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国家开放大学2023年秋季人文英语4复习资料

国家开放大学2023年秋季人文英语4复习资料交际用语(单选题)1、- Can you help me clear up the mess?2、-_____________________正确选项1.No problem.(V)2、- Do you eat porridge every day?3、-_____________________正确选项1.No, sometimes I'd have a cup of soybean milk.(V)3、- Do you know the youngest professor of our university? He died last week.4、- Oh, _____________________.正确选项1.it's hard to believe(V)4、- Do you prefer a portable or a clumsy 3D printer?-_____________________正确选项1.I prefer a portable one to a clumsy one.(V)5、- Do you think cosmetic surgery is more popular with women?-_____________________正确选项1.Yes, absolutely. Women pay more attention to beauty.(V)6、- Her father is very rich.-_____________________ She wouldn't accept his help even if it were offered.正确选项1.So what?(V)7、- How about having a drink?-_____________________正确选项1.Good idea.(V)8、- How can you prove that your client is innocent?-_____________________正确选项1.Here is the evidence, your honor.(V)9、- How have you been lately, Molly?-_____________________正确选项1.Not bad.(V)10、- I don't know about other people, but I can say Perth is the most beautiful city in Australia.-_____________________正确选项1.Well, personally, I prefer Sydney. It's more modern.(V)11、- I think a professor of political science would make a great president of the university.-_____________________正确选项1.I'm afraid I have to disagree with your point.(V)12、- I think having strong verbal and written skills are very important in socialwork.-_____________________正确选项1.I totally agree with you.(V)13、- Is it better to be intelligent or physically attractive ?-_____________________正确选项1.For me, being intelligent is better, but that depends on.(V)14、- It is very likely that educational inequality exists in different forms in different countries.- Yeah, _____________________正确选项1.you are right.(V)15、- Let's go to the library this afternoon.-_____________________正确选项1.That's a good idea.(V)16、- Let's go to this movie and see what exciting experience it will bring to us.-_____________________正确选项1.Can't wait to watch it.(V)17、- Oh, by the way, how was your report of the new batteries coming along?-_____________________正确选项1.It's going pretty well.(V)18、- Oh, my God. It's a terrible week. I was dying. What can I do?-_____________________正确选项1.If I were you, I'd work less, and do something for fun.(V)19、- Our education system is totally out of order.-_____________________ It is not out of order, nevertheless, it is in some troubles.正确选项1.I don't think so.(V)20、- This apple pie is too sweet, don't you think so?-_____________________ I think it's just right, actually.正确选项1.Not really.(V)21、- This box is too heavy for me to carry it upstairs.-_____________________正确选项1.I'll give you a hand.(V)22、- What can we do for the case?-_____________________正确选项1.We could consult our lawyer.(V)23、- What do you mean he's impossible to talk to?-_____________________正确选项1.He doesn't listen when I try to talk to him.(V)24、- What do you think of this novel?-_____________________正确选项1.It's well-written.(V)25、- What is the most essential issue for improving educational quality?-_____________________正确选项1.It is essential to make sure that every student learns.(V)26、- Would you like me to help you make a plan for the summer vacation?-_____________________正确选项1.I'd love to, but I'm busy tonight.(V)27、- You know a good schedule brings efficiency to the work.-_____________________正确选项1.I see your point.(V)28、- You know, sometimes clients may not turn up for their appointments.-_____________________正确选项1.Yes, but as far as I am concerned, building healthy relationships may help.(V) 29、- You've won the football game. Congratulations!-_____________________正确选项1.We are really lucky.(V)30、-_____________________- Because there are many geographical and social problems.正确选项1.Why does the inequality exist?(V)词汇与结构(单选题)1、- Did the medicine make you feel better?2、- No. The more _________, __________ I feel.正确选项1.medicine I take; the worse(V)2、- Tom can speak French.3、-__________正确选项1.So can Jack.(V)3、__________ the lawyer will come this afternoon.正确选项1.Maybe(V)4、__________ tomorrow's lessons, Frank has no time to go out with his friends.正确选项1.Not having prepared(V)5、__________ you pick up the case, you will never give up.正确选项1.Once(V)6、__________, he knows a lot about computer.正确选项1.Child as he is(V)7、A police officer claimed that the young man had attempted to __________ paying his fare. 正确选项1.avoid(V)8、As the bus came round the corner, it ran __________ a big tree by the roadside.正确选项1.into(V)9、Be careful ________ you cross the road.正确选项1.when(V)10、Both the kids and their parents __________ English, I think. I know it from their accent. 正确选项1.are(V)11、Children should be encouraged to be __________ thinkers.正确选项1.independent(V)12、Combining carbon and super-capacitors __________ a perfect marriage.正确选项1.seems like(V)13、Did you notice the guy __________ head looked like a big potato?正确选项1.whose(V)14、Do you know the man __________ under the apple tree?正确选项1.lying(V)15、Education means different things to different people, __________ their perspective.正确选项1.depending on(V)16、Educators need proper teaching resources __________ students to achieve.正确选项1.in order for(V)17、Every country should try their best to provide equal opportunities for every citizen to go on __________ their education.正确选项1.with(V)18、For many students, university is the place __________ they will be first exposed to different cultures and different people.正确选项1.where(V)19、Had you come five minutes earlier, you __________ the train to Birmingham. But now you missed it.正确选项1.would have caught(V)20、He __________ legal profession for 20 years.正确选项1.has engaged in(V)21、He had become __________ city life.正确选项1.fed up with(V)22、He never fails __________ his mother on her birthday.正确选项1.to phone(V)23、He studied hard at school when he was young, __________ contributed a lot to his success. 正确选项1.which(V)24、How I wish I __________ travel abroad!正确选项1.could(V)25、However, in too many countries and societies, women's social __________ is still low.正确选项1.position(V)26、I also create more __________, useable art out of the trash I find.正确选项1.practical(V)27、I don't know the park, but it's __________ to be quite beautiful.正确选项1.said(V)28、I feel really terrible because I __________ at my paper until now.正确选项1.have been working(V)29、I think the benefits of opening up space far __________ the damage that we can see.正确选项1.outweigh(V)30、I was giving a talk to a large group of people, the same talk I __________ to half a dozen other groups before.正确选项1.had given(V)31、If it __________ go to trial, I'm afraid the prosecution will have a field day criticizing our company in the press.正确选项1.does(V)32、If one enters a private house without asking for permission, he is likely to __________ burglary. 正确选项1.be accused of(V)33、Important __________ his discovery might be, it was regarded as a matter of no account in his time.正确选项1.as(V)34、It is no use __________ to remember only grammar rules.正确选项1.trying(V)35、It is not until you have lost your health __________ you know its value.正确选项1.that(V)36、It is said that __________ boys in your school like playing football in their spare time, though others prefer basketball.正确选项1.quite a few(V)37、It is said that the __________ developments strongly support this argument.正确选项1.subsequent(V)38、It was getting __________, he had to stop to have a rest.正确选项1.darker and darker(V)39、It's a good idea. But who's going to __________ the plan?正确选项1.carry out(V)40、Mark Twain is a __________ writer.正确选项1.productive(V)41、Mary charged John __________ stealing her lamb.正确选项1.with(V)42、Nancy is __________ girl.正确选项1.an eighteen-year-old(V)43、Never before __________ see such a terrible car accident on the road!正确选项1.did I(V)44、No matter __________, the little sisters managed to round the sheep up and drive them back home safely.正确选项1.how hard it was snowing(V)45、Only in this way __________ to make improvements in the operating system.正确选项1.can you hope(V)46、Original and good research has a trickle-down __________ on society.正确选项1.effect(V)47、Pay attention not to tell the plaintiff's lawyer too much, __________ we may lose the case. 正确选项1.otherwise(V)48、Playing in the street __________ dangerous.正确选项1.is(V)49、Politics is __________ a dirty business.正确选项1.inherently(V)50、Professor Smith promised to look __________ my paper, that is, to read it carefully before the defence.正确选项1.over(V)51、Someone got in and walked __________ with the bags while we were out.正确选项1.off(V)52、The benefits of university __________ a positive, diverse environment must be seen by students. 正确选项1.as(V)53、The film brought the hours back to me __________ I was taken good care of in that remote village. 正确选项1.when(V)54、The global economy requires an educated workforce able to apply the existing technology and ________ new science and technologies.正确选项1.to develop(V)55、The governments should __________ more educational funds for training teachers and improving school facilities.正确选项1.set aside(V)56、The indebtedness arising __________ the transactions between the plaintiff and the defendant shall be under the legal power of Chinese laws.正确选项1.out of(V)57、The plaintiff __________ proving his innocence.正确选项1.had trouble(V)58、The plastic surgeon may provide several plans for your facial ____________.正确选项1.reconstruction(V)59、The reason why he didn't come to school was __________ he was ill.正确选项1.that(V)60、The sports meeting was put off till the next week __________ rain.正确选项1.because of(V)61、The students were all entertained in a Mexican restaurant, at Professor Brian's __________. 正确选项1.expense(V)62、The wild flowers looked like a soft orange blanket __________ the desert.正确选项1.covering(V)63、There aren't __________ many job vacancies in the country as in the city.正确选项1.as(V)64、There is __________ evidence to be sorted out.正确选项1.plenty of(V)65、They all left for home, __________ the work uncompleted.正确选项1.remaining(V)66、They have learned about __________ English words in recent years.正确选项1.hundreds of(V)67、This is a highly __________ new heating system.正确选项1.efficient(V)68、Today's weather is __________ worse than yesterday's.正确选项1.much(V)69、Tom asked me to go to play football and __________.正确选项1.so I did(V)70、Tom, what did you do with my documents? I have never seen such a __________ and disorder! 正确选项1.mess(V)71、Touch- ____________ 3D maps help the blind too much.正确选项1.responsive(V)72、Two thousand dollars __________ enough for the car.正确选项1.is(V)73、We ____________ to deliver the goods within a week.正确选项1.guarantee(V)74、We trust this new product of ours will ____________ to your market.正确选项1.appeal(V)75、What he said __________ correct.正确选项1.is(V)76、When Lily came home at 5 pm yesterday, her mother __________ dinner in the kitchen.正确选项1.was cooking(V)77、When we were students, we __________ often stay up all night.正确选项1.would(V)78、With his work completed, the manager stepped back to his seat, feeling pleased __________ he was a man of action.正确选项1.that(V)79、With these suggestions, your child can grow up to be a __________ and successful adult that you can be proud of.正确选项1.respectable(V)80、You __________ been to the Great Wall.正确选项1.must have(V)81、You know that I'm a person of __________ temper. Sometimes I just can't control my mouth. 正确选项1.hot(V)82、You should take ______ to give Mary the solutions she needs.正确选项1.initiative(V)83、You will get your cosmetic surgery on your nose. Please tell me if you like this medical plan __________.正确选项1.or not(V)84、You will quickly get used to __________ this new digital camera.正确选项ing(V)85、You'd better __________ your lawyer.正确选项1.consult(V)阅读理解(单选题)Every day, the news of the world is relayed to people by over 300 million copies of daily papers, over 400 million radio sets, and over 150 million television sets. Additional news is shown by motion 省略...1、According to the author, people in today's world_______.正确选项1.are affected more by whatever happens in the other parts of the world(V)2、According to the passage, the expression “no man is an island” means that_______.正确选项1.every man belongs to some society(V)3、People learn about what happened in the world through _______.正确选项1.both A and B(V)4、The passage suggests that newspaper has been published for about_______.正确选项1.400 years(V)5、Today the publishing of newspapers and magazines is more economical because_______.正确选项1.new inventions are changing the techniques of newspaper publishing(V)Educators, parents, students and community members in Miami-Dade and Broward counties are joining together to reclaim the promise of public education. This important effort is co-sponsored by the Amer省略...1、According to the passage, is there any simple solution for the challenges they are facing? 正确选项1.No.(V)2、Educators, parents and community members are working together in order to_______.正确选项1.guarantee all students with opportunities to attend quality public schools(V)3、From the passage, we can guess the author is from _______.正确选项1.the US(V)4、What do educators need for professional development?正确选项1.Opportunity.(V)5、What does “obstacle” mean in paragraph 3?正确选项1.Something that stands in the way.(V)Hourly billing is the best way to be charged for legal services. About 95 percent of lawyers stillperform their legal work on an hourly basis. If you want something better than the old “bill by the h省略...1、_______is the best way to be charged for legal services.正确选项1.Hourly billing(V)2、_______make the law firm share your risk and encouragement.正确选项1.Contingency fees(V)3、A flat-fee approach_______.正确选项1.is suitable for repetitive tasks(V)4、Legal work involving a number of legal specialties should consider using_______.正确选项1.blended hourly fees(V)5、You have to eye the clock when you talk to the lawyer when you choose _______.正确选项1.the old “bill by the hour” deal(V)Jim Thorpe was a native American. He was born in 1888 in an Indian Territory(印第安人保护区)that is now Oklahoma. Like most native American children then, he liked to fish, hunt, swim, and play games outdoor省略...1、According to the passage, most American Indian children loved all the following EXCEPT _______. 正确选项1.singing(V)2、From the passage we learn that Jim Thorpe was born in _______.正确选项1.Oklahoma(V)3、Jim Thorpe started to play sports _______.正确选项1.when he was 16 years old(V)4、The word“decathlon”in paragraph 3 probably means _______.正确选项1.ten track and field events(V)5、Which of the following is NOT TRUE?正确选项1.In 1912, Thorpe went back to finish his college education.(V)Since its founding in 1948, McDonald's has grown from a family burger(汉堡包)stand to a global fast-food chain, with more than 30,000 locations in 118 countries. With 58 million daily cus 省略...1、According to the passage, which of the following statements is NOT TRUE?正确选项1.McDonald's has opened its restaurants in every city of the world.(V)2、From Paragraph 2, we can conclude that _______.正确选项1.McDonald's designs its menu to suit the local people(V)3、In _______, an employee died in a fatal bomb attack on a McDonald's restaurant in France. 正确选项1.2000(V)4、The word “ubiquitous”in Paragraph 2 is most likely to mean _______.正确选项1.existing everywhere(V)5、What did Jose Bove and his people do in 1999 to protest against McDonald's?正确选项1.They destroyed a McDonald's under construction.(V)The celebration of International Women's Day (IWD) in 2011 was special as it marked the 100th anniversary of IWD. The United Nations’ theme for the 2011 IWD was “Equal access to education, training an省略...1、_______ is a key factor of economic growth and social change and the women's empowerment. 正确选项cation(V)2、2011 International Women's Day (IWD) was special because_______.正确选项1.it is 100th anniversary(V)3、What is the best title for the passage?正确选项1.Creating Equal Access to Education.(V)4、Which of the following is not suffered by women in society nowadays?正确选项1.Family burden.(V)5、Which one is NOT mentioned in relation to “education equality”?正确选项1.Development of new science.(V)阅读理解(判断题)Dear Mr. Brown,I wish to apply for the position of Social Worker as advertised on .au. Please find my resume attached.For almost two years I have worked as Mental Heal省略...1、James believes he would be a valuable staff to St Paul's Hospital if given the opportunity. 正确选项1.√(V)2、James does not give advice to family caregivers.正确选项1.×(V)3、James has almost two-year experiences of social work.正确选项1.√(V)4、James provides psychosocial support to clients, only in the form of group therapy.正确选项1.×(V)5、James's strong verbal and written communication skills have been well used in this position. 正确选项1.√(V)Education and academic quality can mean different things to different people, depending on their perspective, role and context and, in part because of this, quality is notoriously difficult to evaluat省略...1、According to the passage, we should improve international cooperation on research and evaluation. 正确选项1.T(V)2、Economic development doesn't have effect on the improvement of educational quality.正确选项1.F(V)3、Education quality is hard to evaluate.正确选项1.T(V)4、International collaboration and exchange of the best evaluation policy and practice can bring substantial advantages.正确选项1.T(V)5、The quality of knowledge is becoming less critical to national competitiveness.正确选项1.F(V)Graffiti painting is traditionally a daredevil pursuit. Teenagers dodge security guards to put their names on trains and buses. But over the past decade, graffiti has all but disappeared from Britain'省略...1、Graffiti decreases because of better policing.正确选项1.T(V)2、Less tags can be found in public places nowadays.正确选项1.T(V)3、Some teenagers go to art school in order to learn to paint walls.正确选项1.F(V)4、Taggers and graffiti artists are still willing to take risks.正确选项1.F(V)5、Teenagers are not afraid of being caught by security guards when they put their names on trains and buses.正确选项1.F(V)I've been living in the country for more than 10 years. It means quietness, privacy, harmony and peace for me.Living in the country requires an active lifestyle. It involves activitie省略...1、According to the author, nobody dislikes countryside life.正确选项1.F(V)2、Living in the country is not busy at all.正确选项1.F(V)3、People living in the country usually go shopping every Saturday.正确选项1.T(V)4、The author has lived in the countryside for more than a decade, and he/she loves living there. 正确选项1.T(V)5、The author takes a walk or drives along country roads almost every day.正确选项1.T(V)Is teaching important? Well, of course it is. There was a time when the necessary knowledge could be taught to the young by family members. But as societies became more complex and division of labor m省略...1、All children in the world can go to schools.正确选项1.F(V)2、Everyone can be a quality teacher.正确选项1.F(V)3、Just because societies became more complex, teaching came into being as a career.正确选项1.F(V)4、Teachers’ salaries today are higher than before.正确选项1.T(V)5、We need more responsible teachers who succeed in teaching important information to the young. 正确选项1.T(V)Liu Hui and Molly are discussing the issue of educational quality at a workshop.Liu Hui: Hi, Molly. Today's topic is educational quality. First, what does educational quality mean to y省略...1、All universities in the U.S. offer high-quality education.正确选项1.F(V)2、Diploma mills cannot provide high-quality education.正确选项1.T(V)3、In China, there isn't any diploma mill.正确选项1.F(V)4、Liu Hui disagrees with Molly on the meaning of education quality.正确选项1.F(V)5、Molly thinks that educational quality ensures a satisfactory outcome for learners.正确选项1.T(V)NEW YORK- The five men facing trial in the Sept. 11 attacks will plead not guilty. They would state their criticisms of US foreign policy, the lawyer for one of the defendants said Sunday.省略...1、Nearly 3,000 people were killed in the 911 attack.正确选项1.T(V)2、Scott Fenstermaker is the lawyer for Ali Abd al-Aziz Ali and four other men.正确选项1.F(V)3、The five men thought that the US foreign policy should be blamed for the 911 attack.正确选项1.T(V)4、The press didn't care about this civilian federal trial.正确选项1.F(V)5、We can infer from the article that prisoners also have their freedom to express their own views in the USA.正确选项1.T(V)The National Union of Students (NUS) welcomes the news that greater numbers of black and disabled students are studying at UK universities, but there is still a lot of work to be done on widening acce省略...1、Equality in society is linked to equality in access to education.正确选项1.T(V)2、For many students, university is the last place where they will get to know different cultures and different people.正确选项1.F(V)3、Greater numbers of black and disabled students are studying at Chinese universities.正确选项1.F(V)4、Students can see the benefits of university as a positive, diverse environment.正确选项1.T(V)5、We need to hear more from non-traditional students about their experience of accessing higher education.正确选项1.T(V)To: Guangzhou People's Court Plaintiff: Handcup Marketing Domicile: No. 33, 4th Road, New York Legal Representative: Qingguo Su Position: Manager of Handcup Marketing 省略...1、Handcup Marketing is suing South China Corporation of not paying for the transactions.正确选项1.T(V)2、Qing Su is a lawyer.正确选项1.F(V)3、The defendant owed the plaintiff RMB 15,000,000 for the dispatched products.正确选项1.T(V)4、The plaintiff didn't know which laws and regulations should be applied in this case.正确选项1.F(V)5、The plaintiff has got well prepared before filing the lawsuit.正确选项1.T(V)写作(自行准备)1、Write a comment on the impact of television on family relationship(电视对家庭关系的影响). The passage should be about 120 words. You may follow the cues given below. 1. Do you think t 省略...正确答案:The impact of television on family relationshipMany people think that TV can't teach you anything and most TV programs are just silly. True, there are a lot of shows that are anything but good. But if you watch, you will find that TV is still a powerful educational tool. With the emergence of the public TV in our country we now have more helpings of food for the mind. Take the travelogue "the world we live in" it provides us not only with vicarious travel experience but also with the histories and cultures of various nations. Spec live, what they wear and how they talk even though I can’t afford to travel to those countries. My family often sit together to watch a program and discuss it afterward. Sometimes my parents ask us what we would do in a similar situation and this gives us the opportunity to rethink. We should not forget that TV can be an excellent teacher. In this era of mass media we believe that TV, if guided into the right channel, can really fire our imagination and contribute to family cohesion.2、Write a memo based on the following information. The memo should be about 120 words.A Memo The Human Resource Manager Bruce asks you to prepare a memo for him briefing all staff省略... 正确答案:The time and the date: 14:00-16:00, April 11The venue: function room on level 3The invited speaker: Dr. Jerry AndersonThe content: sorting trash scientificallyThe participants: all staffA MemoTo: All StaffFrom: Bruce, Human Resources ManagerThe time and the date:14:00-16:00, April 11Subject: Invited Speech on Sorting trash scientificallyDear Colleagues,I cordially invite you to attend on hearing the speech event conducted by Dr. Jerry Anderson on the topic of Sorting Trash scientifically. The speech event will be held at the Function Room on Level 3 on April 11, 2022 at 14:00 to 16:00.Your participation to the event is very much welcome.Best regards,Bruce Human Resources Manager3、Write a passage about 120 words on how to improve the quality of education. You may include the ideas given below.1. Problems on the quality of education 2. Possible ca省略...正确答案:How to improve the quality of educationHas always been in the mid of heated discussion of people from all walks of life. And more specificallly, whether increasing teacher’s salaries is the best way to improve the quality of education is something at issue. Some think it contributes a lot to a high-standard education, while others think it only improve s the standards of teachers’ life, but not necessarily that of education.For me, I insist that increasing teacher’s salaries is the best way to improve the quality of education.Firstly, in response of some people’s concern that it will only improve the teachers’ living standards, I think that most teachers have a strong sense of responsibility. So for the majority of the teachers, once they can get a satisfactory salary and achieve a comfortable life, they will concentrate more on how to improve their teaching methodology and better impart the knowledge to students. In this way can the overall quality of education be improved.Secondly, higher salary means more prominence and higher social status given to teacher as a profession. In terms of that, more people would like to become a teacher, thus intensifying the competition for the each teaching position. As a result, the whole nation can have a more strict selecting process to recruit only the most outstanding candidates. In addition, the society as a whole will pay more attention to the teacher-recruiting process, and more censorship with no doubt ensures that only the best ones can be selected as teachers. Through a social point of view, improving the salaries also contributes a lot to improving the quality of education.In a word, from a perspective of both teachers themselves and also the social censorship, increasing teachers’ salaries is certainly the best approach to enhance the quality of education.4、Write a passage on how to overcome difficulties in my English studies. The passag省略... 正确答案:How to overcome difficulties in my English studies.As many poeple say,life willl be nothing without failures and frustrations.But we should not be ashamed of our difficulties.When it comes to the diffficulties in the English study,fist and foremost,we should face it realistically and accept it optimistically.If we care to study the cause of the diffculties,and find some ways to solveit,we`llhave fun in the English study.Firstly,we should try to solve the problems by ourselves.Then if we still haven`t made it,we can trrn to our teachers and classmates.Thus,we can seek out the answers moreeffitiently.Furthermore ,we must habe the confidencee to solve the problems .5、Write a passage on how to improve the equality of education. The passage should be about 120 words. Your passage may be based on the following inform省略...正确答案:How to improve the quality of educationHow to improve the quality of education is a hot topic in our society. Some people say that high school students should be encouraged to evaluate and criticize their teachers. But some other people disagree with such a method, which will result in loss of respect and discipline in the classroom. In this essay, I would like to discuss the advantages and disadvantages of this method and give some suggestions.There are lots of merits to encourage students to express their opinions openly in the classroom. One of reasons is that such action can give teachers more pressure, which will makes them work harder and try their best to reduce mistakes. For example, teachers should be more careful and responsible of what they are teaching and read more books to enrich their knowledge. The other reason lies in these evaluations will give students more freedom, courage, and confidence, which will influence them positively in a long term. There is lots of obvious evidence by comparing the educational system in western countries and that in China. The first one encourages the evaluation, under which most of the students are more confident and brave. But most of the students under Chinese educational system are coward and lack of the courage to express their opinions.But like every coin has two sides, the open criticism and evaluation will produce lots of bad influences. The first shortcoming is these actions will incur mess and discipline in the classroom. For instance, students may insult their teachers in the process of evaluation, which is the sign of unrespectable action. The other drawback is that some teachers may be pay more attention to the pleasure of students rather than teaching quality, which will do harm to the development of pupils.In my opinion, I support the encouragement of open evaluation, though youths should be careful of the degree by which all the students should abide. Also we can find that the critical system pay more emphasizes on the aspect of teachers rather than the students. We know that the improvement of educational quality lies in the efforts from both students and teachers, so both of them should work in groups to enhance the quality of education.。
模块必刷题 Unit 4 过关篇

模块必刷题Unit 4 过关篇一、单项填空(共15小题,每小题1分,满分15分)请认真阅读下列各题,从题中所给的A.B.C.D四个选项中,选出最佳选项,并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
1.—________ the way, do you think this job has become easier than it used to be?—To be honest, it has turned out to be more difficult ________ some ways.A.In; on B.By; on C.By; in D.In; by2.Mrs Yang often makes ________ cakes and biscuits for kids and kids like them very much. A.strange B.tasty C.awful D.polluted 3.Don’t always ________ your daughter ________ others. It’s not good for her growth. A.compare; from B.connect; to C.compare; with D.prevent; from 4.—What is the ________ of high school students going to college?—About 70%.A.percentage B.number C.population D.temperature5.Li Ling’s mother wanted to know ________.A.how did she study at school B.what she has studied at school C.whether did she study hard at school D.if she studied hard at school6.—This red dress looks so ________ !—It is ________ designed for a famous actress.A.special; special B.special; specially C.specially; special D.specially; specially 7.I don’t know what should ________ to stop the factories ________ the lake near them.A.to do; polluting B.to do; to pollute C.doing; to pollute D.be done; polluting 8.When I was young, I ________ in the country.A.used to live B.was used to live C.used to living D.am used to living 9.Perhaps we will live on the food ________ the form of pills in the future.A.on B.in C.at D.by10.He is wearing his sunglasses to himself from the strong sunlight.A.prevent B.stop C.keep D.protect11.Up to now, almost ________ of the students in the class have completed ________ of their work.A.two-thirds; 60 percents B.two-thirds; 60 percentC.two third; 60 percents D.two third; 60 percent12.— Was the baby really amazed when seeing such a ________ scene?— Yes. The ________ look on its face told us that it was.A.surprised; surprising B.surprising; surprisedC.surprising; surprising D.surprised; surprised13.No one can be sure ________ in thousands of years, not to say in a million years.A.what man looks like B.what will man look likeC.what did man look like D.what man will look like14.The girl seemed too busy __________ her test _________ her mother enter the room. A.preparing, to notice B.to prepare, to noticeC.preparing, noticing D.to prepare, noticing15.—Are you confident about this evening’s performance, Kate?—________. I’m well prepared.A.I hope so B.It’s hard to say C.Sure, I am D.I am afraid not二、完形填空(共10小题,每小题1分,满分10分)请认真阅读下面短文,从短文后各题所给的 A.B.C、D四个选项中,选出最佳选项,并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
蜘蛛侠3Spider-Man3(2007)中英剧本

蜘蛛侠3 Spider-Man 3 (2007)中英剧本是我彼得帕克你的好邻居It's me, Peter Parker. Your friendly neighbourhood你们知道啦you know.我被蜘蛛咬到以后经历很多I've come a long way from being the boy who was bit by a spider. 那时候我逊毙了现在Back then, nothing seemed to go right for me. Now酷耶! 看是蜘蛛侠! Wow, look, it's Spider-Man!酷毙了! 蜘蛛侠! - Super cool! - Spider-man!大家都喜欢我People really like me.别走嘛马上会重播哦Hey, stick around. It's gonna start again in a couple minutes.不用了啦- Nah. - That's okay.这城市治安良好The city is safe and sound.我想我多少有点贡献I guess I've had something to do with that.班叔叔一定会以我为傲My Uncle Ben would be proud.我还是大学生成绩优异I still get to school. Top of my class.根据汉密尔顿函数Now, the Hamiltonian shows us能量级数受到电场影响that the energy levels are perturbed by the electric field.依照这个矩阵我们得到什么结论? From the form of this matrix, we can see ?史黛西小姐Miss Stacy?只有“质量等于零量子态”会受影响That only the "m equals zero quantum states" are affected. 答对了很好史黛西小姐Correct. Good work, Miss Stacy.帕克你有话要说吗? Parker? You got something to add?没有No, sir.而且我在和我的梦中情人谈恋爱And I'm in love with the girl of my dreams.嗨Hi.华森小姐替我留了张票彼得帕克Miss Watson left a ticket for me. Peter Parker.借过抱歉Excuse me. Sorry.谢谢不好意思Thank you. Sorry.我好紧张哦Oh. I'm so nervous.她是我女朋友耶That's my girlfriend.我觉得她演得很赞是啊- I thought she was good. - Yeah.哈利? Harry?哈利! Harry!我得跟你谈谈I need to talk to you.解释一些事Explain things.去跟我爸解释让他起死回生Tell it to my father. Raise him from the dead.我是你的朋友我很关心你父亲I'm your friend, Harry. I cared about your father.玛莉珍! - Peter! - Congrats!彼得! 恭喜了!- Peter! - Congrats!我演得好吗? 好? 你棒呆了- Was I good? - Good? You were great.简直是你说过棒呆了- You were - You said great.你送的花很漂亮那是哈利送的I love my flowers, they're beautiful. And those are from Harry.他今晚有来吗? 有我在外面碰到他- Was he here tonight? - Yeah, I ran into him outside.你们俩到底怎么了? 很复杂- What's with you guys anyway? - It's complicated.再说一遍我棒不棒? Tell me again. Was I really good?我紧张到膝盖都在抖I was so nervous. My knees were shaking.你膝盖很好掌声不怎么响亮- Your knees were fine. - The applause wasn't very loud.拜托是音场的关系啦Yes, it was. Well, it's the acoustics.扩散效应音波被分散了It's all about diffusion. It keeps the sound waves from grouping.当音波向外扩散就会You see, when the sound waves, they propagate, then it's like an你真是个书呆子You are such a nerd.你看到那颗流星了吗? Did you see that one?你知道吗? - You know what? - Mm.我好想一辈子在舞台上唱歌I'd like to sing on-stage for the rest of my life你也永远坐在第一排with you in the first row.我一定会的I'll be there.告诉我你爱我Tell me you love me.我爱你I love you.我好爱你I love you so much.我一直都爱你I always have.坐好了吗? 好了- Ready? - Yep.你不能躲在这里佛林特You can't hide here, Flint.我只是来看我女儿你是个逃犯- I'm just here to see my daughter. - You are an escaped convict. 警察在追捕你别想靠近她The cops are looking for you. You're not getting near her.你只是个小抢匪You're nothing but a common thief.你也许还杀了人? 不是那样的- You maybe even killed a man? - It wasn't like that.不是那样的It wasn't.我那么做是有原因的I had good reason for what I was doing.这是事实And that's the truth.事实是当你在牢里吃牢饭You and the truth, sitting in prison, having three meals a day together.我必须一个人养女儿I live in the presence of great truth这才是事实and that is the truth that you left behind她还在房里养病right there in that bedroom.潘妮Penny.我好想你I missed you.我也想你爸爸I miss you too, Daddy.我保证我会让你好起来I promise I'll make you healthy again.不管怎样我都会弄到钱Whatever it takes, I'll get the money.你快给我滚出去You get out of here. Now.我不是坏人I'm not a bad person.只是运气很坏Just had bad luck.彼得怎么了? Peter, what is it?玛莉珍It's M.J.我要向她求婚噢彼得- I'm gonna ask her to marry me. - Oh, Peter. Oh!你班叔叔向我求婚那天我们都很害怕The day your Uncle Ben asked me to marry him, we were so scared.也很兴奋And excited.而且很年轻And very young.我疯狂爱着他And I loved him so fiercely.你说你愿意对吧? 不- And you said yes, right? - No.我很想不过我拒绝了I wanted to say yes, but I said no.我们都还没准备好I wasn't ready. Neither was he.于是就抱着期待So we took our time.慢慢准备Looked forward to it.我们不想只靠爱情过一辈子Didn't want to run into something with nothing to count on but love.男人一定要体贴A man has to be understanding把妻子看得比自己重要and put his wife before himself.你做得到吗? Can you do that, Peter?我想我可以Yeah, I think I can.那么我祝福你们Then you have my blessing.你最好向她正式求婚Oh. I hope you've considered a proper proposal.你班叔叔计划了好久Your uncle had it all planned.那个周日他带我到海滩He took me to the beach one Sunday.他穿起泳装来帅到不行Oh, he was a knockout in his bathing suit. Heh.我的身材也不差And I didn't look too bad myself.我们都很会游泳We were very good swimmers.那天天气很好他说:And it was a beautiful day and he said:“咱们游到小岛吧”"Let's swim to the island."我们在小岛上找到一棵大树And at the island, we found a perfect spot by an old tree然后躺在树下仰望蓝天and we lay down and looked up at the sky.这时候他说:“梅闭上眼睛”And then he said, "Close your eyes, May."我照办然后他说:“睁开眼睛”And I did. And then he said, "Open them."我照办And I did.他拿着这枚戒指And he was holding this ring.在我眼前Dazzling闪闪发亮in front of me.我以为是阳光I thought it was the sun.到八月我们就结婚We'd be married years五十年了如果他没come August, if所以So希望你会给玛莉珍一个惊喜I hope you'll make it very special for Mary Jane.让她永生难忘Do something she'll never forget.给她这个Give her this.来呀拿去Go on. Take it.哈利你早知我会来报仇彼得- Harry. - You knew this was coming, Pete.听我说我没杀你爸Listen to me. I didn't kill your father.他想杀我结果害死自己! He was trying to kill me. He killed himself.闭嘴! Shut up!我还在这彼得I'm still here, Peter.我恨那些玩意Hate those things.哈利? Harry?哈利Harry.哈利! Harry!天啊Oh, my God.哈利! Harry!醒来啊! Come on!天啊God.电击器两百焦耳- Defib. - Two hundred.让开And clear.没反应No response.充电再试一次再试一次- Recharge, let's go again. - Go ahead.充电中让开- Charging. - And clear.没反应No response.再试一次让开Let's recharge and do it one more time. And clear.史黛西队长Captain Stacy.什么事? 佛林特马可- What's this? - Flint Marko.涉及班帕克命案的佛林特马可The guy we tied to the Ben Parker homicide.他怎么了? 他从监狱逃出来- What about him? - He just broke out of Rikers.然后呢? 他在逃亡- And? - He's on the run.我们在沼泽找到他了He's in the marshlands. I think we got him.他在那里! There he is!你们抄西边汤米抄东边You two, take the west side. Tommy, take the east.他跑哪儿去啦? Where did he go?电容器充电完毕对- Capacitors charged. - Right.矽晶质有变化Donnie, we got a little fluctuation on one.有东西闯进实验场There's a change in the silicon mass.只是小鸟吧启动后就会飞走Yeah, it's probably a bird. It'll fly away when we fire it up. 启动去分子程序Initiating demolecularisation.他还好吧? 他不会有事- How is he? - He's gonna be okay.不过他的记忆受到损坏But there's been some memory impairment.尤其是短期记忆Particularly his short-term memory.他不记得意外Right now he can't remember the accident或最近发生的事or anything that happened to him recently.会永远这样吗? Is it permanent?有可能只能等着瞧It could be. Only time will tell.他清醒了你可以去看他He's awake if you wanna see him.我等会儿再来好了Oh. Maybe I should wait.一下子没关系我要他多休息No, it's fine. Just keep it brief. I want him to rest.嘿兄弟Hey, buddy.嘿Hey.我撞到头Hit my head.是啊Yeah.医生说是车祸Doctor said I was in an accident.肇事者逃逸Hit-and-run.我什么都不太记得I don't remember much of anything.我爸My father他死了对吧? he died, right?这一切都好奇怪This is all so weird.嗨我尽快赶来了Hi. I got here as fast as I could.我认得这张脸I know that face.你好吗? How you doing?不知道I don't know.我只记得我本来好好的Last thing I remember, I was fine.在某个地方Somewhere.你现在也很好You're still fine.我们都爱你哈利We love you, Harry.我只是觉得It feels like我好像离开了很久somehow I've been gone for a really long time.现在又回来了And now I'm back home.很高兴你回来了It's good to have you back.抱歉我得请你们离开I'm sorry, I'm gonna have to ask you guys to scoot, okay?好的谢谢你们- Okay. - All right. Thank you.我们明天见Well, I'll see you tomorrow.好很好Yeah. Great.多睡一点Get some sleep.他不会有事的我想也是- I think he's gonna be fine. - I think so.你们也跟以前一样好是啊- And you guys seem great. - Yeah.你的朋友不错You have lovely friends.我最好的朋友My best friends.我愿意为他们牺牲自己I'd give my life for them.哪位? 是我- Yeah? - It's me.嘿Oh! Hey.彼得我开不了门Peter, you know I can't open the door.又卡住了吗? It's stuck again?快来帮我Just come on and help me.我来了I'm coming.嘿我的剧评- Hey. - The review.剧评家都讨厌我他们不可能讨厌你- They hated it. They hated me. - Well, they can't hate you.“华森小姐有一副漂亮脸蛋"The young Miss Watson is a pretty girl只可惜没有一副好歌喉easy on the eyes, but not on the ears.歌声弱到只有第一排才听得到”Her small voice didn't carry past the first row."太扯了我就听得到That's ridiculous, I was right there.你坐在第一排You were in the first row.对可是你唱得很棒Yeah, this Listen, you were great.别太在意批评你得早点习惯That's a critic. This is something you're gonna have to get used to. 我很了解蜘蛛侠老是被批评Believe me, I know. Spider-Man gets attacked all the time.我说的不是你而是我这是我的事业This isn't about you. This is about me. It's about my career.我只想说你不能感到气馁I know, and I'm just saying you can't let it bring you down.要相信自己You just gotta believe in yourself and you pull yourself together.再接再厉You get right back on the horse and别说这些老话Don't give me the horse thing.试着了解我的感受Try and understand how I feel.只是It's just我看到那些评语I look at these words感觉好像是我爸写的and it's like my father wrote them.街附近的警车请回报All cars. All cars in the vicinity of th and Sixth Avenue, please report.起重机失控务必小心Crane out of control, approach with caution.“去吧大英雄”? "Go get them, tiger"?对不起I'm sorry.老天爷Oh, my God. -Adam to Central.总部状况比我们想像的严重That crane job you sent us on? It's bigger than we thought.马上需要更多人力支援We're gonna need a major mobilisation right away.把发电机关掉! 快点! Shut it down at the generator. Now!关我要你装得妩媚一点Okay, Gwen, I've got a secret: It's my copier.背景是什么东东? What is that thing doing in my background?史黛西队长电线短路关不掉起重机Captain Stacy, they got some kind of short up there. They can't shut down the crane.打给电力公司切断整条街的电力Get Edison on the phone. Have them kill the power to the whole block.你没事吧? Are you all right?又来了It's coming back.喔不Oh, no.我的天是关什么? - Oh, my God. That's Gwen. - What?她在上面干嘛? What's she doing up there?不知道昨晚她说要来拍照I don't know, I just saw her last night. She said she had a modelling gig.你是谁? 艾迪布洛克- Who are you? - It's Brock, sir. Edward Brock Jr.我替《号角日报》工作And I work at the Daily Bugle.也在和你女儿交往And I'm dating your daughter.你还好吧? You okay?我很好Yeah, I'm fine.谢谢你Thank you.蜘蛛侠替《号角日报》拍一张Hey, Spidey, hold on. Bugle needs a photo.谢天谢地你没事爸爸- Thank God you're okay. - Daddy.我是新来的摄影师Hey. I'm the new guy.新来的? 乖女儿- New guy? - Sweetie.你没事吧? You okay?从现在起我负责拍你的照片From now on, I am gonna be taking shots of you for the Bugle.笑一笑你在笑吗? So smile. Are you smiling? Just kidding.报社有摄影师了啊谁? 帕克? - They got a guy. - Who, Parker?别告诉别人那家伙逊毙了Um, yeah, look, just between you and me, guy's kind of an amateur.他让你看起来有点丑Have you noticed his stuff makes you look a little bloated?而且感觉有点胖Just Yeah, a little chunky.好吧Okay.现在你不必担心了But you don't have to worry about that anymore, buddy.让我惊艳Dazzle me.我和行销部想到一些口号Just a little something the boys in the Ad Department and I whipped up.《号角日报》的发行量不错As you know, circulation at the Bugle's been pretty good.虽然没《纽约时报》好Though not as good as The New York Times.也比不上《每日新闻报》或《邮报》Or the Daily News, or the Post, or several other smaller 猪头少在那边碎碎念! Get on with it, you moron !什么? 注意你的高血压詹老板- What? - Your blood pressure.尊夫人要我告诉你别生气Your wife told me to tell you to watch the anger.你跟我老婆说You tell my wife谢谢你Thank you.我提出这句口号So I propose this campaign.“《号角日报》”当然罗"Daily Bugle." That's obvious.“最新潮流”、“即时新闻”这是我的点子"It's hip, it's now." I came up with that one.“超劲爆”这是小艾的点子他有点疯狂"It's wow." That's actually Erickson. He goes crazy.他一喝了拿铁就超有创意We gave him a couple lattes, he's like, phew!“超八卦”这又是我的点子"And how." That's me again.你该吃药了Time to take your pill.不是那一罐Not that one.也不是那一罐Not that one.多喝水Drink plenty of water.谢谢你Thank you.继续Continue.他很忙不- He's busy. - Oh, no.我只是来和你闲聊的美人- I'm just here to talk to you, beautiful. - What's that smell?那是什么味道?那是叫做“轻松惬意”的东西你喷什么香水? That's a little something called Nice and Easy. What's on you?叫做“滚开”It's called Go Away.滚出去! 那是你想过最白痴的点子Get out! That is the dumbest idea you've ever had你最好给我一些好东西小心血压- and you have had some doozies. - Blood pressure.嘿你去哪里? Hey, where are you going?你是谁? 你上周雇用他的特约摄影师- Who are you? - You hired him last week. Freelance.是吗? 那是什么味道? 布洛克长官艾迪布洛克- I did? What's that smell? - It's Brock, sir. Edward Brock Jr.谁? 我真的很喜欢你的衬衫- Who? What ? - Can I just say I really like that shirt?这是那拖吊机的意外照片Here, it's the crane accident.检视一下光源他喜欢我的衬衫- Check out the light source. - He likes my shirt.嘿贝蒂嘿彼得- Hey, Betty. - Hey, Pete.你最好进去有个新来的You better get in there. New guy.他想卖我们一些蜘蛛侠的照片He's trying to sell some Spidey photos.谢谢Thanks.帕克你迟到了也许太迟了布莱克抢先一步了Parker. You're late, maybe too late. Bruckner here beat you to it.是布洛克长官艾迪布洛克It's Brock, sir. Edward Brock Jr.不过我带这个给你不过他带这个给我- But I got you this. - But he got me this.你怎么拍到的? 我没看到你在现场你怎么爬那么高的? Wait, how'd you get that? I didn't see you there. How'd you get that high?爬上去的差一点从旗杆上摔下来旗杆? - Climbed. Nearly fell off a flagpole. - A flagpole?我们要用哪一张? 我喜欢布恩斯坦的- Which one do we use? - I like Bernstein's.拍得比较好也比较便宜- It's better. - Cheaper too.恭喜我们要用你的我付你五十元Congratulations, son, we'll use your shot. I'll pay you bucks.好耶詹老板我是你的了All right, J.J., I'm your man.我比其他摄影师更懂得拍好照片I know more about what makes a good picture than any photographer in this town.看吧摄影不只是没有恶意旗杆或有的没有的See, photography, it's not just about, no of fence, uh, flagpoles or whatever.要有光线、构图和戏剧效果It's about lighting. Composition. Drama.我想成为报社摄影师I want a staff job, sir.我要娶一个女孩I have a girl that I intend to marry不晓得我一直梦想能替and I guess, I don't know, I have this stupid little dream当代最伟大的报社老板工作of working with one of the greatest newspaper editors of our time.詹老板J. Jonah Jameson.报社是有个空缺强森辞职啦Well, we do have an opening. Johnson quit, remember?是你炒他鱿鱼的无所谓啦- You fired him. - Whatever.我的照片很棒努力了很久Wait a minute. I know what makes a good picture and I've been here a long time.报社摄影师空缺应该是我的If there's a staff job, Mr Jameson, I think I deserve it.没错彼得的年资比较深他也做得很好He's right, Jonah. Peter's been with us for years. He's done a great job.你们都想要成为报社摄影师You want a staff job, and you want a staff job.有人在乎我想要什么吗? 我在乎- Anybody care about what I want? - I do.闭嘴滚出去Shut up. Get out.我要揭穿蜘蛛侠的真面目I want the public to see Spider-Man for the two-bit criminal he really is.他其实是个大坏蛋抓到他的把柄He's a fake, he's full of stickum. Catch him in the act.只要拍到蜘蛛侠干坏事Spider-Man with his hand in a cookie jar.就能到报社上班Whoever brings me that photo gets a job.还等什么? 等过农历年啊? 快去What are you waiting for, Chinese New Year? Go, go, go.我马上去I'm on it, boss.你绝对拍不到You'll never get that shot.等着瞧吧Oh, we'll see.我想一个人也能改变世界You know, I guess one person can make a difference.不用多说了Enough said.哈利欢迎回家Welcome home, Harry.你没事谢天谢地谢谢你伯纳- Thank God you're all right. - Thanks, Bernard.伯纳先生- Bernard. - Sir.我要送你一个礼物Got you a little homecoming present.你的篮球是啊- It's your old ball. - Yeah.谢了兄弟Thanks, buddy.咱们在后院打得不错吧Hey, we were pretty good in the back yard, weren't we?烂透了我们还想进校队哩We were terrible. And we tried out for the varsity team.为了把啦啦队美眉没错- For the cheerleaders. - Right.我有没有女朋友呀? 我不知道耶- Hey, do I have any girlfriends? - I don't know.你不知道? You don't?伯纳我有没有女朋友? Hey, Bernard. Do I have any girlfriends?据我所知没有Not that I know of, sir.我家挺不赖的嘛It's a pretty cool pad, huh?还好啦It's okay.看来我不太缺钱是啊- Looks like I'm not hurting for money. - No.也许这样我就能交到女友Well, maybe I can turn this no-girlfriend thing around.他一直很感谢你帮我度过高中时光You know, he always appreciated how you helped me through high school.我只希望能多记得有关他的事Just wish I could remember more about him.重要的是他很爱你Well, he loved you. That's the main thing.咱们到厨房边吃边看球赛Hey, let's watch a game in the kitchen. Get something to eat.好啊Okay.小心罗Whoa, heads up.你看到没? Did you see that?你的反应还是很快没错- Still got the moves. - Yeah.干嘛停下来? Why are we stopping?她怎么会跑来? What is she doing here?小葛本来要打给她的经纪人Well, Gary was supposed to call her agent.我们一直找不到你Hi, honey. We tried to reach you.对不起I'm sorry.为一篇剧评? One critic?每篇剧评都很烂No, all the papers, dear.玛莉珍听我解释Mary Jane, honey, sit down. Let us explain it to you.我们可以说你生病了Listen, if you'd like, we could say you became ill.咱们处理得很糟That was so poorly handled.是啊Yeah.排演吧Let's just rehearse.好耶蜘蛛侠! All right, Spidey!上吧蜘蛛侠! Go, Spidey!赞喔All right!耶! 蜘蛛侠! Yeah, Spidey!蜘蛛侠! 耶! - Spidey! - Yeah!蜘蛛侠! 蜘蛛侠! 蜘蛛侠! Spidey! Spidey! Spidey!大美人儿来个灿烂的微笑嘛Excuse me, miss? Could I please see that gorgeous smile?嗨艾迪Hi, Eddie. Ha, ha.你这么美应该上头版才对You're so beautiful. This is front-page stuff.我有事待会儿见好吗? Okay, I've gotta practise. I'll see you later, okay?今晚如何? 不行- How about tonight? - Not tonight.为什么? Why not?那晚咱们不是玩得很疯吗? What about that amazing, amazing night that we had?我们只是一起喝咖啡We had coffee, Eddie.嘿大美女Hey, beautiful.再来一张One more.你还好吧? 我很好- Everything okay? - Yeah, I'm fine.你还在生我的气吗? 没有我以你为荣彼得- You're not still mad at me, are you? - No, Peter, I'm proud of you.我会从那里荡过来Hey, I'm gonna be swinging in from over there.是吗? 你就知道该往哪里看- Oh, yeah? - So you know where to look.给他们一场好戏吧Give them a good show.别担心剧评不好Don't worry about that review.我有信心你明晚会演得很棒We're gonna be laughing about it tomorrow night, I promise.是啊Yeah.那不是越狱的逃犯吗? Isn't that that guy from that prison break?就是他He fits.喂你! 站住! Hey, you. Halt!你到后面! Cover the back.小心快点通过- Hon, be careful. - Come on, let's go.他躲在卡车里面He's in the truck.到前面堵他! Round the front.开枪! Fire.各位纽约市民People of the city of New York今天我能站在这里因为我从楼摔下来时I am here today because I fell storeys有人接住我and someone caught me.他从来不要求回报Someone who never asks for anything in return.甚至不想透露他的身份Someone who doesn't even want us to know who he is.嗨玛莉珍Hey, M.J.哈利嗨- Harry. - Hey.彼得呢? - Where's Pete? - Um大概在拍照吧对哦- Taking somebody's picture, I guess. - Right.见到你真好你的气色不错I'm so happy to see you. You look so good, Harry.我感觉棒极了I've never felt better.忘了自己是谁很奇怪It's a weird feeling not knowing who you are.头被撞一下烦恼都不见了Bump on the head, I'm as free as a bird.那你撞一下我的头吧- Will you bump me on the head? - Bop.彼得说你演出一出歌舞剧Hey, Pete said you're in a play.你有来看还送了花呢You came. You sent me flowers.是吗? 今晚我也会去I did? I'll come again tonight.不行我被开除了You can't. I was let go.怎么会? What happened?我演得不好I wasn't very good.其实You know, this is embarrassing我高中为你写过剧本but I once wrote you a play in high school. Heh.你替我写过剧本? 是啊- You wrote me a play? - Yeah.哈利你真是贴心Harry, that's the sweetest thing.我问大家:“当你从高楼跌落So I ask you: When you're dropping without a parachute 店面被抢房子失火or your store's being robbed or your house is on fire是谁来救你who is it that breaks your fall想办法灭火救出你的小孩? ”puts out the flames and saves your children?蜘蛛侠! Spider-Man!他们超爱我的They love me.掌声欢迎左邻右舍的好朋友Then let's hear it for your one and only蜘蛛侠! - friendly neighbourhood Spider-Man. - Spider-man!大伙儿好吗? Hey. What's up? All right. How you doing?看我的! Shazam!小朋友好Woo-hoo! Hey, guys.蜘蛛侠! 蜘蛛侠耶! Spider-Man. Spider-Man.大家好Hey there. Hi.亲他! 亲他! - Kiss him. - Kiss him.亲他Kiss him. Kiss him. Kiss him.来吧亲下去Go ahead, lay one on me.真的吗? 他们一定会喜欢- Really? - Yeah, they'll love it.快亲她! 亲他! - Kiss her. - Kiss him.蜘蛛侠不要No, Spider-Man, no.好吧All right.希望彼得拍到这一幕Hope Pete's getting a shot of this.你还好吧? Hey, hey, are you okay?我很好Yeah, I'm fine.车顶上有东西! Hey, man, we got something on the roof.你没搞头了Jig's up, pal.我不想伤害你快滚I don't wanna hurt you. Leave now.你不知道这地方归我管吗? I guess you haven't heard. I'm the sheriff around these parts.好吧Okay.救命! Help!这些怪咖都从哪儿来的? Where do all these guys come from?不好意思我不会说法I'm sorry, I don't speak这可是法国餐厅耶But this is a French restaurant, non?贵姓大名? 彼得帕克- Name, please? - Parker, Peter.有了Ah. Here we are.两位彼得贝壳Table for two. Parker.是帕克我说的没错贝壳- Parker. - That is what I said: Parker.我有个请求Um, I have a request.我女友要来我有枚戒指My girlfriend will be coming and I have this ring.哈罗Hello.你今晚要向她求婚? Oh, so you want to pop the question tonight, huh?对我想给她个惊喜Yes, and I wanna do something very special.超浪漫的I love it. Romance.我是法国人I am French.我一招手你就把香槟端来When I signal you, if you'd bring some champagne with the ring戒指就放在香槟杯里面没错- In the bottom of her glass? - Perfect.我也想请乐手Also, I thought at the same time演奏这首曲子if the musicians would play this song他们的最爱Their favourite.好好看着戒指And take good care of the ring.我以我的生命保证Oui, with my life, monsieur我喜欢你I like you.谢谢你Thank you.祝好运好吧Okay, so你想来杯香槟吗? Oh, would you like some champagne?里面怎么会有戒指? How'd that get in there? Heh.别哭嘛Oh, don't cry.嗨Hi.看看你美呆了Look at you. Wow, beautiful.谢谢Thanks.你有钱在这家餐厅吃饭? This place in your budget?庆祝一下嘛Oh, well, it's a special occasion.你是百老汇明星You're on Broadway.我不觉得自己是明星I don't feel like much of a star tonight.你是而且是努力争取来的Well, you are a star. And you've earned it.彼得Peter你不了解我现在的感受you have no idea how I feel right now.不我完全了解Oh, no, I know exactly how you feel.我也经常被大家当成明星Listen, I have been through this. It happens to me all the time.到处都是蜘蛛侠海报I see Spider-Man posters in the window小朋友到处穿的蜘蛛侠汗衫kids running around with me on their sweaters是万圣节热门商品Big Halloween item.我猜我成了偶像I don't know, I guess I've become something of an icon.像昨天大家一直喊:“蜘蛛侠! 蜘蛛侠! ”Like yesterday, they kept screaming, "Spider-Man, Spider-Man."我也搞不懂我在想I don't know, you know, I mean, I'm thinking to myself:我本来只是个书呆子值得被崇拜吗? "I'm just a nerdy kid from Queens. Do I deserve this?"嗨彼得Hi, Pete. Ha, ha.嗨Hi.我和我爸妈刚吃完晚餐Hi, my parents and I were just having dinner here.你好我是关史黛西嗨- Hello. I'm Gwen Stacy. - Hi.这是玛莉珍华森This is Mary Jane Watson.很高兴终于见到你彼得经常提到你Oh! Oh, it's so nice to finally meet you. Pete talks about you all the time.她是我在大学的实验室搭档Gwen is my lab partner in Dr Connors' class.彼得是个天才我不能没有他Pete's something of a genius. I'd be completely lost without him.这倒提醒了我Which actually reminds me彼得如果你有拍到我和蜘蛛侠接吻Pete, if you've got a picture of my kiss with Spider-Man 能不能把照片拿给我? could you bring it to class?我想放进我的模特儿作品集I'd really love it. Heh. For my portfolio.说真的有谁被蜘蛛侠亲过呢? After all, who gets kissed by Spider-Man, right?我无法想像I can't imagine.很高兴认识你Well, it was lovely to meet you.晚安晚安- Good night. - Good night.化学课的同学Oh, she's in my science class.她化学不拿手It's not her best subject.怎么了? What?你怎么没提过她? How come you never mentioned her?你是她的实验室搭档She's your lab partner?还救过她一命You saved her life?她说你是天才She thinks you're a genius还对你上下“玉手”? and she had her polished fingernails all over you?你没注意到吗? Or didn't you notice?她还把市钥颁给你And she gave Spider-Man the key to the city.我永远忘不了I'll never forget that.她只是班上的同学She's just a girl in my class.让我问你Let me ask you something.你亲她的时候When you kissed her你到底是谁? who was kissing her?蜘蛛侠或是彼得? Spider-Man or Peter?什么意思? 你很清楚我的意思- What do you mean? - You know exactly what I mean.那是我们的吻That was our kiss.你为什么要那样做? Why would you do that?你一定知道我的感受You must have known how it'd make me feel.你是故意想惹我生气吗? 惹你生气? - Do you wanna push me away? - Push you away?我怎么会? 我很爱你Why would I wanna push you away? I love you.你是我女友她只是同学You're my girlfriend. She's a girl in my class, M.J.我不太舒服我得走了I don't feel very well. I'm sorry, I have to go.不No, w你要去哪里? 请不要跟着我- Where are you going? - Please, don't follow me.来了Here we are.这是玛莉珍哔声后请留言Hi, it's M.J. Sing your song at the beep. Beep.喂Hello. Uh请你接电话我不知道你怎么了I wish you'd pick up the phone. I don't know what's going on or 也不知道你有没有听到留言I don't know if you got the messages or what.不过But, uh我只想和你说话I just wanna talk to you.再打给我吧拜Okay, call me. Bye.喂? 帕克先生? - Hello? - Mr Parker?是的Yeah?这是分局的尼尔盖瑞警探This is Detective Neil Garrett from the nd Precinct.我代表史黛西队长打给你I'm calling on behalf of Captain Stacy.他想请你到局里谈谈He would like you to come down to the station to speak with him.我们本来以为这个人卡洛汀Originally, we thought that this man, Dennis Carradine是杀你先生的凶手was your husband's killer.我们搞错了We were wrong.什么? What?卡洛汀只是共犯Turns out Mr Carradine was only an accomplice.真凶仍然逍遥法外The actual killer is still at large.你在说什么? What are you talking about?这才是真正的杀人凶手This is the man who killed your husband.他叫佛林特马可His name is Flint Marko.小混混经常进出监狱He's a small-time crook who's been in and out of prison.你搞错了You got this wrong.他两天前越狱Two days ago he escaped.他向牢友承认是他干的Evidently, he confessed his guilt to a cellmate目击证人也证实凶手是他and we have a couple of witnesses who will corroborate the story.等等你不必这么做No, wait, son. You don't wanna do this.不! No!快上车! 你在干嘛? Hey, get in! What are you doing?请你把照片拿开Would you put these photos away, please?抱歉帕克太太我知道这令人难以接受I'm sorry, Mrs Parker. I know this isn't easy不过请你耐心合作but, please, be patient with us.我们会尽职逮到凶手We're doing our job. We will catch him.你们根本就没有尽到职责No, you're not doing your job.我看着班叔叔咽气然后追错人I watched my uncle die, and we chased down the wrong man. 两年后你们又查出真凶? 还有证人? Now you're telling me you had suspicions for two years? Witnesses?你们为什么不早点说? 冷静点- Why weren't we told about this? - Settle down.不我不要冷静! I have no intention of settling down.他杀了我叔叔还逍遥法外! This man killed my uncle, and he's still out there!L大道L- Parkway.公园路附近的警员请回报All officers in the vicinity, please report.有一辆车子We have an abandoned vehicle一位老人挡在路中央and an elderly man in the middle of the street.更正是瓦巴街Sorry, Wabash Avenue.彼得我是玛莉珍Peter, it's M.J.。
Supercapacitor

SupercapacitorSupercapacitors (SC),[1]comprise a family of electrochemical capacitors. Supercapacitors, sometimes called ultracapacitors or electric double-layer capacitor (EDLC), don't have a conventional solid dielectric. The capacitance value of an electrochemical capacitor is determined by the combination of two storage effects:[2][3][4]∙Double-layer capacitance–electrostatic storage of the electrical energyachieved by separation of charge in a Helmholtz double layer at the interfacebetween the surface of a conductive electrode and a electrolyte. The separation of charge distance in a SC is on the order of a few Angstroms (0.3–0.8 nm) and is static.[5]∙Pseudocapacitance–Electrochemical storage of the electrical energy, achieved by redox reactions with specifically adsorbed ions from the electrolyte, intercalation of atoms in the layer lattice or electro-sorption, underpotential deposition of hydrogen or metal adatoms in surface lattice sites which result in a reversible faradaic charge-transfer.[5]The ratio of the storage resulting from each principle can vary greatly, depending on electrode design and electrolyte composition. Pseudo-capacitance can increase the capacitance value by as much as an order of magnitude over that of the double-layer by itself.[1]Supercapacitors are divided into three families, based on the design of the electrodes: ∙Double-layer capacitors –with carbon electrodes or derivates with muchhigher static double-layer capacitance than the faradaic pseudocapacitance ∙Pseudocapacitors –with electrodes out of metal oxides or conducting polymers with a high amount of faradaic pseudocapacitance∙Hybrid capacitors – capacitors with special electrodes that exhibit significant capacitance from both principlesHierarchical classification of supercapacitors and related typesSupercapacitors occupy the gap between traditional capacitors and rechargeable batteries. They have higher capacitance values per unit volume and greater energy density than other capacitors. They support up to 12 Farads/1.2 Volt, with capacitance values up to 10 times that of electrolytic capacitors.[1] While existing supercapacitors have energy densities that are approximately 10% of a conventional battery, their power density is generally 10 to 100 times greater. Power density is defined as the product of energy density, multiplied by the speed at which the energy is delivered to the load. The greater power density results in much shorter charge/discharge cycles than a battery is capable, and a greater tolerance for numerous charge/discharge cycles.Within electrochemical capacitors, the electrolyte is the conductive connection between the two electrodes, distinguishing them from electrolytic capacitors, in which the electrolyte is the cathode and second electrode.Supercapacitors are polarized and must operate with correct polarity. Polarity is controlled by design with asymmetric electrodes, or, for symmetric electrodes, by a potential applied during the manufacturing process.Supercapacitors support a broad spectrum of applications for power and energy requirements, including:[6]∙Long duration, low current, for memory backup in (SRAMs)∙Power electronics that require very short, high current, as in the KERSsystem in Formula 1 cars∙Recovery of braking energy for vehiclesHistoryDevelopment of electrochemical capacitorsIn the early 1950s, General Electric engineers began experimenting with devices using porous carbon electrodes for fuel cells and rechargeable batteries. Activated charcoal is an electrical conductor that is extremely porous carbon with a high specific surface area, providing a useful electrode material. In 1957 H. Becker developed a "Low voltage electrolytic capacitor with porous carbon electrodes".[7][8][9] He believed that the energy was stored as a charge in the carbon pores as in the etched foils of electrolytic capacitors. Because the double layer mechanism was not known at the time, he wrote in the patent: "It is not known exactly what is taking place in the component if it is used for energy storage, but it leads to an extremely high capacity." General Electric did not immediately pursue this work.In 1966 researchers at Standard Oil of Ohio (SOHIO) developed another version of the devices as ―Electrical energy storage apparatus‖, while working on experimental fuel cell designs.[10][11]The nature of electrochemical energy storage was not described in this patent. Even in 1970, the electrochemical capacitor patented by Donald L. Boos was registered as an electrolytic capacitor with activated carbon electrodes.[12]Principle construction of a supercapacitor; 1. power source, 2. collector, 3.polarized electrode, 4. Helmholtz double layer, 5. electrolyte having positive and negative ions, 6. Separator. By applying a voltage to the capacitor at both electrodes a respective Helmholtz double layer is formed, which has a positive or negative layer of ions from the electrolyte deposited in a mirror image on the respective opposite electrode.These early electrochemical capacitors used a cell design of two aluminum foils covered with activated carbon - the electrodes - which were soaked in an electrolyte and separated by a thin porous insulator. This design gave a capacitor with a capacitance value in the one "farad" area, which was significantly higher than for electrolytic capacitors of the same dimensions. This basic mechanical design remains the basis of most electrochemical capacitors.SOHIO did not commercialize their invention, licensing the technology to NEC, who finally marketed the results as ―supercapacitors‖ in 1971, to provide backup power for computer memory.[11] Other manufacturers followed from the end of the 1970s. Around 1978 Panasonic marketed its "Goldcaps‖ brand.[13]This product became a successful back-up energy source for memory backup applications.[11]The competition started some years later. In 1987 ELNA"Dynacap"s entered the market.[14] This generation had relatively high internal resistance, which limited the discharge current. They were used for low current applications like powering SRAM chips or for data backup.At the end of the 1980s improved electrode materials led to higher capacitance values and in lower resistance electrolytes that lowered the ESR in order to increase the charge/discharge currents. This led to rapidly improving performance and a rapid reduction in cost.The first supercapacitor with low internal resistance was developed in 1982 for military applications through the Pinnacle Research Institute(PRI), and were marketed under the brand name "PRI Ultracapacitor". In 1992, Maxwell Laboratories, later Maxwell Technologies took over this development. Maxwell adopted the term Ultracapacitor from PRI and called them "Boost Caps"[5]to underline their use for power applications.Since the energy content of a capacitor increases with the square of the voltage, researchers were looking for a way to increase the breakdown voltage. Using an anode of a 200V high voltage tantalum electrolytic capacitor in 1994 David A. Evans developed an "Electrolytic-Hybrid Electrochemical Capacitor".[15][16]These capacitors combine features of electrolytic and electrochemical capacitors. They combine the high dielectric strength of an anode from an electrolytic capacitor, and the high capacitance with a pseudocapacitive metal oxide (ruthenium (IV) oxide) cathode from an electrochemical capacitor, yielding a hybrid. Evans' Capattery[17] had an energy content about a factor of 5 higher than a comparable tantalum electrolytic capacitor of the same size.[18]Their high costs limited them to specific military applications.Recent developments in lithium-ion capacitors are also hybrids. They were pioneered by FDK in 2007.[19]They combine an electrostatic double-layer electrode with a doped lithium-ion electrochemical battery electrode to generate high pseudocapacitance additional to high double-layer capacitance.Development of the double layer and pseudocapacitance model HelmholtzWhen a metal (or an electronic conductor) is brought in contact with a solid or liquid ionic-conductor (electrolyte), a common boundary (interface) among the two different phases emerges. Helmholtz[20]was the first to realize that charged electrodes immersed in electrolytic solutions repel the coions of the charge while attracting counterions to their surfaces. With the two layers of opposite polarity formed at the interface between electrode and electrolyte in 1853 he showed that an electrical double layer (DL) that is essentially a moleculear dielectric achieved electrostatic charge storage.[21] Below the electrolyte's decomposition voltage the stored charge is linearly dependent on the voltage applied.This early Helmholtz model predicted a constant differential capacitance independent from the charge density depending on the dielectric constant of the solvent and the thickness of the double-layer.[5][22][23] But this model, while a good foundation, does not consider important factors including diffusion/mixing of ions in solution, the possibility of adsorption onto the surface and the interaction between solvent dipole moments and the electrode.Simplyfied illustration of the potential development in the area and in the further course of a Helmholtz double layer.Gouy\Chapman [edit]Louis Georges Gouy in 1910 and David Leonard Chapman in 1913 both observed that capacitance was not a constant and that it depended on the applied potential and the ionic concentration. The ―Gouy-Chapman model‖ made significant improvements by introducing a diffuse model of the DL. In this model the charge distribution of ions as a function of distance from the metal surface allows Maxwell–Boltzmann statistics to be applied. Thus the electric potential decreases exponentially away from the surface of the fluid bulk.[5][24]Stern [edit]Gouy-Chapman fails for highly charged DLs. In order to resolve this problem Otto Stern in 1924 suggested the combination of the Helmholtz and Gouy-Chapman models. In Stern's model, some of the ions adhere to the electrode as suggested by Helmholtz, giving an internal Stern layer and some form a Gouy-Chapman diffuse layer.[25]The Stern layer accounted for ions' finite size and consequently ions have a closest approach to the electrode on the order of the ionic radius. The Stern model too had limitations, effectively modeling ions as point charges, assuming all significant interactions in the diffuse layer are Coulombic, assuming dielectric permittivity to beconstant throughout the double layer, and that fluid viscosity is constant above the slipping plane.[26]Grahame [edit]Thus, D. C. Grahame modified Stern in 1947.[27]He proposed that some ionic or uncharged species can penetrate the Stern layer, although the closest approach to the electrode is normally occupied by solvent molecules. This could occur if ions lost their solvation shell when the ion approached the electrode. Ions in direct contact with the electrode were called ―specifically adsorbed ions‖. This model proposed the existence of three regions. The inner Helmholtz plane (IHP) plane passing through the centres of the specifically adsorbed ions. The outer Helmholtz plane (OHP) passes through the centres of solvated ions at their distance of closest approach to the electrode. Finally the diffuse layer is the region beyond the OHP.Schematic representation of a double layer on an electrode (BMD) model. 1. Inner Helmholtz plane, (IHP), 2. Outer Helmholtz plane (OHP), 3. Diffuse layer, 4. Solvated ions (cations) 5. Specifically adsorbed ions (redox ion, which contributes to the pseudocapacitance), 6. Molecules of the electrolyte solventBockris/Devanthan/Müller [edit]In 1963 J. O'M. Bockris, M. A. V Devanthan, and K. Alex Müller[28]proposed a model (BDM model) of the double-layer that included the action of the solvent in the interface. They suggested that the attached molecules of the solvent, such as water, would have a fixed alignment to the electrode surface. This first layer of solvent molecules display a strong orientation to the electric field depending on the charge. This orientation has great influence on the permittivity of the solvent which varies with the field strength. The inner Helmholtz plane (IHP) passes through the centers of these molecules. Specifically adsorbed, partially solvated ions appear in this layer. The solvated ions of the electrolyte are outside the IHP. Through the centers of theseions pass a second plane, the outer Helmholtz plane (OHP). The region beyond the OHP is called the diffuse layer. The BDM model now is most commonly used. Trasatti/Buzzanca [edit]Further research with double layers on ruthenium dioxide films in 1971 by Sergio Trasatti and Giovanni Buzzanca demonstrated that the electrochemical behavior of these electrodes at low voltages with specific adsorbed ions was like that of capacitors. The specific adsorption of the ions in this region of potential could also involve a partial charge transfer between the ion and the electrode. It was the first step towards pseudo-capacitors.[22]Ph.D., Brian Evans Conway within the John Bockris Group At Imperical College, London 1947Conway [edit]Between 1975 and 1980 Brian Evans Conway conducted extensive fundamental and development work on the ruthenium oxide type of electrochemical capacitor. In 1991 he described the transition from ‗Supercapacitor‘ to ‗Battery‘ behavior in electrochemical energy storage and in 1999 he coined the term supercapacitor as explanation for increased capacitance by surface redox reactions with faradaic charge transfer between electrodes and ions.[1][29][30]His "supercapacitor" stored electrical charge partially in the Helmholtz double-layer and partially was the result of faradaic reactions with ―pseudocapacitance‖ charge transfer of electron and protons between electrode and electrolyte. The working mechanisms of pseudocapacitors are electrosorption, redox reactions and intercalation.Marcus[edit source | edit]The physical and mathematical basics of electron charge transfer without making chemical bonds leading to pseudocapacitance was developed by Rudolph A. Marcus. Marcus Theory is a theory to explain the rates of electron transfer reactions – the rateat which an electron can move or jump from one chemical species to another. It was originally formulated to address outer sphere electron transfer reactions, in which the two chemical species only change in their charge with an electron jumping. For redox reactions without making or breaking bonds Marcus theory takes the place of Henry Eyring's transition state theory which has been derived for reactions with structural changes. R.A. Marcus received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1992 for this theory Storage principlesElectrostatic vs electrochemical energy storageCharge storage principles of different capacitor types and their inherent voltage progressionThe voltage behavior of supercapacitors and batteries during charging/discharging differs clearlyIn conventional capacitors such as ceramic capacitors and film capacitors the electric energy is stored in a static electric field permeates the dielectric between two metallic conducting plates, the electrodes. The electric field originates by the separation ofcharge carriers. This charge separation creates a potential between the two electrodes, which can be tapped via an external circuit. The total energy stored in this arrangement increases with the amount of stored charge and the potential between the plates. The amount of charge stored per unit voltage is essentially a function of the size, the reciprocal value of the distance, and the material properties of the dielectric, while the potential between the plates is limited by the dielectric's breakdown field strength. The dielectric controls the capacitor's voltage.Conventional capacitors are also called electrostatic capacitors. The potential of a charged capacitor decreases linearly between the electrodes. This static storage also applies for electrolytic capacitors in which most of the potential decreases over the thin oxide layer of the anode. The electrolyte as cathode may be a little bit resistive so that for ―wet‖ electrolytic capacitors a small amount of the potential decreases over the electrolyte. For electrolytic capacitors with high conductive solid polymer electrolyte this voltage drop is negligible.Electrochemical capacitors do not have a conventional solid dielectric that separates the charge. The capacitance value of an electrochemical capacitor is determined by electrostatic and electrochemical principles:Electrostatic storage of the electrical energy is achieved by charge separation in a Helmholtz double layer at the interface between the surface of a conductor electrode and an electrolytic solution electrolyte. This capacitance is called double-layer capacitance.Electrochemical storage of the electrical energy is achieved by redox reactions with: specifically adsorbed ions from the electrolyte; intercalation of atoms in the layer lattice(晶格层); or underpotential deposition of hydrogen or metal adatoms in surface lattice sites that results in a reversible faradaic charge-transfer on the electrode. This capacitance is called pseudocapacitance and is faradaic in origin.[5]Double-layer capacitance and pseudocapacitance combine to provide a supercapacitor's capacitance value.[2][3]Because each supercapacitor has two electrodes, the potential of the capacitor decreases symmetrically over both Helmholtz layers, whereby a little voltage drop across the ESR of the electrolyte achieved.Both the electrostatic and the electrochemical storage are linear with respect to the total charge. This linear behavior implies that the voltage across the capacitor is linear with respect to the amount of stored energy. This linear voltage gradient differs from electrochemical batteries, in which the voltage across the terminals remains independent of the charged energy, providing a constant voltage.Electrostatic double-layer capacitanceSimplified view of a double-layer of negative ions in the electrode and solvated positive ions in the liquid electrolyte, detached from each other through a layer of polarized molecules of the solvent.An electrical double layer is generated by applying a voltage to an arrangement of an electrode and an electrolyte. According to the voltage polarity, the dissolved and solvated ions in the electrolyte move to the electrodes. Two layers of ions are generated. One is in the surface of the electrode. The other, with opposite polarity, is the dissolved ions in the adjacent liquid electrolyte. These layers of opposite ions are separated by a monolayer of isolating molecules of the solvent, such as water. The layers of isolating molecule, the inner Helmholtz plane (IHP), adhere by physical adsorption on the surface of the electrode and separate the opposite ions from each other, building a molecular dielectric(电介质). The amount of charge in the electrode is matched by the same magnitude of counter-charges in the outer Helmholtz plane (OHP). These phenomena can be used to store electrical charges. The stored charge in the IHP forms an electric field that corresponds to the strength of the applied voltage. It is only effective in the molecular layer of the solvent molecules and is static in origin.The "thickness" of a charged layer in the metallic electrode, i.e., the average extension perpendicular to the surface, is about 0.1 nm. It mainly depends on the electron density because the atoms in solid electrodes are stationary. In the electrolyte, the thickness depends on the size of the molecules of the solvent and of the movement and concentration of ions in the solvent. It ranges from 0.1 to 10 nm, and is described by the Debye length. The sum of the thicknesses is the total thickness of a double layer.Field strength [edit]The small thickness of the inner Helmholtz plane creates a strong electric field E. At a potential difference of, for example, U = 2V and a molecular thickness of d = 0.4 nm, the electric field strength will beThe voltage proof of aluminum oxide, the dielectric layer of aluminum electrolytic capacitors is approximately 1.4 nm/V. For a 6.3 V capacitor therefore the layer is 8.8 nm. The electric field is 6.3 V/8.8 nm = 716 kV/mm.The double-layer's field strength of about 5000 kV/mm is unrealizable in conventional capacitors with conventional dielectrics. No dielectric material could prevent charge carrier breakthrough. In a double-layer capacitor the chemical stability of the molecular bonds of the solvent molecules prevents breakthrough.[31]The forces that cause the adhesion are physical, not chemical, forces. Chemical bonds exist within the adsorbed molecules, but they are polarized. The magnitude of the electrical charge that can accumulate in the layers corresponds to the concentration of the adsorbed ions. Up to the electrolyte's decomposition voltage, this arrangement behaves like a capacitor in which the stored electrical charge is linearly dependent on the voltage applied.Structure and function of an ideal double-layer capacitor. Applying a voltage to the capacitor at both electrodes a Helmholtz double-layer will be formed separating the adhered ions in the electrolyte in a mirror charge distribution of opposite polarity. The double-layer is like the dielectric layer in a conventional capacitor, but with the thickness of a single molecule. The early Helmholtz model predicts a constant differential capacitance Cd independent from the charge density, depending on the dielectric constant ε and the charge layer separation δ.If the solvent of the electrolyte is water then with the influence of the high field strength, the permittivity ε is 6 (instead of 80 in normal conditions) and the layerseparation δ ca. 0.3 nm the value of differential capacitance predicted by the Helmholtz model is about 18 F/cm2.[22]This value can be used to calculate capacitance using the standard formula for conventional plate capacitors if only the surface of the electrodes is known. This capacitance can be calculated with:.The capacitance C is therefore greatest in devices made from materials with a high permit tivity ε, large electrode plate surface areas A and a small distance d between plates. The activated carbon electrodes have a surface area in the range of 10 to 40 µF/cm2. The double-layer distance is on the order of a few Angstroms (0.3-0.8 nm). This gives supercapacitors the highest capacitance values among the capacitors.[2][5]Because an electrochemical capacitor is composed of two electrodes the charge distribution in the Helmholtz layer at one electrode can be found in opposite polarity in the Helmholtz layer at the second electrode. The total capacitance value of is that of two capacitors connected in series. Because both capacitances have approximately the same value, the total capacitance is roughly half the capacitance of one electrode.Electrochemical pseudocapacitanceSimplified view of a double-layer with specifically adsorbed ions which have submitted their charge to the electrode to explain the faradaic charge-transfer of the pseudocapacitance.In a Helmholtz double-layer not only a static double-layer capacitance originates. Specifically adsorbed ions with redox reactions, electrosorption and intercalation results in faradaic charge-transfer between electrolyte and surface of an electrodecalled pseudocapacitance. Double-layer capacitance and pseudocapacitance both contribute to the total capacitance value of a electrochemical capacitor.[2][3]The distribution of the amounts of both capacitances depends on the surface area, material and structure the of the electrodes.Redox reactions in batteries with faradaic charge-transfer between an electrolyte and a surface of an electrode are well known since decades. But these chemical processes are associated with chemical reactions of the electrode materials usually with attendant phase changes. Although these chemical processes are relatively reversible, the charge and discharge of batteries often results in irreversibility reaction products of the chemical electrode-reagents. Accordingly, the cycle-life of rechargeable batteries is usually limited, and varies with the battery type. Additional the chemical processes are relatively slow extending the charge and discharge time of the batteries.An essential fundamental difference from redox reactions in batteries arises in supercapacitors, were a fast sequence of reversible redox processes with a linear function of degree of faradaic charge transfers take place. This behavior is the basic function of a new class of capacitance, the pseudocapacitance. Pseudocapacitance comprise fast and reversible faradaic processes with charge transfer between electrolyte and the electrode and is accomplished through reduction-oxidation reactions (redox reactions), electrosorption and intercalation processes in combination with the nonfaradaic formation of an electric double-layer. Capacitors with a high amount of pseudocapacitance are called pseudocapacitors.Applying a voltage at the capacitor terminals the polarized ions or charged atoms in the electrolyte are moving to the opposite polarized electrode forms a double-layer. Depending on the structure or the surface material of the electrode a pseudocapacitance can originate when specifically adsorbed cations pervades(遍及) the double-layer proceeding in several one-electron stages an excess of electrons. The electrons involved in the faradaic processes are transferred to or from valence-electron states (orbitals) of the redox electrode reagent. The electrons enter the negative electrode and flow through the external circuit to the positive electrode were a second double-layer with an equal number of anions has formed. But these anions will not take the electrons back. They are present on the surface of the electrode in the charged state, and the electrons remain in the quite strongly ionized and "electron hungry" transition-metal ions of the electrode. This kind of pseudocapacitance has a linear function within narrow limits and is determined by the potential-dependent degree of coverage of surface with the adsorbed anions from the electrolyte. The storage capacity of the pseudocapacitance with an electrochemical charge transfer takes place to an extent limited by a finite quantity of reagent or of available surface.Discharging the pseudocapacitance the reaction of charge transfer is reversed and the ions or atoms leave the double-layer and move into the electrolyte distributing randomly in the space between both electrodes.Unlike in batteries in pseudocapacitors the redox reactions or intercalation processes with faradaic charge-transfer do not result in slow chemical processes with chemical reactions or phase changes of the electrode materials between charge and discharge. The atoms or ions contribute to the pseudocapacitance simply cling[32]to the atomic structure of the electrode and charges are distributed on surfaces by physical adsorption processes that do not involve the making or breaking of chemical bonds. These faradaic charge transfer processes for charge storing or discharging employed in pseudocapacitors are very fast, much faster than the chemical processes in batteries.Confinement of solvated ions in pores, such as those present in carbide-derived carbon (CDC). As the pore size approaches the size of the solvation shell, the solvent molecules are removed, resulting in larger ionic packing density and increased charge storage capability.The ability of electrodes, to accomplish pseudocapacitance effects like redox reactions of electroactive species, electrosorption of H or metal ad-atoms or intercalation, which leads to a pseudocapacitance, strongly depend on the chemical affinity of electrode materials to the ions sorbed on the electrode surface as well as on the structure and dimension of the electrode pores. Materials exhibiting redox behavior for use as electrodes in pseudocapacitors are transition-metal oxides inserted by doping in the conductive electrode material like active carbon as well as conducting polymers such as polyaniline or derivatives of polythiophene covering the surface of conductive electrode material.Pseudocapacitance may also originates by the structure and especially by the pore size of the electrodes. The use of carbide-derived carbons(CDCs) or carbon nanotubes /CNTs for electrodes provides a network of very small pores formed by nanotube entanglement. These carbon nanoporous with diameters in the range of <2 nm can be referred to as intercalated pores. Solvated ions in the electrolyte can‘t enter these small pores but de-solvated ions which have reduced their ion dimensions are able to enter resulting in larger ionic packing density and increase charge storage capability. The tailored sizes of pores in nano-structured carbon electrodes can maximize ion confinement, increasing specific capacitance by faradaic H2adsorption treatment(?). Occupation of these pores by de-solvated ions from the electrolyte。
国家开放大学 理工英语4 Unit 5—8部分 解析

题目1正确获得1.00分中的1.00分标记题目题干He went to Starbucks before he met Roger.选择一项:对错反馈正确的答案是“错”。
题目2正确获得1.00分中的1.00分标记题目题干He did not remember the flavor of Roger's coffee.选择一项:对错反馈正确的答案是“错”。
题目3正确获得1.00分中的1.00分标记题目题干He will make an opening speech at his company next week.选择一项:对错反馈正确的答案是“错”。
题目4正确获得1.00分中的1.00分标记题目题干He is available between five and six p.m.选择一项:对错反馈正确的答案是“对”。
题目5正确获得1.00分中的1.00分标记题目题干He is supposed to finish his report at four p.m. tomorrow.选择一项:对错反馈正确的答案是“错”。
题目1正确获得1.00分中的1.00分标记题目题干What's people's usual reaction when they see a person throw acigarette butt?选择一项:a. He is to blame.b. It causes them to smoke.c. It varies.反馈你的回答正确正确答案是:It varies.题目2正确获得1.00分中的1.00分标记题目题干Filters can be made into a material that .选择一项:a. can hold electricity energy welb. can be turned into electricityc. is used as the battery surface反馈你的回答正确正确答案是:can hold electricity energy wel题目3正确获得1.00分中的1.00分标记题目题干Super-capacitors made from carbon .选择一项:a. need quite a long time to rechargeb. are comparatively very expensivec. can easily carry an electrical current反馈你的回答正确正确答案是:can easily carry an electrical current 题目4正确获得1.00分中的1.00分标记题目题干The story tells the readers the truth that .选择一项:a. where there is a will, there is a wayb. one person's trash is another person's treasurec. the most useless is usually the most useful反馈你的回答正确正确答案是:one person's trash is another person's treasure题目5正确获得1.00分中的1.00分标记题目题干词意匹配,学习短文中的词汇。
《超能陆战队》S01E01E02中英文台词对照

中文
Okay, Hiro, I'm going to let you go now.
好了 宏 我要放手了
You ready?
准备好了吗
No, no, no, Tadashi, wait!
不不不 正 等一下
Don't be scared, little brother.
别怕 弟弟
Just pedal harder! You can do it!
这是中庭
Named after someone with the last name "Quad," one would presume.
取自某个姓"中庭"的人吧
And this, of course, is the fooding zone,
还有这里 当然就是食堂啦
as a non-student, my favorite place on campus.
好 我需要...
carbon fiber skeleton, actuators...
碳纤维骨架 制动机
Definitely gonna upgrade to super capacitors.
一定会升级到超级电容器
I can do this! I can rebuild you, Baymax.
我能做到的 我可以把你重造 大白
还有大白
Yeah, I'll, um, I'll catch up with you guys later.
我没事 我等会去找你们
Wish you were here, big brother.
真希望你还在 哥哥
Tadashi's chip.
雅礼中学2022-2023学年新高一入学分班考试英语试题(原卷版)

雅礼中学2022年新高一入学分班考试卷英语时长:90分钟满分:100分第一部分听力(共两节,满分20分)第一节(共5小题;每小题1分,满分5分)听下面5段对话,每段对话后有一个小题。
从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项。
听完每段对话后,你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。
每段对话仅读一遍。
1.Where does the woman want to go?A.A library.B.A hospital.C.A bank.2.How does the man feel about the new teacher?A.He dislikes the teacher.B.He admires the teacher.C.He thinks the teacher is humorous.3.What do we know about the man?A.He applied for a new job.B.He ran a computer company.C.He knew nothing about computers.4.What are the speakers talking about?A.Family.B.Careers.C.Health problems.5.How does the woman sound?A.Excited.B.Lucky.C.Confused.第二节(共15小题;每小题1分,满分15分)听下面5段对话或独白。
每段对话或独白后有几个小题,从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项。
听每段对话或独白前,你将有时间阅读各个小题,每小题5秒钟;听完后,各小题将给出5秒钟的作答时间。
每段对话或独白读两遍。
听第6段材料,回答第6、7题。
6.What is the man’s holiday plan?A.To visit Dalian with his parents.B.To visit America with his parents.C.To visit Beijing with his friends.7.How long is the woman’s trip?A.5days.B.7days.C.8days.听第7段材料,回答第8、9题。
理工英语4形成性考核多数的题目和答案

理工英语4形成性考核单项选择部分参考答案1.____ by the promise of these tiny tubes, people are already working to turn the Space Elevator into a reality. C. Fueled2.____ the new law is used one day, I hope it will not punish people using 3D printers for personal purposes. C. If3.____ this multimedia product has some shortcomings, it has also some good points. a. While4.______ thinking is the heart of the artistic design. A. Creative5._______, he knows a lot about computer. c. Child as he is6.______no modern telecommunications, we would have to wait for weeks to get news from around the world.A. Were there7.3D printers have spread from labs to industrial factories, ____ they are being cheaper and cheaper. A. so8.3D printing is just at the beginning stage. It is not ____. A. mature9.3D printing is one of the latest technological innovations.— ____ Maybe its functions are questionable. A. Really?10.Absolutely, that movie and I must admit that its director is brilliant. C. took my breath away11.According to a report of what holidays in the future might look like, a trip to the Moon or a stay in space will be the most mouthwatering destination for 2024holidaymakers. , especially for thrill-seeking travelers like me.A. Spectacular12.Although plastic surgery is created to improve the looks of a person, there are a certain percentage of____. C. consequences13.Animal farmingabout half of all human-caused greenhouse gases. B. accounts for14.Can you tell me something about your new product? C. Can I help you, sir?bining arbon nd super-capacitors a perfect marriage. A. seems like16.Considering the needsof the new generation, we propose the concept of the _______ network. b. wearable17.Cosmetic surgery involves ____ reshaping the body features. A. in18.Could you give me the brochure for that machine? a. Yes, here you are.19.Do you eat porridge every day?B. No, sometimes I'd have a cup of soybean milk, a boiled egg and a steamed bun for my breakfast.20.Do you like that technology exhibition?— Yes, I like it verymuch. B. It shows me the impressive magic power of 3D printing.21.Do you mind my using my mobile phone here?—I wonder if Icould use your tablet tonight?—________________ I'm not using it right now. C. Sure, here you are.22.Do you prefer a portable or a clumsy 3D printer?C. I prefer a portable one to a clumsy one.23.Do you think cosmetic surgery is more popular with women? B. Yes,absolutely. Because women pay more attention to beauty.24.Doctor,please let me know ___ youcan reconstruct my face. B. whether25.Everything we do has the potential creating some bad. C. for26.Flowers grow well in a warm climate. Similarly, technology __ in a harmonious society. C. flourishes27.Good morning, Jeff. Would you mind going to get me a cup of coffee at the Starbucks? B. No problem! You want the usual?28.He ______ his baggage among hundreds of others. B. identified29.He is still a ______ in handling such things. A. green hand30.He remotely controls my mobile phone _____ he can set up it for me. b. so that31.How about having a drink?—____________ a. Good idea.32.How do you like Anne Hathaway?B. She is amazing.33.How is your business going? a. Good, it's growing all the time.34.I accepted my nose surgery, the ____ and patient doctor was really helpful during my recovery period. C. gracious35.I am really by fresh ingredients, intricate cooking and diverse traditions of Chinese food.A. fascinated36.I couldn't stand London! Bloody ______ place. C. awful37.I get at least half an hour of exercise almost every day.— Oh great! C. Keep it up38.I get at least half an hour of exercise almost every day. Oh great! C. Keep it up.39.I have a scar on my face, so I've make up my mind to have a plastic surgery. A. Good idea.40.I think the benefitsof opening up space far the damage that we can see. B. outweigh41.I think the other reason can be identified from the industrialization of food production.—. Some illegal traders care about nothing but making money. C. Yes, you bet42.I was a little scared that it was my first time that I __ had my cosmetic surgery. B. had43.If Gardener , who will take care of us? A. leaves44.If you have any ______ news of my husband, please let me know. A. definite45.If you want to download this app, you need to connect your mobile phone _____ Internet first. a. to46.I'm leaving for Shanghai tomorrow. B. Have a pleasant trip!47.I'm leaving for Shanghai tomorrow.B. Have a pleasant trip!48.Is it better to be physically attractive or intelligent?C. For me, be intelligent is better, but that depends on.49.It ______me that I had a choice. C. hit50.It is ___ an interesting story that I want to read it again. B. such51.It is hard for any woman to resist ____ herself more beauty. c. making52.It is known to all that a lot of South Korean __ accepted plastic surgery. a. celebrities53.It is the ability to do the job matters not where you come from or what you are.B. that54.Jeff, I'd appreciate it if you could help me with the opening speech I'm giving next week.—, but I'll have some time between five and six p.m. C. Well, it's pretty busythis morning55.Let me introduce myself, I’m Tom.— ______________. b. pleased to meet you.56.Let's go to this movie and see what exciting experience it will bring to us.C. Can't wait to watch it.57.Modern Meadow is a startup that engineers tissues to create lab-grown __ meat. B. editable58.My assistant will now______ the machine in action. c. demonstrate59.No one had enough foresight to ______ the winner.A. predict60.Oh, by the way, how was your report of the new batteries coming along?A. It's going pretty well61.Oh. Dear! I've lost my new watch. C. What a pity!62.OK, I'll fix your computer right now. —Oh, take your time, __. B. I'm in no hurry63.Our part of the mission is nearly complete and the new crew will for us. A. take over64.people are no longer worried about whether their food is safe or not they enjoy a better life.A. Only if……can65.Perhaps you have heard our products. Would you like to know something more?A. Sure. Go ahead.66.She is ______ tall as you are. C. as67.She’s been interested in computer science _ she was eight. B. since68.She's not very optimistic __ the developmenttof 3D printing. B. about69.So how can we buy safe food? C. When we choose food, we must remember to check its tag, confirming whether the basic information is marked on it.70.Some experts think reading is the fundamental skill upon ______ school education depends. C. which71.Some illegal traders care about nothing but . B. making moneyThe technology has several advantages earlier attempts to engineer meat in vitro . B. in comparison to72.Space travel must be very very expensive.—. The cost of a seat on the Virgin craft is $ 250,000. B. Of course.73.Spaceships are stocked with a variety of_____ foods. c. instant74.Success can breed success, if you ______ it. C. take advantage of75.Thank you ever so much for the Apple Watch you sent me.B. I'm glad you like it.76.The atlas is normally kept by the big window but now it is to the wall right next to Broccoli. B. stuck77.The BBC has just successfully demonstrated a _ radio transmission system. c. digital78.The box is hold these things. B. too small to79.The Cheetah robot made by MIT's scientists can jump over hurdles while ___. b. running80.The current death rate is reduced _______ 10% compared with that of the year of 1980. C. by81.The plastic surgeon may provide several plans for your facial ____ B. reconstruction82.The problem is uneven distribution, 870 million suffering from hunger. C. leaving83.The reason why he didn’t come to school was _____ he was ill. c. that You can turn on the toy robot by__________ this button. a. pressing84.The scientist spoke confidently, _____ impressed me most. c. which85.There are ___ calls for lawmakers to consider copyright laws. B. increasing86.There will be a space hotel in Barcelona Island, you can “experience” space travel by viewing lifelike galaxies through cabin windows. B. where87.They are ____ make an announcement later on today. b. expected to88.They are testing the 3D printer. Don’t you come and see it?—What? A. Where is it displayed?89.They are trying to make a new product—the world's smallest ____ robot. c. humanoid90.They built a robot capable of ___ spoken commands. b. understanding91.They should never try to pursue profit health and life of people. C. at the expense of92.This 3D printer was designed ____ produce snacks. A. to93.This apple pie is too sweet, don't you think so?—I think it's just right, actually. A. Not really.94.This apple pie is too sweet, don't you think so? —____. I think it's just right, actually. A. Not really95.This is a highly _____ new heating system. B. efficient96.This, they argue, will be essential to the needs of a booming population in decades to come and avoiding starvation. B. meeting97.Tom asked me to go to play football and ______. B. so I did98.Tom can speak French. ______. B. So can Jack99.Touch- ____ 3D maps help the blind too much. A. responsive100.We _____ to deliver the goods within a week. b. guarantee101.We trust this new product of ours will __ to your market. a. appeal102.What advice would you give to a friend who wants cosmetic surgery?B. I would tell them that there are many risks and much cost of that surgery.103.What are you going to do this weekend?If time permits, I may go to Shanghai with my friends. A. It depends104.What do you want to be? C. I would study computer science than dancer.105.What do you want to be?C. I would study computer science than dancer.106.What errands did you have to do today? B. Done one, and another one to do.107.What is U.S’s experience in food safety management?B. They are improving the legal system all the time and very strict in law enforcement108.What would you like to have for breakfast?__ Would you like to have a taste? A. Twisted cruller, I bought it this morning109.What's __ issue here is the difference between cosmetic and plastic surgery. a. at110.When we were students we often stay up all night. B. would111.Would you have cosmetic surgery if it was free? a. No. Good diet and exercise are great alternatives.112.You the Inception, since I remember once you discussed its main plot with Cathy. B. should have watched113.You can have eggs or hard-boiled. B. fried114.You know a good schedule brings efficiency to the work.B. I see your point.115.You need to believe that space tourism will grow and get cheaper. Maybe there is another option.B. What is it?116.You will get your cosmetic surgery on your nose. Please tell me if you like this medical plan _____. A. or notYou will quickly get used to____ this new digital camera. b. using理工英语4形成性考核阅读理解部分参考答案UNIT 1UNIT 2UNIT 3UNIT 4UNIT5UNIT 6UNIT 7UNIT 8我是土木工程专业本科,2019考试只要带这份就行,几乎都在上面。
电大国开本科理工英语4形考任务(单元自测1至8)答案

电大国开本科理工英语4形考任务(单元自测1至8)答案形考任务单元自测1答案选择题: _______, he knows a lot about computer.答案:Child as he is选择题: My assistant will now______________ the machine in action.答案:demonstrate选择题:__________ this multimedia product has some shortcomings, it has also some good points.答案:While选择题:—Do you mind my using my mobile phone here?答案:No, of course not选择题:—How is your business going?答案:Good, it's growing all the time.选择题:—I wonder if I could use your tablet tonight?—________. I’m not using it right now.答案:Sure, here you are.选择题:—Oh. Dear! I’ve lost my new watch.答案:What a pity!选择题:—Thank you ever so much for the Apple Watch you sent me. 答案:I’m glad you like it.选择题:Considering the needs of the new generation, we propose the concept of答案:wearable选择题:He remotely controls my mobile phone _______ he can set up it for me.答案: so that选择题:If you want to download this app, you need to connect your mobile phone _______答案:to选择题:So ________that millions of people queue to buy it.答案:popular is the smart phone选择题:The BBC has just successfully demonstrated a ________ radio transmission system.答案:digital选择题:The speed with which digital cameras can take, process and _______ an image is答案: transmit选择题:They are _______ make an announcement later on today.答案:expected to选择题:You will quickly get used to_______ this new digital camera.答案:using二、阅读:这是客服人员帮助客服创建进入个人账户的场景,请在空格内填入字母将对话排序。
电大《理工英语4》学习笔记

George can't remote control the costumer's mobile phone.正确的答案是“错”。
The charge of the download service is low.正确的答案是“错”。
The Smart Tutor app will help the costumer to speed up his phone.正确的答案是“错”。
The purpose of the consumer is to set up a Google account.正确的答案是“对”。
The consumer can use the application without his PIN Code.正确的答案是“错”。
IPhone has been sold well in the Chinese market.正确的答案是“对”。
There hadn't been any wearable devices launched before Apple Watch.正确的答案是“错”。
Baidu, Lenovo, Xiaomi have all announced their own smart watch.正确的答案是“错”。
There may be no rosy prospect for the Apple Watch because its price is much higher than the local ones.正确的答案是“错”。
Apple Inc.'s new product will come out as a whole the next year without any accessories. 正确的答案是“错”。
At its annual Technology Innovation Conference, Baidu_______________.正确答案是:announced a working prototypeThe new device announced at the conference is _______________ .正确答案是:Baidu EyeThe company's CEO Robin Li believes that _______________ .正确答案是:people will get used to searching by image and audioBaidu Eye has all the features except that _______________.正确答案是:it has a small screenWhich of the following statement is NOT true?正确答案是:Baidu has already announced the release of Baidu Eye.This product performed very well in experiment.正确的答案是“对”。
理工英语4形成性考核多数的题目和答案

理工英语4形成性考核单项选择部分参考答案1.____ by the promise of these tiny tubes, people are already working to turn the Space Elevator into a reality. C. Fueled2.____ the new law is used one day, I hope it will not punish people using 3D printers for personal purposes. C. If3.____ this multimedia product has some shortcomings, it has also some good points. a. While4.______ thinking is the heart of the artistic design. A. Creative5._______, he knows a lot about computer. c. Child as he is6.______no modern telecommunications, we would have to wait for weeks to get news from around the world.A. Were there7.3D printers have spread from labs to industrial factories, ____ they are being cheaper and cheaper. A. so8.3D printing is just at the beginning stage. It is not ____. A. mature9.3D printing is one of the latest technological innovations.— ____ Maybe its functions are questionable. A. Really?10.Absolutely, that movie and I must admit that its director is brilliant. C. took my breath away11.According to a report of what holidays in the future might look like, a trip to the Moon or a stay in space will be the most mouthwatering destination for 2024 holidaymakers. , especially for thrill-seeking travelers like me.A. Spectacular12.Although plastic surgery is created to improve the looks of a person, there are a certain percentage of____. C. consequences13.Animal farmingabout half of all human-caused greenhouse gases. B. accounts for14.Can you tell me something about your new product? C. Can I help you, sir?bining arbon nd super-capacitors a perfect marriage. A. seems like16.Considering the needsof the new generation, we propose the concept of the _______ network. b. wearable17.Cosmetic surgery involves ____ reshaping the body features. A. in18.Could you give me the brochure for that machine? a. Yes, here you are.19.Do you eat porridge every day?B. No, sometimes I'd have a cup of soybean milk, a boiled egg and a steamed bun for my breakfast.20.Do you like that technology exhibition?— Yes, I like it verymuch. B. It shows me the impressive magic power of 3D printing.21.Do you mind my using my mobile phone here?—I wonder if Icould use your tablet tonight?—________________ I'm not using it right now. C. Sure, here you are.22.Do you prefer a portable or a clumsy 3D printer?C. I prefer a portable one to a clumsy one.23.Do you think cosmetic surgery is more popular with women? B. Yes,absolutely. Because women pay more attention to beauty.24.Doctor,please let me know ___ youcan reconstruct my face. B. whether25.Everything we do has the potential creating some bad. C. for26.Flowers grow well in a warm climate. Similarly, technology __ in a harmonious society. C. flourishes27.Good morning, Jeff. Would you mind going to get me a cup of coffee at the Starbucks? B. No problem! You want the usual?28.He ______ his baggage among hundreds of others. B. identified29.He is still a ______ in handling such things. A. green hand30.He remotely controls my mobile phone _____ he can set up it for me. b. so that31.How about having a drink?—____________ a. Good idea.32.How do you like Anne Hathaway?B. She is amazing.33.How is your business going? a. Good, it's growing all the time.34.I accepted my nose surgery, the ____ and patient doctor was really helpful during my recovery period. C. gracious35.I am really by fresh ingredients, intricate cooking and diverse traditions of Chinese food.A. fascinated36.I couldn't stand London! Bloody ______ place. C. awful37.I get at least half an hour of exercise almost every day.— Oh great! C. Keep it up38.I get at least half an hour of exercise almost every day. Oh great! C. Keep it up.39.I have a scar on my face, so I've make up my mind to have a plastic surgery. A. Good idea.40.I think the benefitsof opening up space far the damage that we can see. B. outweigh41.I think the other reason can be identified from the industrialization of food production.—. Some illegal traders care about nothing but making money. C. Yes, you bet42.I was a little scared that it was my first time that I __ had my cosmetic surgery. B. had43.If Gardener , who will take care of us? A. leaves44.If you have any ______ news of my husband, please let me know. A. definite45.If you want to download this app, you need to connect your mobile phone _____ Internet first. a. to46.I'm leaving for Shanghai tomorrow. B. Have a pleasant trip!47.I'm leaving for Shanghai tomorrow.B. Have a pleasant trip!48.Is it better to be physically attractive or intelligent?C. For me, be intelligent is better, but that depends on.49.It ______me that I had a choice. C. hit50.It is ___ an interesting story that I want to read it again. B. such51.It is hard for any woman to resist ____ herself more beauty. c. making52.It is known to all that a lot of South Korean __ accepted plastic surgery. a. celebrities53.It is the ability to do the job matters not where you come from or what you are.B. that54.Jeff, I'd appreciate it if you could help me with the opening speech I'm giving next week.—, but I'll have some time between five and six p.m. C. Well, it's pretty busy this morning55.Let me introduce myself, I’m Tom.— ______________. b. pleased to meet you.56.Let's go to this movie and see what exciting experience it will bring to us.C. Can't wait to watch it.57.Modern Meadow is a startup that engineers tissues to create lab-grown __ meat. B. editable58.My assistant will now______ the machine in action. c. demonstrate59.No one had enough foresight to ______ the winner.A. predict60.Oh, by the way, how was your report of the new batteries coming along?A. It's going pretty well61.Oh. Dear! I've lost my new watch. C. What a pity!62.OK, I'll fix your computer right now. —Oh, take your time, __. B. I'm in no hurry63.Our part of the mission is nearly complete and the new crew will for us. A. take over64.people are no longer worried about whether their food is safe or not they enjoy a better life.A. Only if……can65.Perhaps you have heard our products. Would you like to know something more?A. Sure. Go ahead.66.She is ______ tall as you are. C. as67.She’s been interested in computer science _ she was eight. B. since68.She's not very optimistic __ the developmenttof 3D printing. B. about69.So how can we buy safe food? C. When we choose food, we must remember to check its tag, confirming whether the basic information is marked on it.70.Some experts think reading is the fundamental skill upon ______ school education depends. C. which71.Some illegal traders care about nothing but . B. making money72.The technology has several advantages earlier attempts to engineer meat in vitro . B. in comparison to73.Space travel must be very very expensive.— . The cost of a seat on the Virgin craft is $ 250,000. B. Of course.74.Spaceships are stocked with a variety of_____ foods. c. instant75.Success can breed success, if you ______ it. C. take advantage of76.Thank you ever so much for the Apple Watch you sent me.B. I'm glad you like it.77.The atlas is normally kept by the big window but now it is to the wall right next to Broccoli. B. stuck78.The BBC has just successfully demonstrated a _ radio transmission system. c. digital79.The box is hold these things. B. too small to80.The Cheetah robot made by MIT's scientists can jump over hurdles while ___. b. running81.The current death rate is reduced _______ 10% compared with that of the year of 1980. C. by82.The plastic surgeon may provide several plans for your facial ____ B. reconstruction83.The problem is uneven distribution, 870 million suffering from hunger. C. leaving84.The reason why he didn’t come to school was _____ he was ill. c. that You can turn on the toy robot by__________ this button. a. pressing85.The scientist spoke confidently, _____ impressed me most. c. which86.There are ___ calls for lawmakers to consider copyright laws. B. increasing87.There will be a space hotel in Barcelona Island, you can “experience” space travel by viewing lifelike galaxies through cabin windows. B. where88.They are ____ make an announcement later on today. b. expected to89.They are testing the 3D printer. Don’t yo u come and see it?—What? A. Where is it displayed?90.They are trying to make a new product—the world's smallest ____ robot. c. humanoid91.They built a robot capable of ___ spoken commands. b. understanding92.They should never try to pursue profit health and life of people. C. at the expense of93.This 3D printer was designed ____ produce snacks. A. to94.This apple pie is too sweet, don't you think so?—I think it's just right, actually. A. Not really.95.This apple pie is too sweet, don't you think so? —____. I think it's just right, actually. A. Not really96.This is a highly _____ new heating system. B. efficient97.This, they argue, will be essential to the needs of a booming population in decades to come and avoiding starvation. B. meeting98.Tom asked me to go to play football and ______. B. so I did99.Tom can speak French. ______. B. So can Jack100.Touch- ____ 3D maps help the blind too much. A. responsive101.We _____ to deliver the goods within a week. b. guarantee102.We trust this new product of ours will __ to your market. a. appeal103.What advice would you give to a friend who wants cosmetic surgery?B. I would tell them that there are many risks and much cost of that surgery. 104.What are you going to do this weekend?If time permits, I may go to Shanghai with my friends. A. It depends105.What do you want to be? C. I would study computer science than dancer.106.What do you want to be?C. I would study computer science than dancer.107.What errands did you have to do today? B. Done one, and another one to do.108.What is U.S’s experience in food safety management?B. They are improving the legal system all the time and very strict in law enforcement 109.What would you like to have for breakfast?__ Would you like to have a taste? A. Twisted cruller, I bought it this morning110.What's __ issue here is the difference between cosmetic and plastic surgery. a. at111.When we were students we often stay up all night. B. would112.Would you have cosmetic surgery if it was free? a. No. Good diet and exercise are great alternatives.113.You the Inception, since I remember once you discussed its main plot with Cathy. B. should have watched114.You can have eggs or hard-boiled. B. fried115.You know a good schedule brings efficiency to the work.B. I see your point.116.You need to believe that space tourism will grow and get cheaper. Maybe there is another option.B. What is it?117.You will get your cosmetic surgery on your nose. Please tell me if you like this medical plan _____. A. or notYou will quickly get used to____ this new digital camera. b. using理工英语4形成性考核阅读理解部分参考答案UNIT 1UNIT 2UNIT 3UNIT 4UNIT5UNIT 6UNIT 7UNIT 8我是土木工程专业本科,2019考试只要带这份就行,几乎都在上面。
超级电容规格书说明书

HCCCAP EDLCsSPECIFICATION HCCCAP超级电容规格书【PRODUCT】产品:HCCCAP EDLCs【MODEL】型号:HCAP-C2R7166北京合众汇能科技有限公司HCC ENERGY TECH.Co.,LTD.TEL:+86-10-82897371email:*******************1.适用范围Scope本产品规格书对产品的性能,测试方法进行了规范,作为技术确认的参照。
数据参数仅作参考,不同批次与不同时间生产的实际产品参数可能会有所变化,以实际收到的产品为准,确切参数请及时向厂家核实。
This specification describes,the product property and test method,and should serve as the reference for technical assurance.These data is only for reference,actual product data in different batches and different times may vary,with the actual receipt of the product as a prospective,exact parameters,please promptly to the manufacturers to verify.2.一般特性General Specifications1)产品性能Features●高能量密度Ultra High Energy Density●长寿命Long Usage Life●高低温性能Excellent Performance at High and Low Temperatures●环保Environmental Friendly●免维护Maintenance Free2)产品应用范围Typical Applications●智能电网及其它配套设备Smart grid and other ancillary equipment●智能三表Intelligent Three-ammeters●集中器Concentrator●故障指示器Fault Indicator●混合动力汽车HEV/EV●太阳能/风能Solar/Wind energy●电机启动Motor drive●后备电源Memory Back up Batteries3)标准测试条件在标准大气压,温度5~35℃,相对湿度小于85%条件下进行测试;本规格书标准测试条件为标准大气压,温度25℃,相对湿度小于60%。
IPC-7351B & PCBL Land Pattern Naming Convention

I P C-7351B N a m i n g C o n v e n t i o n f o r S t a n d a r d S M T L a n d P a t t e r n sSurface Mount Land PatternsComponent, Category Land Pattern Name Ball Grid Array’s...............................BGA + Pin Qty + C or N + Pitch P + Ball Columns X Ball Rows _ Body Length X Body Width X Height BGA w/Dual Pitch.BGA + Pin Qty + C or N + Col Pitch X Row Pitch P + Ball Columns X Ball Rows _ Body Length X Body Width X Height BGA w/Staggered Pins..................BGAS + Pin Qty + C or N + Pitch P + Ball Columns X Ball Rows _ Body Length X Body Width X Height BGA Note: The C or N = Collapsing or Non-collapsing BallsCapacitors, Chip, Array, Concave..........................................................CAPCAV + Pitch P + Body Length X Body Width X Height - Pin Qty Capacitors, Chip, Array, Flat..................................................................CAPCAF + Pitch P + Body Length X Body Width X Height - Pin Qty Capacitors, Chip, Non-polarized.................................................................................................CAPC + Body Length + Body Width X Height Capacitors, Chip, Polarized.....................................................................................................CAPCP + Body Length + Body Width X Height Capacitors, Chip, Wire Rectangle........................................................................................CAPCWR + Body Length + Body Width X Height Capacitors, Molded, Non-polarized...........................................................................................CAPM + Body Length + Body Width X Height Capacitors, Molded, Polarized.................................................................................................CAPMP + Body Length + Body Width X Height Capacitors, Aluminum Electrolytic ............................................................................................................CAPAE + Base Body Size X Height Ceramic Flat Packages.....................................................................................................CFP127P + Lead Span Nominal X Height - Pin Qty Column Grid Array’s.....................................................CGA + Pitch P + Number of Pin Columns X Number of Pin Rows X Height - Pin Qty Crystals (2 leads)........................................................................................................................XTAL + Body Length X Body Width X Height Dual Flat No-lead..........................................................................................................DFN + Body Length X Body Width X Height – Pin Qty Diodes, Chip................................................................................................................................DIOC + Body Length + Body Width X Height Diodes, Molded...........................................................................................................................DIOM + Body Length + Body Width X Height Diodes, MELF................................................................................................................................DIOMELF + Body Length + Body Diameter Fuses, Molded............................................................................................................................FUSM + Body Length + Body Width X Height Inductors, Chip.............................................................................................................................INDC + Body Length + Body Width X Height Inductors, Molded........................................................................................................................INDM + Body Length + Body Width X Height Inductors, Precision Wire Wound................................................................................................INDP + Body Length + Body Width X Height Inductors, Chip, Array, Concave..............................................................INDCAV + Pitch P + Body Length X Body Width X Height - Pin Qty Inductors, Chip, Array, Flat......................................................................INDCAF + Pitch P + Body Length X Body Width X Height - Pin Qty Land Grid Array, Round Lead............................LGA + Pin Qty - Pitch P + Pin Columns X Pin Rows _ Body Length X Body Width X Height Land Grid Array, Square Lead........................LGAS + Pin Qty - Pitch P + Pin Columns X Pin Rows _ Body Length X Body Width X Height LED’s, Molded............................................................................................................................LEDM + Body Length + Body Width X Height Oscillators, Side Concave........................................................................OSCSC + Pitch P + Body Length X Body Width X Height - Pin Qty Oscillators, J-Lead.......................................................................................OSCJ + Pitch P + Body Length X Body Width X Height - Pin Qty Oscillators, L-Bend Lead.............................................................................OSCL + Pitch P + Body Length X Body Width X Height - Pin Qty Oscillators, Corner Concave....................................................................................................OSCCC + Body Length X Body Width X Height Plastic Leaded Chip Carriers..................................................PLCC + Pitch P + Lead Span L1 X Lead Span L2 Nominal X Height - Pin Qty Plastic Leaded Chip Carrier Sockets Square.......................PLCCS + Pitch P + Lead Span L1 X Lead Span L2 Nominal X Height - Pin Qty Quad Flat Packages..................................................................QFP + Pitch P + Lead Span L1 X Lead Span L2 Nominal X Height - Pin Qty Ceramic Quad Flat Packages.................................................CQFP + Pitch P + Lead Span L1 X Lead Span L2 Nominal X Height - Pin Qty Quad Flat No-lead................................................................QFN + Pitch P + Body Width X Body Length X Height - Pin Qty + Thermal Pad Pull-back Quad Flat No-lead..............................................PQFN + Pitch P + Body Width X Body Length X Height - Pin Qty + Thermal Pad Quad Leadless Ceramic Chip Carriers..........................................................LCC + Pitch P + Body Width X Body Length X Height - Pin Qty Quad Leadless Ceramic Chip Carriers (Pin 1 on Side)...............................LCCS + Pitch P + Body Width X Body Length X Height - Pin Qty Resistors, Chip...........................................................................................................................RESC + Body Length + Body Width X Height Resistors, Molded......................................................................................................................RESM + Body Length + Body Width X Height Resistors, MELF...........................................................................................................................RESMELF + Body Length + Body Diameter Resistors, Chip, Array, Concave............................................................RESCAV + Pitch P + Body Length X Body Width X Height - Pin Qty Resistors, Chip, Array, Convex, E-Version (Even Pin Size)...............RESCAXE + Pitch P + Body Length X Body Width X Height - Pin Qty Resistors, Chip, Array, Convex, S-Version (Side Pins Diff)................RESCAXS + Pitch P + Body Length X Body Width X Height - Pin Qty Resistors, Chip, Array, Flat.....................................................................RESCAF + Pitch P + Body Length X Body Width X Height - Pin Qty Small Outline Diodes, Flat Lead...................................................................................SODFL + Lead Span Nominal + Body Width X Height Small Outline IC, J-Leaded........................................................................................SOJ + Pitch P +Lead Span Nominal X Height - Pin Qty Small Outline Integrated Circuit, (50 mil Pitch SOIC)......................................................SOIC127P +Lead Span Nominal X Height - Pin Qty Small Outline Packages............................................................................................SOP + Pitch P +Lead Span Nominal X Height - Pin Qty Small Outline No-lead...........................................................SON + Pitch P + Body Width X Body Length X Height - Pin Qty + Thermal Pad Pull-back Small Outline No-lead.........................................PSON + Pitch P + Body Width X Body Length X Height - Pin Qty + Thermal Pad Small Outline Transistors, Flat Lead....................................................................SOTFL + Pitch P + Lead Span Nominal X Height - Pin Qty SOD (Example: SOD3717X135 = JEDEC SOD123)........................................................SOD + Lead Span Nominal + Body Width X Height SOT89 (JEDEC Standard Package).......................................................................................................................................................SOT89 SOT143 & SOT343 (JEDEC Standard Package)..............................................................................................................SOT143 & SOT343 SOT143 & SOT343 Reverse (JEDEC Standard Package)...........................................................................................SOT143R & SOT343R SOT23 & SOT223 Packages (Example: SOT230P700X180-4)...............................SOT + Pitch P + Lead Span Nominal X Height - Pin Qty TO (Generic DPAK - Example: TO228P970X238-3).................................................................TO + Pitch P + Lead Span X Height - Pin QtyI P C-7351B L a n d P a t t e r n N a m i n g C o n v e n t i o n N o t e s•All dimensions are in Metric Units•All Lead Span and Height numbers go two places past the decimal point and “include” trailing Zeros•All Lead Span and Body Sizes go two place before the decimal point and “remove” leading Zeros•All Chip Component Body Sizes are one place to each side of the decimal point•Pitch Values are two places to the right & left of decimal point with no leading Zeros but include trailing zeros N a m i n g C o n v e n t i o n S p e c i a l C h a r a c t e r U s e f o r L a n d P a t t e r n sThe _ (underscore) is the separator between pin Qty in Hidden & Deleted pin componentsThe – (dash) is used to separate the pin qty.The X (capital letter X) is used instead of the word “by” to separate two numbers such as height X width like “Quad Packages”.P C B L i b r a r i e s S u f f i x N a m i n g C o n v e n t i o n f o r L a n d P a t t e r n sCommon SMT Land Pattern to Describe Environment Use (This is the last character in every name)Note: This excludes the BGA component family as they only come in the Nominal Environment Condition •M.................Most Material Condition (Level A)•N..................Nominal Material Condition (Level B)•L.................Least Material Condition (Level C)Alternate Components that do not follow the JEDEC, EIA or IEC Standard•A..................Alternate Component (used primarily for SOP & QFP when Component Tolerance or Height is different) •B..................Second Alternate ComponentReverse Pin Order•-20RN..........20 pin part, Reverse Pin Order, Nominal EnvironmentHidden Pins•-20_24N......20 pin part in a 24 pin package. The pins are numbered 1 – 24 the hidden pins are skipped. The schematic symbol displays up to 24 pins.Deleted Pins•-24_20N......20 pin part in a 24 pin package. The pins are numbered 1 – 20. The schematic symbol displays 20 pins. JEDEC and EIA Standard parts that have several alternate packages•AA, AB, AC.JEDEC or EIA Component IdentifierGENERAL SUFFIXES_HS.........................HS = Land Pattern with Heat Sink attachment requiring additional holes or padsExample: TO254P1055X160_HS-6N_BEC......................BEC = Base, Emitter and Collector (Pin assignments used for three pin Transistors)Example: SOT95P280X160_BEC-3N_SGD......................SGD = Source, Gate and Drain (Pin assignments used for three pin Transistors)Example: SOT95P280X160_SGD-3N_213........................213 = Alternate pin assignments used for three pin TransistorsExample: SOT95P280X160_213-3NP C B L i b r a r i e s N a m i n g C o n v e n t i o n f o r N o n-S t a n d a r d S M T L a n d P a t t e r n s Surface Mount Land PatternsComponent, Category Land Pattern Name Amplifiers....................................................................................................................................................AMP_ Mfr.’s Part Number Batteries......................................................................................................................................................BAT_ Mfr.’s Part Number Capacitors, Variable..................................................................................................................................CAPV_Mfr.’s Part Number Capacitors, Chip, Array, Concave (Pins on 2 or 4 sides)..............................................................CAPCAV_Mfr Series No. - Pin Qty Capacitors, Chip, Array, Flat (Pins on 2 sides)..............................................................................CAPCAF_Mfr Series No. - Pin Qty Capacitors, Miscellaneous............................................................................................................................CAP_Mfr.’s Part Number Crystals......................................................................................................................................................XTAL_Mfr.’s Part Number Diodes, Miscellaneous...................................................................................................................................DIO_Mfr.’s Part Number Diodes, Bridge Rectifiers............................................................................................................................DIOB_Mfr.’s Part Number Ferrite Beads..................................................................................................................................................FB_Mfr.’s Part Number Fiducials......................................................................................................................................FID + Pad Size X Solder Mask Size Filters..............................................................................................................................................................FIL_Mfr.’s Part Number Fuses..........................................................................................................................................................FUSE_Mfr.’s Part Number Fuse, Resettable.....................................................................................................................................FUSER_Mfr.’s Part Number Inductors, Miscellaneous...............................................................................................................................IND_Mfr.’s Part Number Inductors, Chip, Array, Concave (Pins on 2 or 4 sides)..................................................................INDCAV_Mfr Series No. - Pin Qty Inductors, Chip, Array, Flat (Pins on 2 sides).................................................................................INDCAF_Mfr Series No. - Pin Qty Keypad.................................................................................................................................................KEYPAD_Mfr.’s Part Number LEDS............................................................................................................................................................LED_Mfr.’s Part Number LEDS, Chip...................................................................................................................................................LED_Mfr.’s Part Number Liquid Crystal Display...................................................................................................................................LCD_Mfr.’s Part Number Microphones..................................................................................................................................................MIC_Mfr.’s Part Number Opto Isolators............................................................................................................................................OPTO_Mfr.’s Part Number Oscillators......................................................................................................................................OSC_Mfr.’s Part Number - Pin Qty Quad Flat Packages w/Bumper Corners, Pin 1 Side.............BQFP + Pitch P + Lead Span L1 X Lead Span L2 Nominal X Height - Pin Qty Quad Flat Packages w/Bumper Corners, 1 Center..............BQFPC + Pitch P + Lead Span L1 X Lead Span L2 Nominal X Height - Pin Qty Resistors, Chip, Array, Concave (Pins on 2 or 4 sides).................................................................RESCAV_Mfr Series No. - Pin Qty Resistors, Chip, Array, Convex Type E (Pins on 2 sides)...........................................................RESCAXE_Mfr Series No. - Pin Qty Resistors, Chip, Array, Convex Type S (Pins on 2 sides)...........................................................RESCAXS_Mfr Series No. - Pin Qty Resistors, Chip, Array, Flat (Pins on 2 sides)................................................................................RESCAF_Mfr Series No. - Pin Qty Relays.....................................................................................................................................................RELAY_Mfr.’s Part Number Speakers....................................................................................................................................................SPKR_Mfr’s Part Number Switches........................................................................................................................................................SW_Mfr.’s Part Number Test Points, Round......................TP + Pad Size (1 place left of decimal and 2 places right of decimal, Example TP100 = 1.00mm) Test Points, Square...............................................................TPS + Pad Size (1 place left of decimal and 2 places right of decimal) Test Points, Rectangle....................................TP + Pad Length X Pad Width (1 place left of decimal and 2 places right of decimal) Thermistors.............................................................................................................................................THERM_Mfr.’s Part Number Transceivers.............................................................................................................................................XCVR_ Mfr.’s Part Number Transducers (IRDA’s)................................................................................................................................XDCR_Mfr.’s Part Number Transient Voltage S_Mfr.’s Part Number Transient Voltage Suppressors, SP_Mfr.’s Part Number Transistor Outlines, Custom....................................................................................................................TRANS_Mfr.’s Part Number Transformers.............................................................................................................................................XFMR_Mfr.’s Part Number Trimmers & Potentiometers........................................................................................................................TRIM_Mfr.’s Part Number Tuners.....................................................................................................................................................TUNER_Mfr.’s Part Number Varistors.......................................................................................................................................................VAR_Mfr.’s Part Number Voltage Controlled Oscillators.....................................................................................................................VCO_Mfr.’s Part Number Voltage Regulators, Custom......................................................................................................................VREG_Mfr.’s Part NumberI P C-7251N a m i n g C o n v e n t i o n f o r T h r o u g h-H o l e L a n d P a t t e r n sThe land pattern naming convention uses component dimensions to derive the land pattern name.The first 3 – 6 characters in the land pattern name describe the component family.The first number in the land pattern name refers to the Lead Spacing or hole to hole location to insert the component lead.All numbers that follow the Lead Spacing are component dimensions.These characters are used as component body identifiers that precede the value and this is the priority order of the component body identifiers –P = Pitch for components with more than two leadsW = Maximum Lead Width (or Component Lead Diameter)L = Body Length for horizontal mountingD = Body Diameter for round component bodyT = Body Thickness for rectangular component bodyH = Height for vertically mounted componentsQ = Pin Quantity for components with more than two leadsR = Number of Rows for connectorsA, B & C = the fabrication complexity level as defined in the IPC-2221 and IPC-2222Notes:All component body values are in millimeters and go two places to the right of the decimal point and no leading zeros.All Complexity Levels used in the examples are “B”.Component, Category Land Pattern Name Capacitors, Non Polarized Axial Diameter Horizontal Mounting.........CAPAD + Lead Spacing + W Lead Width + L Body Length + D Body Diameter Example: CAPAD800W52L600D150BCapacitors, Non Polarized Axial Diameter; Lead Spacing 8.00; Lead Width 0.52; Body Length 6.00; Body Diameter 1.50Capacitors, Non Polarized Axial Rectangular.........CAPAR + Lead Spacing + W Lead Width + L Body Length + T Body thickness + H Body Height Example: CAPAR800W52L600T50H70BCapacitors, Non Polarized Axial; Lead Spacing 8.00; Lead Width 0.52; Body Length 6.00; Body Thickness 0.50; Body Height 0.70Capacitors, Non Polarized Axial Diameter Vertical Mounting .........CAPADV + Lead Spacing + W Lead Width + L Body Length + D Body Diameter Example: CAPADV300W52L600D150BCapacitors, Non Polarized Axial; Lead Spacing 3.00; Lead Width 0.52; Body Length 6.00; Body Diameter 1.50mmCapacitors, Non Polarized Axial Rect. Vert. Mtg.CAPARV + Lead Spacing + W Lead Width + L Body Length + T Body Thickness + H Body Height Example: CAPARV300W52L600T50H70BCapacitors, Non Polarized Axial Rect. Vertical; Lead Spacing 8.00; Lead Width 0.52; Body Length 6.00; Body Thickness 0.50; Body Height 0.70 Capacitors, Non Polarized Radial Diameter.......................................CAPRD + Lead Spacing + W Lead Width + D Body Diameter + H Body Height Example: CAPRD200W52D300H550BCapacitors, Non Polarized Radial Diameter; lead spacing 2.00; lead width 0.52; Body Diameter 3.00; Height 5.50Capacitors, Non Polarized Radial Rectangular.......CAPRR + Lead Spacing + W Lead Width + L Body Length + T Body thickness + H Body Height Example: CAPRR200W52L50T70H550BCapacitors, Non Polarized Radial Rectangular; lead spacing 2.00; lead width 0.52; Body Length 0.50; Body thickness 0.70; Height 5.50 Capacitors, Non Polarized Radial Disk Button........CAPRB + Lead Spacing + W Lead Width + L Body Length + T Body thickness + H Body Height Example: CAPRB200W52L50T70H550BCapacitors, Non Polarized Radial Rectangular; lead spacing 2.00; lead width 0.52; Body Length 0.50; Body thickness 0.70; Height 5.50 Capacitors, Polarized Axial Diameter Horizontal Mounting................CAPPA + Lead Spacing + W Lead Width + L Body Length + D Body Diameter Example: CAPPAD800W52L600D150BCapacitors, Polarized Axial Diameter; Lead Spacing 8.00; Lead Width 0.52; Body Length 6.00; Body Diameter 1.50Capacitor, Polarized Radial Diameter.................................................CAPPR + Lead Spacing + W Lead Width + D Body Diameter + H Body Height Example: CAPPRD200W52D300H550BCapacitors, Polarized Radial Diameter; lead spacing 2.00; lead width 0.52; Body Diameter 3.00; Height 5.50Diodes, Axial Diameter Horizontal Mounting.......................................DIOAD + Lead Spacing + W Lead Width + L Body Length + D Body Diameter Example: DIOAD800W52L600D150BCapacitors, Non Polarized Axial Diameter; Lead Spacing 8.00; Lead Width 0.52; Body Length 6.00; Body Diameter 1.50Diodes, Axial Diameter Vertical Mounting .........................................DIOADV + Lead Spacing + W Lead Width + L Body Length + D Body Diameter Example: DIOADV300W52L600D150BCapacitors, Non Polarized Axial; Lead Spacing 8.00; Lead Width 0.52; Body Length 6.00; Body Diameter 1.50Dual-In-Line Packages...................................DIP + Lead Span + W Lead Width + P Pin Pitch + L Body Length + H Component Height + Q Pin Qty Example: DIP762W52P254L1905H508Q14BDual-In-Line Package: Lead Span 7.62; Lead Width 0.52; Pin Pitch 2.54; Body Length 19.05; Body Height 5.08; Pin Qty 14Component, Category Land Pattern Name Dual-In-Line Sockets....................................DIPS + Lead Span + W Lead Width + P Pin Pitch + L Body Length + H Component Height + Q Pin Qty Example: DIPS762W52P254L1905H508Q14BDual-In-Line Package Socket: Lead Span 7.62; Lead Width 0.52; Pin Pitch 2.54; Body Length 19.05; Body Height 5.08; Pin Qty 14Headers, Vertical....... HDRV + Lead Span + W Lead Width + P Pin Pitch + R Pins per Row + L Body Length + T Body Thickness + H Component HeightExample: HDRV200W52P200R2L4400T400H900BHeader, Vertical: Lead Span 2.00; Lead Width 0.52; Pin Pitch 2.00; 2 Rows; Body Length 44.00; Body Thickness 4.00; Body Height 9.00 Headers, Right Angle...............HDRRA + Lead Span + W Lead Width + P Pin Pitch + R Pins per Row + L Body Length + T Body Thickness + H Component HeightExample: HDRRA200W52P200R2L4400T400H900BHeader, Vertical: Lead Span 2.00; Lead Width 0.52; Pin Pitch 2.00; 2 Rows; Body Length 44.00; Body Thickness 4.00; Body Height 9.00 Inductors, Axial Diameter Horizontal Mounting....................................INDAD + Lead Spacing + W Lead Width + L Body Length + D Body Diameter Example: INDAD800W52L600D150BInductors, Axial Diameter; Lead Spacing 8.00; Lead Width 0.52; Body Length 6.00; Body Diameter 1.50Inductors, Axial Diameter Vertical Mounting .....................................INDADV + Lead Spacing + W Lead Width + L Body Length + D Body Diameter Example: INDADV300W52L600D150BInductors, Axial Diameter Vertical Mounting; Lead Spacing 3.00; Lead Width 0.52; Body Length 6.00; Body Diameter 1.50Jumpers, Wire...................................................................................................................................................JUMP + Lead Spacing + W Lead Width Example: JUMP500W52BJumper; Lead Spacing 5.00; Lead Width 0.52Mounting Holes Plated With Support Pad..........................................................................MTGP + Pad Size + H Hole Size + Z Inner Layer Pad Size Example: MTGP700H400Z520This is a Mounting hole for a #6-32 screw using a circular 7.00 land on the primary and secondary side of the board, a 4.00 diameter hole with the internal lands are smaller that the external and are also circular 5.20 in diameter.Mounting Holes Non-Plated With Support Pad................................................................MTGNP + Pad Size + H Hole Size + Z Inner Layer Pad Size Example: MTGNP700H400Z520This is a Mounting hole for a #6-32 screw using a circular 7.00 land on the primary and secondary side of the board, a 4.00 diameter hole with the internal lands are smaller that the external and are also circular 5.20 in diameter.Mounting Holes Non-Plated Without Support Pad.....................MTGNP + Pad Size + H Hole Size + Z Inner Layer Pad Size + K Keep-out Diameter Example: MTGNP100H400Z520K700This is a Mounting hole for a #6-32 screw using a circular 1mm land on the primary and secondary side of the board, a 4.00 diameter hole with the internal lands are smaller that the external and are also circular 5.20 in diameter and a 7.00 diameter keep-out.Mounting Holes Plated with 8 Vias .....................................................................MTGP + Pad Size + H Hole Size + Z Inner Layer Pad Size + 8 Vias Example: MTGP700H400Z520V8This is a Mounting hole for a #6-32 screw using a circular 7mm land on the primary and secondary side of the board, a 4mm diameter hole with the internal lands are smaller that the external and are also circular 5.2mm in diameter, with 8 vias.Pin Grid Array’s.............................PGA + Pin Qty + P Pitch + C Pin Columns + R Pin Rows + L Body Length X Body Width + H Component Height Example: PGA84P254C10R10L2500X2500H300BPin Grid Array: Pin Qty 84; Pin Pitch 2.54; Columns 10; Rows 10; Body Length 25.00 X 25.00; Component Height 3.00Resistors, Axial Diameter Horizontal Mounting...................................RESAD + Lead Spacing + W Lead Width + L Body Length + D Body Diameter Example: RESAD800W52L600D150BResistors, Axial Diameter; Lead Spacing 8.00; Lead Width 0.52; Body Length 6.00; Body Diameter 1.50Resistors, Axial Diameter Vertical Mounting ....................................RESADV + Lead Spacing + W Lead Width + L Body Length + D Body Diameter Example: RESADV300W52L600D150BResistors, Axial Diameter Vertical Mounting; Lead Spacing 3.00; Lead Width 0.52; Body Length 6.00; Body Diameter 1.50Resistors, Axial Rectangular Horizontal Mounting...RESAR + Lead Spacing + W Lead Width + L Body Length + T Body thickness + H Body Height Example: RESAR800W52L600T50H70BResistors, Axial Rectangular; Lead Spacing 8.00; Lead Width 0.52; Body Length 6.00; Body Thickness 0.50; Body Height 0.70Test Points, Round Land......................................................................................................................................................................TP + Lead Width Example: TP52Test Points, Square Land..................................................................................................................................................................TPS + Lead Width Example: TPS52Test Points, Top Land Round & Bottom Land Square.....................................................................................................................TPRS + Lead Width Example: TPRS52 Wire....................................................................................................................................................................................................PAD + Wire Width Example: PAD52。
国开形成性考核04008《理工英语(4)》单元自测(5)试题及答案

国开形成性考核《理工英语(4)》单元自测(5)试题及答案(课程ID:04008,整套相同,如遇顺序不同,Ctrl+F查找,祝同学们取得优异成绩!)题目1、(A)thinking is the heart of the artistic design.【A】:Creative【B】:Strict【C】:Hateful题目2、—Good morning, Jeff、Would you mind going to get me a cup of coffee at the Starbucks?—(B)【A】:Thank you for reminding me.【B】:No problem! You want the usual?【C】:You must be joking.题目3、—Jeff, I' d appreciate it if you could help me with the opening speech I' m giving next week.—(C), but I' ll have some time between five and six p.m.【A】:Don’ t mention it【B】:Yes, it’s so quiet as we expected【C】:Well, it' s pretty busy this morning题目4、—Oh, by the way, how was your report of the new batteries coming along?—(A).【A】:It' s going pretty well【B】:Just go ahead【C】:Well, I' m afraid so题目5、—What errands did you have to do today?—(B).【A】:I’ m in no hurry【B】:Done one, and another one to do.【C】:You can’ t be serious题目6、—You know a good schedule brings efficiency to the work. —(B).【A】:Not at all.I enjoyed it.【B】:I see your point.【C】:I think it' s a bad idea.题目7、Combining carbon and super-capacitors (A)a perfect marriage. 【A】:seems like【B】:see like【C】:really like题目8、He is still a (A)in handling such things.【A】:green hand【B】:visitor【C】:adult题目9、He would much (C)it if you could do him the favor.【A】:award【B】:apply【C】:appreciate题目10、It (C)me that I had a choice.【A】:bit【B】:pick【C】:hit题目11、It is (B)an interesting story that I want to read it again. 【A】:so【B】:such【C】:many题目12、It is the ability to do the job (C)matters not where you come from or what you are.【A】:one【B】:that【C】:what题目13、The box is hold these things.(C)【A】:too small not to【B】:too small to【C】:so small to题目14、The current death rate is reduced (C)10% compared with that of the year of 1980.【A】:to【B】:form【C】:by题目15、This is a highly (B)new heating system.【A】:efficiency【B】:efficient【C】:efficiently题目16、阅读理解:阅读下面的短文, 根据文章内容从A、B、C 三个选项中选出一个最佳选项。
国家开放大学本科2021年土木工程《理工英语4》历年期末试题及答案(试题库)

考试说明:本人汇总了历年该科目的试题及答案,形成了一个完整的标准考试试题库,对于考生的复习和考试起着非常重要的作用,会给您节省大量的时间。
内容包括:交际用语、词汇与结构、阅读理解、写作。
答题时,利用文档查找工具(ctrl+f)能够迅速的找到该题答案。
本文库还有其他科目的试题答案汇总,敬请查看。
2020-2021一、交际用语(共计10分,每小题2分)1-5题:选择正确的语句完成下面对话,并将答案序号写在答题纸上。
1. Good morning. Jeff. Would you mind going to get me в cup of coffee at the Starbucks?(B)A. Thank you for reminding re. в. No problem! You want the usual? с. You must be joking.2. 1'm leaving for Shanghai tomorrow.(B)A. Bring me a present. в. Have a pleasant trip! с. Let's go out for a drink.3. Jeff.1'd appreciate it if you could help me with the opening speech I'm giving nextweek.L. but 1'I have some time between five and six p.m.(C)A. Don't mention it в. Yes. it's so quiet as we expected с. Well, it's pretty busy this morning4. Do you eat porridge every day?(B)A. Porridge is my favorite. в. No, sometimes l'd have a boiled egg.с. I seldom eat fast food because it's rich in fat.5.How do you like Anne Hathaway?(A)A. She is armazing. в. She is an American actress. с. She's already married.二、词汇与结构(共计30分,每小题2分)6-20题:阅读下面的句子,从A.B、C三个选项中选出一个能填入空白处的正确选项,并将答案序号写在答题纸上。
XXX《理工英语4》单元自测5国家开放大学形考任务试题答案

XXX《理工英语4》单元自测5国家开放大学形考任务试题答案1.去除明显有问题的段落。
2.改写每段话:XXX。
I'd appreciate it if you could help me with the XXX.Don’t n it。
but I'll have some time een five and six p.m.XXX is the heart of the artistic design.Combining carbon and super-capacitors seems like a perfect marriage.Good morning。
Jeff。
Would you mind going to get me a cup of coffee at the Starbucks?No problem。
You want the usual?He is still a green hand in XXX.He would much appreciate it if you could do him the favor.It hit me that I had a choice.It is such an interesting story that I want to read it again.It doesn't matter where you come from or what you are。
what matters is the ability to do the job.Jeff。
I'd appreciate it if you could help me with the opening speech I'm giving next week." "Don't n it。
but I'll have some time een five and six p.m."Well。
2019理工英语4形成性考核单项选择和阅读理解考试小抄必带11388

理工英语4形成性考核单项选择部分参考答案1.____ by the promise of these tiny tubes, people are already working to turn the Space Elevator into a reality. C. Fueled2.____ the new law is used one day, I hope it will not punish people using 3D printers for personal purposes. C. If3.____ this multimedia product has some shortcomings, it has also some good points. a. While4.______ thinking is the heart of the artistic design. A. Creative5._______, he knows a lot about computer. c. Child as he is6.______no modern telecommunications, we would have to wait for weeks to get news from around the world.A. Werethere7.3D printers have spread from labs to industrial factories, ____ they are being cheaper and cheaper. A. so8.3D printing is just at the beginning stage. It is not ____. A. mature9.3D printing is one of the latest technological innovations.— ____ Maybe its functions are questionable. A. Really?10.Absolutely, that movie and I must admit that its director is brilliant. C. took my breath away11.According to a report of what holidays in the future might look like, a trip to the Moon or a stay in space will be the mostmouthwatering destination for 2024 holidaymakers. , especially for thrill-seeking travelers like me.A. Spectacular 12.Although plastic surgery is created to improve the looks of a person, there are a certain percentage of____. C.consequences13.Animal farming about half of all human-caused greenhouse gases. B. accounts for14.Can you tell me something about your new product? C. Can I help you, sir?bining arbon nd super-capacitors a perfect marriage. A. seems like16.Considering the needsof the new generation, we propose the concept of the _______ network. b. wearable17.Cosmetic surgery involves ____ reshaping the body features. A. in18.Could you give me the brochure for that machine? a. Yes, here you are.19.Do you eat porridge every day?B. No, sometimes I'd have a cup of soybean milk, a boiled egg and a steamed bun formy breakfast.20.Do you like that technology exhibition?— Yes, I like it verymuch. B. It shows me the impressive magic power of 3Dprinting.21.Do you mind my using my mobile phone here?—I wonder if Icould use your tablet tonight?—________________ I'm notusing it right now. C. Sure, here you are.22.Do you prefer a portable or a clumsy 3D printer?C. I prefer a portable one to a clumsy one.23.Do you think cosmetic surgery is more popular with women? B. Yes,absolutely. Because women pay more attentionto beauty.24.Doctor,please let me know ___ you can reconstruct my face. B. whether25.Everything we do has the potential creating some bad. C. for26.Flowers grow well in a warm climate. Similarly, technology __ in a harmonious society. C. flourishes27.Good morning, Jeff. Would you mind going to get me a cup of coffee at the Starbucks? B. No problem! You want theusual?28.He ______ his baggage among hundreds of others. B. identified29.He is still a ______ in handling such things. A. green hand30.He remotely controls my mobile phone _____ he can set up it for me. b. so that31.How about having a drink?—____________ a. Good idea.32.How do you like Anne Hathaway?B. She is amazing.33.How is your business going? a. Good, it's growing all the time.34.I accepted my nose surgery, the ____ and patient doctor was really helpful during my recovery period. C. gracious35.I am really by fresh ingredients, intricate cooking and diverse traditions of Chinese food.A. fascinated36.I couldn't stand London! Bloody ______ place. C. awful37.I get at least half an hour of exercise almost every day.— Oh great! C. Keep it up38.I get at least half an hour of exercise almost every day. Oh great! C. Keep it up.39.I have a scar on my face, so I've make up my mind to have a plastic surgery. A. Good idea.40.I think the benefits of opening up space far the damage that we can see. B. outweigh41.I think the other reason can be identified from the industrialization of food production.— . Some illegal traders careabout nothing but making money. C. Yes, you bet42.I was a little scared that it was my first time that I __ had my cosmetic surgery. B. had43.If Gardener , who will take care of us? A. leaves44.If you have any ______ news of my husband, please let me know. A. definite45.If you want to download this app, you need to connect your mobile phone _____ Internet first. a. to46.I'm leaving for Shanghai tomorrow. B. Have a pleasant trip!47.I'm leaving for Shanghai tomorrow.B. Have a pleasant trip!48.Is it better to be physically attractive or intelligent?C. For me, be intelligent is better, but that depends on.49.It ______me that I had a choice. C. hit50.It is ___ an interesting story that I want to read it again. B. such51.It is hard for any woman to resist ____ herself more beauty. c. making52.It is known to all that a lot of South Korean __ accepted plastic surgery. a. celebrities53.It is the ability to do the job matters not where you come from or what you are. B. that54.Jeff, I'd appreciate it if you could help me with the opening speech I'm giving next week.— , but I'll have some timebetween five and six p.m. C. Well, it's pretty busy this morning55.Let me introduce myself, I’m Tom.— ______________. b. pleased to meet you.56.Let's go to this movie and see what exciting experience it will bring to us. C. Can't wait to watch it.57.Modern Meadow is a startup that engineers tissues to create lab-grown __ meat. B. editable58.My assistant will now______ the machine in action. c. demonstrate59.No one had enough foresight to ______ the winner. A. predict60.Oh, by the way, how was your report of the new batteries coming along? A. It's going pretty well61.Oh. Dear! I've lost my new watch. C. What a pity!62.OK, I'll fix your computer right now. —Oh, take your time, __. B. I'm in no hurry63.Our part of the mission is nearly complete and the new crew will for us. A. take over64.people are no longer worried about whether their food is safe or not they enjoy a better life.A. Only if……can65.Perhaps you have heard our products. Would you like to know something more? A. Sure. Go ahead.66.She is ______ tall as you are. C. as67.She’s been interested in computer science _ she was eight. B. since68.She's not very optimistic __ the development tof 3D printing. B. about69.So how can we buy safe food? C. When we choose food, we must remember to check its tag, confirming whetherthe basic information is marked on it.70.Some experts think reading is the fundamental skill upon ______ school education depends. C. which71.Some illegal traders care about nothing but . B. making moneyThe technology has several advantages earlier attempts to engineer meat in vitro . B. in comparison to72.Space travel must be very very expensive.— . The cost of a seat on the Virgin craft is $ 250,000. B. Ofcourse.73.Spaceships are stocked with a variety of_____ foods. c. instant74.Success can breed success, if you ______ it. C. take advantage of75.Thank you ever so much for the Apple Watch you sent me.B. I'm glad you like it.76.The atlas is normally kept by the big window but now it is to the wall right next to Broccoli. B. stuck77.The BBC has just successfully demonstrated a _ radio transmission system. c. digital78.The box is hold these things. B. too small to79.The Cheetah robot made by MIT's scientists can jump over hurdles while ___. b. running80.The current death rate is reduced _______ 10% compared with that of the year of 1980. C. by81.The plastic surgeon may provide several plans for your facial ____ B. reconstruction82.The problem is uneven distribution, 870 million suffering from hunger. C. leaving83.The reason why he didn’t come to school was _____ he was ill. c. that You can turn on the toy robot by__________ thisbutton. a. pressing84.The scientist spoke confidently, _____ impressed me most. c. which85.There are ___ calls for lawmakers to consider copyright laws. B. increasing86.There will be a space hotel in Barcelona Island, you can “experience” space travel by viewing lifelike galaxiesthrough cabin windows. B. where87.They are ____ make an announcement later on today. b. expected to88.They are testing the 3D printer. Don’t you come and see it?—What? A. Where is it displayed?89.They are trying to make a new product—the world's smallest ____ robot. c. humanoid90.They built a robot capable of ___ spoken commands. b. understanding91.They should never try to pursue profit health and life of people. C. at the expense of92.This 3D printer was designed ____ produce snacks. A. to93.This apple pie is too sweet, don't you think so?— I think it's just right, actually. A. Not really.94.This apple pie is too sweet, don't you think so? —____. I think it's just right, actually. A. Not really95.This is a highly _____ new heating system. B. efficient96.This, they argue, will be essential to the needs of a booming population in decades to come and avoidingstarvation. B. meeting97.Tom asked me to go to play football and ______. B. so I did98.Tom can speak French. ______. B. So can Jack99.Touch- ____ 3D maps help the blind too much. A. responsive100.We _____ to deliver the goods within a week. b. guarantee101.We trust this new product of ours will __ to your market. a. appeal102.What advice would you give to a friend who wants cosmetic surgery? B. I would tell them that there are many risks and much cost of that surgery.103.What are you going to do this weekend? If time permits, I may go to Shanghai with my friends. A. It depends 104.What do you want to be? C. I would study computer science than dancer.105.What do you want to be?C. I would study computer science than dancer.106.What errands did you have to do today? B. Done one, and another one to do.107.What is U.S’s experience in food safety management?B. They are improving the legal system all the time and very strict in law enforcement108.What would you like to have for breakfast?__ Would you like to have a taste? A. Twisted cruller, I bought it this morning109.What's __ issue here is the difference between cosmetic and plastic surgery. a. at110.When we were students we often stay up all night. B. would111.Would you have cosmetic surgery if it was free? a. No. Good diet and exercise are great alternatives.112.You the Inception, since I remember once you discussed its main plot with Cathy. B. should have watched 113.You can have eggs or hard-boiled. B. fried114.You know a good schedule brings efficiency to the work.B. I see your point.115.You need to believe that space tourism will grow and get cheaper. Maybe there is another option.B. What is it?116.You will get your cosmetic surgery on your nose. Please tell me if you like this medical plan _____. A. or notYou will quickly get used to____ this new digital camera. b. using理工英语4形成性考核阅读理解部分参考答案UNIT 1UNIT 2UNIT 3UNIT 4UNIT5UNIT 6UNIT 7UNIT 8我是土木工程专业本科,2019考试只要带这份就行,几乎都在上面。
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Super Capacitors48550 Electrical Energy Technology- Introduction Supercapacitor and Ultracapacitor are the commercial names of theSuper CapacitorsProf. J.G. ZhuFaculty of Engineering University of Technology, Sydneydevices made by Nippon Electric Company (NEC), Japan, and Pinnacle Research Institute (PRI), USA, respectively. In technical terms, it is named as electrochemical double-layer capacitor (EDLC). Supercapacitors or ultracapacitors are being widely used for energy storage in many applications, such as UPS, and electrical vehicles, etc.Super Capacitors- Brief history The storage of electrical charge in the interface between a metal and anSuper Capacitors- Brief history By 1971, however, a subsequent lack of sales led SOHIO to abandonelectrolytic solution has been studied by chemists since the nineteenth century, but the practical use of double-layer capacitors only began in 1957, when a patent was placed by General Electric for an electrolytic capacitor using porous carbon electrodes. It was noted that the capacitor exhibited an “exceptionally high capacitance.” In 1966, The Standard Oil Company, Cleveland, Ohio(SOHIO) patented a device that stored energy in the doublelayer interface. At this time SOHIO acknowledged that “the double-layer at the interface behaves like a capacitor of relatively high specific capacity”. SOHIO went on to patent a disc-shaped capacitor in 1970 utilising a carbon paste soaked in an electrolyte.further development and license the technology to NEC. NEC went on the produce the first commercially successful double-layer capacitors under the name “supercapacitor.” These low voltage devices had a high internal resistance and were thus primarily designed for memory backup applications, finding their way into various consumer appliances. Since then, a number of companies started producing electrochemical capacitors. Panasonic developed the “Gold capacitor” in 1978. Like those produced by NEC, these devices were also intended for use in memory backup applications. By 1987, ELNA had begun producing their own double-layer capacitor under the name “Dynacap”. The first high-power double-layer capacitors were developed by PRI. The “PRI Ultracapacitor,” developed from 1982, incorporated metal-oxide electrodes and was designed for military applications such as laser weaponry and missile guidance systems. News of these devices triggered a study by the US Department of Energy in the context of hybrid electric vehicles, and by 1992 its Ultracapacitor Development Program was underway at Maxwell Laboratories.Super Capacitors- Brief history A number of companies around the world currently manufactureSuper Capacitors- Principles EDLCs store electrical charge in a similar manner to the conventionalEDLCs in a commercial capacity. NEC and Panasonic in Japan have been producing EDLC components since the 1980’s. In the U.S.A, Epcos, ELNA, AVX, and Cooper produce components, while Evans and Maxwell produce integrated modules that include voltage balancing circuitry. Kold Ban International markets a supercapacitor module designed specifically for starting internal combustion engines in cold weather. Cap-XX in Australia offers a range of components, as does Ness Capacitor Co. in Korea. In Canada, Tavrima manufactures a range of modules. ESMA in Russia sells a wide variety of EDLC modules for applications in power quality, electric vehicles, and for starting internal combustion engines.capacitors, but the charges do not accumulate on two conductors. Instead the charges accumulate at the interface between the surface of a conductor and an electrolytic solution. The accumulated charges hence form an electric double-layer, the separation of each layer being of the order of a few Angstroms.Super Capacitors- Principles An estimate of the capacitance can be obtained from the double-layerSuper Capacitors- Principlesapplied across the cell, and there are therefore two double-layers present, one at each electrode/electrolyte interface. An ion-permeable separator is placed between the electrodes in order to prevent electrical contact, but still allows ions from the electrolyte to pass through. The electrodes are made of high effective surface-area materials such as porous carbon or carbon aerogels in order to maximise the surface-area of the double-layer. High energy densities are therefore achievable in EDLCs due to their high specific capacitance, attained because of a high electrode/electrolyte interface surface-area and a small charge layer separation of atomic dimensions. In addition to the capacitance that arises from the separation of charge in the double-layer, a contribution to capacitance can be made from reactions that can occur on the surface of the electrode. The charge required to facilitate these reactions is dependent on the potential, resulting in a Faradaic ‘pseudocapacitance’. Due to the fundamental differences between double-layer capacitance and pseudocapacitance, the two topics shall be discussed separately. Supercapacitor devices consist of two electrodes to allow a potential to bemodel proposed by Helmholtz in 1853, in which the double-layer consisted of two charge monolayers. One layer forms on the charged electrode, and the other layer is comprised of ions in the electrolyte. The specific capacitance of such a double-layer given byC ε = A 4πδC is the capacitance, A is the surface area, e is the relative dielectric constant of the medium between the two layers (the electrolyte), and δ is the distance between the two layers (the distance from the electrode surface to the centre of the ion layer). This approximation is roughly correct for concentrated electrolytic solutions.Super Capacitors- Principlesboundary between a solid conductor and an electrolyte was developed gradually. Various models have been developed over the years to explain the phenomena observed by chemical scientists. The widely accepted explanation that was proposed by Bockris, Devanathan and Muller in 1963. They suggested that a layer of water was present within the inner Helmholtz plane at the surface of the electrode. The dipoles of these molecules would have a fixed alignment because of the charge in the electrode. Some of the water molecules would be displaced by specifically adsorbed ions. Other layers of water would follow the first, but the dipoles in these layers would not be as fixed as those in the first layer. The understanding of the electrical processes that occur at theSuper Capacitors- Principles Pseudocapacitance arises from reversible Faradaic reactions occurringat the electrode, and is denoted as ‘pseudo’-capacitance in order to differentiate it from electrostatic capacitance. The charge transfer that takes places in these reactions is voltage dependent, so a capacitive phenomenon occurs. There are two types of reactions that can involve a charge transfer that is voltage dependent. They are Redox reactions and ion sorption reactions. In summary, the high values of specific capacitance attainable through EDLC technology are a result of double-layer capacitance, and often pseudocapacitance. Double-layer capacitance offers good charge storage capabilities thanks to possessing high surface-area materials as electrodes, and the fact that charge separation occurs at atomic dimensions. Pseudocapacitance that arises from redox or ion sorption reactions further improves the achievable capacitance.Super Capacitors- Modelling Because of the difference in the mechanisms of storing chargesSuper Capacitors- Modelling While the simple model provides a first approximation of a double-between the double-layer capacitor and the conventional capacitors, traditional capacitor models are inadequate for electrochemical capacitors. A number of models currently exist that apply to the operation of double-layer capacitors. A simple model for a double-layer capacitor can be represented by a capacitance (C) with an equivalent series resistance (ESR) and an equivalent parallel resistance (EPR). The ESR models power losses that may result from internal heating, which will be of importance during charging and discharging. The EPR models current leakage, and influences long-term energy storage. By determining these three parameters, one is able to develop a first order approximation of EDLC behaviour.EPR ESR Clayer capacitor’s behaviour, it is observed that there is a large error when compared with experimental results. Therefore, a model consisting of three RC branches was proposed. Each branch of the equivalent circuit possessed a significantly different time constant. The branch containing Ri, denoted the immediate branch, dominates behaviour in the order of a few seconds. The delayed branch, containing Rd, most influences behaviour in the range of minutes. The third, long-term branch governs the long-term response of the circuit after more than ten minutes. The immediate branch contains a voltage dependent capacitor Ci1 that reflects the voltage dependency of the double-layer’s capacitance. The resistance Rlea is included to model current leakage.Super Capacitors- Modelling A treatment of the capacitance in porous electrodes resulted in eachSuper Capacitors- Applications Electrochemical supercapacitors are still relatively new devices thatpore being modelled as a transmission line. The transmission line models a distributed double-layer capacitance and a distributed electrolyte resistance that extends into the depth of the pore. To achieve an estimation of the double-layer capacitive effects, straight, cylindrical pores of uniform diameter and a perfectly conducting electrode are assumed.have yet to experience widespread use. This has originally been due to their limited power and energy capabilities, and they therefore only saw use in low-power, low-energy applications such as for memory backup. Recently, however, significant advances have been made in improving both energy and power density, and new applications for EDLCs are being developed at an increasing rate. The following are a number of possible applications for the EDLC as an energy storage element. Memory BackupSuper Capacitors- Applications Electric vehicles A combination of a high-Super Capacitors- Applications Block diagram of an HEV using supercapacitors and an inductionenergy density device such as a fuel cell to provide the average load requirements and a high-power device such as a supercapacitor bank to meet the peak load requirements that result from accelerating or climbing up hills. The utilisation of supercaps also makes regenerative braking possible. Because the supercap bank can be recharged, it is possible to store some of the energy of an already moving vehicle, and therefore increase the fuel efficiency of the EV.motorPower flows in an EV test drive for fuel cell, supercap, and inverterSuper Capacitors- Applications Energy storage options for different adjustable speed driveSuper Capacitors- Applications Power qualitypower ratingsSuper Capacitors- Applications The supercapacitor is still a young technology that has yet toSuper Capacitors- Applications Supercapacitors can also be used on their own to provide the energyexperience widespread implementation. It does, however, enjoy a great amount of attention with regards to its potential application in a number of areas. A traditionally high ESR has previously limited EDLCs to memory backup applications, and they have been used in such settings for many years. Recent reductions in ESR have improved the power capabilities of supercapacitors, however, and they are now well suited to pulsed-current applications such as mobile phones and electrical actuators. They can also perform a load-levelling function when used in combination with batteries, providing peak power in devices such as laptops, reducing power demands on the battery and therefore extending battery lifetime. EDLCs can be used in a similar manner in EVs, providing power for acceleration and allowing a primary power source such as a fuel cell to supply the average power. When used in EVs supercapacitors also allow for energy to be recuperated during braking, improving the efficiency of the vehicle.needed by power quality systems that ensure reliable and disturbancefree power distribution. EDLCs then supply the energy needed to inject power into the distribution line and thus compensate for any voltage fluctuations. They can also be used to design systems that grant adjustable-speed drives the ability to ride-through temporary power supply disturbances. Such applications are vital in industrial settings, and can prevent material and financial losses that could occur due to machine downtime.。