The 18th Century English Drama and Sheridan
英美文学期末复习资料+所有作家作品流派总结
一、文学术语*41.Epic叙事诗，史诗A long narrative poem telling about the deeds of a great hero and reflecting the values of the society from which it originated. Many epics were drawn from an oral tradition and were transmitted by song and recitation before they were written down.Twoof the most famous epics of Western civilization are Homer's Iliad and Odyssey.The great epic of the Middle Ages is The Divine Comedy（神曲）by the Italian poet Dante.The two most famous English epics are the Anglo-Saxon Beowulf and John Milton's Paradise Lost,which employ some of the conventions of the classical epic.2.Naturalism自然主义（文学、艺术以反映现实为宗旨）Naturalism is a term of literary history,primarily a French movement in prose fiction and the drama during the final third of the19th century,although it is also applied to similar movements or groups of writers in other countries in the later decades of the19th and early years of the20th cents.In France Emile Zola(1840-1902)was the dominant practitioner(习艺者，专业人员) of Naturalism in prose fiction and the chief exponent（鼓吹者，倡导者，拥护者；能手，大师）of its doctrines.The emergence of Naturalism does not mark a radical（彻底的）break with Realism,rather the new style is a logical extension of it.Broadly speaking,Naturalism is characterized by a refusal to idealize experience and by the persuasion that human life is strictly subjected to natural laws.The Naturalists shared with the earlier Realists the conviction that the everyday life of the middle and lower classes of their own day provided subjects worthy of serious literary treatment.Emphasis was laid on the influence of the material and economic environment on behavior,and on the determining effects of physical and hereditary factors in forming the individual temperament.Famous American Naturalistic writers would include Jack London,Stephen Crane and Frank Norris,who were deeply influenced by Charles Darwin's evolution theory which believe that one's heredity and social situation limit one's character.3.Modernism现代派（盛行于20世纪的文学风格）Modernism was a complex and diverse international movement in all the creative arts,originating about the end of the19th century and prosperity in the20th century.The major themes of the modernist literature are the distorted,alienated and ill relationships between man and nature,man and society,man and man,and man and himself.The modernist writers concentrate more on the private than on the public,more on the subjective than on the objective.They are mainly concerned with the inner being of an individual.In their writings,the past,the present and the future are mingled（混合）together and exist at the same time in the consciousness of an individual.4.Transcendentalism超验主义It was a reaction to the18th century Newtonian concept of the universe.The major features of New England Transcendentalism can be summarized as follows:1.The Transcendentalists placed emphasis on spirit,or the Oversoul,as the most important thing in the universe.2.The Transcendentalists stressed the importance of the individual.To them the individual was the most important element of society.3.The Transcendentalists offered a fresh perception of nature as symbolic of the Spirit or God.Nature was,to them,not purely matter.It was alive,filled with God's overwhelming presence.I.Major Literary Terms in The Anglo-Norman Period1.Romance:Any imaginative literature that is set in an idealized world and that deals with heroic adventures and battles between good characters and villains or monsters.Originally,the term referred to a medieval tale dealing with the loves and adventures of kings and queens,knights and ladies,and including unlikely or supernatural happenings.Sir Gawain and the Green Knight is the best of the medieval romances.John Keats's The Eve of St.Agnes is one of the greatest metrical（格律）romances ever written.2.Ballad（民谣，叙事歌谣）:A story told in verse and usually meant to be sung.In many centuries,the folk ballad was one of the earliest forms of literature.Folk ballads have no known authors.They were transmitted orally from generation to generation and were not set down in writing until centuries after they were first sung.The subject matter of folk ballads stems from the everyday life of the common people.The most popular subjects,often tragic,are disappointed love,jealousy,revenge,sudden disaster and deeds of adventure and daring.Devices commonly used in ballads are the the refrain（叠词）,incremental repetition（叠句）and code language（特定语言）.A later form of ballad is the literary ballad which imitates the style of the folk ballad.The most famous English literary ballad is Samuel Taylor Coleridge's The Rime of the Ancient Mariner（老水手之歌）.二、选择&填空The Anglo-Norman PeriodThe literature which Normans brought to England is remarkable for its____tales of___and___,in marked contrast of____and ____of Anglo-Saxon poetry.romantic,love,adventure,strength,somberness（昏暗；冷静）Geoffrey Chaucer1.The Canterbury Tales contains in fact a General Prologue and only_____tales,of which two are left unfinished.●242.The____provides a framework for the tales in The Canterbury Tales and it comprises a group of vivid pictures of various medieval figures.●Prologue序言3.The Canterbury Tales is Chaucer's greatest work and the greater part of it was written in____Couplets.●Heroic（英雄双韵体）4.The pilgrims in The Canterbury Tales are on their way to the shrine of St.Thomas a Becket at the place named____.●Canterbury5.In The Canterbury Tales,from the character of_____,we may see a very vivid sketch of a woman of the middle class,and a colorful picture of the domestic life of that class in Chaucer's own day.●the Wife of Bath（巴斯夫人：齐叟笔下一个结过5次婚等待第六位丈夫的女人）Renaissance1.Hamlet,Othello,King Lear,and____are generally regarded as Shakespeare's four great tragedies.●Macbeth2.Absolute monarchy in England reached its summit during the reign of_____.●Queen Elizabeth3._____wrote his_____in which he gave a profound and truthful picture of people's sufferings and put forward his ideal of a future happy society.●Thomas More，UtopiaThe literature of the17th century1.After____'s death,monarchy was again restored in1660.It was called the period of_____.●Oliver Cromwell;Restoration2.The Glorious Revolution took place in the year of_____●1688.3.Paradise Lost tells how____rebelled against God and how___and___were driven out of Eden.●Satan;Adam,Eve.4.Bunyan's most important work is____,written in the form old-fashioned medieval form of_____and dream.●The Pilgrim's Progress;allegory寓言the18th century literature1.The image of an enterprising Englishman of the18th century was created by Daniel Defoe in his famous novel______.●Robinson Crusoe2.The18th century in English literature is an age of___.●prose3.Jonathan Swift's masterpiece is___..●Gulliver's Travels4.William Blake's work___(1794)are in marked contrast with the Songs of Innocence天真之歌.●The Songs of Experience经验之歌5.The greatest of___poets in the18th century is Robert Burns.●Scottishthe19th century literature1.With the publication of William Wordworth's______with S.T.Coleridge,______began to bloom and found a firm place in the history of English literature.●Lyrical Ballads抒情歌谣集,Romanticism2.The Romantic Age came to an end in1832when the last Romantic writer_____died.●Walter Scott3.The greatest historical novelist_____was produced in the Romantic Age.●Walter Scott4.The glory of the Romantic age is in the poetry of___,___,___,___,___,and___.●Scott,Wordsworth,Coleridge科尔里奇,Byron,Shelley,Keats,Moore,Southey索西.5.The English Romantic Period produced two major novelists.They are______.●Scott and Austen6.In his poems Wordsworth aimed at the_____and_____of the language.●simplicity,purity7.Byron is chiefly known for his two long poems,one is Childe Harold's Pilgrimage,and the other is_____.●Don Juan8.“Ode to a Nightingale”was written by_____.●John Keats9.Jane Austen's literary concern is about human beings in their_____relationships.●personal.Victorian Age1.In the19th century English literature,a new literary trend_____appeared after the romantic poetry,and flourished in the time of ______.●Critical realism,1840s and1850s.2.Critical realism reveals the corrupting influence of the rule of cash upon human nature.Here lies in the essentially_____and _____character of critical realism.●Democratic,humanitarian3.In A tale of Two Cities,the two cities are_____and_____in the time of revolution.●London,Paris4.In1847,Thackeray published his masterpiece_____,which marks the peak of his literary career.●Vanity Fair5.It is Robert Browning who developed the literary form_____..●Dramatic monologue戏剧独白20th century British Literature1.____had its outstanding advocate in Kipling,who with drum and trumpet,called upon England to“take up the Whiteman's burden”by dominating all“lesser breeds without the law.”●lmperialism2.Those“novels of character and environment”by Thomas Hardy are the lost representative of him as both a and a critical realist writer.●Naturalistic3.It took Galsworthy twenty-two years to accomplish the monumental work,his masterpiece____●The Forsyte Saga福尔赛世家wrence finished____,the autobiographical novel at which he had been working off and on for years,which was positively taken as a typical example and lively manifestation of the“Oedipus Complex”in fiction.●Sons and Lovers5.___and___are the most outstanding stream of consciousness novelist.●James Joyce，Virginia Woolf.6.____is generally regarded as Virginia Woolf's most remarkable work.●To the LighthouseExercises on American Literature1.In the17th century,the English settlements in____and____began the main stream of what we recognize as the American national history.●Virginia,Massachusetts2.Washington Irving's____became the first work by an American writer to win financial success on both sides of the Atlantic.●Sketch Book3.Cooper's enduring fame rests on his frontier stories,especially the five novels that comprise the____.●Leatherstocking Tales4.____was responsible for bringing Transcendentalism to New land.●Ralph Waldo Emerson5.A superb book entitled____came out of Henry David Thoreau's two-year experiment at Walden Pond.●Walden6.The book____is a tremendous chronicle of a whaling voyage in pursuit of a seemingly supernatural white whale.●Moby DickBook two chapter one1.In his cluster of poems called Leaves of Grass,__gave America its first genuine epic poem.●Walt Whitman2.As the founder of American Critical Realism,____enjoys the fame as“Lincoln of American literature”.●Mark Twain3.____was considered the founder of psychological realism in America.●Henry James4.The identification of potency（影响）with money is at the heart of Dreiser's greatest and most successful novel,____.●An American TragedyThe20th century1.Pound was the leader of a new movement in poetry which he called the“_____Movement”.●Imagist2.The most significant American poem of the20th century was_____.●The Waste Land3.____of the1920s characterized by frivolity and carelessness is brought vividly to life in The Great Gatsby.●The Jazz Age4.Hemingway's novel___painted the image of a whole generation,the Lost Generation.●The Sun Also Rises5.____wrote about the disintegration（瓦解）of the old social system in the American southern states,and the lives of modem people,both black and white.●William Faulkner三、True or False1.In1066,Alexander the Great led the Norman army to invade England.It was called the Norman Conquest.●F(William the Conqueror）2.The Story of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight is the culmination（顶点）of the romances about Charles the Great.●F(King Arthur and his knights)3.Robinson named Saturday to the saved victim.F(Friday)4.“A Modest Proposal”is made to Irish government to relieve the poverty of English people.F(Irish)5.It was Henry Fielding and Tobias Gorge Smollet who became the real founders of the genre of the bourgeois realistic novel in England and Europe.T6.Of all the romantic poets of the18th century,Blake is the most in-dependent and the most original.T7.George Eliot produced the remarkable novels including Adam Bede,The Mill on the Floss and Silas Marner.(true)8.The Bronte sisters are Charlotte Bronte,Emily Bronte and Anne Bronte.(true)9.The Victorian Age was largely an age of prose,especially of the novel.(true)10.David Copperfield is Thackeray's masterpiece.F(Dickens)11.The title of the novel Vanity Fair is taken from Bunyan's Pilgrim's progress.(true)12.In1907,John Galsworthy received the Nobel Prize for“idealism”in literature.Kim is his long novel.F(Kipling)13.George Bernard Shaw was strongly against the credo of“art for art's sake”.T14.The Importance of Being Earnest is written by Oscar Wilde.T15.Hester Prynne is the heroine in Nathaniel Hawthorne's novel The Scarlet Letter.T16.In1828,Noah Webster published his An American Dictionary of the English Language.T17.Stirred by the teachings of transcendentalism,writers of Boston and nearby towns produced a New England literary renaissance.T18.The Fall of the House of Usher is one of Edgar Allan Poe's poems.F(novels)19.Most of the poems in Leaves of Grass are about man and nature.T20.Emily Dickinson is a democratic poet.F(modernist)21.“The Cop and the Anthem”was written by Jack London.F(O Henry)22.While embracing the socialism of Marx,Jack London also believed in the triumph of the strongest individuals.This contradiction is most vividly projected in the patently autobiographical novel The Call of the Wild F(Martin Eden) 23.Between the mid-19th and the first decade of the20th century,there had been a big flush of new theories and new ideas in both social id natural sciences,as well in the field of art in Europe,which played an indispensable role in bringing about modernism and the modernistic writings in the United States.T 24.The decade of the1910s,American literature achieved a new diversity and reached its greatest heights.F(1920s)25.John Steinbeck is a representative of the1930s,when“novels of social protest”became dominant on the American literary scene.T 26.John Updike is considered to be a spokesman for the alienated youth in the post-war era and his The Catcher in the Rye is regarded as students'classic.F（Jerome David Salinger）(J.D.Salinger）四、连线题作家流派/文体作品Literature StyleChaucer heroic couplet英雄双韵体Romance of the Roseschiefly under the influenceof French poetry of theMiddle AgesThe House of Fame--《名誉堂》Troylus and Criseyde《特罗伊勒斯和克莱西德》The Legend of Good women--《良妇传说》The Parliament of Fowls--《百鸟堂》under the spell of the greatliterary geniuses of earlyRenaissance Italy:Danteand Petrarch andBoccaccioThe Canterbury Tales《坎特伯雷故事集》Produced his works ofmaturity free from anyforeign influence.WilliamLanglandPiers the Plowman《农夫皮尔斯》Alliteration(头韵)Thomas More托马斯.莫尔Humanism人文主义Utopia乌托邦Francis Bacon 弗朗西斯.培根The Advancement of Learning《学术的推进》Of Studies《论读书》;Of wisdom《论智慧》EssayJohn Lyly Eupheus written in a peculiar style known as EuphuismThomas Wyatt 托马斯.怀亚特first introduced the sonnet into English literatureEarl of Surrey萨利伯爵created blank verse Edmund Spenser埃德蒙.斯宾塞The Fairy Queen《仙后》Lyrical poetryBen Jonson琼生Every Man in His Humour;Volpone,or the Fox;The Alchemist;Bartholomew Fair.ChristopherMarlowe克里斯托弗.马洛Doctor Faustus;The Jew of Malta;Tamburlaine Play Robert Greene George Green;the Pinner of WakefieldWilliam Shakespeare威廉姆.莎士比亚Hamlet(哈姆雷特)，Othello(奥赛罗)，King Lear(李尔王)，The Tragedy of Macbeth(麦克白)37plays;blank verseJohn Donne 约翰.多恩“metaphysical”poets(玄学派诗人)《Death be not proud》《死神莫骄妄》Songs and Sonnets《歌谣与十四行诗》The RelicA Valediction:Forbidding Mourning《离别辞：莫忧伤》1.Extraordinary frankness,penetrating realism,cynicism.2.Novelty of subjectmatter and point of view.3.Novelty of form.John Milton 约翰.弥尔顿三个John都是the Puritans清教徒派《Defense for the English People》为英国人辩护《Paradise Lost》失乐园Samson Agonistes《力士参孙》《Paradise Regained》复乐园Sonnet-On His Blindness1.The use of blank verse.2.Grand style.3.Inheritance fromtraditional works such as《失明述怀》Sonnet-On His Deceased Wife《梦之妻》Bible.John Bunyan 约翰.拜扬Pilgrim’s ProgressThe Holy War《圣战》The Life and Death of Mr.BadmanGrace Abounding《丰盛恩惠》1.Written in theold-fashioned,medievalform of allegory anddream.2.His language is chieflyplain,colloquial,and quitemodern.Daniel Defoe 丹尼尔.笛福realistic novel现实主义小说《Robinson Crusoe》鲁宾逊漂流记《Jonathan Wild》乔纳森.威尔德《Moll Flanders》摩尔.弗兰德斯Henry Fielding 亨利.菲尔丁Father of modernfiction《Joseph Andrews》约瑟夫.安德鲁斯《The History of Tom Jones,a foundling》弃婴汤姆.琼斯的故事The History of Jonathan Wild the Great《伟大的乔纳森·王尔德》Humor&satiristJonathan Swift 乔纳森.斯威夫特satirist反讽prose poetry《Gulliver’s Travels》格列佛游记《A Modest Proposal》一个温和的建议A Tale of a Tub1697《一只桶的故事》The Battle of the Books1698《书籍之战》The Drapier’s Letters1724《布商来信》Joseph Addlson The Tatler闲谈者The Spectator旁观者Joseph Addison＆Richard Steele；their life-long friendship and the partnership in literary career.Alexander pope the Pastorals(1709)（田园诗歌）the Essay on Criticism (1711)（论批评）The Rape of the Lock(1714)（卷发遇劫记）“Elegy to the Memory of an Unfortunate Lady”;“Eloise to Abelard,Samuel Richardson塞缪尔.理查森epistolarynovel(书信体小说），Englishdomestic novel(英国家庭小说）《Pamela》帕美勒Clarissa Harlowe克拉丽莎Sir Charles Grandison查尔斯•格兰迪森的历史psychological analysisRichard B.Sheridan理查德.B.谢尔丹comedy《School for Scandal》造谣学校the Rivals(情敌)the only important Englishdramatist of the18thcenturyOliver Goldsmith’s奥利佛.哥尔德斯密斯《The Vicar of Wakefield》威克菲尔德的牧师，小说novel《She Stoops to Conquer》委曲求全，欢乐喜剧rollicking comedy《The Deserted Village》荒村，诗歌The Traveller旅行者poems,诗歌The Citizen of the World世界公民essay以上6位都是18世纪Classicism(古典主义)、revival of romantic poetry(新兴的浪漫主义诗歌)、beginnings of the modern novel(刚启萌的现代派小说)的代表人物Thomas Gray 托马斯.格雷Sentimentalism感伤主义no belief《Elegy,Written in a CountryChurchyard》墓园挽歌William Blake 威廉.布莱克Pre-romanticismSongs of Innocence天真之歌Songs ofExperience经验之歌Poetical Sketches素描诗集The Tiger老虎Robert Burns 罗伯特.彭斯My Heart’s in the Highlands我的心呀在高原John Anderson,My Jo约翰·安徒生，我爱A Red,Red Rose一朵红红的玫瑰To a Mouse致小鼠Auld Lang Syne友谊地久天长William Wordsworth 威廉.华兹华斯Lake Poets（湖畔派）Lyrical Ballads抒情歌谣《The Prelude》序曲1.Leading figure of English romanticpoetry2.See this world freshly and naturally.3.Changed the course of English poetryLord Byron拜伦Romanticism《Childe Harold Pilgrimage》查尔德哈罗德游记Don Juan（唐璜）《Hours of Idleness》闲散时刻1.Renowned as the“gloomy egoist”2.“Byronic Hero”（拜伦式英雄）3.Devote himself into the revolutionPercy Bysshe Shelley雪莱Idealism（理想主义）《Prometheus Unbound》解放的普罗米修斯《Ode to the West Wind》西风颂The Cloud云1.Intense and original2.Reflect radical ideas and revolutionaryoptimism3.Rebel against English politics andconservative valuesJohn Keats济慈Romanticism（浪漫主义）《The Eve of St.Agnes》圣阿格良斯之夜《On a Greeian Urn》希腊古瓮颂《To a Nightingale》致夜莺Ode on Melancholy（忧郁颂）Isabella（伊莎贝拉）1.Epitaph:Here lies one whose name waswritten in water（此地长眠者，声名水上书）2.Early death from tuberculosis at theage of253.He is characterized by sensual imageryWalter Scott沃特.斯科特Famous HistoricalNovelistIvanhoe（艾凡赫）The lady of the Lake（湖中夫人）Waverley（威佛利）1.Historical novelist as well as playwrightand poet.2.He was an advocate,judge and legaladministrator by professionJane Austen简.奥斯丁Female Novelist《Pride and Prejudice》傲慢与偏见《Sense and Sensibility》理智与情感《Emma》爱玛1.Modern character through the treatmentof everyday life2.Virginia Woolf called Austen"the mostperfect artist among women."Charles Lamb 查尔斯.兰伯Essayist（随笔作家）Tales from Shakespeare（莎士比亚故事集）Essays of Elia（伊利亚随笔）The Last Essays of Elia（伊利亚续笔）1.Indulged in his own contemplation andimagination2.To him,literature was a means toexpress his own subjective world and toescape from the sordidness（肮脏、卑鄙）Charles Dickens狄更斯Critical Realism批判现实主义Victorian Period维多利亚时期humanism人文主义《Hard Times》艰难时刻《PickwickPapers》匹克威克外传《Oliver Twist》雾都孤儿《A Tale of Two Cities》双城记1.expose and criticize the poverty,injustice,hypocrisy and corruptness2.show a highly consciouse modernartist3.humor and wit seem inexhaustible4.Picaresque novel(流浪汉小说）Charlotte Bronte 夏洛特.勃郎特《Shirley》雪利《Jane Eyre》简.爱1.great work of genius in Englishfiction2.focus on the female topic3.lyric writing style4.simple realismEmily Bronte艾米丽.勃郎特《Wuthering Heights》呼啸山庄Mrs.Gaskell《Mary Barton,North and South》玛丽.巴顿，北方和南方William Makepeace Thackeray 《Vanity Fair》名利场—this title wasborrowed from The Pilgrim’s Progressby Bunyan.没有大人物的小说1.rich knowledge of social life andheart,the picture in the novels areaccurate and true life2.Thackeray’s satire is caustic and hishumor subtle3.Pay attention to morilityGeorge Eliot 乔治.艾略特《Adam Bede》亚当贝德The Mill on the Floss《弗洛斯河上的磨坊》Silas Marner《织工马南传》Middlemarch《米德尔马契》1.show superb conception andexecution and include much favoralfeminist criticism2.describe various inner world anddepict people’s live with cinematicprecision3.moral teaching and psychologicalrealism.精神说教和心理现实主义。
智慧树知到《英国文学漫谈》章节测试答案
鏅烘収鏍戠煡鍒般€婅嫳鍥芥枃瀛︽极璋堛€嬬珷鑺傛祴璇曠瓟妗?绗竴绔?1銆?English literature began with the ( ) settlement in England.A:RomanB:CelticC:EnglishD:Anglo-Saxon绛旀: Anglo-Saxon2銆?Beowulf, written about the life of England in the ( ) society,is said to bethe national epicof the English people.A:primitiveB:feudalC:medievalD:agricultural绛旀: feudal3銆?Beowulfis written in the form of ( ), a popular form of poetry in Anglo-Saxon literature.A:balladB:blank verseC:coupletD:alliterative verse绛旀: alliterative verse绗簩绔?1銆?The medieval period is often called the Dark Age for the dominating power of ( ) over everything in the society.A:the KingB:feudal lordsC:the ChurchD:the knights绛旀: the Church2銆?The central character of a romance is ( ), who follows the code of behavior calledchivalry.A:the knightB:the warriorC:the GladiatorD:a soldier绛旀: the knight3銆?The stories of ( ) are the most well-known ballads, songs of stories told orally in 4-line stanzas.A:the green knightsB:King ArthurC:Robin HoodD:the Vikings绛旀: Robin Hood4銆? Piers the Plowmanwritten by William Langland in the form of ( ) represents the achievements of popular literature of Medieval England.A:allegoryB:symbolismC:a dreamD:epic绛旀: allegory5銆?( ) is considered the father of English poetry, whose most representative work isThe Canterbury Tales.A:William LanglandB:Edmund SpenserC:John MiltonD:Geoffrey Chaucer绛旀: Geoffrey Chaucer6銆?The Canterbury Tales,a collection of stories strung together and told by 30 pilgrims on their way to pilgrimage, is written in the form of ( ).A:blank verseB:alliterative verseC:heroic couopletD:ballad绛旀: heroic couoplet7銆?The key-note of the Renaissance is ( ).A:humanismB:realismC:romanticismD:asceticism绛旀: humanism绗笁绔?1銆?It was ( ) who first introduced and reformed the English drama which reached its climax in the hands of William Shakespeare.A:JohnWycliffB:University WitsC:Christopher MarloweD:Ben Johnson绛旀:B2銆?Great writers of the English Renaissance who are known for humanism, took ( ) as the centre of the world and voiced the human aspirations for freedom and equality.A:the worldB:GodC:powerD:man绛旀:D3銆?Shakespeare is hailed by ( ), contemporary with Shakespeare, as 鈥渘ot of an age, but for all time鈥?A:Christopher MarloweB:Ben JonsonC:Robert GreeneD:Thomas Nash绛旀:B4銆?Hamlet is characterized as a(an) ( ) on that, he loves good and hates evil;he is a man free from prejudice and superstition; he has unbounded love for the world and firm belief in the power of man.A:idealistB:PuritanC:humanistD:patriot绛旀:C5銆? Edmund Spenser was considered the ( ) for his achievements in poetry.A:鈥渢he Poets鈥?Poet鈥?B:鈥渇ather of English poetry鈥?C:鈥渢he saint of English poetry鈥?D:鈥渢he greatest English poet鈥?绛旀:A6銆?( ) is a distinctive verse form adopted by Edmund Spenser in his works incluiding his masterpieceThe Faerie Queene. It has 9-line stanzas, rhyming in ababbcbcc.A:鈥淭he mighty lines鈥?B:sonnetC:鈥淭he Spenserian Stanza鈥?D:blank verse绛旀:C7銆?Francis Bacon won for himself the first English ( ) for his achievements in English literature of the Renaissance.A:dramatistB:poetC:prose writerD:essayist绛旀:D8銆?The most representative work of Francis Bacon is ( ), which is the first collection of English essays.A:Advancement of LearningB:EssaysC:The Interpretation of NatureD:Novum Organum绛旀:B绗洓绔?1銆? ( )is regarded as the greatest prose writer in theEnglish literature of the17th century, who is best known for his workThe Pilgrim鈥檚 Progress.A:John DrydenB:Francis BaconC:George HerbertD:John Bunyan绛旀:D2銆?The Pilgrim鈥檚 Progressis written in the form of ( ) .A:symbolsB:allegoryC:allusionsD:aggressions绛旀:3銆? 鈥淭he Metaphysical Poets鈥?refer to theloose group of17th-century English poets whose work was characterized by the inventive use of( )A:metaphorB:imaginationC:conceitD:symbols绛旀:C4銆? In his 鈥淎 Valediction: Forbidding Mourning鈥? John Donne makes a most impressive comparison between love and ( ) as the dominant conceit of the poem.A:a pair of compassesB:an earthquakeC:a farewell to a dying personD:a piece of gold绛旀:A5銆?The 17th century of English history was marked mainly by the English Bourgeois Revolution which ended with the establishment of ( ) as a compromise between the bourgeoisie and the monarchy.A:the United KingdomB:institutional monarchyC:the Whig PartyD:the Tory Party绛旀:B6銆?(聽聽聽聽) was the religious cloak of the English Bourgeois Revolution which advocated God's supreme authority over human beings.A:HumanismB:RepublicanismC:CalvinismD:Puritanism绛旀:D7銆? Puritan poetry in the 17th-century English literature is represented best by ( ), who producedParadise Lostas his representative work.A:John MiltionB:John DonneC:Robert HerrickD:John Dryden绛旀:A8銆?Throughout his life, Milton showed strong rebellious spirit agaisnt many things he thought unjust and acted as the voice of ( ) of England under Oliver Cromwell.A:the ParliamentB:the CommonwealthC:the MonarchD:the Royalists绛旀:B9銆? 鈥淥n his Blindness鈥?and 鈥淥n his Deceased Wife鈥?are the two best-known of Milton鈥檚 ( ).A:elegiesB:blank versesC:sonnetsD:alliterative verses绛旀:C10銆? Milton鈥檚Paradise Lostemploysthe themes taken from ( )of the Christian Bible.A:GenesisB:MatthewC:ExodusD:Luke绛旀:A11銆? The central theme ofParadise Lostis ( ).A:the creation of manB:the fall of manC:resurrectionD:final judgment绛旀:绗簲绔?1銆?The Enlightenment was an intellectualmovement throughout Western Europe in the18thcenturywhich was an expression of the struggle of bourgeoisie against ( ).A:puritanismB:feudalismC:humanismD:classicism绛旀:B2銆? Among the English Enlighteners of the 18th century,there were chiefly two groups: the ( ) group and the radical group.A:conservativeB:revolutionaryC:royalistD:moderate绛旀:D3銆? The Tatler,a British literary and society journal begun byRichard Steelein 1709,featured cultivated essays on( ).A:contemporary mannersB:social evilsC:class strugglesD:cultural state绛旀:A4銆?As a distinctive way, ( ) are adopted by the neo-classicist playwrights in the 18th-century English literature.A:realistic techniquesB:three unitiesC:heroic coupletsD:satires绛旀:B5銆?( ) writers in the 18th-century English literature modelled themselves ontheGreek and Romanwritersin their dramatic writings.A:Pre-romanticistB:RealistC:Neo-classicistD:Enlightenment绛旀:C6銆? AlexanerPope was a masterof poetryinheroic couplet.He strongly advocated ( ), emphasizing that literary works should be judged by classical rules.A:realismB:naturalismC:aestheticismD:classicism绛旀:D7銆? Daniel Defoe is an early proponent of the ( ) novel whose masterpieceRobinson Crusoetells about the adventures of a sailor on the sea and on an island.A:sentimentalistB:epistolaryC:realistD:Gothic绛旀:C8銆丄s one of the greatest satirists in the 18th century,(聽聽聽聽)made use of satire to attacksocial evilsand call for social changes in hisGulliver's Travels.A:Johnathan SwiftB:Daniel DefoeC:Samuel RichardsonD:Henry Fielding绛旀:A9銆?Gulliver鈥?s Travelstells about the adventures of Gullliver through the fairy tale of fantasy which is a great satire on ( ).A:human mindB:human heartC:human spiritD:human nature绛旀:D10銆?( ), the greatest realist novelist of the 18th-century English literature, is also considered the father of the English novel.A:Jonathan SwiftB:Henry FieldingC:Daniel DefoeD:Oliver Goldsmith绛旀:B11銆?Tom Jonesshows Fielding鈥檚 philosophical view of 鈥渞eturn to ( )鈥? Thus, in characterization, a contrast is made between Tom Jones, the good-nautured though flawed man, and Bilfil, the hypocritical villain.A:natureB:childhoodC:countrysideD:motherland绛旀:A12銆?Sentimentalism of English literature got its name from Lawrence Stern's novel (聽聽聽聽) in which Sterne tries to catch the actual flow of human mind and sentiment.A:Tristram ShandyB:The Vicar of WakefieldC:PamelaD:A Sentimental Journey绛旀:D13銆? Sentimetalism is also found in Samuel Richardson鈥檚 ( ) novels which convey female characters鈥?feelings and sentiments.A:realistB:adventureC:epistolaryD:historical绛旀:C14銆? The only poet of the sentimentalist school of literature is Thomas Gray, whose well-known 鈥淓legy Written in a Country Churchyard鈥?earned for him the name of a 鈥? ) Poet鈥?A:LakeB:NationalC:LocalD:Graveyard绛旀:D15銆? Oliver Goldsmith鈥檚The Vicar of Wakefieldconveys his reflections on the relations between sentimentalism and ( ) in the 18th-century English literature.A:satireB:realismC:romanticismD:localism绛旀:16銆? The latter half of the 18th century English literaturewas marked by a strong protest against the bondage ofclassicismanda recognition of the claims of passionand emotion which is later known as ( ).A:sentimentalismB:realismC:pre-romanticismD:neo-classicism绛旀:C17銆? Robert Burnsis the best known of the poets who have written in the( )dialect.A:IrishB:ScottishC:LondonD:Celtic绛旀:B绗叚绔?1銆? Romanticism preferred ( ) to reason and rationalism. To William Wordsworth,poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings.A:emotionB:devicesC:rhetoricD:art绛旀:A2銆乀he joint publication of聽聽(聽聽聽聽) in 1798 by Wordsworth and Coleridge marked the beginning of the Romantic movement in England.A:'Lines Composed upon Tinten Abbey'B:'Rime of Ancient Mariner'C:Lyrical BalladsD:'Preface to Lyrical Ballads'绛旀:C3銆?To Wordsworth, the theme of poetry should be concerned with ( ), the language of peotry should be plain, and the people poetry should deal with are country folk.A:country lifeB:common lifeC:city lifeD:fantastic life绛旀:B4銆?In鈥淚 Wandered Lonely as a Cloud鈥? 鈥渢he inward eye鈥?refers to ( ), which is a metaphor to appeal to the reader鈥檚 imagination of the author鈥檚 inner feelings.A:鈥渉eart鈥?B:鈥渆motians鈥?C:鈥渞eason鈥?D:鈥渕ind鈥?绛旀:D5銆? In鈥淭he Solitary Reaper鈥? the feeling of ( ) is clearly conveyed to the reader, especially in the first stanza.A:lonelinessB:melancholyC:homesicknessD:disillusionment绛旀:B6銆? Percy Bysshe Shelley belongs to the school of ( ) romantic poets, whose masterpiecePrometheus Unboundowes much to the Greek tragedyPrometheus Bound.A:revolutionaryB:passiveC:activeD:lyrical绛旀:C7銆? ( ) is Shelley鈥檚 bestknown lyric in which he calls forth the overthrowing of the old social system and bringing destruction to it.A:鈥淥de to the West Wind鈥?B:鈥淭o a Skylark鈥?C:鈥淭he Cloud鈥?D:鈥淪ong to the Man of England鈥?绛旀:A8銆?Walter Scott is the only novelist of the romantic literature of the 19th-century England and his novels are mainly ( ) novels as far as genre is concerned.A:realistB:historicalC:sentimentalistD:psychoanalytical绛旀:B9銆? Scott鈥檚 historical novels touch uponthe subject matters ofthe history of( ), thehistory of Englandand the history of European countries.A:IrelandB:WalesC:FranceD:Scotland绛旀:D绗竷绔?1銆? JaneAusten鈥檚 novels mainly concern such issues as the ( ) of young women. Because of the use of satire and criticism of social prejudices, she is considered as a realist novelist rather than a romantic writer.A:mannersB:moralsC:ethicsD:feminism绛旀:A2銆? The Bronte sisters refer to Charlotte, Emily and Anne Bronte, with the elder two represented byJane Eyreand ( ) respectively.A:The ProfessorB:Agnes GreyC:Wuthering HeightsD:Villette绛旀:C3銆?Of the women writers in the 19th century English literature, ( ) is the only one that deals with the life of the working-class people, represented by her novelMary Barton.A:Mrs. GaskellB:Charlotte BronteC:George EliotD:Jane Austen绛旀:A4銆?The novels of George Eliot mostly deal with ( ) problems and contain psychological studies of the characters.A:socialB:moralC:culturalD:psychological绛旀:B绗叓绔?1銆? In response to the social, political and economic problems associated withindustrialisation,() novel becomes the leading genre of the Victorian literature.A:critial realistB:psychoanalyticalC:aestheticistD:new romanticist绛旀:A2銆乀he first period of Charles Dickens鈥檚 literary careeris characterized mainly by (聽聽聽聽) and the novels are filled with moral teachings.A:mysticismB:pessimismC:fatalismD:optimism绛旀:D3銆? Thomas Hardyis the most representativerealist in the later decades of the Victorian era,whose principal works are the ( ) novels, i.e., the novels describing the characters and environment of his native countryside.A:realistB:character and environmentC:modernistD:Bildungsroman绛旀:B4銆?In the aesthetic movement of the 19th century, 鈥淎rt for Art鈥檚 Sake鈥?can simply mean the focus on ( ) rather than on deep meaning of literary works.A:formB:techniqueC:impressionD:beauty绛旀:D5銆? ( ) is a type of poetry written in the form of a speech of an individual character whose spiritual world is conveyed to the reader through the author鈥檚 subtle psychological analysis.A:Interior monologueB:Free associationC:Dramatic monologueD:Psycho-analysis绛旀:C6銆?鈥淏reak, Break, Break鈥? is a short lyric poem written by Alfred Tennyson which is a(n) ( ) for the poet to reveal his grief over the death of his friend.A:elegyB:lyricC:sonnetD:ode绛旀:A7銆?Thomas Carlyle's non-fiction The French Revolution: A Historywas the inspiration for Charles Dickens' s novel(聽聽 ).A:Hard TimesB:Great ExpectationsC:A Tale of Two CitiesD:Oliver Twist绛旀:C8銆?John Ruskin was the leading English artcritic of the Victorian era. In hisModern Painters, he argued that the principal role of the artist is ( ).A:鈥渁rt for art鈥檚 sake鈥?B:鈥渢ruth to nature鈥?C:innovationD:creativity绛旀:B9銆?In hisCulture and Anarchy, ( ) showed his deepest contempt for and most frequent attack on the middle-class Philistines who he thought lacked culture.A:Thomas CarlyleB:John RuskinC:Charles KinsleyD:Matthew Arnold绛旀:D绗節绔?1銆?Writers, artists and composers we consider 鈥渕odern鈥?had their roots in the ( ) era which produced such writers as Joseph Conrad, E. M. Forster, W. S. Maugham, etc.A:EdwardianB:VictorianC:ElizabethanD:Georgian绛旀:A2銆? A Passage to Indiais set on Joseph Conrad鈥檚 own experience in India which deals with the theme of ( ) in addition to persoal relationships.A:patriotismB:culturalismC:fatalismD:colonialism绛旀:D3銆? ( )is admittedlyan autobiographicalnovel which draws much onMaugham鈥檚own experience.A:The Moon and SixpenceB:The Razor鈥檚 EdgeC:Of Human BondageD:Howard鈥檚 End绛旀:C绗崄绔?1銆?鈥淭he Waste Land鈥?is written by T. S. Eliot in which the theme of the ( ) of the post-World War I generation is declared to the reader.A:dreamB:disillusionmentC:enlightenmentD:radicalism绛旀:B2銆? Because of his Irish background, ( ) is thought to be the driving force of the Irish Literary Revival.A:William Butler YeatsB:AlfredTennysonC:Matthew ArnoldD:Robert Browning绛旀:A3銆?Ulysses, written by James Joyce and considered the most representative of the Egnlish stream-of-consciousness novels, is set in ( ), Ireleand .A:LondonB:EdinburghC:ManchesterD:Dublin绛旀:D4銆? The only female writer of the stream-of-consciousness novel is ( ), who produced such novels asTo the Lighthouse, Mrs. Dalloway, The Waves, etc. .A:Catherine MansfieldB:George EliotC:Virginia WoolfD:Elizabeth Bowen绛旀:C5銆?D. H. Lawrence is a modernist novelist who makesreflectionsupon thedehumanizingeffects of( ) in his representative workSons and Lovers.A:modernizationB:industrialisation C:urbanizationD:mechanization。
英国文学简史 (刘炳善著 河南人民出版社)笔记part3-4
Part three the period of the English bourgeois revolution Chaper 1 the English revolution and the Reatoration1 the weakening of the tie between monarchy and bourgeoise2 the clashes between the king and parliament3 the outburst of the English revolution:4 the split with the revolution camp5 the bourgeois dictatorship and the restoration6 the religious cloak of the English revolution:Also called the puritan revolution.Puritanism is the religious doctrine7 literature of the revolution periodChapter 2 John Milton约翰•弥尔顿1608~1674（诗人、政论家;失明后写《失乐园》、《复乐园》、《力士参孙》。
）①Epics: <Paradise Lost>失乐园: written in blank verseIn the poem god is no better than a despot. God is cruel and unjust. Adam and Eve embody Milton's belife in the powers of man.The desription of hell, Satan is the real hero of the poem. Satan is the spirit questioning the authority of God.<Paradise Regained>复乐园②Dramatic poem: < Samson Agonistes>力士参孙:A poetical drama.③<Areopagitica>论出版自由: as a declaration of people's freedom of the press, has been a weapon in the later democratic revulotion struggles.<The Defence of the English People>为英国人民声辩: as the spokesman of the revolution.④<On His Blindness>我的失明This sonnet is written in iambic pentameter rhymed in abba abba cde cde, typical of Italian sonnet.Its theme is that people use their talent for God, and they serve him best sho can endure the suffering best.Milton:1 he was a political in both his life and his art. He was a militant pamphleteer of the English Revolution, and the greatest English revolutionary poet in 17th century2 wrote the greatest epic in English literature. He and Shakespeare have always been regarded as two patterns of English verse3 he first used blank verse in non-dramatic works. In paradise lost, he acquires an absolute mastery of the blank verse.4 he is a great stylist, grand style.5 his sublimity of thought and majesty of expression.Chapter 3 John Bunyan约翰•班扬1628~1688（代表作《天路历程》，宗教寓言，被誉为“具有永恒意义的百科全书”，是英国文学史上里程碑式著作。
英国文学简史 4新古典主义(18世纪)
The Neoclassical Period （18th century）Definitions of literary terms英语081班汪志超51011080951) The Enlightenment MovementThe 18th-century England is known as the Age of Enlightenment or the Age of Reason.The Enlightenment Movement was a progressive intellectual movement which flourished in France & swept through the whole Western Europe at the time. The movement was a furtherance of the Renaissance of the 15th & 16th centuries. Its purpose was to enlighten the whole world with the light of modem philosophical & artistic ideas. The enlighteners celebrated reason or rationality, equality & science. They called for a reference to order, reason & rules & advocated universal education. Famous among the great enlighteners in England were those great writers like John Dryden, Alexander pope & so on.2) NeoclassicismIn England, neoclassicism is initiated by John Dryden, culminated in Alexander Pope and continued by Samuel Johnson. It was a reaction against the fire of passions that blazed in the later Renaissance. It found its literary artistic model in the classical literature of ancient Greek and Latin authors, such as Homer, Virgil, Horace. The neoclassicists have their artistic ideas: order, logic, symmetry, restraint, accuracy, good taste, good sense, decorum and so on. In drama, they follow the Three Unities closely.1Richard Steele(1672-1729) and Joseph Addison(1672-1719)The Tatler ; The Spectator (the earliest periodicals)2Samuel Johnson（1709-1784）Samuel Johnson, commonly called Dr. Johnson, was one of the greatest figures of 18th-century English literature. He was the last great neoclassicist enlightener in the late 18th century. He had a hand in all the different branches of literary activities. He was a poet, dramatist, prose romancer, biographer, essayist, critic, lexicographer & publicist.His major works :poems: "London", & "The vanity of Human Wishes"a romance: The History of Rasselas, Prince of Abyssinia ;a tragedy: Irenehundreds of essays in the two periodicals :The Rambler & The Idler;English dictionary :A Dictionary of the English Language传记文学双星：Life of Johnson by James Boswell,The Life of Charlotte Bronte by Elizabeth Cleghon Gaskell3Alexander pope（1688-1744）poetPope is one of the fore-most satirists in world literature as well as a great poet. Pope's mock-heroic poem The Rape of the Lock is one of the finest examples of English comic verse. As a representative of the Enlightenment, Pope was one of the first to introduce rationalism to England. He was the greatest poet of his time.His major works1). The Rape of the LockA delightful burlesque of epic poetry, it ridicules the manners of the English nobility. The poem isbased on an actual incident in which a young nobleman stole a lock of a lady's hair.2) An Essay on CriticismHis first important work, An Essay on Criticism was a long didactic poem in heroic couplets. In this work, he reflected the neo-classical spirit of the times by advocating good taste, common sense & the adherence to classical rules in writing & criticism. The whole poem is written in a plain style, hardly containing any imagery or eloquence &therefore makes easy reading.3）The DunciadGenerally considered Pope's best satiric work, The Dunciad goes deep in meaning & works at many levels. Its satire is directed at Dullness in general, & in the course of it all the literary men of the age. Poets mainly who had made Pope's enemies, are held up to ridicule. But the poem is not confined to personal attack. Dullness as reflected in the corruptness of government, social morals, education & even religion, is expertly exposed & satirized.The Realistic Novel:The mid-century was, however, predominated by a newly rising literary form, the modern English novel, which, contrary to the traditional romance of aristocrats, gives a realistic presentation of life of the common English people. This-the most significant phenomenon in the history of the development of English literature in the eighteenth century - is a natural product of the Industrial Revolution & a symbol of the growing importance & strength of the English of the growing importance & strength of the English middle class, Among the pioneers were Daniel Defoe ,Samuel Richardson, Henry Fielding, Laurence Sterne, Tobias George Smollett, & Oliver Goldsmith.1Daniel Defoe(1660-1731)He acquired a pure naked English—smooth, easy, almost colloquial. Yet never coarse. He loved short, crisp, plain sentences. There is nothing artificial in his language; it is really common English.作品：1）Pamphlet: The Trueborn Englishman—A Satire.(It contained a caustic exposure of the aristocracy and the tyranny of the church.)2)Novels:Robinson Crusoe(The character of Robinson Crusoe is representative of the English bourgeoisie atthe earlier stage of its development.); Captain Singleton; Moll Flanders; Colonel Jacque2Jonathan Swift (1667-1745)He is an Irish. Swift is one of the greatest masters of English prose. His language is simple, clear and vigorous. He said, “Proper words in proper places, makes the true definition of a style.” Swift is a master of satirist, and his irony is deadly. But his satire is masked by an outward gravity, and an apparent calmness conceals his bitter irony. This makes his satire all the more powerful, as shown in his Modest Proposal.作品：1）Two stories: A Tale of a Tub; The Battle of the Books(The two stories made him well-known as a satirist.)2) Novel:Gulliver’s Travels3) Pamphlets :The Drapier’s Letters; A Modest Proposal(Swift’s pamphlets in Ireland form avery important part of his works.)3Samuel Richardson(1689-1761)His main achievement as a novelist lies in his technique to show characters as personalities. Psychological analysis.作品：Pamela (The story is a told in a series of letters from the heroine, Pamela Andrews.书信体小说);Clarissa; Sir Charles Grandison.Pamela was a new thing in three ways:Firstly, it discarded the “improbable and marvellous”accomplishment of the former heroic romances, and pictured the life and love of ordinary people.Secondly, its intension was to afford not merely entertainment but also moral instruction. Thirdly, it described not only the sayings and doings of the characters but also their secret thoughts and feelings. It was, in fact, the first English psycho-analytical novel.4Henry Fielding(1707-1754)1)简介：As a novelist, Fielding is very great. He is the founder of the English realistic novel and sets up the theory of realism in literary.“Nature herself,” i.e., the exact observation and study of real life, was the basis of Fielding’s work. Byron, in a famous phrase, called Fielding “the prose Homer of Human Nature”. Fielding established once for all the form of the modern novel. His importance in the history of the novel is unique. He has been rightly call the “father of the English novel”.2）作品：Novels:①Joseph Andrews ②Jonathan Wild ③Tom Jones(流浪汉小说) ④AmeliaPicaresque Novel(流浪汉小说)is a popular sub-genre of prose fiction, which is usually satirical and depict in realistic and humorous details the adventures of a roguish hero of low social class, who lives by his or her wits in a corrupt society. The characteristic of it is loosely linked episodes, intrigue fights and adventures. The style of this novel originated in Spain and flourished in Europe in the 17th and 18th centuries, and continued to influence modern literature. In England, Tobias Smollett’s works, Daniel Defoe’s “Moll Flanders”, Fielding’s “Tom Jones”, and Charles Dickens’“Pickwick Papers” are considered to be picaresque novels. In modern America, Sawl Bellow’s “Adventure of Augie March”, Jack Kerouac’s “Dharma Bums” can be called picaresque novels. The Chinese “Journey to the Wrest” is considered to has considerable elements of picaresque.3）Some Features of Fielding’s Novels①Fielding’s method of Relating a Story: told directly by the author.②Satire in Fielding’s Novels. Satire sounds everywhere in Fielding’s works.③Fielding believed in the educational function of the novel.④Style. Fielding is a master of style. His style is easy, unlaboured and familiar, but extremely vivid and vigorous.5Tobias Smollett(1721-1771)He is a Scottish. He belonged to the realistic school.作品：Roderick Random, Peregrine Pickle, Humphry Clinker, History of England.6Laurence Sterne(1713-1768)He is a novelist of the sentimentalist school. He was born in Ireland.A Sentimental Journey.The drama of the 18th century was extensive, but very little of it has permanent or acting value. Only two men, Goldsmith and Sheridan, produced works which are of high literary quality and which are still remain their interest upon the stage.1Oliver Goldsmith(1730-1774)Goldsmith was a poet, novelist, dramatist and essayist, all combined in one person. He was born in Ireland.Comedies: The Good-Natured Man, She Stoops to Conquer2、Richard Brinsley Sheridan(1751-1816)was, like Goldsmith, an Irishman. His literary fame rests almost exclusively uponhis dramas. His dramas are sufficient to maintain his reputation as one of the most brilliant of English writers of Comedy.戏剧作品：①The Rivals, ②The School for Scandal（It gives a brilliant portrayal and a biting satire ofIn the first half of the 18 century, Pope was the leader of English poetry and the heroic couplet the fashion of poetry. But the middle of the century, however, sentimentalism gradually made its appearance.The appearance and development of sentimentalist poetry marks the midway in the transition from classicism to its opposite, Romanticism, in English poetry.Sentimentalism : It is a literary current started in the middle of 18th century. It is a part of the Pre-Romantic trend as reaction against the cold, logic rationalism that dominated people’s life and writing since the last decade of the 17th century. It appeared to sentiment as a means of achieving happiness and social justice. They believed that the effective emotions were the evidence of kindness and goodness. A ready sympathy and an inward pain for the misery of others became part of accepted social morality and ethics. Their words reveal a purely emotional approach to life on the part of the narrator. They formed the contrast of rationally composed novel. The most outstanding figure of this school was Laurence Stern who composed “Tristram Shandy”and “Sentimental Journey through France to Italy”. Samuel Richardson’s work also belong to this school because he used a lot of psychological analysis. Oliver Goldsmith’s work, especially “The Vicar of Wakefield”is of this time. Thomas Gray, a member of Graveyard school is a member of sentimental school, because Graveyard School is part of Sentimental School.1Laurence Sterne(1713-1768)He is a novelist of the sentimentalist school. He was born in Ireland.作品：Tristram Shandy, A Sentimental Journey.2Thomas Gray(1716-1771):作品：Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard. （This is a poem full of the gentle melancholy which marks all early romantic poetry.）Graveyard School: is a term applied to the 18th century poets who wrote melancholy, reflective works, often set in graveyard, on the theme of human morality. The dominant imageries are graveyard, death and darkness. They are part of Sentimental School in the 18th century literature. Thomas Gray’s “Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard” was the best known example for the time.Elegy: It is an ancient form of writing. Its tradition can be traced back to Greek. It is a kind of war song, the song that eulogizes the warring spirit, especially to celebrate the victory of the war and to lament upon the dead. Later, thiswriting is used for lamentation over one’s loss, one’s complaint, one’s unhappiness or things like that. In France, people sometimes use elegy for love lyric.3Oliver Goldsmith(1730-1774)Goldsmith was a poet, novelist, dramatist and essayist, all combined in one person. He was born in Ireland.作品：⑴Poems:①The Traveller is based on Goldsmith’s personal observation during his European wanderings. He came to the conclusion that human happiness depends less on political institution than onour own minds.②The Deserted Village is Goldsmith’s best poem. It contains some charmingdescriptions of village life. He marks the depopulation in the countryside owing to the inroads ofmonopolizing riches.⑵Novel: The Vicar of Wakefield. His novel appeals to human sentiment as a means of achieving happinessand social justice. That is why he is acknowledged to be one of the representatives of English sentimentalism.⑶Comedies: The Good-Natured Man, She Stoops to Conquer⑷Essays: The Citizen of the World.Goldsmith’s place as one of the greatest English essayists is mainlyIn the latter half of the 18century, a new literary monument arose in Europe, called the Romantic Revival. In England, this movement showed itself in the trend of Pre-Romanticism in poetry, which was ushered by Percy, Macpherson and Chatterton, and represented by Blake and Burns,the two greatest romantic poets of the 18th century.Pre-Romanticism:It rose as a reaction against enlightenment and neoclassicism, especially against reasons advocated by them. It originated by conservative groups men of letters and rose in the latter half of 18th century. The representatives are Thomas Gray, William Blake and Robert Burns.1William Blake(1757-1827)①The earliest of the major English Romantic poets.②Like Shelley, Blake strongly criticized the capitalists' cruel exploitation, saying that the "dark satanic mills left menunemployed, killed children & forced prostitution."③From childhood, Blake had a strongly visual mind; whatever he imagined, he also saw. As an imaginative poet, hepresents his view in visual images instead of abstract terms. " I know that This world is a world of IMAGINATION & Vision," & that "The Nature of my work is visionary or imaginative."④Blake writes his poems in plain & direct language.works：①The Songs of Innocence is a lovely volume of poems, presenting a happy & innocent world,though not without its evils & sufferings.②The Songs of Experience paints a different world, a world of misery, poverty, disease, war &repression with a melancholy tone.③Marriage of Heaven & Hell marks his entry into maturity.④The Book of Urizen, The Book of Los，The Four Zoas，Milton2、Robert Burns(1759-1796)He is the greatest of Scottish poets. He devoted all his free time to collecting, editing, restoring and imitating traditional Scottish songs, or writing verses of his own to traditional tunes.works：①Burns is remembered mainly for his songs written in the Scottish dialect on a variety of subjects.②Numerous are Burns’ songs of love and friendship. A Red, Red Rose③Bruce at Bannockburn is a typical song of patriotism.⑤The Tree of Liberty and A Revolutionary Lyric are the poems on the theme of revolution.⑥The Toadeater is a piece of bitter satire.⑦The Jolly Beggars is characterized by humour and lightheartedness.。
(杏)英国文学08-09试题 D
英国文学作品选读
试卷（闭卷） （D）第 1
页 共 4 页
一
二
三
四
五
六
总分
All the answers should be written on the Answer Sheet 得分 评卷人
I. Multiple Choice.( 30% )
封
线
There are 30 statements in this part. Choose A, B,C or D on your Answer Sheet. 1. _______, the “father of English poetry” and one of the greatest narrative poets of England, was born in London about 1340. A.Geoffrey Chaucer B. Sir Gawain C. Francis Bacon D. John Dryden 2. Which of the following statements is not true about Francis Bacon? A. the founder of English materialist philosophy B. the founder of modern science in England C. the first English essayist D. the most gifted of the “university wits” 3. From the following, choose the one which is not Francis Bacon’s work: A. The Advancement of Learning B. The New Instrument C. Essays D. Venus and Adonis 4. “Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?” This is the beginning line of one of Shakespeare’s _______________. A. songs B. plays C. comedies D. sonnets 5. Choose the one that doesn’t belong to Shakespeare’s four great tragedies from the following:________________. A. Hamlet B. Othello C. Macbeth D. The Tempest 6. Which play is not a comedy?_____________. A. A Midsummer Night’s Dream B. The Merchant of Venice C. As you Like it D. Romeo and Julia 7. “Denmark is a prison”. In which play does the hero summarize his observation of his world into such a bitter sentence?______________. A. Charles I B. Othello C. Henry VIII D. Hamlet 8. Which work was not written by John Milton?______________. A. Paradise Lost B. Paradise Regained C. Samson Agonistes D. Volpone 9 The finest thing in Paradise Lost is the description of hell, and ________________is often regarded as the real hero of the poem. A. God B. Satan C. Adam D. Raphael 使用班级
英国文学知识
II. The English Renaissance
•
•
•
5. Christopher Marlowe: “university wits”; The Tragic History of Doctor Faustus, Tamburlaine, The Jew of Malta; blank verse (rhymeless iambic pentameter) as the principle instrument of English drama 6. William Shakespeare: 37 plays, 154 sonnets, 2 narrative poems; four great tragedies; four important comedies (A Midsummer’s Dream, As You Like It, The Twelfth Night, Merchant of Venice); Two remarkable historical plays (Henry IV, Henry V) 7. Ben Johnson: Volpone or the Fox (satirical comedy 《狐狸》); literary king of his time; poet Laureate of James I; a forerunner of classicism
•
•
•
•
•••Fra bibliotekI. Old and Medieval English Literature II. The English Renaissance III. The Seventeenth Century (Literature of the Revolution Period: age of Milton; Literature of the Restoration Period: age of Dryden) IV. The Eighteenth Century (Enlightenment; NeoClasscism; Novelists of realistic tradition and novelists of sentimental tradition; Preromanticism and sentimentalism; drama in the 18th century) V. English Romanticism VI. English Critical Realism VII. Modern English Literature
the18thcenturyEnglishLiterature
the18thcenturyEnglishLiteratureThe 18th century English LiteratureBackgroundindustrialization and expansionsocial spirit: the bourgeois or Puritan spiritual / moral principlesthe Enlightenment movement启蒙运动a progressive intellectual movement throughout Western Europe at the time. France was at its vanguard. The Enlightenment celebrated reason or ration, equality, science and human beings’ ability to perfect themselves and their soc iety.the importance of educationto enlighten: to educatean age of reasonan age of witan age of skepticismFeatures of Neo-classicismIt found artistic models in the classical literature of ancient Greek and Roman writers and in the contemporary French writers.It stressed the artistic ideals of order, logic, restrained emotion, accuracy, good taste,etc.It usually aims to enlighten, educate and correct people.the rise of sentimentalismreactions against Neo-classicism and rationalist philosophy connected with the social contradictions & social injustices brought about by the bourgeois revolutions and the Industrial RevolutionHeart /feeling is more important than mind / reason.Laurence Sterne劳伦斯·斯特恩（The Life and Opinions ofTristram Shandy）打破传统小说叙述模式，写法奇特。
Richard B. Sheridan
The Critic
• The Critic, an afterpiece designed to be presented after a full-length未经删节的 play, is the work of a writer thoroughly familiar with the theater world; it is a broad satire on contemporary playwrights and their critics. Sheridan's two major trademarks are his incisively 激烈地 exaggerated characters and amusing twists 曲折 of plot. From the name of Mrs. Malaprop用词错误可笑的, a humorous character in the early play The Rivals, derives the widely used term malapropism词语误用, meaning the absurd misapplication of a long word.
Works:
• Richard Brinsley Sheridan is chiefly known as a playwright.
• Two plays: • The Rivals(情敌) • The School of Scandal.（造谣学校）
The Rivals (1774)
• The heroine Lydia莉迪亚 comes from an upper-class family. Lydia is a sentimental girl. She often dreams to elope私奔 with a poor young man. Captain Absolute loves Lydia. He is a Baron男爵. He pretends to be a poor young man to win the heart of Lydia. However, Lydia’s aunt is a rich woman. She refuses the proposal made by Captain Absolute. Captain Absolute’s father makes a proposal to Lydia’s aunt. The father reveals the real identity身份 of his son so the aunt accepts the proposal. When Lydia knows the identity of Captain Absolute, she is disillusioned醒悟. She finally realized that romance is not realistic.
The 18th Century (I)
2.3 Addison and Steele
2.3 Addison and Steele
Similar experiences of Addison and Steele They were contemporaries born in the same
year,1672, and were educated at the same school. Afterward, they went to Oxford together. They became intimate partners in literary career.
2.1 The Enlightenment
the Enlightenment, on the whole, was an expression of struggle of the bourgeoisie against feudalism.
The Enlighteners fought against class inequality, stagnation, prejudices and other survivals of feudalism.
English Literature-4 The 18th Century 英国文学英语版 教学课件
18th Century - 1
• England became a maritime superpower • Political writings • Newspapers and journals • Coffeehouses • The new morality • Science and technology:
Subjectivism Spontaneity Singularity Worship of nature Simplicity Melancholy Outpouring of emotions and feelings
English Literature of the 19th Century-3
• Traditionally in China, Romantic poets are divided into two groups:
The Passive (The Lake Poets): William Wordsworth (1770-1850) Samuel Taylor Coleridge (1772-1834) Robert Southey (1774-1843)
Fair youth, beneath the trees, thou canst not leave Thy song, nor ever can those trees be bare; Bold Lover, never, never canst thou kiss,
The Active / Progressive: George Gordon Byron (1788-1834) Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792-1822) John Keats (1795-1821
英国文学知识竞赛
第一轮必答题：1-1. is the most accomplished example of medieval romance, dealing with Arthurian romance.A. Sir Gawain and the Green KnightB. The Canterbury TalesC. Piers the PlowmanD. The Song of Beowulf2-1.Christopher Marlowe first made ______ the principal instrument of English drama.A. blank verseB. heroic coupletC. free verseD. monologue3-1．Paradise Lost is a(n) ________ in blank verse by the 17th-century English poet John Milton.A. historical tragedyB. satirical comedyC. epic poemD. metaphysical poem4-1．Modern English novel, as a product of the 18th century Enlightenment and industrialization, really came with the rising of the class.A. workingB. aristocraticC. bourgeoisD. capitalist5-1．The Romantic Age is said to have begun in 1798 when Wordsworth and Coleridge published their joint work .答案：Lyrical Ballads .抒情歌谣集6-1．written by Charles Dickens is generally taken as the most autobiographical novel.答案：David Copperfield7-1. Which of the following works is NOT written by Virginia Woolf?A. Mrs. DallowayB. Finnegans WakeC. To the LighthouseD. Orlando第一轮必答题：1-2. In , the chaos of the contemporary world and the despair of westerners after the first world war are expressed.A. Ode to the West WindB. The Waste LandC. I Wandered Lonely as a Clou dD. Tess of the D’Urbervilles2-2. Chronologically the Victorian Period refers to ____.A.1798—1832B.1837—1901C.1558—1603D.1660—17853-2.________ was an Irish playwright who wrote more than fifty plays, including Pygmalion.答案：George Bernard Shaw4-2. ―Art for Art's Sake‖ is the slogan for the ________ Movement .A. RomanticB. TranscendentalistC. RealisticD. Aesthetic5-2. Which of the following novels is commonly seen as a forerunner of later stream of consciousness?A. Defoe’s Robinson CrusoeB. Fielding’s Tom JonesC. Smollett’s Roderick RandomD. Sterne’s Tristram Shandy6-2. The title of the novel Vanity Fair was taken from .A. Gulliver’s TravelsB. The Pilgrim’s ProgressC. Childe Harold’s PilgrimageD. The Canterbury Tales7-2. Who was the first to introduce the sonnet into English literature .A. Thomas WyattB. William ShakespeareC. Philip SydneyD. Geoffrey Chaucer第一轮必答题：1-3. My Last Duchess is a poem by ________.A. Alfred TennysonB. Robert BrowningC. Matthew Arnold2-3. Oscar Wilde was the representative among the writers of ________ .A. aestheticismB. critical realismC. neo-classicismD. sentimentalism3-3. Which of the following contributed a lot to the Irish literary revival called the Irish Renaissance?A.W.B. Yeats B.William WordsworthC.John KeatsD.George Bernard Shaw4-3. The most famous English ballads of the 15th century is the Ballads of , a legendary outlaw.答案：Robin Hood5-3. John Bunyan’s The Pilgrim’s Progress is a(n) .A. comedy of mannersB. romanceC. allegoryD. realistic novel6-3. Araby is a short story for the anthology ________ published in 1914.答案：Dubliners7-3. Who wrote Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard答案：Thomas Gray第二轮必答题：1-1.The principal elements of （）novel are mystery, horror and suspense.A. RealisticB. RomanticC. Sentimental 多愁善感的D. Gothic 哥特式2-1. Who leads Adam and Eve out of Paradise?A. GodB. The SonC. MichaelD. Raphael3-1. The ________ was a progressive intellectual movement throughout western Europe in the 18th century.答案：Enlightenment （启蒙运动）4-1. Which of the following plays is NOT written by the Irish dramatist Oscar Wilde?A. Saint JoanB. A Woman of No ImportanceC. An Ideal HusbandD. The Importance of Being Earnest答案：A. Saint Joan was written by George Bernard Shaw5-1. The modernist writers such as Richardson, Joyce and Woolf are mainly concerned with the ______.A. External worldB. Inner life of an individualC. Social activities of human beingsD.Public life of an individual6-1. Which of the following is generally considered as James Joyce's masterpiece?A. DublinersB. A Portrait of the Artist as a Young ManC. UlyssesD. Finnegans Wake7-1. In Greek mythology, ( ) are creatures with the head of a female and the body of a bird, living on an island.答案：Siren第二轮必答题：1-2. The following lines are excerpted from ______ written by ______.―In Xanadu did Kubla KhanA stately pleasure-dome decree:Where Alph, the sacred river, ranThrough caverns measureless to manDown to a sunless sea.‖答案：Kubla Khan; Samuel Taylor Coleridge2-2. How does Tess react when she is caught for her crime?A. She commits suicide instead of submitting herself for a trial.B. She accepts her punishment, telling her captors that she is ready.C. She does not react, for her captors kill her before she awakes.D. She weeps, lamenting her miserable fate.3-2.Identify the poem and the poet.―… All is no lost: the unconquerable will, And study of revenge, immortal hate, And courage never to submit or yield ……‖答案：It is taken from John Milton’s ―Paradise Lost‖.4-2. Lord of the Flies is an allegorical novel by Nobel Prize-winning author ______.A. E. M. ForsterB. William GoldingC. Doris LessingD. John Fowles5-2. ―Wild Spirit, which art moving everywhere; Destroyer and preserver; hear, oh hear!‖ was from ________.A. Ode to a SkylarkOdeB. Ode on a Grecian UrnC. Ode to the West WindD. Ode to a Nightingale6-2. The two major novelists of the Romantic period are _____.A. William Wordsworth and John KeatsB. John Keats and Jane AustenC. Jane Austen and Walter ScottD. Walter Scott and P.B. Shelly.7-2. Who is NOT one of the Victorian poets?A. Alfred TennysonB. Andrew MarvellC. Robert BrowningD. Matthew Arnold答案：(Andrew Marvell (1621 – 1678) was an English metaphysical poet)第二轮必答题：1-3. The Golden Notebook is a novel by British author ______, known for her strong sense of feminism.A. Mrs. BrowningB. Virginia WoolfC. Antonia Susan ByattD. Doris Lessing2-3. Who is NOT the major figure of the Modernist Movement?A. T. S. Eliot.B. James Joyce.C. Thomas Carlyle.D. Ezra Pound.答案：Thomas Carlyle belongs to the Victorian Era.3-3. Heart of Darkness(1902) is ________’s most famous shorter work.答案：Joseph Conrad4-3. — Is he married or single?— Oh! Single, my dear, to be sure! A single man of large fortune; four or five thousand a year. What a fine thing for our girls! Who are the two speakers?答案：Mr. Bennet and Mrs. Bennet.5-3 .Greek drama evolved from the song and dance in the ceremonies honoring ____ at Athens.答案：Dionysus6-3. The rhymed couplet of iambic pentameter is _______. 答案：Heroic couplet7-3. Which of the following is NOT from Ireland?A. Jonathan Swift C. George Bernard ShawB. Daniel Defoe D. James Joyce第一轮抢答题1.1. The emphasis on imagination2. The idealization of nature3. The praise of individualism4. The glorification of the commonplace5. The lure of the exoticThe above features are of the English ________ movement. 答案：romantic2.Tell the order of the literary movements in British literature.a. Realismb. Aestheticismc. Romanticismd. Modernisme. Classicisme→c→a→b→d3.Guess the term.It is a term referring to the deliberate departure from tradition and the use of innovative forms of expression that distinguish many styles in the arts and literature of the 20th century.Modernism4.As a literary figure, Stephen Dedalus appears in two novels by ______.A. D. H. LawrenceB. John GalsworthyC. James JoyceD. George Eliot5.The poetry is characterized by verbal wit and excess, irregular meter, colloquial language, elaborate imagery, and a drawing together of dissimilar ideas.what is the term?答案：Metaphysical poetry6.阶段抢答题。
英美文学选读-英国-新古典主义时期-练习题汇总
1.The 18th-ce ntury En gla nd is known as （（浙0710）A. the Age of Purita nism B. the Age of Reas onC. the Era of CapitalismD. the Age of Glory2.En glish En lighte ners in the 18 th century held _______________ a s the yardstick for the measureme nt of all huma n activities and relati ons. （一）1A.propertyB. educati onC. emoti onD. reas on3.In the Enlightenment Movement, the progressive representatives intended ____________ . （浙0810）A.to call the people to fight aga inst poverty and hardshipB.to tell people to econo mize and to accumulate wealthC.to en lighte n the whole world with the light of moder n philosophical and artistic ideasD.to in struct people to obta in their prese nt social status through hard work4.As to education, the enlighteners thought that __________ . （浙0310 ）A.huma n beings were limited, dualistic, imperfect, and not capable of rati on ality and perfecti onthrough educati on.B.uni versal educati on was unn ecessary.C.if the com mon people were well educated, there would be great cha nee for a democraticand equal huma n society.D.most of the human beings were perfect themselves, so only a few needed further education.5.Why did the enlighteners regard education the major means to improve the society and thepeople?（）（浙0710）A.Because most of the human beings were perfect themselves, so only a few needed further educati on.B.If the com mon people were well educated, there would be great cha nee for a democratic and equal huma n society.C.Because universal education was limited , dualistic, imperfect, and unnecessary.D.Because huma n beings were not capable of rati on ality and perfecti on through educati on.6.About reason , the enlighteners thought _________ .（浙0210 ）A.reas on or rati on ality should be the only, the final cause of any huma n thought andactivitiesB.reas on could n't lead to truth and justiceC.superstiti on was above reas on and rati on alityD.equality and scie nee is con trary to reas on and rati on ality7.In the field of literature, the En lighte nment Moveme nt brought about the tendency of （）A.realismB. purita nismC. n eoclassicismD. roma nticism8.Which of the following statements about Neo-Classicism and Enlightenment Movement is true?A.The Enlightenment was a progressive intellectual movement throughout Western Europe inthe 17th century .B.Neo-Classicism found its artistic models in the classical literature of the ancient Greekand Roma n writers like Homer, Virgil, Horace, Ovid, etc. and in the con temporary French writers.C.Neo-Classicism put the stress on the classical artistic ideals of order, logic, proportion, spontan eous emoti on, and passi on.D.Satire was much used in writing in the neo-classic works. English literature of this age produced a disti nguished satirist Daniel Defoe.9.Which of the follow ing descripti ons of En lighte nment Moveme nt is NOT true? ()A.It was a progressive in tellectual moveme nt that flourished in Fra nee.B.It was a furthera nee of the Ren aissa nee of the 15th and 16th cen turies.C.The purpose was to enlighten the whole world with modern philosophical and artistic ideas.D.The En lighte ners advocate in dividual educati on. (com mon people )10.The enlighteners placed much emphasis on reason, because they thought ( )(浙0710)A.superstiti on was above reas on and rati on ality.B.reas on and emoti on both could lead to truth and justice.C.reason or rationality should be the only, the final cause of any human thought and activities.D.equality and scie nee is con trary to reas on and rati on ality.11.All of the following statements can correctly describe the Enlightenment Movement EXCEPTA.The moveme nt flourished in Fran ce.B.The moveme nt was a furthera nee of the Ren aissa nee.C.The purpose of the movement was to enlighten the whole world.D.The purpose of the movement was to enhance the religious education.12.As a represe ntative of the En lighte nment, _________ w as one of the first to in troduce rati on alismto En gla nd. (094)A.John Bun yanB. Daniel DefoeC. Alexa nder PopeD. Jon athan Swiftth 13.(The) ( ) was a progressive intellectual movement throughout Western Europe in the 18ce ntury. (054)A.Roma nticismB. Huma nismC. En lighte nmentD. Sen time ntalism14.According to the neoclassicists, all forms of literature were to be modeled after the classicalworks of the ancient Greek and ___________ writers. (浙0210 )B. BritishD. Roma n15. Which of the following statements is true according to the principles of the neoclassicists?(浙 0801)A. All forms of literature were to be modeled after the classical works of the ancient Greek andRoma n writers.B. They tried to delight, in struct and correct huma n beings as social ani mals.C. They tried to develop a polite, urbane, witty and intellectual art.D. All of the above.16. The neoclassicists did not believe that ( )(浙 0710)A. the literature should be used to delight and in struct huma n bein gs.B. the artistic ideals should be order, logic, restrained emotion and accuracy.C. the literary works should be created in depe nden tly and origi nally.D. both A and C17. The great political and social events in the English society of neoclassical period were the follow ing EXCEPT ___________ .(104)A. the Restoration of King Charles II in 1660B. the Great Plague of 1665C. the Great London Fire in 1666D. the Wars of Roses in 1689(1455-1487 )th18. The 18 cen tury wit nessed a new literary form — the moder n En glish no vel, which, con trary to the medieval roma nee, gives a __________ prese ntati on of life of the com mon people. (044)A. roma nticB. realisticC. propheticD. idealistic19. Which of the following terms can be used to refer to the 18th-century English literature?A. The Age of Roma nee.B. The Age of Drama .C. The Age of Prose.D. The Age of Poetry.20. The belief of the eighteenth - century neoclassicists in England led them to seek the following EXCEPT __________ . (104)A. proporti onB. UnityC. harm onyD. spirit21. The British bourgeois or middle class believed in the followi ng notio ns EXCEPT ___________ 094)A. self - esteemB. self - relia neeC. self - restra intD. hard work22. I n the 18th cen tury, the British gover nment was main ly con trolled by two political parties inA. Italia n C. Germa nturn. They are ( ) (浙0801)A.the upper House and the lower House.B.the House of Lords and the House of Represe ntatives.C.the Whigs and the Tories.D.the Sen ate and the House of Represe ntatives.23. Contrary to the traditional romanee of aristocrats, the modern English novel gives a realisticprese ntati on of life of . (084)A. the com mon En glish people C. the rising bourgeoisieB. the upper classD. the enterprising landlords24. The pri ncipal eleme nts of ______________ i n the late eightee nth cen tury are viole nee, horror, and the super natural, which str on gly appeal to reader 'emoti on.( ) (一) 3 (浙0601) A. history no vel B. Gothic no vel C. roma ntic no vel D. sen time ntal no vel25. Graveyard School " writers are the followi ng sen time ntalists EXCEPT ___________ . (094)A. James Thoms onC. William Cowper古墓派诗人一汤姆森-科林斯-库伯B. William Colli ns D. Thomas Jacks on26. The poem Elegy Writte n in a Country Churchyard "墓园挽诗established _____________ as the leaderof the sen time ntal poetry of ()(047)A. Thomas Gray 汤姆斯-曷雷the day , especially the Graveyard School ”.B. Samuel Joh nsonD. John Milt on27. Neoclassicists had some fixed laws and rules for prose EXCEPT ____________________ . (一) 4 ()A. being precise C. being flexibleB. being direct D. being satiric28. In the theatrical world of the neoclassical period, ________________ was the leading figure among thehost of playwrights.A. William BlakeB. Richard Brinsley Sheridan 理查德上匕.谢立丹D . Bernard Shaw29. Richard Brinsley Sheridan was the only English dramatist of the ______________ century. (浙0810)A. sixtee nthB. seve ntee nth (一) 5C. eightee nthD. nin etee nth30. In the last few decades of the 18 cen tury, the n eoclassicism was gradually replaced by __.( 浙0510)A. roma nticism C. moder nismB. critical realism D. n aturalism31. The middle of the 18th century saw a newly rising literary form —( ) (浙0301)A. the moder n En glish novelB. the moder n En glish poetryC. the moder n En glish dramaD. both A and B32. Britain witnessed two major romantic poets in the later half of the 18th century. They are( ) (浙0701 ) A. Joh n Milt on and William Blake (一) 6B. Robert Bur ns and Joh n KeatsC. George Herbert and Joh n DonneD. Robert Burns and William Blake33. ______ was the last greatest n eoclassicist en lighte ner in the later 18 th cen tury. A. Henry Fieldi ng B. Alexa nder PopeC. Richard SteeleD. Samuel Joh nson34. ______ was the last great neoclassicist enlightener in the later eighteenth century. He was very much concerned with the theme of the vanity of human wishes.（ ） （一） 7 （浙 0901 ）A. William BlakeB. S amuel Joh nsonC. Thomas GrayD. H enry Fielding35. Which of the follow ing authors does not bel ong to the en lighte ners of the 18th cen tury?（浙0701 ）A. Jonathan Swift.B. Walter Scott .C. Daniel Defoe.D. He nry Fieldi ng.Daniel Defoe36. Which of the following is not Daniel Defoe 'works?（浙 0710）A. Gulliver ' Travels Jonathan SwiftB. Captai n Sin glet onC. Moll Fla ndersD. Rob inson Crusoequalities of middle-class menB. religious devoti on D. pioneering spirit（ ）（一） 8 （浙 0710）B. in depe ndence and stro ng will.（浙 0501）37. In Robinson Crusoe , Daniel Defoe glorifies all the following EXCEPTA. the in dig nity of labourC. loyalty to the king38. In Robinson Crusoe , the writer glorifies A. pride and happ in ess.D. hard work and success.40. The novels of ______________ a re the first literary works devoted to the study of problems of the lower-class people. A. Bunyan C. Fielding41. Defoe 'group of four novels are the first literary works devoted to the study of problems of the lower-class people. They are the following EXCEPT ____________________ .（一） 9 （107 ）A. Capta in Sin glet onB. Moll Fla ndersD. Rob inson Crusoe42. Dan iel Defoe, at the age of n early 60, started his first novel ______________________________ ,which is uni versallycon sidered his masterpiece.(浙 0410)A. Rob inson Crusoe B . Moll Fla ndersC. Col on el JackD. Capta in Sin glet on43. Daniel Defoe ' ___________ is uni versally con sidered as his masterpiece. (104)A. Colonel JackB. Robinson CrusoeC. Capta in Sin glet onD. A Journal of the Plague Year44. Daniel Defoe 'works are all the following EXCEPT __________________ . ()A. Moll Fla ndersB. A Tale of a TubC. A Journal of the Plague YearD. Colo nel Jack45. Daniel Defoe describes ______________________ as a typical English Middle- class man of the eighteenthcen tury, the very prototype of the empire builder or the pion eer coloni st.()A. Tom JonesB . GulliverC .Moll FlandersD . Robinson Crusoe46. Daniel Defoe describes ______________ a s a typical English middle — class man of the eighteenth century , the very prototype of the empire builder , the pioneer colonist .()A. Robi nso n CrusoeB. Moll Fla ndersC. GulliverD. Tom Jones47. The hero Robinson Crusoe is a typical( ) man, who has a great capacity for work,39. The lan guage in Robinson Crusoe is （A. easy, smooth and colloquialC. le ngthy and imagi native ）.B. difficult and artificial D. obsce ne and difficult（浙 0310 ）B . DefoeD . SwiftC. Roxanain exhaustible en ergy, courage, patie nee and persiste nee in overco ming obstacles and struggling against the hostile natural environment. (浙0510)A.seve ntee nth-ce ntury En glish upper classB.eightee nth-ce ntury En glish middle classC.seve ntee nth-ce ntury En glish work ing classD.eightee nth-ce ntury En glish lower classth48.The hero Robinson Crusoe is a typical 18 century English middle-calss man who __.( 浙0610)A.has a great capacity for work, in exhaustible en ergy, courage, patie nee and persiste nee in overco ming obstacles and struggli ng aga inst the hostile n atural environment.B.has strong will, but can 'tendure life 'loneliness.C.has a great capacity for work, but is frightened by the hostile natural environment.D.thinks all the people are born equal.49.The hero in Robinson Crusoe is the prototype of ( ) (一) 10 (浙0210)(浙0810 )A. the the n progressive bourgeoisieB. the empire builderC. the pion eer colonistD. all of the above50. In his novel, Robinson Crusoe, Defoe eulogizes the hero of the ____________________ ?(047)A. aristocratic classB. en terpris ing lan dlordsC. rising bourgeoisieD. hard-work ing people51. ________ ,an adve nture story very much in spirit of the time, is uni versally con sidered Defoe 'masterpiece. (浙0501) A. Moll Fla nders B. Colo nel JackC. Rob inson CrusoeD. Roxa na52. Which of the follow ing works best represe nts the n ati onal spirit of the 18 th -ce ntury En gla nd?A. Robinson CrusoeC. Jon athan Wild the GreatB. Gulliver' Travels (044) D. A Sen time ntal Journey53.Crusoe is the hero in The life and Strange Surpris ing Adve ntures of Robinson Grusoe, of York, Mariner (also known as Robinson Crusoe )by . (034)A. Jon athan SwiftB. Da niel DefoeC. George EliotD. wre nee54.All of the following novels by Daniel Defoe are the first literary works devoted to the study ofproblems of the lower-class people EXCEPT __________________ . (084)A. Robinson Crusoe C. Moll FlandersB. Captain Singleton D. Colonel Jack55. Which of the following is NOT Defoe 'work?( ) (浙0401)A. Moll Fla nders C. Silas MarnerB. Colo nel Jack D. Roxa naJon atha n Swift56. Which of the following is true about Jonathan Swift' thoughts as a representative of theenlightenment movement? ( ) (一) 11 (浙0701)A.To better huma n life, en lighte nment is unn ecessary.B.Huma n n ature is simple and n aive.C. Huma n n ature was dest ined and could n 'be cha nged.D.It 'possible to reform and improve huma n n ature and huma n in stituti ons.57.En glish literature of the 18 th cen tury produces some excelle nt satirists, among whom _________________ i sa master satirist.A. Jonathan Swift .B. Henry Fielding D. Thomas Gray58.As a master satirist, Swift 'satire is usually masked by ( ) (一) 12 (浙0710)A. outward gravity and appare nt earn est nessB. appare nt eager ness and sin cerityC. pessimism and bitter nessD. seem in gly gen tle ness and sweet ness59.1 n the book Gulliver 'Travels the hero traveled to the following places except （）（浙0810 ）A. the In dia n Isla ndB. Brobd ingnagC. LilliputD. the Houyh nhnm land6O.ln which of the following works can you find the proper names Lilliput, ” Brobdingnag, ”Houyhnhnm, ” and Yahoo "”（034）A.James Joyce ' Ulsses.B.Charles Dicke ns ' Bleak House.C.Jonathan Swift ' Gulliver 'Travels.D. D. H. Lawrenee ' Women in love.61. Lilliput is ________ in Gulliver's Travels by Jonathan Swift. （浙0301）A.the n ame of the hero who made deep-sea voyagesB.an imagi nary isla nd in habited by people not more tha n six in ches highC. a minor character who accompa nied the hero duri ng his voyagesD.the cou ntry of horses en dowed with huma n in tellige nee62.Brobdingnag is an imaginary island where the inhabitants are _________ . （一）13 （浙0301）A.ten times taller and larger tha n the ord inary huma n beingsB.the horses who are hairy, wild, low and despicableC.the Yahoos who are wise and intelligentD.the small people who are only six inches tall63.The Houyh nhnms depicted by Jon atha n Swift in Gulliver's Travels are _______ .（）A.horses that are en dowed with reas onB.pigmies that are en dowed with admirable qualitiesC.gia nts that are superior in wisdomD.hairy,wild, low and despicable creatures, who resemble human beings not only in appearancebut also in some other ways.64.The Honyhnhnm Land is an imaginary island where ___________ .（浙0501）A.horses are en dowed with reas on and all good and admirable qualities.B.yahoos are gover ning class.C.horses are hairy, wild, low and despicable brutes, who resemble human beings not only in appeara nce but alsoalmost every other way.D.yahoos are possessed of reas on.65.In the Houyh nhnm land, Gulliver found that _________ were hairy, wild, low and despicable bruteswhile _________ a re en dowed with reas on and all good and admirable qualities. （一）14A. the horses ... the YahoosB. the horses ... human beings （浙0710）C. the Yahoos ... the horsesD. the Yahoos ... huma n beings66.In ______________ of Gulliver' Travels, Jon atha n Swift satirizes the wester n civilizati on in clud ingfalse illusi ons about scie nee, philosophy, history and immortality. A . the first voyage to Lilliput小人国-利利普特，仅 6英寸高，B . the sec ondt voyage to Brobdi ngnag 巨人岛-布鲁布丁鲁那可，国王 60英尺C . the third voyage to the Flying Isla nd 飞岛一与世隔绝的世界D . the fourth voyage to Houyh nhnm land 智慧岛一马-高度智慧-圈养YAHOOS67. As a whole, ___________ isone of the most effective and devastating criticisms and satires of all (044)B. Gulliver ' Travels (一) 15D. The School for Scandal68. Which of the followi ng is true about the book Gulliver's Travels ?( )A. It is a study of huma n n ature and life.B. It has high artistic skills in making the story an orga nic whole.C. It makes criticisms and satires of all aspects in the con temporary En glish and Europea n life.D. It is not a book of satire though it is a book of rebellion.69. The social significanee of Gulliver' Travels lies in _________________ . (浙 0210)A. the devastating criticisms and satires of all aspects in the then English and European life.B. his artistic skill in making the story an organic wholeC. his cen tral concern of study of huma n n ature and lifeD. both B and C70. As one of the greatest masters of English prose, ________________ defined a good style as properwords in proper places ”. (084)A . Henry FieldingB . Jonathan Swift (一) 16C. Samuel JohnsonD . Alexander Pope71. Who defined a good style as proper words in proper places? ” (浙0307)A. Jon athan SwiftB. Charles Dicke nsC. Edmu nd Spen cerD. George Bern ard Shaw72. A good style of prose "proper works in proper places ” was defined by ________________ . ()A. Joh n Milt onB. He nry Fieldi ngC. Jon athan SwiftD.T.S. Eliot73. Jonathan Swift 'greatest satiric work is ______________ . A. A Tale of a TubB. The Battle of the BooksC. Gulliver ' TravelsD. A Modest Proposalaspects in the the n En glish and Europea n life—socially, politically, religiously, philosophically,scientifically, and morally. A. Moll Fla nders C. Pilgrim 'Progress74.Jon atha n Swift' s ____________is gen erally regarded as the best model of satire, not only of theperiod but also in the whole En glish literary history. （一）17 （104）A. Gulliver s TravelsB. The Battle of the BooksC. A Modest Proposal ”D. A Tale of a Tub75.The best model of satire in the whole English literary history is Jonathan Swift's ______________ . （094）A. A Modest ProposalB. A Tale of a TubC. Gulliver's TravelsD. The Battle of the Books76.Jonathan Swift is a master satirist in English literature. His A Tale of a Tub is an attack on （）.A. the governmentB. greed （一）18C. the churchD. the abuse of power77. __________________ is a typical feature of Swift's writings. （）A. Bitter satireB. Elegant styleC. Casual narrationD. Complicated sentence structure78.Which of the following is not Swift 'works? （浙0310）A. A Tale of a TubB. The Battle of the BooksC. Gulliver 'TravelsD. Tom Jones79.Henry Fielding is mainly concerned about ___________ in his works. （浙0701）A.the miserable life of the middle-class peopleB.the ordi nary and usually ridiculous life of the com mon peopleC.the special life style of some groupsD.the real life of the upper-class people80. ______ i s gen erally con siered Fieldi ng 'masterpiece. （浙0610）A. Joseph An drewsB. Jon athan Wild the GreatC. Tom JonesD. Gulliver 'Travels82. Of all the eightee nth - cen tury no velists __________ w as the first to set out, both in theory and practice, to write specifically a comic epic in prose ”， the first to give the modern novel its structure and style.（104）A. He nry Fieldi ng B. Da niel DefoeC. Jon atha n SwiftD. Laure nee Sterneth83.Of all the 18 century novelists Henry Fielding was the first to set out, both in theory and practice, to writespecifically a ___ in prose, "the first to give the modern novel its structureand style. A.tragic epic C.roma nee84 Of the eighteenth-century novelists Henry Fielding was the first to A. in struct the people through his writ ingB. give the moder n no vel its structure and styleC. amuse the people through his worksD. adopt the third-pers on n arrati on85. In Tom Jones , the hero Tom is _________________ in contrast with Blifil who is _______________ .（浙 0301） A. innocent and kind-hearted ... hypocritical and wicked B. hypocritical and wicked ... innocent and kindhearted C. rude and stubbor n ... cunning and speculati ng D. cunning and speculati ng ... rude and stubbor n86. An hon est, kin d-hearted you ng man, who is full of ani mal spirit and lacks prude nee, is expelled from the paradise and has to go through hard experience to gain knowledge of himself and fin ally to have bee n accepted both by a virtuous lady and a rich relative . （一） 20（044）The above sentence may well sum up the theme of Fielding 'work _____________________ . A. Jon athan Wild the Great B. Tom JonesC. The Coffe-House Politicia nD. Amelia87. Henry Fielding adopted __ to relate a story in his novel in which the author becomes theall- knowing God ”.（107）A. the first- pers on n arrati onB. the epistolary formC. the picaresque formD. the third -pers on n arrati on88. Henry Fielding adopted _____________ a s his way to relate the story in a novel. （浙 0601 ）A. the epistolary formB. the picaresque formC. the third-pers on n arrati onD. flashback89. For his contribution to the establishment of the form of the modern novel, ________________ h as beenregarded as Father of the En glish Novel ”.（047）A. He nry Fieldi ngB. Da niel DefoeC. Joh n BunyanD. James Joyce90. For his contribution to the establishment of the form of the modern novel, ___________ has been regarded by some as Father of the English Novel ”.（浙 0301 ）A. Da niel DefoeB. He nry Fieldi ngC. Jon athan SwiftD. Samuel Richards on（）ic epicD.lyric epic（浙 0210）91 . Henry Fielding has been regarded by some as _ _,for his contribution to theestablishment of the form of the modern novel. （浙0310 ）92. Henry Fielding has been regarded as “_ for his contribution to the establishment of theform of the modern ________ . （浙 0810）（浙 0210 ）（浙 0510 ）A. Father of En glish Poetry...poetryB. Father of En glish Novel... novelC. Father of Moder n En glish Poetry...poetryD. Father of Modern En glish Novel... novelIII. Questi ons and An swers （24 points in all, 6 for each ）45. List at least two leading neoclassicists in England. What did Neoclassicists celebrate in literary creation? （094） |（一） 4845. A. Alexa nder Pope, Joh n Dryde n, Samuel Joh nson.B. They believed that the artistic ideals should be order, logic, restrained emotion and accuracy and that literature should be judged in terms of its service to humanity. They seek proporti on, uni ty, harm ony and grace in literary expressi ons, in an effort to delight, in struct and correct huma n bein gs. Thus a polite, elega nt, witty, and in tellectual art developed.IV. Topic Discussi on （20 points in all, 10 for each ）49 . Daniel Defoe ' novel Robinson Crusoe was a great success partly because the protagonist was a real middle-class hero. Discuss Crusoe, the protag onist of the no vel, as an embodime nt of the rising middle-class virtues in the mid-eighteenth century England.（084 ）1. Give a brief comment on the hero in The Adventures of Robinson Crusoe.（浙 0810）1. A. Fieldi ng has bee n regarded as Father of the En glish no vel ”，for his con tributi onto the establishment of the form of the modern novel.B. Of all the eightee nth-ce ntury no velists Field ing was the first to set out, both in theory andpractice, to write specifically a comic epic in prose, ” the first to give the modern novel its structure and style.C. Before him, the relating go a story in a novel was either in the epistolary form （a series ofletters ）, as in Richards on ' Pamela , or the picaresque form （adve nturous wan der ings ） through the mouth of the pr in cipal character, as in Defoe' Robinson Crusoe , but Field ingadopted the third-person narration, ” in which the author becomes the all-knowing God. f D. In planning his stories, he tries to retain the grand epical form of the classical works but atthe same time keeps faithful to his realistic prese ntati on of com mon life as it is.A . Father of the English NovelC . Father of the English Drama B. Father of the English Poetry D. Father of the English Short Story。
广外英国文学阅读与欣赏考试
英国文学期末考试试题(广外）Instructions： This examination consists of 5 parts， and the total time for the examination is 2 hours. All the answers should be entered onto the Answer Sheet. Part I： Multiple Choices （10%）Choose the best answer to the following sentences.1. Which of the following is NOT a feature of Beowulf？A. AlliterationB. Anglo-Saxons’ early life in EnglandC. Germanic languageD. The national epic of Anglo-Saxon people2. English Renaissance Period was an age of . A. prose and novel B. poetry and drama C. essays and journals D. ballads and songs3. The main literary form of the early 17th century was poetry. John Milton was acknowledged as the greatest. Besides him， there were two groups of poets. They were the Cavalier poets and .A. the lake poetsB. the university witsC. the Metaphysical poetsD. the Romantic poets4. Pamela is widely considered to be the first novel and was written by ___________. A. Thomas Hardy B. James Joyce C. Samuel Richardson D. Henry Fielding5. The publication of ， which was the joint work of William Wordsworth and Samuel T. Coleridge， marked the beginning of the Romantic Age in England. A. Don Juan B. The Rime of the Ancient Mariner C. Lyrical BalladsD. Queen Mab6. Among the most famous realistic novelists of the Victorian age are ，W. M. Thackeray， Bronte sisters， etc.A. Joseph ConradB. Henry FieldingC. Charles DickensD. D. H. Lawrence7. In James Joyce’s ____________ the story “Eveline” paints a portrait of a young woman from Dublin deciding whether or not to leave her hometown. A. Ulysses B. Orlando C. DublinersD. A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man8. In the 18th century England， satire was much used in writing. Literature of this age produced some excellent satirists， such as Jonathan Swift， Henry Fielding and . William Blake B. Robert Burns C. Alexander Pope D. Daniel Defoe9. William Wordsworth never used “gaudy and inane phraseology”because he felt that poetry should ____________.A. be read only by the well-educatedB. use difficult vocabulary to express complicated emotionsC. use simple speech to communicate the truths of human experienceD. rely on strange and uncommon words to bring people new experiences10. Virginia Woolf is renowned for adopting the technique， which displays the sequence of thoughts and impressions in a person’s mind.A. mind-readingB. third-person narrationC. stream-of-consciousnessD. feminist Part II： Gap Filling （10%）Complete the following sentences and write your answers on the Answer Sheet. 1. Geoffrey Chaucer’s work gives us a picture of the condition of English life of his day， such as its work and play， its deeds and dreams， its fun and sympathy. 2. During the Norman Conquest， the most important form of literary composition is ， the representative of which is the legend of King Arthur and the round table knights.3. Epoch of Renaissance witnessed a particular development of English drama. It was William Shakespeare and who made blank verse the principal vehicle of expression in drama.4. Hamlet， Othello， Macbeth and are generally regarded as William Shakespeare’s four great tragedies.5. Edmund Spenser is generally regarded as the greatest nondramatic poet of the Elizabethan Age. His fame is chiefly based on his masterpiece .6. In Elizabethan Period， wrote more than 50 excellent essays， which made him one of the best essayists in English literature.7. The was a progressive intellectual movement throughout western Europe in the 18th century.8. In the latter part of the 18th century， there appeared， as a reaction against Reason， ___________ novel and literature of sentimentality.9. Thomas Gray’s highly praised poem shows the poet’s sympathy for the poor， and condemns the great ones who despise the poor and bring sufferings to the common people.10. The Romantic movement in England had two significant movements as its background： the French Revolution and .11 ________ is perhaps the most talented early novelist. She wrotea number of books concerning young， relatively wealthy women pursuing marriage， such as Pride and Prejudice and Emma.12. George Byron is chiefly known for his two long poems. One is Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage and the other is .13 John Keats wrote several famous ___________， a type of lyric poem that is meditative and formal.14. ________ _， the eldest of the two famous novelist sisters， wrote Jane Eyre in the middle of the 19th century.15. _____________ monologue was first successfully used in poetry by Robert Browning.16. One of the most striking features of in the 20th century literature is anti-past， anti-tradition， anti-novel， anti-hero， etc.17. __________， the manifesto of modernist poetry in the 20th century，was written by T. S. Eliot.18. A Passage to India， Howard’s End， and A Room with a View are three of the most famous novels by ___________.19. Lord Jim is one of the most famous novels by _________， who was born in Poland and learned English as his third language.20. Man and Superman and Pygmalion are two of most famous plays by __________. Part III： Definition of Terms （15%）Choose THREE out of the following terms and explain them in two or three sentences. Sonnet； Point of view； Soliloquy； Setting； Heroic couplet Part IV： Appreciation （40%）Choose TWO of the following three excerpts and write a passage of comment （about 80 words） on each one. Your comment should cover the questions after each excerpt. Excerpt 1：I wandered lonely as a cloudThat floats on high o’er vales and hills， When all at once I saw a crowd， A host， of golden daffodils；Beside the lake， beneath the trees， Fluttering and dancing in the breeze. …For oft， when on my couch I lie In vacant or in pensive mood， They flash upon that inward eye Which is the bliss of solitude；And then my heart with pleasure fills， And dances with the daffodils.（William Wordsworth，“I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud”） Questions：1. What is the central image of this poem？ What is the poet’s reaction as revealed in the poem？2. Wordsworth believes that “All good poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings” and poetry “takes its origin from emotion recollected in tranquility”. How does this poem reflect the poet’s philosophy of composition？ Excerpt 2：The proper study of mankind is man. Placed on this isthmus of a middle state， A being darkly wise， and rudely great： With too much knowledgefor the Skeptic side， With too much weakness for the Stoic’s pride，He hangs between； in doubt to act， or rest； In doubt to deem himself a God， or beast； In doubt his mind or body to prefer； Born but to die，and reasoning such， Whether he thinks too little or too much； Chaos of thought and passion， all confused； Still by himself abused or disabused；Created half to rise， and half to fall；（Alexander Pope， An Essay on Man） Questions：1. What’s the topic of the above lines？2.Summarize the main idea in a few sentences. Excerpt 3：I shall now therefore humbly propose my own thoughts， which I hope will not be liable to the least objection.I have been assured by a very knowing American of my acquaintance in London， that a young healthy child well nursed is at a year old a most delicious， nourishing， and wholesome food， whether stewed， roasted，baked， or boiled； and I make no doubt that it will equally serve in a fricassee or a ragout.I do therefore humbly offer it to public consideration that of the hundred and twenty thousand children， already computed， twenty thousand may be reserved for breed，whereof only one fourth part to be males， which is more than we allow to sheep， black cattle， or swine； and my reason is that these children are seldom the fruits of marriage， a circumstance not much regarded by our savages， therefore one male will be sufficient to serve four females. That the remaining hundred thousand may at a year old be offered in sale to the person of quality and fortune through the kingdom， always advising the mother to let them suck plentifully in the last month， so as to render them plump and fat for a good table. A child will make two dishes at an entertainment for friends， and when the family dines alone， the fore or hind quarter will make a reasonable dish； and seasoned with a littlepepper or salt will be very good boiled on the fourth day， especially in winter. （Jonathan Swift， A Modest Proposal） Questions：1. What is the author’s modest proposal in the passage？ And what do you think is his real idea behind it？2. What kind of tone is shown in the passage？（Explain it with specific quotations from the text）Part V. Critical Reading （25%）Read the attached short story and answer the questions in essay form.1. What’s the turning point in the murder trial？ Describe it in a few sentences.2.Read carefully the last two paragraphs of the story and comment，in the form of a 150-200-word essay， on the message or real meaning of the author. The Case for the Defense Graham Greene1 It was the strangest murder trial that I ever attended. They named it the Peckham murder in the headlines， though Northwood Street， where the old woman was found battered to death， was not strictly speaking in Peckham. This was not one of those cases of circumstantial evidence in which you feel the juryman’s anxiety—because mistakes have been made —like domes of silence muting the court. No， this murderer was all but found with the body； no one present when the Crown counsel outlined his case believed that the man in the dock stood any chance at all.2 He was a heavy stout man with bulging bloodshot eyes. All his muscles seemed to be in his thighs. Yes， an ugly customer， one you wouldn’t forget in a hurry—and that was an important point because the Crown proposed to call four witnesses who hadn’t forgotten him， who had seen him hurrying away from the little red villa in Northwood Street. The clock had just struck two in the morning.3 Mrs. Salmon in 15 Northwood Street had been unable to sleep； she heard a door click shut and thought it was her own gate. So she went tothe window and saw Adams （that was his name） on the steps of Mrs. Parker’s house. He had just come out and he was wearing gloves. He had a hammer in his hand and she saw him drop it into the laurel bushes at the front gate. But before he moved away， he had looked up—at her window. The fatal instinct that tells a man when he is watched exposed him in the light of a street-lamp to her gaze—his eyes suffused with horrifying and brutal fear， like an animal’s when you raise a whip. I talked afterwards to Mrs. Salmon， who naturally after the astonishing verdict went in fear herself. As I imagined did all the witnesses—Henry MacDougall， who had been driving home from Benfleet late and nearly ran Adams down at the corner of Northwood Street. Adams was walking in the middle of the road looking dazed. And old Mr. Wheeler， who lived next door to Mrs. Parker，at No. 12 and was waken by a noise—like a chair falling—through the thin-as-paper villa wall， and got up and looked out of the window， just as Mrs. Salmon had done， saw Adam’s back and， as he turned， those bulging eyes. In Laurel Avenue he had been seen by yet another witness—his luck was badly out； he might as well have committed the crime in broad daylight.4 “I understand，” the counsel said，“that the defense proposes to plead mistaken identity. Adams’ wife will tell you that he was with her at two in the morning on February 14， but after you have heard the witnesses for the Crown and examined carefully the features of the prisoner， I do not think you will be prepared to admit the possibility of a mistake.”5 It was all over， you would have said， but the hanging.6 After the formal evidence had been given by the policeman who had found the body and the surgeon who examined it， Mrs. Salmon was called. She was the ideal witness， with her slight Scotch accent and her expression of honesty， care and kindness.7 The counsel for the Crown brought the story gently out. She spoke very firmly. There was no malice in her， and no sense of importance atstanding there in the Central Criminal Court with a judge in scarlet handing on her words and the reporters writing them down. Yes， she said，and then she had gone down stairs and rung up the police station.8 “And do you see the man here in court？”She looked straight and at the big man in the dock， who stared at her with his Pekingese eyes without emotion.“Yes，” she said，“there he is.”“You are quite certain？”She said simply，“I couldn’t be mistaken， sir.” It was as easy as that. “Thank you， Mrs. Salmon.”9 Counsel for the defense rose to cross-examine. If you had reported as many murder trials as I have， you would have known beforehand what line he would take. And I was right， up to a point.10 “Now， Mrs. Salmon， you must have remembered that a man’s life may depend on your evidence.”“I do remember it， sir.”“Is your eyesight good？”“I have never had to wear spectacles， sir.”“You are a woman of fifty-five？”“Fifty-six， sir.”“And the man you saw was on the other side of the road？”“Yes，sir.”“And it was two o’clock in the morning. You must have remarkable eyes， Mrs. Salmon？”“No， sir. There was moonlight， and the man looked up， he had the lamplight on his face.”11 I couldn’t make out what he was at. He couldn’t have expected any other answer than the one he got.12 “None whatever， sir. It isn’t a face one forgets.”13 Counsel took a look around the court for a moment. Then he said，“Do you mind， Mrs. Salmon， examining again the people in court？ No，not the prisoner. Stand up， please， Mr. Adams，” and there at the back of the court with thick stout body and muscular legs and a pair of bulgingeyes， was the exact image of the man in the dock. He was even dressed the same—tight blue suit and striped tie.14 “Now think very carefully， Mrs. Salmon. Can you still swear that the man you saw drop the hammer in Mrs. Parker’s garden was the prisoner —and not this man， who is his twin brother？”15 Of course she couldn’t. She looked from one to the other and didn’t say a word.16 There the big brute sat in the dock with his legs crossed， and there he stood too at the back of the court and they both stared at Mrs. Salmon. She shook her head.17 What we saw then was the end of the case. There wasn’t a witness prepared to swear that it was the prisoner he’d seen. And the brother？He had his own alibi too； he was with his wife.18 And so the man was acquitted for lack of evidence. But whether if he did the murder and not his brother—he was punished or not， I don’t know. That extraordinary day had an extraordinary end. I followed Mrs. Salmon out of court and we got wedged in the crowd who were waiting， of course， for the twins. The police tried to drive the crowd away， but all they could do was keep the roadway clear for traffic. I learned later that they tried to get the twins to leave by a back way， but they wouldn’t. One of them—no one knew which—said，“I’ve been acquitted， haven’t I？” and they walked bang out of the front entrance. Then it happened.I don’t know how， though I was only six feet away. The crowd moved and somehow one of the twins got pushed on to the road right in front of a bus.19 He gave a squeal like a rabbit and that was all； he was dead，his skull smashed just as Mrs. Parker’s had been. Divine vengeance？ I wish I knew. There was the other Adams getting on his feet from beside the body and looking straight over at Mrs. Salmon. He was crying， butwhether he was the murderer or the innocent man nobody will ever be able to tell. But if you were Mrs. Salmon， could you sleep at night？。
英国文学史选读复习资料
英国文学史选读复习资料英国文学简史复习资料General introduction of English literature1. 1) Old English Literature (449-1066) 古英语时期文学——The Song of Beowulf 《贝奥武甫》2) Medieval English Literature (1066-15th century) 中世纪英语时期文学——Geoffrey Chaucer (1340_1400) 杰弗里·乔叟2. Renaissance English literature (late 15th century ~ early 17th century) 文艺复兴——Francis Bacon 弗朗西斯·培根——William Shakespeare 威廉·莎士比亚——Ben Jonson 本·琼生——Christopher Marlowe 克里斯托弗·马洛3. English Literature of the Revolution and Restoration Period (1640-1688) 资产阶级革命与王朝复辟时期的文学——John Milton约翰·弥尔顿——John Bunyan 约翰·班扬4. 18th century English literature-the age of Enlightenment 启蒙运动时期——Daniel Defoe丹尼尔·笛福——Jonathan Swift乔纳森·斯威夫特——Henry Fielding亨利·菲尔丁——William Blake威廉·布莱克——Robert Burns罗伯特·彭斯5. Romantic English Literature (1798-1832) 浪漫主义时期——William Wordsworth, 威廉·华兹华斯——Samuel Taylor Coleridge, 塞缪·泰勒·柯勒律治——George Gordon Byron, 乔治·戈登·拜伦——Percy Bysshe Shelley 佩西·比舍·雪莱——John Keats, 约翰·济慈——Walter Scott 沃尔特·司各特——Jane Austen简·奥斯汀6. Critical Realistic Literature in the 19th Century 维多利亚时期（批判现实主义）——W.M. Thackeray, 萨克雷——C harles Dickens, 查尔斯·狄更斯——Robert Browning 罗伯特·布朗宁——Bronte sisters：Charlotte Bronte, Emily Bronte, Ann Bronte——George Eliot乔治·艾略特——Matthew Arnold 马修·阿诺德——Thomas Hardy 托马斯·哈代——Oscar Wilde 奥斯卡·王尔德7. 20th Century English Literature——George Bernard Shaw乔治·萧伯纳——Joseph Conrad 约瑟夫·康拉德——William Butler Yeats 威廉·巴特勒·叶芝——Virginia Woolf弗吉尼亚·沃尔夫——James Joyce詹姆斯·乔伊斯——D. H. Lawrence劳伦斯——T. S. Eliot 爱略特一、The Anglo-Saxon period (449-1066)1、这个时期的文学作品分类：pagan(异教徒) ，Christian(基督徒)2、代表作：The Song of Beowulf《贝奥武甫》( national epic 民族史诗) 采用了隐喻metaphor 手法3、Alliteration 头韵（写作手法）例子：of m an was the m ildest and m ost beloved,To his k in the k indest, k eenest for praise.二、The Anglo-Norman period (1066-1350) 盎格鲁—诺曼时期1、romance 传奇文学2、代表作：Sir Gawain and the Green Knight (高文爵士和绿衣骑士) 是一首押头韵的长诗三、Geoffrey Chaucer (1340-1400) 杰弗里·乔叟时期1、the father of English poetry 英国诗歌之父2、heroic couplet 英雄双韵体：a verse unit consisting of two rhymed(押韵) lines in iambic pentameter(五步抑扬格)3、代表作：The Canterbury Tales 《坎特伯雷的故事集》(英国文学史的开端)大致内容：the pilgrims are people from various parts of England, representatives of various walks of life and social groups. 朝圣者都是来自英国的各地的人,代表着社会的各个不同阶层和社会团体小说特点：each of the narrators tells his tale in a peculiar manner, thus revealing his own views and character. 这些叙述者以自己特色的方式讲述自己的故事，无形中表明了各自的观点，展示了各自的性格。
英国文学史上-The 18th Century：Enlightenment
The 18th Century：Enlightenment（启蒙运动同时为美国独立战争与法国大革命提供了框架，并且导致了资本主义和社会主义的兴起，与音乐史上的巴洛克时期以及艺术史上的新古典主义时期是同一时期。
）1) A revival of interest in the old classical works, order, logic, restrained emotion(抑制情感) and accuracy.2) The Age of Enlightenment/Reason: the movement was a furtherance (促进、成长) of the Renaissance of the 15th and 16th centuries, a progressive intellectual movement, reason(rationality), equality&science(the 18th century)3) The 18th century in English literature is an age of prose.4) 小说崛起：In the mid-century, the newly literary form, modern English novel rised. Realistic novel现实主义小说；Gothic novel哥特式小说—mystery, horror, castles (from middle part to the end of century)Daniel Defoe丹尼尔•笛福1660~1731 P148（小说家，新闻记者，小册子作者；十八世纪英国现实主义小说的奠基人。
）He is the first writer study of the lower-class people, his language is smooth, easy, colloquial (白话通俗的) and mostly vernacular（方言的）, and he is the founder of realistic novel.Works: √<Robinson Crusoe>鲁宾逊•克鲁索P149(Full name: The Life and Strange Surprising Adventure of Robinson Crusoe)It praise the fortitude (不屈不挠、勇气) of the human labor and the Puritan. Robinson grew from a naive and artless (天真朴实的) youth into a shrewd and hardened (坚定的) man, tempered（磨练）by numerous trials（考验）in his eventful life. It is an adventure story, Robinson, narrates how he goes to sea, gets shipwrecked and marooned on a lonely island, struggles to live for 24-years there and finally gets relieved and returns to England. The story may come straight from a sailor’s logbook.Figures and things mentioned:Alexander Selkirk 塞尔扣克（the story based upon his experience）Cannibals 食人者Friday (Robinson names the man Friday to commemorate the day of his rescue)Savage 野人Captive 俘虏Jonathan Swift乔纳森•斯威夫特1667~1745 P161Reference: Jonathan Swift is a master satirist in the 18th century who criticized the new bourgeois-aristocratic (资本家-贵族)society of his age.Works：1）√<Gulliver‟s Travels>格列佛游记(fictional work) Doctor Lemuel Gulliver P163①Lilliput小人国厘厘普特(船出事而冒险，后跟商船回英国)②Brobdingnag大人国勃罗白丁拉格（He is a pygmy侏儒there.）（船出事而冒险，后跟船回英国）③Flying Island (Laputa)拉普特飞岛(虚无缥缈的发明→It’s a bitter parody拙劣的模仿on scholastics and projectors.) （遇到海盗而冒险）④Houyhnhnm马岛(Good→Houyhnhnm 骏马胡已姆bad→Yahoo, they possess every conceivable evil.)2) <A Modest Proposal>一个小小的建议P181(This is made to English government to relive the poverty of Irish people )Joseph Addison约瑟夫·艾迪生1672-1719 P192(英国散文家、诗人、剧作家以及政治家。
英国文学史2整理大纲
英国文学史及选读History & Anthology of English Literature18世纪最主要的是enlightenment and Neo-classicism ，新古典主义主要是prose and essay，文艺复兴时期主要是戏剧。
18世纪初期，新古典主义，中期sentimentilism 感伤主义，后期，浪漫主义。
感伤主义在形式上是新古典主义，但内容上是浪漫主义，所以是新古典主义向浪漫主义过渡时期。
⏹The Eighteenth Century 。
1688-1798（1798年浪漫主义开始）⏹Age of Reason⏹Age of Enlightenment⏹Age of Neo-classicism⏹Age of Prose⏹ 1. Historical background:⏹ A comparatively peaceful period in which English capitalism gained rapid development;⏹Politically----The two parties;----newspapers and Journals⏹Economically----The Industrial Revolution, the completion of the EnclosureMovement;⏹Intellectually----The Enlightenment;(1) Newton’s scientific discovery and the philosophy of John Locke affected people’s thinking of the world.(2)Reason rather than superstition dominated.⏹English literature was influenced by French enlighteners and ancient Roman writers.⏹Neo-classicism was the leading literary trend in early 18th century.⏹Enlightenment⏹ a progressive intellectual movement (mainly philosophical and artistic movement)⏹Originated in France:⏹It grows out of the Renaissance and continues until the 19th century. Its purpose wasto enlighten the whole world with the light of modern philosophical and artistic ideas (So literature during this period is heavily didactic and moralizing).⏹The enlighteners celebrated reason, equality and science. They called for a reference toorder, reason & rules and advocated universal education, believing that the best way to improve human society is to educate the people, to use critical reason to free them of false beliefs, prejudice, superstitions, misunderstandings (They optimistically believed that humanity could improve itself by applying logic and reason to all things).①Nature: On the whole an expression of the bourgeoisie against feudalism. The enlighteners fought against class inequality, stagnation, prejudices and other survivals of feudalism.②They thought science was to answer the actual needs and requirements of the people and they intended to reform social life according to a more reasonable principle.③Representatives: Famous among the greatenlighteners in England were those great writers like Joseph Addison and Richard Steele, the essayists; Alexander Pope, the poet.⏹These writers in their works criticized different aspects of contemporary England,discussed social problems, and even touched upon morality and private conduct.⏹In religion: secular; Deism: the universe is set in motion by a God as a self-regulatingmechanism; everything was operated according to natural laws, which could be understood by the human mind.⏹In art and literature: neo-classicism great respect for the classical artists. Harmony,proportion, balance and restraint⏹In economic thought: state inference did violate to the law of nature; favoredlaissez-faire policies.⏹2．An Overview of the 18th Century English Literature:⏹(1) Neo-classicism in poetry of Alexander Pope, a new prose literature in theessays of Addison and Steele⏹(2) The rise and growth of modern English novel---- the first realistic fiction of Defoe and Swift;---- the realistic novels of Richardson, Fielding and Smollett, of whom the last two made rather fierce attacks on the existing social conditions but still maintained sufficient faith in the eventual triumph of virtue over vice and in the final attainment somehow of social justice.⏹(3) The 18thC English Drama----R.B. Sheridan(1751-1816) and O. Goldsmith(1730-1774)⏹(4)The last decades, decline of the Enlightenment, the appearance of new literarytendencies of sentimentalism (representatives wrote for the poor though still in a classical style) and pre-romanticism.⏹ 3. Neo-classicism in Early 18th century⏹In the field of literature, the Enlightenment Movement brought about a revival ofinterest in the old classical works. This tendency is known as neoclassicism.⏹According to the neoclassicists, all forms of literature were to be modeled after theclassical works of the ancient Greek & Roman writers (Homer, Virgil, & so on)& those of the contemporary French ones.⏹They believed that the artistic ideals should be order, logic, restrained emotion &accuracy, and that literature should be judged in terms of its service to humanity. This belief led them to seek proportion, unity, harmony & grace in literary expressions, in an effort to delight, instruct & correct human beings. Thus, a polite, urbane, witty, & intellectual art developed.⏹⏹Features of Neoclassical Literature⏹①witty, intellectual and restrained: order, logic, restrained emotion and accuracy⏹②polished form---- almost every genre of literature should have some fixed laws &rules.⏹(Rhymed couplets instead of blank verse, the 3 unities of time, place, and action,regularity in construction, the presentation of types rather than individuals—these were some of standards the classicists required of drama. Poetry should be lyrical, epic, didactic, satiric or dramatic. Prose should be precise, direct, smooth, and flexible. )⏹③didactic and satirical; writer had the duty to educate as well as entertain people(middle class), satire being an effective means of correcting people’s folly andweaknesses.⏹④city life and man-made object preferred; city life gave a sense of order while ruralwild life, natural landscape were coarse, chaotic and disorderly.⏹Representativesof Neoclassical Literature⏹Joseph Addison and Richard Steele —Famous essayists⏹The major representative of neoclassical poetry is Alexander Pope.⏹ 3.1 Alexander Pope (1688-1744):⏹having great influence on the18th century poetry, a man of extraordinary wit andextensive learning, one of the fore-most satirists in world literature as well as a great poet.⏹He used heroic couplet with exceptional brilliance and made it popular (five-footiambic rhymed in couplets).⏹Literary ideas-----Pope strongly advocated Neoclassicism, emphasizing that literaryworks should be judged by classical rule of order, reason, logic, restrained emotion, good taste and decorum.⏹His language style---- a satiric, concise, smooth, graceful &well-balanced style. Hewrote witty & polished verses ridiculing the behavior of his day.⏹Major works①Essay on Criticism---- a long didactic poem;Pope made his name as a great poet with the publication of an Essay on Criticism in 1711.“ A little learning is a dangerous thing”“To err is human, to forgive, divine.”②The Rape of the Lock---- A delightful burlesque of epic poetry, ridiculing the manners of the English nobility;③Dunciad----- a scathing attack on dullness & pedantry in literature;④Essay on Man-----brilliantly expressing the philosophical trends & concepts of his age. Translations⏹ 3.2 Periodical Literature in Early 18th-Centruy England: Addison and Steele⏹Joseph Addison and Richard Steele —Famous essayists, the publishers of a moralisticpaper The Spectator. The latter also started his paper The Tatler in 1709.⏹Their essays and stories gave a great push to the development of the 18th centurynovel.•Literature in the 18th Century (II)(1688-1798)•Lecture Outline•I. Neo-classicism in Early 18th century1.1 Introduction1.2 Features of Neoclassical Literature1.3 Representatives•II. Modern English novel1.1 Definition1.2 Representatives• 1.1 Introduction to Neo-classicism•In the field of literature, the Enlightenment Movement brought about a revival of interest in the old classical works. This tendency is known as neoclassicism. (在文学领域，启蒙主义运动使人们重新对古典时代的著作产生兴趣。
04、18世纪文学
四、18世纪文学Chapter Four The Eighteenth CenturyⅠ. Social BackgroundThe course of the 18th century presents a broad contrast to the disruption and change of the 17th. A desire for rational agreement, and an increasing confidence, is the keynote of the century. The novel appeared in this century. England and her empire within the British Isles prospered by improvements in agriculture and industry, and by trade with her overseas empires, at first commercial, then territorial. The dominant spirit of the century was the Enlightenment, a name given by historians to a phase succeeding the Renaissance and followed by Romanticism. The Enlightenment believed in the universal authority of reason, and in its ability to understand and explain. It favored toleration and moderation in religion, and was helpful about the rational perfectibility of man, and optimistic about human future.Ⅱ. Literary CharacteristicsThe prose:In the 18th century, for the first time in English literature history, prose actually excelled poetry both in quantity and quality. The chief reason for this lies in the fact that age was by nature prosaic rather than poetical; it was reflective and practical rather than inspired and enthusiastic. The rise of the periodical press profoundly modified English prose. The most important writer were Jonathan Swift(江奈生·斯威夫特), Richard Steele(理查德·斯梯尔).The novel:The novel as most people think of it today first appeared in England in the early eighteenth century with the publication of Daniel Defoe’s Robinson Crusoe(1719). The rise of the novel is usually associated with the rise of the middle classes. The novel in England by and large reports upon the experiences of middle-class people who have to work for a living. The novel emerged in the early 18th century was taking shape at this time. The novel serves as a mirror for this new middle-class audience, a mirror through which they can see the dilemmas of their own lives reflected. Such novels tend to be realistic and secular. The most important novelists are Daniel Dofoe(丹尼尔·笛福), Samuel Richerdson(塞缪尔·理查逊), Henry Fielding(亨利·菲尔丁).The poetry:The 18th century has been regarded as the age of prose, but English poetry did not stop its developing. In poetry the most outstanding feature was the domination of the heroic couplet (英雄对偶体). The lyric had become trivial and empty. But satirical poetry flourished. The most important poets were Alexander Pope(亚历山大·蒲伯), Thomas Gray(托马斯·格雷), Robert Burns(罗伯特·彭斯).The drama:It was not very important. In the early 18th century, English drama adopted a more emotional and moralistic tone, resulting in comedies often designated as sentimental. Although other types of comedy remained popular during 18th century, sentimental comedy held a sufficiently prominent place to inspire a reaction and a return to so-called laughing comedy. Important play writers: Oliver Goldsmith(奥立佛·哥尔德斯密), Richard Sheridan(理查德·谢立丹).Terms:感伤主义文学（Sentimentalism）：是以斯特恩的小说《感伤旅行》而得名的，其特点是排斥理性，崇尚情感，注重对生存和死亡意义的探索，强调对大自然的体味和赞叹。
English Literature of the 18th__ century-handouts
English Literature of the 18th centuryI. Sketch:1. Historical background1). Political: Glorious Revolution, Industrial Revolution, War of Independence,French Revolution,2). ideological: Enlightenment Movement2. literature1. Neoclassicism2. Periodical3. novels (Sentimental Movement)4. dramaII. Enlightenment1. A philosophical movement of the 18th century that emphasized the use of reason to scrutinize previously accepted doctrines and traditions and that brought about many humanitarian reforms.2. A progressive intellectual movement throughout western Europe (England, Germanyand France) in the 18th century and in Russia in the 19th century (Lenin: bourgeois movement)3. Nature and Effect1) A movement preaching bourgeois political system.2). The continuation of the anti-feudalism, anti-asceticism and anti-church movement of the Renaissance.3). Set up the base for French Revolution in 1789.4. Enlighteners in English Literature: 2 groups1). moderate group: Pope, Defoe, Addison and Steele, and RichardsonThey supported the rules of the existing social order and considered partial reforms would be sufficient.2). Radical group: Swift, Fielding, Smollett, Goldsmith and SheridanThey insisted on more resolute democratization in the management of the government and even partly defended the interests of working people, peasants and laboring classIII. The 18th Century LiteratureI Neo-ClassicismII Periodical LiteratureIII Realistic NovelsIV SentimentalismV Gothic NovelsVI Prose an DramaNeo-ClassicismA revival in the 17th and 18th centuries of classical standards of order, balance, and harmony in literature. John Dryden and Alexander Pope were major exponents of the neoclassical school.Alexander Pope (1688-1744)Comments on Pope1). Pope was one of the first to introduce rationalism to England. He was the greatest poet of his time.2). His lines are smooth, balanced and concise, a master of the heroic couplet.3) A great satirist4). Influenced other writers of his age, early 18th c England----the Age of PopeSamuel Johnson (1709—1784)Comments on Johnson:1). next only to William Shakespeare, Samuel Johnson is perhaps the most quoted of English writers.2). The latter part of 18th century is often called the ―Age of Johnson‖.II Periodical Literature―The Tatler‖ (1709)1. three times a week, 271 numbers: 188 by Steele, 42 by Addison, 36 together by A and S2. essays, in conversational style to entertain and instruct the readers3. the character ―Isaac Bickerstaff‖ invented by SwiftThe SpectatorContributions of Addison and Steele:1. They give a true picture of the social life of England in the 18th century.2. In the hands of Addison and Steele, the English essay has completely established itself as a literary genre. Using it as a form of character sketching and story-telling, they pave the way to modern novels.Realistic novels1) Influenced by materialistic philosophy.2)Follow the tradition of old novels, especially the picaresque novels.3)Reflected the social contradictions in the bourgeois society.4)Catered to the taste of the middle class readers.5)The social life is the main theme.6)The people from the middle or lower class are heroes or heroines.7)Serious attitude to social problems—criticism on reality.8)No revolutionary spirit is included.9)Structure is given more emphasis– focused plot, strict arrangement of time and place.10)Description on character and psychological movement.11)Daily language.Daniel Defoe（丹尼尔·笛福）Pattern of his novelsThe hero or heroine began from a humble origin, with vicissitudes in their life. Moralizing on the part of the hero or heroine over his or her misdeeds.The struggle of the protagonists is in conflict with the society.The Puritan conscience is included.The blame is both on the hero or heroine and at the society.Significance of Defoe’s novelsDefoe is a great realist.The charm of his novels is their intense sense of reality, which is embodied in succession of thoughts, feelings and incidents that are easily recognized to be credibly true to life. The readers can see the essence of the aristocratic-bourgeois society.Defoe gave his story the quality of factual truth from his observation of nature and society, moreover, he is a novelist of strong imagination.IV Jonathan Swift （江奈生·斯威夫特）Comment on Gulliver’s TravelsIt is a satire on the whole English society of the early 18th century.It exposes the ugly appearance of the British ruling classes.It criticizes the declining feudalism and the new capitalist relations.It attacks the aggressive wars and colonialism in the 18th century.It is a fantasy and a realistic work of fictionHis understanding of human nature is profound: human nature is seriously flawed. To better human life, enlightenment is needed. He intends not to condemn but to reform and improve human natureHenry FieldingCommentA realistic novelist, Fielding set up the theory of realism in literary creation.Exact observation and study of the real lifeHe made a close and constant study of real men and women of his own age.His characters are common earthly men with earthly interests, needs and passion.He created human nature truthfully and accurately.His characters are drawn from people around him, compounded of observation and imagination, of experience and invention.Features of Fielding’s NovelsTell the story directly by the authorSatire is everywhere.Fielding believes in the educational function of the novel, whose object is to present a faithful picture of life, while sound teaching is woven into their very texture.A master of style:Easy, unlabored and familiar, but extremely vivid and vigorous.Logic and musical rhythmRemarkable command of languageClear and supple languageComplicated plot constructionTobias Smollett (1721–1771)SentimentalismSentimentalist Movement: important literary trend at the middle and later decades of the 18th century. Along with a new vision of love, sentimentalism presented a new view of human nature which prized feeling over thinking, passion over reason.Expression of SentimentalismPoetry: Edward Young ―Night Thoughts‖Graveyard poetry: Thomas Gray ―Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard‖William CowperDrama: Richard Steele ―The Lying Lover‖―The Conscious LoversHugh KellyRichard CumberlandSherida n ―The Rivals‖Prose Fiction: Richardson ―Clarissa Harlowe‖Oliver Goldsmith ―The Vicar of Wakefield‖Laurence Sterne ―A Sentimental Journey‖Sentimental ComediesA dramatic genre of the 18th century, denoting plays in which middle-class protagonists triumphantly overcome a series of moral trials. Such comedy aimed at producing tears rather than laughter. Sentimental comedies reflected contemporary philosophical conceptions of humans as inherently good but capable of being led astray through bad example.Samuel Richardson （理查迅）Comments1). a great story-teller, letter-writer and moralizer, a new way of writing novels---- epistolary form2). first important novelist to pay much att ention to the woman’s position in the day: sympathy3). His novels give satire on the moral hypocrisy and social evils, but there is too much sentimentality in the novels.4). write both for entertainment and for social and moral instruction, great influence to literature of his time and after him.Laurence Sterne (1713-1768)Oliver Goldsmith （奥利佛·歌尔斯密）Gothic NovelsGothic novelsBackground: In late 18th c. with the full development of the Industrial revolution, in literature a group of writers were not satisfied with rationalism and realism, because neither of them could solve the social contradictions of the age, thus appeared a genre named Gothic novels or romance.Features1). full of extraordinary situations of mystery and terror and supernaturalism.2). The settings are often in the medieval background with gloomy sentiment in a―Gothic architecture‖3). The stories are unrealisticEdward Gibbon (吉本）Drama: Richard Brinsley Sheridan。
欧洲文化入门试卷及答案
《欧洲文化入门》I. Choose the most appropriate one for the following blanks. (60 POINTS)1. Two major elements in European culture are ____.那就是希腊和罗马文化历史。
另一条则是精神宗教形成线索，即犹太教和基督教历史2. ____ deals with the Trojan War (the Greek states led by Agamemnon in theirC. Prometheus BoundD. Persians《以利亚特》和《奥得赛》）3. The play Prometheus Bound was written by _____.A. AeschylusB.AristophanesC. EuripidesD. Sophocles4. The best writer of comedy of the ancient Greece was ____ , who is Father of Comedy.C. SophoclesD. Aeschylus喜剧家：Comedy writer解释者of the atomic theory.D. Socrates6, ____by Plato is a book about the ideal state ruled by a philosopher but barring poets.A. DialoguesB. The ApologyC. The RepublicD. Symposium讨论会7. Dante called ____ " the master of those who know".A, Aristotle B. Plato C. Socrates D. ArchimedesB. PoeticsC. EthicsD. PoliticsEuclid---Elements9. ____ has been a big subject for discussion among writers and artists.A, Discus Thrower B, Venus de Milo C, Laocoon group D, Parthenon10. Herodotus, Father of History, wrote about the war between ____ .Herodotus Father of historyA. HeracleitusB. AristotleC. SocratesC. The Roman EmpireD. Pax Romana年，元老院授予屋大维“奥古斯都”和“大元帅”的尊称史诗, The Aeneid, was written by _____.C. Julius CaesarD. Cicero维吉尔。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
Then, for 32 years, he held various government offices. However, his political career came to end in 1812 when he dropped out of the parliament because he had no money for re-election, and that same year he was arrested for debt. Sheridan died in 1816 in neglect and poverty. He was buried in Westminster Abbey.
2) In his plays, morality is the constant theme. He is much concerned with the current moral issues and lashes harshly at the social vices of the day.
2. The features of Sheridan’s plays
1) His plays, especially The Rivals and The School for Scandal, are generally regarded as important links between the masterpieces of Shakespeare and those of Bernard Shaw, and as true classics in English comedy.
Before long he was the owner of the Brury lane Theatre and a member of Samuel Johnson’s Literature Club. The year 1977 saw the appearance of his masterpiece The School of for Scandal (造谣学校), which brought him quite a fame. But his prime play-writing was cu short by his election for M.P. for Stafford.
The 18th Century English Drama and Sheridan
Ⅰ.The 18th Century English Drama
The reputation of The 18th Century English Drama is not from the playwrights but from the players, among whom David Garrick (1717-1779) was the most popular. It was he who created a school of acting—that was “natural” as compared to the more formalized gestures and poses of the past.
ⅡRichard Brinsley Sheridan (1751-
1816)
Life
Sheridan was the only important playwright of the 18th century. He was born in Ireland, the son of Thomas Sheridan, actor and theatre manager. The boy was educated at Harrow, England. In 1770, the family settled in Bath, where Sheridan fell in love with a famous young singer, fought two duels, and finally married her. At the age of 21, he started his own life as a playwright. His play The Rivals (情敌)， staged in 1775, proved to be a great success.
3) Sheridan’s greatness also lies in his theatrical art. He seems to have inherited from his parents a natural ability and inborn knowledge about the theatre.
His plays are the product of a dramatic genius as well as of a well-versed theatrical man. Though his dramatic techniques are largely conventional, they are exploited to the best advantage. His plots are well organized, his characters, either major or minor, are all sharply drawn, and his manipulation of such device as disguise, mistaken identity and dramatic irony is masterly. Witty dialogues and neat and decent language also make a characteristic of his play.