MOOCs) that also operate at near-zero marginal cost, he predicts. And young social entrepreneurs are establishing ecologically sensitive businesses, crowdsourcing capital, and even creating alternative currencies in the new sharable economy. As a result, "exchange value" in the marketplace -- long the bedrock of our economy - is increasingly being replaced by "use value" on the collaborative Commons.Rifkin describes how zero marginal cost economics has already changed the face of manufacturing and has contributed to the jobless "recovery" from the financial meltdown of 2008 in a book that further confirms my view that economics is truly "the dismal science."The rope that Lenin spoke of is probably manufactured in an Asian country by automated machines, with only a few people around to make sure they're functioning properly.Shades of Charlie Chaplin's dystopic 1936 movie "Modern Times" -- said to be inspired as his iconic "Little Tramp" character struggles to survive in the modern, industrialized world. According to the Wikipedia entry on "Modern Times": "The film is a comment on the desperate employment and fiscal conditions many people faced during the Great Depression, conditions created, in Chaplin's view, by the efficiencies of modern industrialization."In his 1995 book "The End of Work" Rifkin said that "more sophisticated software technologies are going to bring civilization ever closer to a near workerless world."Unemployed "Little Tramps" need not apply!Rifkin quotes himself on page 122 of his new book, adding : "In the interim years, the projections I made back in 1995 of IT-generated automation leading to technology displacement in virtually every sector of the economy became a troubling reality, leaving millions of people unemployed and underemployed across every country in the world. If anything, the original forecast proved to be a bit too conservative."Is that dismal enough for you?He goes on to cite statistics on the people in the U.S. and worldwide who are unemployed or underemployed, who have given up looking for jobs that have disappeared. (Chapter Eight "The Last Standing Worker" Pages 121ff.). And see below my reference to Cornell University economist Robert H. Frank.Retailing will change drastically. If you've been in a Walmart recently, you've probably seen the self-checkout stations (I refuse to use them, hoping that at least some jobs will remain!). It's no。

关于互联网的辩论英语词汇

关于互联网的辩论英语词汇The Internet: A Tool for Connection or a Source of Disconnection?The Internet has become an integral part of our daily lives, revolutionizing the way we communicate, work, and access information. However, as its influence continues to grow, the debate over whether it is a tool for connection or a source of disconnection has intensified.On one hand, the Internet has undoubtedly facilitated global connectivity. Social media platforms have enabled people to stay in touch with friends and family across the world, while video conferencing technology has made it possible for businesses to conduct meetings with international partners without the need for travel. Additionally, the Internet has democratized access to information, allowing individuals to educate themselves on a wide range of topics and stay informed about current events.On the other hand, the Internet has also been criticized for its role in fostering disconnection. The rise of social media has been linked to increased feelings of loneliness and isolation, as people spend more time engaging with screens than with real-life interactions. Furthermore, the spread of misinformation and fake news on the Internet has led to a breakdown in trust and understanding among individuals and communities.In addition, the Internet has been a platform for cyberbullying, harassment, and other forms of online abuse, which can have a profoundly negative impact on individuals' mental health and well-being. Moreover, the constant connectivity that the Internet provides has blurred the boundaries between work and personal life, leading to burnout and a lack of work-life balance for many individuals.In conclusion, the Internet is a double-edged sword, capable of both connecting and disconnecting people. While it has undoubtedly brought the world closer together and provided unprecedented access to information, it has also been a source of disconnection and division. As we continue to navigate the digital age, it is crucial to strike a balancebetween the benefits and drawbacks of the Internet, and to use it as a tool for connection while being mindful of its potential for disconnection.。

关于数字鸿沟的英语作文

关于数字鸿沟的英语作文The Digital Divide.In today's increasingly digital world, the issue of the digital divide has become a pressing concern. The digital divide refers to the gap between those who have access to and knowledge of technology, particularly the internet, and those who do not. This divide can exist between different countries, regions within a country, or even within a single community. It is a complex issue with far-reaching implications for education, employment, and social inclusion.English Answer:The digital divide is a significant problem thataffects people all over the world. In developed countries, access to technology and the internet is often taken for granted. People can easily access information, communicate with others, and engage in online activities. However, indeveloping countries or marginalized communities, the situation is very different. Many people do not have access to computers or the internet due to various reasons, suchas lack of infrastructure, high costs, or limited knowledge and skills. This lack of access puts them at a disadvantage, as they are unable to fully participate in the digital age.中文回答：数字鸿沟是一个全球性的问题，影响着世界各地的人们。

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF WIRELESS AND MOBILE COMPUTING (IJWMC) 1 A Biologically Inspired Qo

A Biologically Inspired QoS Routing Algorithm forMobile Ad Hoc NetworksZhenyu Liu,Marta Z.Kwiatkowska,and Costas ConstantinouAbstract—This paper presents an Emergent Ad hoc Routing Algorithm with QoS provision(EARA-QoS).This ad hoc QoS routing algorithm is based on a swarm intelligence inspired routing infrastructure.In this algorithm,the principle of swarm intelligence is used to evolutionally maintain routing information. The biological concept of stigmergy is applied to reduce the amount of control trafﬁc.This algorithm adopts the cross-layer optimisation concept to use parameters from different layers to determine routing.A lightweight QoS scheme is proposed to provide service-classiﬁed trafﬁc control based on the data packet characteristics.The simulation results show that this novel routing algorithm performs well in a variety of network conditions.Index Terms—MANET,routing,QoS,swarm intelligence.I.I NTRODUCTIONM OBILE ad hoc networks(MANETs)are wireless mo-bile networks formed munication in such a decentralised network typically involves temporary multi-hop relays,with the nodes using each other as the relay routers without anyﬁxed infrastructure.This kind of network is veryﬂexible and suitable for applications such as temporary information sharing in conferences,military actions and disaster rescues.However,multi-hop routing,random movement of mobile nodes and other features unique to MANETs lead to enormous overheads for route discovery and maintenance.Furthermore, compared with the traditional networks,MANETs suffer from the resource constraints in energy,computational capacities and bandwidth.To address the routing challenge in MANETs,many ap-proaches have been proposed in the literature.Based on the routing mechanism for the traditional networks,the proactive approaches attempt to maintain routing information for each node in the network at all times[1]–[3],whereas the reactive approaches onlyﬁnd new routes when required[4]–[6].Other approaches make use of geographical location information for routing[7],[8].Those previous works only provide a basic “best effort”routing functionality that is sufﬁcient for con-ventional applications such asﬁle transfer or email download. To support real-time applications such as V oIP and video stream in MANETs,which have a higher requirement for delay,jitter and packet losses,provision of Quality-of-Service (QoS)is necessary in addition to basic routing functionality. Z.Liu and M.Z.Kwiatkowska is with School of Computer Science,The University of Birmingham,Birmingham,England B152TT.C.Constantinou is with the Department of Electronic Electrical and Computer Engineering,The University of Birmingham,Birmingham,England B152TT.Given the nature of MANETs,it is difﬁcult to support real-time applications with appropriate QoS.In some cases it may be even impossible to guarantee strict QoS requirements.But at the same time,QoS is of great importance in MANETs since it can improve performance and allow critical information to ﬂow even under difﬁcult conditions.At present,the most fundamental challenges of QoS support in MANETs concern how to obtain the available bandwidth and maintain accurate values of link state information during the dynamic evolution of such a network[9].Based on common techniques for QoS provision in the Internet,some researchers proposed the integration of QoS provision into the routing protocols[10],[11].However,since these works implicitly assumed the same link concept as the one in wired networks,they still do not fully address the QoS problem for MANETs.In this paper,we propose a new version of the self-organised Emergent Ad hoc Routing Algorithm with QoS provisioning(EARA-QoS).This QoS routing algorithm uses information from not only the network layer but also the MAC layer to compute routes and selects different paths to a destination depending on the packet characteristics.The underlying routing infrastructure,EARA originally proposed in[12],is a probabilistic multi-path algorithm inspired by the foraging behaviour of biological ants.The biological concept of stigmergy in an ant colony is used for the interaction of local nodes to reduce the amount of control trafﬁc.Local wireless medium information from the MAC layer is used as the artiﬁcial pheromone(a chemical used in ant communications) to reinforce optimal/sub-optimal paths without the knowledge of the global topology.One of the optimisations of EARA-QoS over EARA is the use of metrics from different layers to make routing decisions. This algorithm design concept is termed as the cross-layer design approach.Research[13]has shown the importance of cross-layer optimisations in MANETs,as the optimisation at a particular single layer might produce non-intuitive side-effects that will degrade the overall system performance.Moreover, the multiple-criteria routing decisions allow for the better usage of network characteristics in selecting best routes among multiple available routes to avoid forwarding additional data trafﬁc through the congested areas,since the wireless medium over those hotspots is already very busy.The parameters for measuring wireless medium around a node depend largely on the MAC layer.In this paper,we focus on the IEEE802.11 DCF mode[14],since it is the most widely used in both cellular wireless networks and in MANETs.This cross-layer technique of using MAC layer information can be appliedeasily to other MAC protocols.In addition to the basic routing functionality,EARA-QoS supports an integrated lightweight QoS provision scheme.In this scheme,trafﬁc ﬂows are classiﬁed into different service classes.The classiﬁcation is based on their relative delay bounds.Therefore,the delay sensitive trafﬁc is given a higher priority than other insensitive trafﬁc ﬂows.The core technique of the QoS provision scheme is a token bucket queuing scheme,which is used to provide the high priority to the real-time trafﬁc,and also to protect the lower-priority trafﬁc from star-vation.Experimental results from simulation of mobile ad hoc networks show that this QoS routing algorithm performs well over a variety of environmental conditions,such as network size,nodal mobility and trafﬁc loads.II.B ACKGROUNDIn this section,we give a brief introduction to background knowledge on ant colony heuristics,and the QoS provision techniques in MANETs.A.Foraging Strategies in AntsOne famous example of biological swarm social behaviour is the ant colony foraging [15](see Figure 1).Many ant species have a trail-laying,trail-following behaviour when foraging:individual ants deposit a chemical substance called pheromone as they move from a food source to their nest,and foragers follow such pheromone trails.Subsequently,more ants are attracted by these pheromone trails and in turn reinforce them even more.As a result of this auto-catalytic effect,the optimal solution emerges rapidly.In this food searching process a phenomenon called stigmergy plays a key role in developing and manipulating local information.It describes the indirect communication of individuals through modifying theenvironment.Fig.1.All Ants Attempt to Take the Shortest PathFrom the self-organisation theory point of view,the be-haviour of the social ant can be modelled based on four elements:positive feedback,negative feedback,randomness and multiple interactions [16].This model of social ants using self-organisation theories provides powerful tools to transfer knowledge about the social insects to the design of intelligent decentralised problem-solving systems.B.Quality-of-Service in MANETsQuality-of-Service (QoS)provision techniques are used to provide some guarantee on network performance,such as average delay,jitter,etc.In wired networks,QoS provision can generally be achieved with the over-provisioning of re-sources and with network trafﬁc engineering [17].With the over-provisioning approach,resources are upgraded (e.g.ﬁbre optic data link,advanced routers and network cards)to make networks more resistant to resource demanding applications.The advantage of this approach is that it is easy to be implemented.The main disadvantage of this approach is that all the applications still have the same priority,and the network may become unpredictable during times of bursting and peak trafﬁc.In contrast,the idea of the trafﬁc engineering approach is to classify applications into service classes and handle each class with a different priority.This approach overcomes the defect of the former since everyone is following a certain rule within the network.The trafﬁc engineering approach has two complemen-tary means to achieve QoS provisioning,Integrated Services (IntServ)and Differentiated Services (DiffServ).IntServ [18]provides guaranteed bandwidth for ﬂows,while DiffServ [19]provides hard guarantees for service classes.Both of the approaches rely on the possibility to make bandwidth reservations.The former was used in ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode)[20]and is today the method of achieving QoS in RSVP-IntServ [21].On the other hand,in the DiffServ approach,no reservation is done within the network.Instead,QoS is achieved by mechanisms such as Admission Control ,Policy Manager ,Trafﬁc Classes and Queuing Schedulers .These mechanisms are used to mark a packet to receive a particular forwarding or dropping treatment at each node.Based on QoS provision techniques in wired networks,many QoS approaches are proposed to provide QoS services for MANETs.Flexible QoS Model for MANETs (FQMM)[22],is the ﬁrst QoS approach for MANETs,which combines knowledge on IntServ/DiffServ in wired networks with con-sideration of MANETs.As an essential component to achieve the QoS provisioning,QoS routing algorithms tightly integrate QoS provisioning into routing protocols.The QoS version of AODV (QoS-AODV)[23],the Core-Extraction Distributed Ad Hoc Routing (CEDAR)protocol [10],the Multimedia Support for Mobile Wireless Networks (MMWN)protocol [11],and the ticket-based protocols [24]are examples of QoS routing algorithms proposed for MANETs.On the other hand,QoS signaling techniques are inde-pendent of the underlying routing protocols.The In-band Signalling for QoS in Ad-Hoc Mobile Networks (INSIGNIA)algorithm [25]is the typical signaling protocol designed exclusively for MANETS.The idea of CEDAR,MMWN,and ticket-based protocols is to disseminate link-state information across the network in order to enable other nodes to ﬁnd routes that meet certain QoS criteria,like the minimum bandwidth.On the other hand,INSIGNIA piggybacks resource reservations onto data packets,which can be modiﬁed by intermediate nodes to inform the communication endpoint nodes in case of lack ofresources.All those approaches are based on the idea that the wireless links between mobile nodes have certain QoS related properties,in particular a known amount of available bandwidth,and that nodes are able to give guarantees for trafﬁc traversing these links.III.C RITIQUE OF E XISTING Q O S A PPROACHES INMANET SNowadays,most of the QoS provisioning techniques are derived from the QoS approaches of the wired networks. However,QoS support approaches proposed in wired networks are based on the assumption that the link characteristics such as bandwidth,delay,loss rate and error rate must be available and manageable.However,given the challenges of MANETs, e.g.dynamic topology and time-varying link capacity,this assumption does not apply any longer.Thus,applying the concepts of wired trafﬁc engineering QoS approaches directly to MANETs is extremely difﬁcult.Generally,the situation in MANETs is completely different from those in wired networks.In wireless networks,the available bandwidth undergoes fast time-scale variations due to channel fading and errors from physical obstacles.These effects are not present in wired networks.In MANETs,the wireless channel is a shared-access medium,and the available bandwidth even varies with the number of hosts contending for the channel.Below we analyse why the IntServ/DiffServ models are not appropriate for MANETs respectively. IntServ based approaches are not applicable for MANETs mainly due to two factors,huge resource consumption and computation power limitation.Firstly,to support IntServ,a huge amount of link state information has to be built and main-tained for each mobile node.The amount of state information increases proportionally with the number ofﬂows,which is also a problem with the current IntServ QoS scheme.Secondly, current wireless networks employ two major MAC techniques, the single-channel approach and the multiple channel ap-proach.With single-channel approach(e.g.IEEE802.11[14]), all nodes share the same channel and therefore potentially interfere with each other.With a multiple-channel approach (e.g.Bluetooth[26]or CDMA[27]),nodes can communicate on several channels simultaneously.Both of the two MAC techniques have a similar bandwidth reservation mechanism. This common mechanism requires a transmission schedule to deﬁne time slots,in which nodes take their turns periodically. For each slot,its duration and a set of possible simultaneous transmissions must be deﬁned.However,in wireless networks, the problem ofﬁnding an optimal schedule is proved to be NP-complete[28],which is a fundamental limitation of QoS provisioning in wireless networks.On the other hand,the DiffServ approach is a lightweight QoS model for interior routers since individual stateﬂows are aggregated into sets of service classes whose packets are treated differently at the routing nodes.This makes routing a lot easier in the network.Thus this approach could be a potential solution for MANETs.Even though it is not practical to provide a hard separation of different service classes in MANETs,relative prioritisation is possible in such a way that trafﬁc of a certain class is given a higher or lower priority than trafﬁc of other service classes.One solution would be to divide the trafﬁc into a predeﬁned set of service classes that are deﬁned by their relative delay bounds,such as delay sensitive(realtime)and insensitive(bulk)trafﬁc.Realtime trafﬁc should be given higher priority than bulk trafﬁc.No absolute bandwidth guarantees are provided.Some work based on service differentiation rather than resource reservations in MANETs already exists[29].IV.D ESCRIPTION OF EARA-Q O SEARA-QoS is an on-demand multipath routing algorithm for MANETs,inspired by the ant foraging intelligence.This algorithm incorporates positive feedback,negative feedback and randomness into the routing computation.Positive feed-back originates from destination nodes to reinforce the existing pheromone on good paths.Ant-like packets,analogous to the ant foragers,are used to locallyﬁnd new paths.Artiﬁcial pheromone is laid on the communication links between nodes and data packets are biased towards strong pheromone,but the next hop is chosen probabilistically.To prevent old routing solutions from remaining in the current network status,expo-nential pheromone decay is adopted as the negative feedback. Each node using this algorithm maintains a probabilistic routing table.In this routing table,each route entry for the destination is associated with a list of neighbour nodes.A probability value in the list expresses the goodness of node as the next hop to the destination.For each neighbour, the shortest hop distance to the destination and the largest sequence number seen so far are also recorded.In addition to the routing table,each node also possesses a pheromone table.This table tracks the amount of pheromone on each neighbour link.The table may be viewed as a ma-trix with rows corresponding to neighbourhood and columns to destinations.There are three threshold values controlling the bounds on pheromone in the table.They are the upper pheromone that prevents extreme differences in pheromone, the lower pheromone,below which data trafﬁc cannot be forwarded,and the initial pheromone that is assigned when a new route is found.In addition to the routing data structures present above,the following control packets are used in EARA-QoS to perform routing computation:Route Request Packet(RQ)containing destination ad-dress,source address and broadcast ID.Route Reply Packet(RP)containing source address,des-tination address,sequence number,hop account and life-time.Reinforcement Signal(RS)containing destination ad-dress,pheromone value and sequence number.Local Foraging Ant(LFA)containing source address (the node that sent LFA),the least hop distance from the source to the destination,stack of intermediate node address and hop count.Hello Packet(HELLO)containing source(the node that sent Hello)address and hop count(set to0).A.Parameters of Lower Layers1)The Average MAC Layer Utilisation:Theﬁrst metric is the average MAC layer utilisation for a node.This metric measures the usage of the wireless medium around that node. As the instantaneous MAC layer utilisation at a node is either (busy)or(idle),we average this value over a period of time window as follows:(1) where is the time when the medium is busy in the window.This average MAC utilisation indicates the degree to which the wireless medium around that node is busy or idle.We consider the instantaneous MAC layer utilisation level at a node to be1when the wireless medium around that node either detects physical carrier to be present or is deferring due to virtual carrier sensing,inter-frame spacing,or backoff.In addition,we also consider the medium is busy at any time when the node has at least one packet in the transmission queue.2)The Transmission Queue Heuristic:The second metric isa heuristic value that is calculated with the network interface transmission queue length in the current node.Apart from the media status,the transmission queue length is also a key factor that can affect the packet latency or packet drop due to the size limit on the queue length.We deﬁne the heuristic value with the following rules.If the outgoing network interface employs a single queue scheme,the heuristic value is deﬁned as:(2) where is the length(in bytes waiting to be sent)of the interface queue in node,and is the maximum packet bytes allowed in the queue.If the network interface employs the multiple virtual queue scheme for each outgoing link,the heuristic value is deﬁned as:(3)where is the length(in bytes waiting to be sent)of the virtual queue of the link in node and denotes the neighbourhood of node as a next-hop to some destination.3)The Average MAC Layer Delay:The last metric is the MAC layer delay for the link.The MAC layer delay is deﬁned as the interval from when the RTS frame is sent at node to when the data frame is received successfully at node.The average MAC delay is obtained by averaging these values over a time window as follows:(4)where is the time interval in the window,and is a coefﬁcient.This average MAC delay indicates the degree of interference.In regions where there is a lot of interference from other nodes,MAC delay is high due to the contentionof the channel.B.Data PropagationWhen multiple virtual queue scheme is employed,the rout-ing probability value is computed by the composition ofthe pheromone values,the local heuristic values and the linkdelays as follows:(5) where,and()are tunable parametersthat control the relative weight of pheromone trail,MAC delay and heuristic value,and is the neighbourhood as a next-hop to some destination.Incorporating the heuristic value and link delay in the rout-ing computation makes this algorithm possess the congestionawareness property.Based on the probabilistic routing table, data trafﬁc will be distributed according to the probabilitiesfor each neighbour in the routing table.The routing algorithmexhibits load balancing behaviour.Nodes with a large number of packets in the buffer are avoided.The EARA-QoS algorithm consists of several components.They are the route discovery procedure,the positive and neg-ative reinforcement,and the local connectivity management.C.Route DiscoveryWe use a similar route discovery procedure as describedin[12].On initialisation,a neighbourhood for each node is built using the single-hop HELLO messages.Whenever atrafﬁc source needs a route to a destination,it broadcastsroute request packets(RQ)across the network.Rather than simplyﬂooding the RQ packets,we adopt the probabilisticbroadcast scheme explored in[30]combined with the MAClayer utilisation.When a nodeﬁrst receives a packet,with probability it broadcasts the packet to its neighbours,andwith probability it discards the packet.The probabilityvalue is calculated as(6) where()is the coefﬁcient.This broadcast scheme helps to discover new routes avoiding congestion areas,but atthe cost of missing potential routes to the destination. During the course ofﬂooding RQ packets to the destination ,the intermediate node receiving a RQ packetﬁrst sets up reverse paths to the source by recording the source addressand the previous hop node in the message cache.If a validroute to the destination is available,that is,there is at least one link associated with the pheromone trail greater than the lower pheromone bound,the intermediate node generates a route reply(RP).The RP is routed back to the source via the reverse paths.Otherwise,the RQ is rebroadcast.Other than just establishing a single forward path,whenthe destination node receives RQs it will send a RP to allthe neighbours from which it sees a RQ.In order to maintain multiple loop-free paths at each intermediate node,node(b) Path Reinforcement(c) Local Repair(a) Initial Pheromone Setup Fig.2.Illustrating Working Mechanism of EARA-QoSmust record all new forward paths that possess the latest sequence number but hold a lower hop-count in its routing table,and also send a RP to all the neighbours from which it saw a RQ.During the course of the RP tracking back to the source,an initial pheromone value is assigned to the corresponding neighbour node,which indicates a valid route to the destination.This process is illustrated in Figure2(a).D.Route ReinforcementAfter the destination node receives the data trafﬁc sent by the source node,it begins to reinforce some good neighbour(s)in order to“pull”more data trafﬁc through the good path(s)by sending reinforcement signal packets(RS) whenever it detects new good paths.When node receives a RS,it knows it has an outgoing link toward the destination ,which is currently deemed a good path.Subsequently, node updates the corresponding pheromone table entry with the value and forwards a RS packet to(at least one) selected neighbour locally based on its message cache,e.g.the neighbour(s)that saw the least hops of the incoming packets. The amount of the pheromone used to positively rein-force the previous hop neighbour is computed as follows.If the RS packet is sent by the destination to node,then is calculated using the upper bound pheromone value ,(7) If the RS packet is sent by an intermediate node towards node,the is calculated using the current largest pheromone value max()in node with the next hop to the destination in the pheromone table,max(8) where,and are parameters that control the relative weight of the relative source hop distance,the rel-ative packet number and the local queue heuristic. Incorporating the congestion-measuring metric into the reinforcement can lead data trafﬁc to avoid the congestion areas.The relative source hop distance is calculated as follows:(9) where is the shortest hop distance from the source to the current node through node,and is the shortest hop distance from to.This parameter is used to ensure that paths with shorter hop distance from the source node to the current node are reinforced with more pheromone.The relative packet number is calculated as follows:(10) where is the number of incoming packets from neighbour to the destination,and is the total number of incomingpackets towards the destination.This parameter is used to indicate that the data forwarding capacity of a link also affects the reinforcement.The more data arrives,the stronger reinforcement is generated for the corresponding link.On receiving the RS from a neighbour,node needs to positively increase the pheromone of the link towards node.If the sequence number in the RS is greater than the one recorded in the pheromone table,node updates its corresponding pheromone with the value of carried on the RS:(11) If the sequence number is equal to the current one,then:ifotherwise(12)If the sequence number in RS is less than the current one in the pheromone table,then this RS is just discarded.Node also has to decide to reinforce(at least)one of its neighbours by sending the RS message based on its own message cache.This process will continue until reaching the source node.As a result of this reinforcement,good quality routes emerge,which is illustrated in Figure2(b).The same procedure can apply to any intermediate node to perform local link error repair as long as it has pheromone value that is greater than the lower bound.For instance,if an intermediate node detects a link failure from one of its upstream links, it can apply the reinforcement rules to discover an alternative path as shown in Figure2(c).There is also an implicit negative reinforcement for the pheromone values.Within every time interval,if there is no data towards a neighbour node,its corresponding pheromone value decays by a factor as follows:(13)E.Local Foraging AntsIn a dynamic network like MANET,the changes of the net-work topology create chances for new good paths to emerge.In order to make use of this phenomenon,this algorithm launcheslocal foraging ants(LFA)with a time interval to locallysearch for new routes whenever all the pheromone trails of a node towards some destination drop below the threshold.The LFA will take a random walk from its original node. During the course of its walk,if the LFA detects congestionaround a node(the average channel utilisation is greaterthan a predeﬁned threshold value),then the LFA dies to avoid increasingly use the wireless medium.Otherwise,theLFA pushes the address of the nodes that it has travelledinto its memory stack.To avoid forming of loops,LFA will not choose to travel to the node that is already in.Before reaching the maximum hop,if LFA canﬁnd a node with pheromone trails greater than and the hop distanceto destination not greater than the one from its original nest,itreturns to its’nest’following its memory stack and updates the corresponding paths with.Otherwise,it simply dies.F.Local Connectivity ManagementNodes maintain their local connectivity in two ways.When-ever a node receives a packet from a neighbour,it updates its local connectivity information to ensure that it includes thisneighbour.In the event that a node has not sent any packets toits neighbours within a time interval,it has to broadcast a HELLO packet to its neighbours.Failure to receive packetsfrom the neighbourhood in indicates changes in the local connectivity.If HELLO packets are not received from the nexthop along an active path,the node that uses that next hop issent notiﬁcation of link failure.In case of a route failure occurring at node,cannot for-ward a data packet to the next hop for the intended destination .Node sends a RS message that sets ROUTE RERR tag to inform upstream nodes of the link failure.This RS signalassigns to the corresponding links the lower bound.Here, RS plays the role of an explicit negative feedback signal to negatively reinforce the upstream nodes along the failure path. This negative feedback avoids causing buffer overﬂow due to caching on-ﬂight packets from upstream nodes. Moreover,the use of HELLO packets can also help to ensure that only nodes with bidirectional connectivity are deemed as neighbours.For this purpose,the HELLO packet sent by a node has an option to list the nodes from which it has heard HELLO packets,and nodes that receive the HELLO check to ensure that it uses only routes to neighbours that have sent HELLO packets.G.The QoS Provision SchemeThis section describes a lightweight approach to DiffServ. The basic idea is to classifyﬂows into a predeﬁned set of service classes by their relative delay bounds.Admission control only works at the source node.There is no session orﬂow state information maintained at intermediate nodes. Once a realtime session is admitted,its packets are marked as RT(realtime service)and otherwise they are considered as best-effort bulk packets.As depicted in Figure3,each of these trafﬁc classes is buffered in a logically separate queue.A simple novel queuing strategy,based on the token bucket scheme,provides high priority to realtime trafﬁc,and also protects the lower-priority trafﬁc from starvation.No absolute bandwidth guarantees are provided in this scheme.We explain this queuing strategy and its novelty below.The queues are scheduled according to a token bucket scheme.In this scheme,prioritisation is achieved with token balancing.Each trafﬁc class has a balance of tokens,and the class with higher balance has a higher priority when dequeuing the next packet for transmission.For each transmission of a packet of class,an amount of tokens is subtracted from the class’token balance and an equal fraction thereof is added to every other class’balance such that the sum of all tokens is always the same.The weight value reﬂects the delay sensitivity assigned to the different classes.A higher weight value corresponds to a lower delay sensitivity.The size of the token balance together with the value determines the maximal length of a burst of trafﬁc from one class.In this scheme,as long as the amount of delay-sensitive trafﬁc does not grow too large,it is forwarded as quickly as possible,and if it does grow too large,starvation of other trafﬁc classes is prevented.Setting the upper bound of a class’token balance depending on its delay-sensitivity enables further tuning of the describedmethod.Fig.3.Overview of Service Differentiation SchemeIn this packet scheduling scheme,routing protocol pack-ets are given unconditional priority before other packets. Moreover,realtime applications normally have stringent delay bounds for their trafﬁc.This means that packets arriving too late are useless.From the application’s point of view,there is no difference between late and lost packets.This implies that it is actually useless to forward realtime packets that stay in a router for more than a threshold amount of time,because they will be discarded at the destination anyway.Dropping those packets instead has the advantage of reducing the load in the network.To our knowledge,this service classiﬁcation based queuing scheme is the simplest implemented QoS provisioning technique designed exclusively for MANETs so far.V.C HARACTERISTICS OF THE A LGORITHMThis proposed protocol,implementing the cross-layer design concept,exhibits some properties that show itsﬁtness as a solution for mobile ad hoc networks:Loop-freeness:during the route discovery phase,the nodes record the unique sequence number of RP packets.。

pl-pkn标准

pl-pkn标准引言概述PL-PKN标准是指公共领域知识网络（Public Knowledge Network）中的一种标准化模型。

该模型为智能化知识网络的构建和发展提供基础，能够帮助用户更好地管理、共享和利用公共领域的知识资源。

本文将从三个方面详细阐述PL-PKN标准的内容，并重点探讨其对知识网络发展的影响。

正文内容1. PL-PKN标准的核心原则1.1 信息开放与共享PL-PKN标准的核心原则之一是信息的开放与共享。

在PL-PKN标准下，公共领域的知识资源可以被任何人自由获取、利用和分享。

这种开放与共享的模式促进了知识资源的广泛流通和共同创新，为知识网络的发展提供了良好的基础。

1.2 标准化与互操作性PL-PKN标准的另一个重要原则是标准化与互操作性。

通过统一的标准和规范，不同的知识网络可以实现互相连接和交互，实现资源的共享和协同工作。

这种互操作性的特点使得不同知识网络之间的协作更加高效，提高了整体的知识管理和应用效率。

1.3 增量更新与迭代发展PL-PKN标准鼓励知识资源的增量更新和迭代发展。

随着新的知识不断涌现和变化，PL-PKN标准为知识网络提供了灵活的机制，使得知识资源可以随时更新和完善。

这种增量更新和迭代发展的模式保证了知识网络的实时性和适应性，并提供了更好的用户体验和服务。

2. PL-PKN标准对知识网络发展的影响2.1 促进知识共享与协同创新PL-PKN标准的信息开放和共享原则为知识共享和协同创新创造了良好的环境。

用户可以自由地获取和利用公共领域的知识资源，实现知识的互相传播和共同创造。

这种开放与协作的模式促进了知识创新的加速和社会进步的推动。

2.2 提升知识管理和应用效率PL-PKN标准的标准化和互操作原则促进了不同知识网络之间的协同工作和资源共享。

不同知识网络可以通过相互连接和交互实现知识的共享和流通，提高知识管理和应用效率。

这种互操作性的特点使得知识资源的整合和利用更加高效，为用户提供了更好的服务和体验。

2023届高考英语最新热点时文阅读：马斯克等人联名呼吁暂停推出更强大的AI系统(含练习题)

Elon Musk and others urge AI pause, citing 'risks to society' 马斯克等人联名呼吁暂停推出更强大的AI系统英文新闻：Elon Musk and others urge AI pause, citing 'risks to society' Elon Musk and a group of artificial intelligence experts and industry executives are calling for a six-month pause in developing systems more powerful than OpenAI's newly launched GPT-4, in an open letter citing potential risks to society."Powerful AI systems should be developed only once we are confident that their effects will be positive and their risks will be manageable," said the letter issued by the Future of Life Institute.AI systems with human-competitive intelligence can pose profound risks to society and humanity, as shown by extensive research and acknowledged by top AI labs.It said ChatGPT's ability to churn out authentic sounding text at speed and scale also makes it an ideal tool for propaganda and disinformation. "It allows users to generate and spread messages reflecting a specific narrative with relatively little effort."中文新闻：马斯克等人联名呼吁暂停推出更强大的AI系统马斯克和人工智能专家以及行业高管在一封公开信中呼吁暂停开发比OpenAI新推出的GPT-4更强大的人工智能系统，至少暂停6个月，并指出对社会存在潜在风险。

无线网中建立基于分组的连接的方法[发明专利]

专利名称：无线网中建立基于分组的连接的方法专利类型：发明专利
发明人：P·A·巴拉尼,C·S·邦图,S·A·拉曼
申请号：CN01813344.4
申请日：20010724
公开号：CN1444831A
公开日：
20030924
专利内容由知识产权出版社提供
摘要：通信系统(10)包括被耦合到基于分组的数据网(32)的无线接入网。

基于分组的呼叫可被建立在被耦合到无线接入网的移动台(20)与被耦合到数据网(32)的网络端点之间。

为了有效的呼叫建立和呼叫释放，在无线接入网的业务信道上载送呼叫控制信令，诸如会话启动协议(SIP)消息和资源保留协议(RSVP)消息。

申请人：北方电讯网络有限公司
地址：加拿大魁北克省
国籍：CA
代理机构：中国专利代理(香港)有限公司
更多信息请下载全文后查看。

未来互联网联盟英语作文

未来互联网联盟英语作文In the ever-evolving landscape of technology, the concept of internet alliances has become increasingly significant. These alliances are collaborations between various entities, including tech companies, governments, and non-profit organizations, aimed at enhancing the digital ecosystem. As we look towards the future, the role of these alliances is expected to expand, shaping the way we interact with the internet and its multitude of services.One of the key areas of focus for future internet alliances will be on enhancing cybersecurity. With the rise in cyber threats and data breaches, these alliances will work towards developing robust security protocols and standards to protect user information and ensure the integrity of online transactions. This will involve the creation of advanced encryption methods and the implementation of stringent security measures across platforms.Another important aspect will be the promotion of digital inclusivity. Internet alliances will strive to bridge the digital divide by making internet access more affordable and available to remote and underprivileged areas. This will involve partnering with local governments and organizations to establish infrastructure and provide affordable internet services, thus ensuring that the benefits of the digital age are accessible to all.The future of internet alliances will also be characterized by a strong emphasis on ethical AI and machine learning practices. As artificial intelligence becomes more integrated into our daily lives, these alliances will play a crucialrole in setting guidelines and regulations to prevent misuse and ensure that AI technologies are developed and used responsibly.Additionally, these alliances will be instrumental in fostering global cooperation on internet governance. With the internet being a global entity, it requires a unified approach to manage its growth and address issues such as content regulation, privacy rights, and intellectual property protection. Internet alliances will facilitate dialogue and collaboration among different countries and stakeholders to establish international norms and agreements.In conclusion, the future of internet alliances holds the promise of a more secure, inclusive, and ethically managed digital world. By working together, these alliances can address the challenges of the present and prepare for the opportunities of the future, ensuring that the internet remains a platform for innovation, communication, and progress for years to come.。

互联网拉近距离辩论英语

互联网拉近距离辩论英语Title: The Internet: Bridging the Distance in English Debate。

In today's digital age, the internet has revolutionized the way we communicate and connect with others. With just a few clicks, we can instantly connect with people from all over the world, breaking down geographical barriers and bringing us closer together. One of the most significant impacts of the internet is its ability to facilitate English debates and discussions, allowing individuals to engage in meaningful conversations regardless of their physical location.The internet has made it possible for English debates to reach a global audience. Through social media platforms, online forums, and video conferencing tools, individuals can participate in debates and discussions with people from different countries and cultural backgrounds. This has created a diverse and inclusive space for sharing ideas and perspectives, enriching the debate with a wide range of viewpoints.Furthermore, the internet has made it easier for individuals to access information and resources to support their arguments in English debates. With a wealth of online databases, academic journals, and educational websites, debaters can easily research and gather evidence to strengthen their points. This accessibility to information has leveled the playing field, allowing individuals from all walks of life to participate in English debates and contribute to the conversation.Moreover, the internet has facilitated the formation of online English debate communities, where individuals can connect with like-minded people who share their passion for debating. These communities provide a platform for debaters to hone their skills, exchange ideas, and receive constructive feedback from peers. This collaborative environment fosters a sense of camaraderie and support, encouraging individuals to continue engaging in English debates and improving their communication abilities.However, it is important to acknowledge that the internet also presents challenges in English debates. The lack of face-to-face interaction can sometimes lead tomisunderstandings and miscommunication, as non-verbal cues and body language are lost in online discussions. Additionally, the anonymity of the internet can sometimes lead to disrespectful behavior and the spread of misinformation, detracting from the quality of the debate.In conclusion, the internet has undeniably played a pivotal role in bringing people together and bridging the distance in English debates. It has created a global platform for individuals to engage in meaningful conversations, access information, and connect with like-minded individuals. While there are challenges associated with online debates, the benefits of the internet in facilitating English discussions far outweigh the drawbacks. As we continue to embrace the digital age, the internet will continue to serve as a powerful tool for promoting dialogue, understanding, and collaboration in English debates.。

网络与社会的小作文

网络与社会的小作文英文回答：The Interplay of Networks and Society.In the contemporary digital landscape, networks have emerged as ubiquitous and transformative forces, profoundly shaping social interactions, information dissemination, and societal structures. The intricate interplay between networks and society has given rise to a plethora of opportunities and challenges, necessitating nuanced understanding and thoughtful navigation.1. Connectivity and Information Flow:Networks, primarily through the internet and social media platforms, have dramatically enhanced connectivity, facilitating seamless communication and information exchange across vast distances. This unprecedented interconnectedness has accelerated globalization, fosteredknowledge sharing, and democratized access to information. However, it has also raised concerns regarding information overload, fake news, and the spread of misinformation.2. Socialization and Community Building:Networks have provided novel avenues for socialization and community building. Social media platforms, such as Facebook and Instagram, enable individuals to connect with friends, family, and like-minded people, regardless of geographical barriers. This virtual socialization has complemented traditional forms of community engagement, providing support, fostering a sense of belonging, and facilitating the formation of online communities.3. Civic Engagement and Activism:Networks have empowered citizens to engage in civic and political processes beyond traditional channels. Social media platforms have become platforms for political discourse, activism, and social movements. Individuals can mobilize support for causes, organize protests, and holddecision-makers accountable, amplifying their voices in the public sphere.4. Economic Opportunities and Innovation:Networks have opened up new economic opportunities and accelerated innovation. E-commerce platforms like Amazon have expanded consumer choice and convenience, while social media marketing has enabled entrepreneurs to reach wider audiences. Additionally, networks facilitate collaboration, knowledge sharing, and the dissemination of ideas,fostering innovation and economic growth.5. Privacy and Data Security:The pervasive use of networks has raised concerns about privacy and data security. Social media companies collect vast amounts of user data, which can be used for targeted advertising, surveillance, or even manipulation.Individuals must be vigilant about protecting their privacy and ensuring that their personal information is not misused.6. Cyberbullying and Online Harassment:The anonymity of online environments can foster cyberbullying, online harassment, and hate speech. These harmful behaviors can have severe psychological and social consequences for victims, underscoring the need for responsible use of networks and robust measures to combat online abuse.中文回答：网络与社会。

英语作文-区块链技术推动金融服务创新

英语作文-区块链技术推动金融服务创新Blockchain Technology Drives Financial Service Innovation。

With the rapid development of technology, blockchain has emerged as a revolutionary tool that has the potential to reshape the financial services industry. Blockchain, also known as distributed ledger technology, allows for secure and transparent transactions without the need for intermediaries. This article explores how blockchain technology is driving innovation in financial services.One of the key benefits of blockchain technology is its ability to enhance security in financial transactions. Traditional financial systems often rely on centralized databases that are vulnerable to hacking and fraud. However, blockchain uses a decentralized network of computers to verify and record transactions, making it extremely difficult for hackers to manipulate the system. This increased security not only protects the integrity of financial transactions but also builds trust among users.In addition to security, blockchain technology also offers increased efficiency in financial services. The traditional process of transferring funds or assets between parties can be time-consuming and costly due to the involvement of intermediaries. With blockchain, transactions can be executed directly between parties, eliminating the need for intermediaries and reducing transaction costs. Moreover, the use of smart contracts on the blockchain automates the execution of predefined conditions, further streamlining the process and reducing the potential for errors.Furthermore, blockchain technology promotes transparency and accountability in financial services. The decentralized nature of blockchain ensures that all transactions are recorded on a public ledger, accessible to all participants. This transparency reduces the risk of fraud and allows for greater visibility into the flow of funds. Moreover, the immutability of blockchain records ensures that transactions cannot be altered or tampered with, providing a clear audit trail for regulatory compliance.Another area where blockchain technology is driving innovation is in cross-border payments. Traditional cross-border transactions are often slow and expensive, involving multiple intermediaries and currency conversions. Blockchain-based solutions can enable faster and cheaper cross-border payments by eliminating the need for intermediaries and providing real-time settlement. This has the potential to greatly improve financial inclusion and facilitate international trade.Moreover, blockchain technology has the potential to revolutionize the way financial institutions handle identity verification and Know Your Customer (KYC) processes. By storing identity information on a blockchain, individuals can have greater control over their personal data and selectively share it with authorized parties. This not only enhances privacy but also reduces the administrative burden on financial institutions, making the onboarding process more efficient.In conclusion, blockchain technology is driving innovation in financial services by enhancing security, increasing efficiency, promoting transparency, and enabling new possibilities in cross-border payments and identity verification. As the technology continues to evolve, it is expected to transform various aspects of the financial industry, from banking and insurance to asset management and supply chain finance. Embracing blockchain technology has the potential to unlock new opportunities and create a more inclusive and efficient financial system.。

正方网络使人亲近辩论赛辩题

正方网络使人亲近辩论赛辩题英文回答：As a debater, I believe that the use of square network brings people closer in a debate competition. The square network provides a platform for individuals to engage in discussions, share ideas, and challenge each other's viewpoints. It allows people to connect with others who have similar interests and passions, and it encourages healthy and respectful debates.In a debate competition, the use of square network allows participants to interact with each other in real-time, regardless of their physical location. This meansthat individuals from different parts of the world can come together to exchange ideas and engage in meaningful discussions. It also provides an opportunity forindividuals to learn from each other and gain new perspectives on various topics.Furthermore, the square network enables participants to access a wide range of resources and information that can help them prepare for the debate. For example, participants can use the network to research and gather evidence to support their arguments, as well as to stay updated on current events and relevant news. This access to information can enhance the quality of the debates and ensure that participants are well-informed and prepared to present their cases effectively.In addition, the square network allows for a more inclusive and diverse participation in debate competitions. It provides a platform for individuals from different backgrounds, cultures, and experiences to come together and engage in discussions. This diversity of perspectives can enrich the debates and lead to a more comprehensive understanding of the topics being discussed.Overall, the use of square network in debate competitions fosters a sense of community and collaboration among participants. It encourages individuals to actively listen to each other, consider different viewpoints, andengage in constructive dialogue. This not only enhances the overall experience of the debate competition but also promotes a culture of open-mindedness and critical thinking.中文回答：作为一名辩手，我相信正方网络在辩论比赛中使人们更加亲近。

fully decentralized federated learning

fully decentralized federatedlearningFederated learning is a type of machine learning which involves training the same model across multiple devices or over decentralized networks. Each device holds its own data and trains its own local model, instead of sending all the data to a centralized server or cloud. This approach can help with privacy concerns since no single dataset needs to be shared among participants. Fully decentralized federatedlearning is a type of federated learning that goes one step further by decentralizing the training process as well. In this case, there is no central authority managing the training process, but rather each device participates in the training process autonomously and collaboratively.Decentralized federated learning (DFL) is an emerging field of research that has become increasingly popular in recent years due to itsmany advantages. It offers a number of benefits such as improved privacy, scalability, and reliability.PrivacyOne of the main advantages of DFL is itsability to provide enhanced privacy and security. Under traditional federated learning schemes, the data remains on each device, but it is sent to a centralized server for training. With DFL, however, the data never leaves the device, eliminating any potential privacy concerns. Additionally, DFL removes the need for a central server, meaning that the training process does not rely on a single point of failure.ScalabilityAnother advantage of DFL is its scalability. Since the training process does not rely on a centralized server, DFL can easily scale up to accommodate large numbers of devices. This makes it ideal for applications such as edge computing, where massive datasets are distributed across a network of devices.ReliabilityFinally, DFL offers improved reliability compared to traditional federated learning schemes. Since the training process is distributed across multiple devices, there is less risk of a single point of failure. Additionally, since the data is never sent to a centralized server, there is no single source of data loss or corruption.Overall, fully decentralized federated learning has a number of advantages which make it an attractive option for machine learning applications. Its improved privacy, scalability, and reliability can ensure that machine learning applications are more secure and reliable than ever before. As such, it is likely that DFL will continue to grow in popularity in the years to come.。

联邦学习技术的发展与应用

联邦学习技术的发展与应用概述联邦学习（Federated Learning）是一种新兴的机器学习技术，它通过集合分布在不同地点的设备和数据资源，实现在保护数据隐私的同时进行联合的模型训练。

本文将介绍联邦学习技术的发展历程、关键技术以及其在各个领域的应用。

一、联邦学习的发展历程联邦学习作为一项前沿技术，源于对数据隐私的关注和分布式计算的需求。

传统的机器学习方法通常要求在集中式服务器上集中存储和处理数据，这存在着数据隐私泄露和传输延迟等问题。

而联邦学习的兴起，正是为了解决这些问题。

2016年，谷歌首次提出联邦学习的概念，旨在通过分布式计算模型来进行模型训练，避免集中式存储带来的风险。

之后，许多研究人员和公司纷纷投入到联邦学习的研究中，推动了该技术的迅速发展。

二、联邦学习的关键技术联邦学习作为一项先进的技术，涉及到多个关键技术的应用。

1. 模型聚合模型聚合是联邦学习中的核心环节。

在联邦学习中，各个设备会分别进行模型训练，然后通过模型聚合的方式将各个设备的模型结果进行集成。

模型聚合可以采用多种方式，如加权平均、梯度聚合等。

2. 隐私保护联邦学习强调数据隐私的保护，因此在模型训练的过程中，需要采取一系列的隐私保护措施。

常见的隐私保护技术包括差分隐私、同态加密等，这些技术能够在保证数据隐私的前提下，进行模型的训练和聚合。

3. 模型更新和迁移联邦学习中的设备通常是分布在不同地点的，因此在模型的更新和迁移过程中，需要考虑到设备之间的差异性。

模型的更新可以通过梯度计算、参数传递等方式进行，而模型的迁移可以通过模型转移学习等技术来实现。

三、联邦学习在各个领域的应用联邦学习作为一项具有广泛应用前景的技术，已经在许多领域得到了应用。

1. 医疗健康联邦学习为医疗数据的合作和研究提供了解决方案。

通过联邦学习，医疗机构可以共同协作进行模型的训练和更新，而无需共享患者的敏感医疗数据。

这在研究疾病诊断和药物研发等方面具有巨大的潜力。

全球与全世界英语作文

Globalization has become a defining feature of the21st century,connecting people, businesses,and nations in unprecedented ways.The term global refers to the entire world, encompassing all its regions and aspects.Heres an essay on the impact of globalization and the concept of a globalized world.The Impact of Globalization on a Globalized WorldIn the era of globalization,the world has become more interconnected than ever before. The term globalization refers to the process of interaction and integration among people, companies,and nations worldwide.It has led to increased cultural exchange,economic interdependence,and the spread of technology.This essay will explore the various dimensions of globalization and its profound effects on the globalized world. Economic IntegrationGlobalization has facilitated the expansion of international trade and investment. Companies can now source materials,manufacture products,and sell their goods in markets across the globe.This has led to the creation of global supply chains,where products are assembled from components produced in different countries.The result is a more efficient allocation of resources and increased economic growth.Cultural ExchangeCultural globalization has led to the blending of traditions and the sharing of ideas. People are exposed to different cultures through the internet,travel,and the global media. This has enriched the global cultural landscape and fostered a greater understanding and appreciation of diversity.Technological AdvancementThe spread of technology is a key aspect of globalization.The internet and mobile devices have made it possible for people to communicate and collaborate across vast distances.This has revolutionized industries,education,and social interactions,making the world more accessible and connected.Challenges of GlobalizationDespite its benefits,globalization also presents challenges.Economic disparities betweencountries can widen as wealthier nations benefit more from global trade.Cultural homogenization is a concern,with the dominance of certain cultural products potentially overshadowing local traditions.Additionally,the environmental impact of increased production and consumption patterns is a pressing issue.The Role of Governments and International OrganizationsIn a globalized world,the role of governments and international organizations is crucial. They must work together to create policies that promote fair trade,protect the environment,and preserve cultural diversity.The United Nations,World Trade Organization,and other bodies play a significant role in shaping the global landscape.ConclusionGlobalization has transformed the world into a more interconnected and interdependent place.While it brings about economic growth and cultural exchange,it also poses challenges that require thoughtful and collaborative solutions.As we continue to navigate this globalized world,it is essential to embrace the benefits of globalization while addressing its complexities and potential downsides.This essay provides a comprehensive overview of globalization and its multifaceted impact on the world.It highlights the economic,cultural,and technological dimensions of a globalized world,as well as the challenges and the role of governance in shaping a balanced and sustainable global environment.。

数字鸿沟英文作文

数字鸿沟英文作文Title: Bridging the Digital Divide: A Global Imperative。

In the contemporary landscape, the digital dividestands as a formidable barrier to equitable access to opportunities, resources, and information worldwide. This chasm, characterized by the gap between those who have access to modern information and communication technologies (ICTs) and those who do not, perpetuates disparities in education, healthcare, employment, and socio-economic development. Thus, addressing the digital divide is not merely a matter of technological advancement but a moral imperative essential for fostering inclusive growth and societal progress.Firstly, education emerges as a critical arena wherethe digital divide manifests its profound impact. Inregions plagued by inadequate ICT infrastructure and connectivity, students are deprived of the educational resources available online, hindering their ability toacquire knowledge and skills necessary for success in the digital age. Consequently, this disparity exacerbates existing inequalities in academic achievement and perpetuates cycles of poverty and marginalization.Moreover, the digital divide extends its reach into the realm of healthcare, impeding access to vital medical information, telemedicine services, and public health initiatives. In underserved communities lacking internet access and technological literacy, individuals facebarriers to obtaining timely medical advice, accessingonline health resources, and participating in telehealth consultations. As a result, this disparity not only compromises individuals' well-being but also undermines efforts to address pressing public health challenges on a global scale.Furthermore, the digital chasm poses significant challenges to economic development and employment opportunities, particularly in the age of digitalizationand remote work. In regions where access to ICTs is limited, individuals are unable to benefit from online job portals,digital skills training programs, and remote work opportunities, perpetuating high levels of unemployment and underemployment. Consequently, this disparity hampers economic growth, exacerbates income inequality, and stifles efforts to achieve sustainable development goals.To bridge the digital divide and unlock the transformative potential of ICTs for all, concerted efforts must be made at local, national, and global levels. Firstly, governments must prioritize investments in ICT infrastructure, expanding broadband connectivity, and ensuring affordable access to digital technologies for underserved communities. Additionally, initiatives aimed at enhancing digital literacy and skills development are essential to empower individuals with the knowledge and capabilities to navigate the digital landscape effectively.Furthermore, public-private partnerships play a crucial role in bridging the digital divide by leveraging the resources and expertise of both sectors to expand access to ICTs and promote digital inclusion initiatives. By collaborating with tech companies, civil societyorganizations, and international development agencies, governments can leverage innovative solutions and scalable models to address the multifaceted dimensions of thedigital divide.Moreover, fostering collaboration and knowledge-sharing among stakeholders is essential to drive sustainable progress in narrowing the digital gap. Through platforms such as multistakeholder forums, conferences, and knowledge networks, stakeholders can exchange best practices, lessons learned, and innovative approaches to digital inclusion, fostering collective action and synergy in addressing this complex challenge.In conclusion, bridging the digital divide is not merely a technical challenge but a moral imperative essential for realizing the promise of a more inclusive and equitable society. By prioritizing investments in ICT infrastructure, digital literacy, and inclusive policies, stakeholders can empower individuals and communities to harness the transformative power of technology for socio-economic development and human flourishing. Only throughcollective action and unwavering commitment can we build a world where the benefits of the digital revolution are shared by all, leaving no one behind.。