Chapter I Introduction of Britain

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英语国家概况 Chapter 1

The United Kingdom——The Land
Location and Size
William Shakespeare
• • • An English poet and playwright The greatest writer in the English language The world's preeminent dramatist
The Name of the Country
1. What are the different names of the country? 2. What is the difference between UK, England and Great Britain? 3. What separate nations make up the country?
2. What are the neighboring countries of
the country?
3. What is the size of the country?
4. What is the importance of UK in the
world?
The United Kingdom——The Land
The United Kingdom——The Land
5. Norway 6. Belgium 7. The Irish Republic 8. Iceland
Location and Size
3. What is the size of the country?
• • • • •
Rather small, 242,514 square kilometers Less than 2% of the land of the world 75th in size among countries South—north (966 km) East—west (483 km)

英语国家概况必背

英语国家概况精讲：第一章英国的国土与人民Chapter 1： Land and People 英国的国土与人民I. Different Names for Britain and its Parts 英国的不同名称及其各组成部分1.Geographical names: the British Isles, Great Britain and England.地理名称：不列颠群岛，大不列颠和英格兰。

2.Official name: the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.官方正式名称：大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。

3.The British Isles are made up of two large islands-Great Britain (the larger one) and Ireland, and hundreds of small ones.不列颠群岛由两个大岛—大不列颠岛（较大的一个）和爱尔兰岛，及成千上万个小岛组成。

4.Three political divisions on the island of Great Britain: England, Scotland and Wales.大不列颠岛上有三个政治区：英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士。

(1) England is in the southern part of Great Britain. It is the largest, most populous section.英格兰位于大不列颠岛南部，是最大，人口最稠密的地区。

(2) Scotland is in the north of Great Britain. It has three natural zones (the Highlands in the north; the Central lowlands; the south Uplands) Capital: Edinburgh苏格兰位于大不列颠的北部。

当代英国概况知识要点

Contemporary British Culture and SocietyFor FinalChapter 1 IntroductionA1 Geography continued IONA ?– The British Isles土A 1 Geography cont. *n.a.土National Flag The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland WALES cont.Culture:One thing that marks Wales out from the rest of the Britain is the survival of Welsh as a living language.Welsh food is not well-known. They eat laverbread (a mixture of seaweed, oatmeal and bacon served on toast), Rarebit (cheese on toast with the added flavor of mustard and beer).NORTHERN IRELAND cont.Culture:Perform a dance known as the “jig” which they do to Irish folk music.Very festive people and dance on various occasions.Meals are based around meats like lamb, beef, and pork.Main meal is usually lunch, not dinner.SCOTLAND cont.Culture:Greatest Scottish accomplishments come in the form of science, literature, and philosophy.Bagpipes are very famous in Scotland.Social gathering known as ceilidh were very popular in the traditional culture in which folk stories were told.Today, stories are substituted for drinking and dancing.Scots are known primarily for game dishes like smoked salmon and venisonA2 PopulationUK 59,289,194England 51,138,831Wales 2,903,085Scotland 5,162,011Northern Ireland 1,685,267A2 Populationcontinued Densi tyUKaverage243/km2 England376/ km2 Scotland65/km2Wales141/km2N.Ireland122/km2 France106/km2US27/km2A 4 ClassThe United Kingdom is increasingly described as a classless society.However many people still believe society is ordered in terms of class and that discrimination occurs between classes.Everything a Briton does and says is influenced by class.Accent*, vocabulary*, job*, hobbies* and types of relationship all fit into the class structure.A 5 50 Years of ChangeThe 1950s – a time of great changes in fields of economy, culture, politics.The 1960s – a decade of young rebellious young generationThe 1970s – a decade of strikes and recessionThe 1980s – a decade of ThatcherismThe 1990s – a decade of great expectationA 5. The Devolution 土Jeremy Johnson has been a building labourer since he left university after obtaining a degree in electronics. This was the only job he could get at the time but now he enjoys the physical work and he has decided to continue in the building industry. He says he is middle class.Which class would you say he was in—the middle class or the working class? why? There is no definite answer to the question. There is a subjective perspective ( what class attachment the individual feels) and an objective perspective (which class the individual is allocated to by statisticians).The purpose of the activity is to impress upon the students that class is an indefinite concept in Britain.Chapter 2 Family & Personal RelationshipsA 1 The Family cont. One-parent families & their dependent children 土Sociological Explanations of the Increase in DivorceCan you work out any reasons to explain why in modern world, the divorce rate is increasing all around the world?Sociological Explanations of the Increase in DivorceThe value of marriageConflict between spousesThe ease of divorceWomen, paid employment and marital conflictIncome and classAgeMarital status of parentsBackground and role expectationsOccupationContemporary British Culture and SocietyChapter 3 Family & Relationship ( 2 )A 2 Parents and Children Chinese vs BritishChinese parents are more protective and controlling.The main qualities appreciated in parents and shared by young people in Britain and China alike may be that they are understanding and supporting in crises, allow freedom of action within a framework of constraints and, more pragmatically, offer financial support and contributions. For many young people, parents are obviously a primary source of advice about personal as well as more general problems, especially in relation to employmentChapter 4 Education in UKA1 Change & Reform in SchoolsBefore 1870 schools were set up by churches, 40% of children aged 10 attended From 1870 onwards government took responsibility for education. (why?)It was in response to changes caused by industrial revolution and movement for social & political reformThe 1944 Act in England& Wales gave all children the right to free secondary education The tripartite system – at end of primary education children are selected by means of streaming. Those on the top stream (20%) went to grammar schools. The rest went to secondary modern and technical schoolsA 1 Change & Reform contThe National Curriculum in England and Wales is divided into four Key Stages (KS), three core subjects (English, Mathematics and Science) and nine non-core foundation subjects.A 1 Reform & Change Key Stages and Tests 土The Key Stages are age-related: KS 1 goes up to age seven, KS 2 from seven to eleven, KS 3 from eleven to fourteen (pre-GCSE) and KS 4 from fourteen to sixteen (preparation for GCSE and equivalent vocational qualifications) -A 3 Institutions of Higher Education CambridgeCambridge University was founded in 1209 by students fleeing from Oxford after one of the many episodes of violence between the university and the town of Oxford.A 3 Institution of Higher Education OxfordOxford University. Legend has it that Oxford University was founded by King Alfred in 872. A more likely scenario is that it grew out of efforts begun by Alfred to encourage education and establish schools throughout his territory. There may have been a grammar school there in the 9th century. A grammar school was exactly what it sounds like; a place for teaching Latin grammar. The University as we know it actually began in the 12th century as gatherings of students around popular masters. The university consisted of people, not buildings. The buildings came later as a recognition of something that already existed. In a way, Oxford was never founded; it grew.A 3 Institutions of Higher Education OxbridgeThe Boat Race between Oxford & Cambridge started June 10, 1829The event is now a British national institution, and is televised live each year. The race has been won by Cambridge 77 times and Oxford 71. The 2003 race was amongst the closest in history, with Oxford winning by less than a foot. One entertainment for spectators is the possibility of a boat sinking. This has occurred on three occasions; to the Oxford crew in 1925 and to Cambridge in 1859 and in 1978. The race is currently run over a four mile and 374 yard stretch of the River Thames between Putney and Mortlake in London.Click hereA3 Institutions of Higher Learning Crisis Universities in crisisIn most universities resources are spent on day-to-day teaching and research. At the same time academic salaries have stalled: plumbers earn more than professors; research staff are paid less than school dinner ladies. So top academics are fleeing to the US and there are chronic shortages of teaching staff in areas such as law, computing, maths and computersA3 Institutions of Higher Education CrisisHow has all this come about?It boils down to a simple equation: government funding has remained static over the past few decades while the number of students has skyrocketed. As a result, Britain would now have to spend £ 3.5bn a year just to bring the amount it spends per student up to the EU average.A 4 Further Education & Training YTSObjectives of Youth Training Scheme:To give a training opportunity to school leavers who did not get a job or go on to universityTo ensure that these young people learn how to transfer the skills they learn in one job to anotherCritiques: 1. artificially reduce unemployment figures 2.reinforce young people’s status as determined by their class background 3. jobs are not guaranteed after trainingQuestions:What do you understand by the term streaming? Is it a reasonable system?In many British schools, children are grouped together according to their ability, and this is known as “streaming”. The word ‘stream’ can be used as a noun (i.e. She is in the top stream/the A stream.) and as a verb (i.e. The school streams its pupils.)As for whether it is a reasonable system, different people may have different opinions. Some people may not think it fair to put children into groups according to their ability, while others may think it helpful to promote competition among children.Contemporary British Culture & Society ( 5 )Chapter 5 WorkA 4 Unions & ManagementTrade unions: first formed in the early stages of the Industrial Revolution, by groups of industrial workers who suffered from extremely low pay and bad working conditionsThere are four types of union:General Unions, which represent workers in a range of industries.Craft Unions, which represent workers from a group of industries who share a particular skillIndustrial Unions, which represent workers in a particular industry whatever their skill is, e.g. The National Union of Mineworkers (NUM)White Collar Unions, which represent non-manual workers e.g. The National Union of Teachers (NUT)A 4 Unions & ManagementPros.they are essential for protecting the interests of employees who might otherwise get a raw deal from powerful employers or in industries which are declining and where redundancies are highly likely.unions played an active part in persuading the government to pass the Health and Safe Actthey offer a range of services, particularly through the TUC.Constrade unions make excessive wage claimsunion elections are undemocraticunions have become too powerful and should have their ‘wings clipped’.they undermine the competitiveness of British industry because of restrictive practices & opposition to technological progressWhat are the similarities and differences between getting a job in Britain and in China?Contemporary British Culture & Society ( 6 )Chapter 6A 2 Leisure at HomeThe most common leisure activities among people in the United Kingdom are home-based, or social, such as entertaining or visiting relatives and friendsWatching television is by far the most popular leisure pastime; Britain's regular weekly dramas or 'soap operas' have more viewers than any other programme. Other regular pastimes include listening to the radio and to recorded music, reading books, gardening, do-it-yourself home improvements and doing puzzle.Pop and rock albums are the most common type of music bought, and pop is by far the most popular form of musical expression in BritainLanguage & CultureVariations in terminology used to describe people watching leisure entertainment Soccer -- crowds, suggesting “amorphous”Rugby -- spectators, “dispassionate onlookers”Cinema --audiences, more sophisticated, listenTV -- viewers, denying passivity of TV ”couch potato”Theatre -- theatre- goers, some form of dynamismOpera -- opera buffs, uniform worn by smart regimentsConclusion The Defining Factors of IdentityEducation, work, and leisure are defining aspects of British cultural identity. Schools place a distinctive stamp on their pupils – a past pupil will be defined as a product of Shrewbury School or King Street primary.This pattern is repeated in the work arena. People define themselves by their schools and their work functions.Contemporary British Culture and SocietyChapter 7 HOLIDAYS & TOURISMUK - Cotswolds (in southwestern England, is a range of limestone hills famed for its beautiful scenery and attractive houses built in local Cotswold stone. The area has many historic buildings, and tourism is the main industry. The Cotswolds extend from near Bath, in Avon; northeastward through Gloucestershire; nearly as far as Stratford-upon-Avon, in Warwickshire. The highest point is Cleeve Cloud, 1,083 feet (330 meters) above sea level. Cleeve is near Cheltenham, Gloucestershire, on the range's western edge. Most of the Cotswolds are rolling hills.)From Stratford to Bath and OxfordThe Cotswolds stretch from Stratford upon Avon in the north to Bath in the south. From Gloucester in the west to Oxford in the east, the rolling hills are full of story book English villages. And we have added Shakespeare at Stratford upon Avon, the dreaming spires and colleges at Oxford and the Georgian city of Bath. Heritage of ScotlandRobert Burns was Scotland's greatest poet and many would say that he was the world's greatest ever poet.Burns was born at Alloway, Ayrshire, Scotland on 25 January 1759 and died in Dumfries on 21 July 1796. In less than 37 years of life he accomplished more than most people do in a normal lifetimeSome of his work, such as Auld Lang Syne (The good old days) is among the most familiar and best-loved songs and poems in the English languageScotland My Love is like a Red, Red Rose Burns0, my love is like a red, red rose, that's newly sprung in June. 0, my love is like a melody, that's sweetly play'd in tune.As fair thou art, my bonnie lass, so deep in love am I, And I will love thee still, my dear, till a' the seas gang dry.Till a' the seas gang dry, my dear, and the rocks melt wi' the sun! And I will love thee still, my dear, while the sands of life shall run.And fare thee well, my only love! And fare thee well awhile! And I will come again, my love. Tho it were ten thousand mile!ScotlandBURNS NIGHTIt is celebrated on January, 25th, the birthday of Robert BurnsIn the evening people eat typical Scottish food, such as “Haggis” (a special kind of sausage in a sheep’s stomach) and drink whisky while bagpipes music is playedand some of Burn’s poems are read aloud.Chapter 8 Crime & the PoliceA 4 The Causes of Crime土A 6 The PoliceThe Metropolitan Police Force – 1828 by Sir Robert Peel. Headquarters at Scotland Yard. Bobby, nickname for a British policeman.Home Secretary responsible for the Met.The Metropolitan Police Force is the main law-enforcement agency in the Capital and the biggest police force in the country, employing over 35,000 people.There are other police forces in London - the City of London Police, the British Transport Police and the Royal Parks Constabulary - but the Met is the main player Metropolitan Police ServiceA 6 The PoliceWhat are their responsibilities?The Met Police are responsible for policing the majority of Greater London. The basic street-level policing of London is carried out by Borough Operational Command Units (BOCUs), which Londoners will recognise as their local police force. The Met also undertakes many national tasks, like protection of royalty and the Capital's diplomatic community, as well as having certain counter-terrorism duties.The Two Branches of the Local PoliceThe uniformed branch who patrol on foot or by car and whose uniform is easily recognised; navy-blue suits and distinctive shaped helmetsThe plainclothes police, who investigate serious crime, and are known as the CID (Criminal Investigation Department)A 6 The PoliceThe Role of the PoliceThe police may be seen as having two roles in society, each with a different emphasis and image.Maintenance of order - where the police provides a service to the community. A ServiceThis is known as community policing and requires the cooperation of the local community and favours an image of the local ‘bobby on the beat’ who is known and recognised by the public in a particular area.).Law enforcement - where the police are considered as a force with a primary function of enforcing the criminal law. A ForceA 6 The PolicePolice Powers & LimitationsPolice officers are normally unarmed, but they do carry a truncheon (short thick club). In Northern Ireland police officers carry firearms for their protection, but this is seen as unusual circumstances.can stop and search people on the street⋯ if they suspect a person is carrying stolen goods or offensive weapons which may be used for burglary or other offences. ⋯ can arrest suspects with a warrant from the local magistrate and for serious offences such as murder or kidnapping a suspect can be arrested without a warrant.Suspects rights are protected in various ways –Detention, treatment and questioningChargingBailA 6 The PoliceRights of the suspectto have someone outside the police station told of his/her arrestto consult a solicitorMoreover, a suspect in custody should notbe forced to answer questions — they have the right to remain silent (N.B. Recent changes in the law have meant that silence under police questioning may be interpreted negatively by a jury, i.e. as a sign of guilt.)be forced to make a statement against their willbe induced to make a statement by means of threats or by being promised something, such as bail, for instance.A 6 The PoliceCode of Practice.Citizens are allowed to complain about the conduct of any police officer and any wrongful treatment they may have had from the action of the policeTo ensure a thorough and independent investigation of any such complaint the Independent Police Complaints Authority supervises any such inquiry.Police officers breaking the law in the course of their duty can be prosecuted and even dismissed from the forceThe discipline codes are designed to prevent abuse of power and to maintain public confidence in police impartiality.Chapter 9 Justice and the LawA 1 Introduction – Basic Principles of English LawBasic principles of English law:The Rule of LawNatural Law andNatural JusticeThe Rule of Law is an aspect of the British Constitution.It involves:The rights of individuals are determined by legal rules and not the arbitrary behaviour of authorities.There can be no punishment unless a court decides there has been a breach of law. Everyone, regardless of your position in society, is subject to the law.A 1 Introduction –Basic Principles of English Law contNatural Law: A system of universal moral and ethical principles that are inherent in human nature and that people can discover by using their natural intelligence (e.g., murder is wrong; parents are responsible for the acts of their minor children)Natural Law is higher than Man-made law.Natural Justice -- where there are no other guidelines legal decisions should conform to what the courts can deduce as natural law. It is a reflection of prevailing moral view of society.Basic principlesThe rule of law----everybody is subject to the law----laws must not be arbitrary----a person is innocent until proven guiltyNatural law----a law is higher than a man-made lawNatural justice----reflection of the prevailing moral view of the societyA 1 Introduction – Sources of British LawCommon Law (The system of laws originated and developed in England and based on court decisions, on the doctrines implicit in those decisions, and on customs and usages rather than on codified written laws.) – decided by judges, their decisions in cases after considering the customs and practices of the people involved. This kind of law has evolved long before Parliament became the main law-making body. Statute Law (A law established by legislative enactment.) – made by Parliament Case Law (Law based on judicial decision and precedent rather than on statutes.) – has evolved through decisions in actual trialsEuropean Union lawA 1 The Supremacy of ParliamentParliament can pass, repeal and alter any of Britain’s laws. This is one of the major powers that a government has .Parliament also has the power – after going through its own parliamentary processes – of altering its own laws.In theory there is nobody that can declare a law passed by Parliament as unconstitutionalBut decisions of the European Court must be accepted in UK.A 1 Introduction -- Two branches of lawCivil law -- defines and enforces the duties or obligations of persons to one another. (The body of laws of a state or nation dealing with the rights of private citizens.) Criminal law -- by contrast, defines and enforces the obligations of persons to society as a whole. (Law that deals with crimes and their punishments.)CourtscontMagistrates’ CourtThe overwhelming majority of the public who come into contact with the court system will do so with the Magistrates’ court,and there are more than 700 magistrates’courts in England and Wales. It is rare for the sort of cases dealt with in these courts to grab the nation’s attention,or hit the headlines. However, these courtsare a vital cog in the wheel of justice, and nearly all of the UK’s criminals will passthrough their doors.Courts contThe Crown CourtThe Crown Court deals with all indictable cases,which are serious offences triable before a judge and jury,and these include murder, rape, serious assault, kidnapping, conspiracy, fraud, armed robbery,and Official Secrets Act offences. These offences cannot be tried at the magistrates’ court.Courtscont••The High Court•The High Court is a civil court and has the authority to hear any civil case in England and Wales. It handles everything from libel and litigation to shipping cases and divorce. Along with the Court of Appeal, it is based at the gothic building of the Royal Courts of Justice on the Strand,London, butalso sits at 26 towns around the country.CourtscontCourt of appealIf a convicted person feels he or she has not had a fair trial in the Crown Court/High Court and has been wrongfully convicted,or that the sentence imposed by the judges is unfair,then he or she can take their case to the Court of Appeal,where more senior judges will consider the merits of their case.Potential or Possible Advantages of the Jury SystemThe system is the chief bulwark of the common man against abuse by the state or by individual members of the legal system.It gives the public a part to play in the legal process and makes the ordinary people gain a sense of involvement.Jurors usually have more first-hand qualification than any judge to form a valid opinion upon facts connected with the daily life of ordinary people.The system ensures that the judgment of guilt or innocence is made by the accused’s equals, not by a judge whom many will see as being out of touch with ordinary people and no better at making judgments about facts.Potential or Possible Disadvantages of the Jury SystemJurors may have a lot of difficulty following arguments and/or evidence in a complex case.Evidence shows that gender or race discrimination and prejudice still exist among some jurors.Juries are likely to be influenced by one dominant personality among their members and also, by the impression they pick up from the judge’s summing-up, rather than solely from the facts presented to them during the hearing.Jurors are more easily swayed by emotional witnesses’ accounts or barristers’appeals, and sometimes do not pay as much regard to facts or documentary evidence as expected.In which court or tribunal would you expect the following cases to be heard? ShopliftingDrunken behaviourMurderBank robberyCompany fraudDivorceVandalism (depends upon seriousness)In which court or tribunal would you expect the following cases to be heard? Shoplifting Magistrates’ CourtDrunken behaviour Magistrates’ CourtMurder Crown CourtBank robbery Crown CourtCompany fraud Crown CourtDivorce County Court/High CourtVandalism (depends upon seriousness) Magistrates Court/Crown CourtChapter 10 BeliefsThe Reformation (A 16th-century movement in Western Europe that aimed at reforming some doctrines and practices of the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the establishment of the Protestant churches)Immediate Causes• Merchant wealth challenged the church.• German and English nobility disliked Italian domination of the Church. • The Church’s great political power and wealth caused conflict.• Church corruption and the sale of the indulgences (The remission of temporal punishment still due for a sin that has been sacramentally absolved.) were widespread and caused conflict.The ReformersMartin Luther• Believed in salvation by faith alone• Posted the 95 theses• Led the movement that gave birth to the ProtestantChurchJohn Calvin• Believed in predestination• Expanded Protestant movementKing Henry VIII• Dismissed authority of the popes in Rome• Divorced, broke with the Catholic ChurchFormed the Church of EnglandImmediate ResultsEnglandElizabeth I–ended bloodshed–united British Isles under the Anglican Church.Rise of Reformation contributed to the growth of capitalismLong-Term ResultsChanging cultural values and traditionsGrowth of secularismGrowth of individualismGrowth of religious toleranceWhat are the major differences between the Catholic and Protestant Churches? Catholic⊂power and authority of the Pope as head of the Church in setting rules of moral conduct emphasis on ritualeducation of children into the faithimportance of Virgin MaryProtestant⊂more individualistic attitude generallyimportance of individual conscience in relationship to Godless formal services of worship.Chapter 11 WelfareA1 Development of “Welfare State”1. Definition of Poverty1.1 Absolute Poverty – families without minimum food, clothing and shelter needed for maintenance of merely physical health (concept at beginning of last century) 1.2 Relative Poverty – Despite adequate income for survival, people who do not have what is regarded as minimum necessary for decency and who cannot escape judgment that they are indecent can be labeled as poor.What is a ‘Welfare State’?It can be defined as ‘a state with a government which assumes responsibility for the well-being of its citizens throughout life, through a range of interventions in the market economy’. The welfare state would aim to offer its citizens a life with certain specified standards of living which it considers reasonable and possible for all, and protection against the unexpected hazards of life (for example, losing a job, becoming sick, having an accident).These days resources for welfare are raised through National Insurance contributions (which are paid by all people in work) and general taxation (which is paid by all people in work above a certain level of income). There is also a Value Added Tax (VAT) which is included in the price of many goods and services.Aims of the post-World War II welfare legislationThe most radical and widespread reforms occurred after the Second World War in 1945. The measures introduced then were based upon a famous document, the Beveridge Report of 1942.Lord William Henry Beveridge, 1879-1963A3 WELFARE IN BRITAIN — THE PRESENTThe three main areas of welfare provision in Britain are health, housing and social securityThe post-war welfare structure has always been a combination of public and private provisionFrom the 1980s those who could afford had been encouraged to provide for their own health and retirement by paying into private insurance schemes.Chapter 12 Domestic EconomyA 4 The Mixed Economy contNationalizationthe acquisition of private companies by the public sectorPrivatizationthe return of state enterprises to private ownership and controlA 4 The Mixed Economy contWhy nationalise?The post-war Labour government was elected on a socialist manifesto (see also Chapter 11 ‘Welfare’), which promised more political control over the major public utilities so that their development could be guided in the public interest rather than simply for private profitThose industries which were nationalised had managing directors appointed by the government and, whilst they were left to run their own affairs on a day-to-day basis, they were accountable to the government concerning more long-term policy.A 4 The Mixed Economy contReasons for nationalizationNatural monopolyExternalitiese.g. subsidizing public transport (London Underground) may be a second-best option to road pricing.Equity or distributional consequencese.g. protecting transport in rural areasCo-ordinating a networke.g. British Rail could have an overview of the whole rail systemA 4 the Mixed EconomyWhy privatize?The main argument used by the ‘privatizers’ is that nationalized industries are。

Chapter 1.A Brief Introduction to the UK

Chapter I. A Brief Introduction to the United Kingdom1.1国名：大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国( The United Kingdom of Great Britainand Northern Ireland)国歌：《上帝保佑女王》“god save the queen”（如在位的是男性君主，国歌改为"god save the king"）国花：玫瑰花国鸟：红胸鸽国石：钻石国家政要：女王伊丽莎白二世(Queen Elizabeth II) ，１９５２年２月６日即位，１９５３年６月２日加冕；首相：2007年6月27日，布莱尔正式辞去首相职务，工党领袖布朗顺利接任英国第52任首相。

1.2 Scenic Spots in Britain1.3 A Brief Description to the UKThe United Kingdom is a small nation in physical size. At 244,820 sq km. Like the rest of northern Europe, it is warmed by the Gulf Stream flowing out of the South Atlantic Ocean. The climate, in general, is mild, chilly, and often wet. Rain or overcast skies can be expected for up to 300 days per year. These conditions make Britain lush and green, with rolling plains in the south and east and rough hills and mountains to the west and north.Despite its relatively small size, Britain is highly populated, with an estimated population 59.6 million. It is highly developed economically, outstanding in the arts and sciences, sophisticated in technology, and highly prosperous and peaceful. In general, British subjects belong to one of richest states of Europe and enjoy a high standard of living compared to the rest of the world. Many nations around the world have been influenced by British history and culture. With each passing year, English comes closer to being a world language for all educated people, as Latin once was. Some parts of the world received substantial numbers of British emigrants and developed into what were called daughter nations. These colonies eventually became self-governing areas called dominions自治领. Canada, Australia, and New Zealand fit this pattern，which constitute the Commonwealth of nations.英联邦The UK has been the member of The European Union since 1973.1.4 Different ElementsThe UK includes 4 parts within the one nation-state: the island of the Great Britain is made up of England, Scotland and Wales, and Northern Ireland.1.4.1 England•Population: 48.7 million•Area: 130423 sqkm•Capital: London•History: a series of invasions.1. Before the 1st c ADCeltic people from central Europe2. 43 ADthe Roman Empire3. 400 years laterGermanic people: the Angles & the SaxonKing Arthur and his round table knights4. The later 8th c ADthe Vikings from ScandinaviaKing Alfred the GreatNortherners: less sophisticatedVs. Southerners: rich, arrogant and unfriendly5. Normans: descendants of VikingsWilliam the Conqueror Vs. King Haroldthe Legend of Robin Hood6. 1640sCharles I’s attempt to overrule parliament led to a civil war. Finally parliament succeeded and the king was executed.Oliver Cromwell7. 1371 The Scottish house of Stuart8. 1688 The Glorious RevolutionThe Glorious RevolutionWhen JamesⅡthreatened to restore the old absolute monarchy, the bourgeoisie took a decisive action, that is, to have him expelled and invite William, prince of Orange, form Holland to be king of England in 1688. This is called This bloodless event completed the bourgeoisie revolution. So, modern England was firmly established and capitalism would develop freely within the state structure of modern England, constitutional monarchy.1.4.2 Scotland•Population: 5.111 million•Area: 7.8822 sqkm•Capital: Edinburgh•The largest city: Glasgow•Language: Gaelic 盖尔语Scotland is the second largest both in population and area. It is the most rugged崎岖part of the UK, with areas of rarely populated mountains and lakes in the north (the Highlands) and in the south (the Southern Uplands).1603 Queen Elizabeth I died childless and James VI of Scotland became James I of England.1314The Scots, led by Robert the Bruce, defeated the English army and got 300 years of full independence.1707By the agreement of the English and Scotland Parliament, Scotland joined the union.1.4.3 Wales•Population: 2.9 million•Area: 20776 sqkm•Capital: Cardiff•Language: Welsh•Natural resource: rich coal deposites•Industries: coal and steeltourism•The Prince of Wales:Edward I named his son the Prince of Wales, and the first son of the monarch has held that title ever since (Prince Charles) to try to bring Wales into the British nation.1.4.4 Northern Ireland•Population: 1.642 million•Area: 14139 sq km•Capital: BelfastGeographyIt is mostly rural, with low hills, a beautiful lake district in the south-west, and a rugged coastline.* Giant’s Causeway: a rocky promontory海角made up of black hexagonal 六边形的columns formed by cooling lava millions of years agoLegend goes that the giant Finn Macool built it to cross the sea to Scotland.Political Trouble•Cause: About 1/3 of the population in the Northern Ireland was Roman Catholic, most of whom resented the North’s separation from the South.They found it harder to get jobs, or to benefit from social programmes under the Protestant-controlled parliament. Catholics were regularly harnessed by a Protestant Police force and any indication of nationalist sentiment was ruthlessly repressed. Therefore, the armed conflict known as “troubles” developed.•IRA (Irish Republican Army)In 1919, a group calling IRA expanded the fighting with armed terror activities.•The Good Friday AgreementAs a result of multi-party negotiation, the Good Friday Agreement known as Belfast Agreement emerged in 10 April, 1998. It assures the loyalist community that Northern Ireland “remains part of the UK and shall not cease to be so without the consent of the majority of the people of Northern Ireland.”1.5 Race1.5.1Early Ethnic人种的GroupsBritain‘s predominant historical stock is called Anglo-Saxon. Germanic peoples from Europe-the Angles, the Saxons, and the Jutes-arrived in Britain in massive numbers between the 5th and 7th centuries AD. These people tended to be tall, blond, and blue-eyed. Their language became the foundation of the basic, short, everyday words in modern English. Native Britons fought the great flood of Germanic peoples, and many Britons who survived fled west to the hill country. These refugees难民and native Britons were Celts who had absorbed the earliest peoples on the island, the prehistoric people known as Iberians伊比利亚人. Celts tended to be shorterthan Anglo-Saxons and have rounder heads. Most had darker hair, but a strikingly high percentage of Celts had red hair.In 1066 the Normans, French-speaking invaders of Norse origin, conquered England, adding yet another ethnic component. Although the Normans were the last major group to add their stock to the British population, waves of other foreigners and refugees have immigrated to Britain for religious, political, and economic reasons. Protestant French sought refuge in the 17th century, sailors of African ancestry came in the 18th century, and Jews from central and eastern Europe immigrated in the late 19th century and during the 1930s and late 1940s.1.5.2 Immigration After World War IIMost British people attribute their origins to the early invaders: 81.5 percent call themselves English, 9.6 percent Scottish, 2.4 percent Irish, 1.9 percent Welsh, and 1.8 percent Ulsterites北爱尔兰人. The remaining 2.8 percent of the population are minorities who arrived, for the most part, in the decades following the end of World War II in 1945. These minorities-Chinese, Asian Indians, Pakistanis, Africans, and Caribbean people of African ancestry-came to Britain in substantial numbers after 1945.1.5.3 Class“Class” seems more important in UK than in other countries.•Criteria for class division:1.Economical differences.2.Cultural differences.cational differences.4.Whether-aristocracy differences.Division of classes.•Upper class _ Queen_aristocrats(Duke公爵, Marquis侯爵, Earl伯爵, Viscount子爵, Baron男爵)•Middle class (White Collar ) _ upper middle class(doctors or lawyers and so on with high income and high-status profession)_ lower middle class (unskilled office work or skilled, well-paid manual work)•Working class _ Manual workers (Blue Collar)。

英国概况

(1) to pass laws;
(2) to provide, by voting for taxation, the means of carrying on the work of government; (3) to examine government Policy and administrations, including proposal for expenditure;
II. Different Names for Britain and its Parts
1. Official name: the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. 2.The Definition of The UK., Great Britain and England. England, Scotland, Wales Northern Ireland.
the British Isles, Great Britain and England
North Atlantic Ocean
North Sea
贝尔法斯特
Belfast
the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
加的夫
Cardiff
3. What are the three natural zones in Scotland ？
The three natural zones in Scotland are: the Highlands in the north; the Central lowlands, and the south Uplands
VI. The History of Great Britain

英国简介 1 Britain Introduction

What is the full name of United Kingdom? the United Kingdom of Great Britain and the Northern Ireland
Population:
The mid-2005 population of the constituent countries of the United Kingdom is estimated as follows:
Stonehenge
Age estimated at 3100 BC Location Wiltshire, UK Type of stone Bluestone, Sarson, Welsh Sandstone Worship Lunar, Solar
Did you know...
Stonehenge was constructed in three phases. It has been estimated that the three phases of the construction required more than thirty million hours of labor. Speculation on the reason it was built range from human sacrifice to astronomy.
Anthem： the queen the king Flower:
The history of human habitation and settlement in Britain
Questions: 1.When did people begin to settle in Britain? Who were the earliest inhabitants? 2.What were the characteristics of the Neolithic peoples in Britain? 3.What is Stonehenge? 4.Who brought the skill of iron-working to Britain? 5.Where did the earliest written records of Britain’s inhabitants come from?

英国概况

英国概况一．概况（Introduction）国名：大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国（The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland），简称联合王国（United Kingdom），或者英国（Britain）。

国旗（National Flag）：米字旗国徽（National Emblem）：国徽中心有一枚盾，盾面的左上角和右下角分别有三只红底金狮，象征着英格兰，右上角是象征着苏格兰的三只金底红狮，左下角的竖琴（harp）则象征着爱尔兰。

盾左边是一支头戴王冠的狮子，象征英格兰，而右侧的独角兽（unicorn）则象征着苏格兰。

国歌（National Anthem）：《天佑女王》（God Save the Queen），如果在位君王是男性，则改为（God Save the King）。

国庆日（National Day）：英王的生日即为国庆日。

国花（National Flower）：玫瑰花（Rose）首都（Capital）：伦敦（London），英国的第一大城市和第一大港口，欧洲最大的都会之一。

同时它也是世界三大金融中心之一。

（纽约，伦敦，东京）语言（Languages）：官方用语为英语。

此外英国各个地区还有自己的通用语言：威尔士语（Welsh），爱尔兰语（Irish），苏格兰语（Scots）等等。

行政区域（Administrative Region）：分为四个部分：英格兰（England），威尔士（Wales），苏格兰（Scotland）和北爱尔兰（Northern Ireland）。

伦敦又被称作为“大伦敦”（Greater London），它辖有32个独立的城区（London Boroughs）和一个“金融城”（City of London）。

二．英国地理（Geography）1.英国简介（Brief introduction to Britain）英国由大不列颠岛（Britain）和北爱尔兰（Northern Ireland）组成，其中大不列颠岛由英格兰（England）、苏格兰（Scotland）和威尔士（Wales）三个部分组成。

英国社会文化

• Capital: London • Population: 48,9 million • Land area: 130, 836 sq km
Scotland
• Capital: Edinburgh • Population: 5,1 million • Land area: nearly 80 thousand sq km
• Isaac Newton
• William Shakespeare
• Charles Dickens
Sherlock Holmes
• Robin Hood
The British royal family
• Vivien Leigh Gone with the wind Waterloo Bridge A Streetcar Named Desire
• 2.4 Other Major Cities • Birmingham (264 sq km/1 million)
• Factories – coal
• Manchester (116 sq km/2.3 million)
• Textiles (all cotton imported)
• Liverpool (113 sq km/500k)
• 2. 2 Climate
• Mild maritime type of climate: • A gift of the North Atlantic Drift Current • Temperature: -7 to 29 centigrade • Rainfall: protracted drizzle instead of heavy showers • Lack of sunshine: London’s Pea Soup Fogs • Generally speaking, though the English have too little sun to shine over their land, they are fortunate in escaping the droughts, floods and hurricanes that strike other lands.

英国简介

British Guildhall
The politics of the United Kingdom takes place within the framework of constitutional monarchy, in which the Monarch is the head of state and the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom is the head of government. Executive power is exercised by Her Majesty's Government, on behalf of and by the consent of the Monarch, as well as by the devolved governments of Scotland and Wales, and the Executive of Northern Ireland. Legislative power is vested in both the government and the two chambers of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, the House of Commons and the House of Lords, as well as in the Scottish parliament and Welsh and Northern Ireland assemblies. The judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature, the highest national court being the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom.

英语国家概况英国部分Chapter1

Qingdao Jiaozhou Bay Bridge Tunnel
It is a landmark event in the century plus history of Qingdao, marking the beginning of the Greater Qingdao era; it completes the 1-hour economic circle among the downtown Qingdao and the districts and cities under its jurisdiction and the 4-hour economic circle among the central cities at Shandong Peninsula as well. 1-hour economic circle among Qingdao, Hongdao and Huangdao The Jiaozhou Bay Bridge links Qingdao, Huangdao and Xuejiadao, cuts the distance between Qingdao and Huangdao by 30 km
III Climate
Questions for discussion
1. Why is the climate in Great Britain so mild?p7 2.English people always strike up a conversation by talking about weather ,do you know why?
The weather in England is remarkably changeable.
“other countries have a climate, in England we have weather.” In England one can experience almost every kind of weather except the most extreme. Effect on the Englishman’s character. It tends to make them cautious and adaptable.

英国概况terms 解释

Themes and Concepts in Contemporary British Culture and SocietyChapter 1 IntroductionThe British Isles: a group of islands off the northwestern coast of Continental Europe, including, geographically, the islands of Great Britain and Ireland and adjacent smaller islands, and politically, the UK and IrelandThe “square mile” : also known as “the City of London”, situated on the north bank of the River Thames between Tower Bridge and London Bridge, is the oldest part of the capital and a world financial center.Greater London: the top-level administrative division of England covering London, created in 1965 and spanning the City of London and the 32 London boroughs.Chapter 2 Family and Personal Relationships (1)Beatniks: a youth tribe emerging in the late 1950s, also known as the beat generation, characterizing nonconformist in dress and behavior include a rejection of mainstream values, experimentation with drugs and alternate forms of sexuality, and an interest in Eastern spirituality.Hippies: teenagers and young adults during the 1960s and early 1970s who were part of the counterculture movement, in favor of peace and a loving attitude to all mankind while against war and violence.Punks: a youth tribe emerging in the 1970s, featuring unconventional clothing and hairstyles, valuing personal freedom and rejecting establishmentsCivil (wedding) ceremony: a non-religious legal marriage ceremony excluding hymns, religious readings or prayers, performed by a government official or functionary at a registered or licensed marriage registration.Chapter 3 Family and Personal Relationships (2)Conjugal roles: the different activities and responsibilities of husband and wife in the home.Sheltered Housing : old people get their own house and their welfare is checked on by a warden (sort of social worker who lives in the neighborhood.Day Centres: a place to eat, keep warm or chat during the day, for old people with no other arrangementsChapter 4 EducationTripartite system: the arrangement of state funded secondary education between 1944 and the 1970s in UK, a structure containing three types of school, namely: grammar school, secondary technical school and secondary modern school.Streaming: students at the end of primary education being selected into grammar school, secondary technical school or secondary modern school by means of an examGCSE: short for the General Certificate of Secondary Education, the main examination that all students in UK should take at 16.GCE A level: advanced level examination taken by British pupils after the two Sixth Form years, required for entrance to universitySixth Form: the final (optional) two years of secondary education, where students, usually sixteen to eighteen years of age, prepare for their A-level (or equivalent) examinations.Chapter 5 WorkTrade unions: workers join as groups to negotiate with management for better pay and conditions, or to offer their members services and assistance“New Style Agreements”: agreements between unions and management operate on the principle of there being one union to represent the workers, and an agreement that any dispute which cannot be settled by the union and the management will be decided by an independent third party or arbitratorChapter 6 LeisureLeisure: not only free-time but freely chosen activities that are pursued during non-working timePub: informally known as public house, is a drinking establishment fundamental to the culture of BritainChapter 7 Holidays & TourismTheme parks: parks developed around a particular theme (such as The Wild West),for an educational purpose (such as the Roman Theme Park), or on the original site of old cotton millsYouth hostels: cheap lodging providing basic self-catering accomodation, popular with young people or families with young childrenNational Trust: a voluntary organization founded in 1895 for the preservation of land and buildings of historical interest or beautyPackage holiday: holiday arrangement including the transport to the holiday destination, the accommodation throughout the holiday, the transfer from the airport or ferry, to the accommodationChapter 8 Crime & the PoliceComputer fraud: use of computer to commit especially theft, e.g. by employees in banks, etc. who transfer money by this means into their accountsVictim support: a charity in England and Wales which aims to help victims and witnesses of crime by raising awareness of their needs and by delivering dedicated services to them.The Metropolitan Police Force: the territorial police force responsible for Greater London, excluding the "square mile" of the City of LondonChapter 9 Justice & the LawThe Rule of law: individuals, persons and government shall submit to, obey and be regulated by law, and not arbitrary action by an individual or a group of individuals.Natural law: a law higher than man-made law, i.e. moral standards derived from the nature of human beings and the nature of the worldPrecedence: the court will look at previous similar cases to see how they were decided and the court will that decision if they are practically the sameThe Jury: group of people in a law-court who have been chosen to listen to the facts in a case and to decide whether the accused person is guilty or not guiltyBarrister: (in English law) lawyer who has the right to speak and argue as an advocate in higher law-courtsSolicitors: lawyer who prepares legal documents, advises clients on legal matters and speak for them in the lower courtsChapter 10 BeliefsThe Protestant Church: a branch of Christian religion in result of the Reformation, less concerned with ritual and ceremony and making the doctrines of the church more accessible and understandable to the ordinary peopleThe Church of England: English national church that traces its history back to the arrival of Christianity in Britain during the 2nd centuryThe Roman Catholic Church: also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the world's largest Christian church, with over a billion membersThe Ecumenical movement: a movement in early 20th century to encourage friendship and union between the different branches of the Christian faithChapter 11 WelfareAbsolute poverty: what income is required by families of different sizes to provide the minimum of food, clothing (secondhand) and shelter needed for the maintenance of merely physical healthRelative poverty: refers to lacking a usual or socially acceptable level of resources or income as compared with others within a society or country.Welfare state: a state with government which assumes responsibility for the wellbeing of its citizens throughout life, through a range of interventions in the market economyNational Health Service: better known as the NHS; the healthcare system aiming to offer comprehensive and free medical treatment for all, publicly funded through general taxation and national insurance contributionsChapter 12 EconomyMixed economy: an economy in which there is some public ownership as well as privately owned business, all of which operate within the context of well-defined regulations and lawsBuilding society: a financial institution owned by its members as a mutual organization to offer banking and related financial services, especially mortgage lendingDirect taxation: primarily taxes on natural persons (e.g., individuals), and they are typically based on the taxpayer’s ability to pay as measured by income, consumption, or net wealth.Indirect taxation: tax that consumers pay as part of the price of the goods or service they are buyingChapter 13 System of GovernmentParliamental democracy:also representative democracy the system in which people elect representatives to govern the state on their behalfRole of the Sovereign: historically exercising more political power, today the role is largely a symbolic one, presiding the State Opening of ParliamentConstituencies: the name given to the 659 areas that the UK is divided into for administrative purposes and each is represented by an MPThe House of Lords:is the upper house of the Parliament of the United Kingdom share responsibility for making laws and checking government action with the House of CommonsThe House of Commons: one of the two chambers of parliament, whose members are called MPs, ie. members of parliament, elected from over 600 constituencies (one MP per constituency); it’s where legislation takes place and where the Prime Minister emerges and forms the governmentChapter 14 Political Parties & GroupsConservative Party: byname Tories, in the United Kingdom, a political party whose guiding principles include the promotion of private property and enterprise, the maintenance of a strong military, and the preservation of traditional cultural values and institutions.Labour Party: British political party whose historic links with trade unions have led it to promote an active role for the state in the creation of economic prosperity and in the provision of social services.Liberal Democratic Party: British political party founded in 1988 through a merger of the Liberal Party and the Social Democratic Party, and supports constitutional and electoral reform, progressive taxationPressure groups: groups that do not try to gain the political power necessary to form a government, but seek to influence political parties and decision makers who will act on their behalfChapter 15 The Media (1) — BroadcastingBBC: short for British Broadcasting Corporation, the world's largest broadcaster and an autonomous public service broadcaster v run by the BBC Trust and funded by licence feePublic broadcasting: service including radio, television and other electronic media outlets whose primary mission is public service, funded from diverse sources including license fees, individual contributions, public financing and commercial financingPrivate broadcasting: broadcasting owned by private companies and funded by advertising revenue and run by Boards of ManagementChapter 16 The Media (2) — The PressQuality newspapers: a category of newspapers in national circulation in the United Kingdom distinguished by their seriousness.Popular newspapers: a category of newspaper that is less serious. Contain less news and have more human interest storiesBroadsheets: the largest of the various newspaper formats and is characterized by long vertical pages (typically 22 inches / 559 millimeters or more).Tabloids : newspaper with compact page size smaller than broadsheet and emphasize topics such as sensational crime stories, astrology, celebrity gossip。

英国介绍英文版作文

英国介绍英文版作文英文回答：Introduction to the United Kingdom。

The United Kingdom, also known as Britain, is a sovereign island nation located in northwestern Europe. It comprises England, Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland. The UK has a rich history, a vibrant culture, and a global influence.Geography and Climate。

The UK is bordered by the North Sea to the east, the English Channel to the south, and the Celtic Sea to the west. The country has a diverse landscape, including rolling hills, mountains, and coastline. The climate is temperate, with mild winters and warm summers.History。

The history of the UK dates back thousands of years, with evidence of human habitation from prehistoric times. The Romans invaded the region in the 1st century AD, and the country was later ruled by various groups, including the Saxons, Vikings, and Normans. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was formed in 1801, and the Republic of Ireland seceded in 1922.Politics and Government。

英国简介(英文版)

hundreds of small islands
• The British Isles are made up of two large islands-Great Britain (the larger one) and Ireland, and hundreds of small ones.
Introduction: Abstract
• In this lecture, we are going to discuss some main features of Britain. It is about the physical features such as its territory, climate, rivers and important natural resources and major big cities. We will also deal with its population, age and sex structure, ethnic groups and other related topics.
• Two main islands: Great Britain and Ireland
Introduction to British and American Culture
British Isles
• northwest of Europe in the Atlantic Ocean • two large islands (Great Britain and Ireland) and
in the North Atlantic Ocean off the north coast of Europe. It is separated from the rest of Europe by the English Channel in the south and the North Sea in the east. •

Britain (1-2)

3. Topography Whereabouts in Great Britain are mostly highland and lowland? The north and west of Britain are mainly highlands, and the east and south-east mostly lowlands. What are the three natural zones of Scotland? Scotland has three natural zones: the Highlands in the north; the Lowlands in the centre; the Uplands in the south
Climate • (3) The northwestern part has the most rainfall, while the southeastern corner is the driest. The rainfall distribution in Britain is a water surplus in the north and west and a water deficit in the south and east. • In what way does the weather in Britain influence the English character? What are the natural calamities in England? What measure do most cities introduce to prevent air pollution?
Climate • (1) The weather in England is very changeable and is difficult to forecast. It has been said that the uncertainty about the weather had a definite effect upon the English character and make people cautious. They always take an umbrella. (2) Natural calamities in England: fog, smog, frost and severe gales. Gales are common in Britain especially in winter. (3) Most cities in Britain have introduced “ clean air zones” (城市净化法) whereby factories and households are only allowed to burn smokeless fuel.

英国历史1

The Wars of the Roses
• Event
• - A series of civil wars between supporters of rival houses of Lancaster and York.
• The badges
– a red rose Vs. a white one
British Invasion History
Invasion Time 43 A.D. 5th century Invaders The Romans The Angles and Saxons
8th century
1066
The Viking
The Normans
Introduction to British and American Culture
Invaders
Roman Emperor Julius Caesar Roman Emperor Claudius
Introduction to British and American Culture
Roman Civilization
• The month “July” is named after Julius Caesar himself. • Extraordinary achievement in building roads
Introduction to British and American Culture
The Hundred Years’ War
Time: 1337-1453 • Event • A series of wars between England and France • Unexpected benefits

英语国家概况Chapter1

• Most people in Wales and Scotland are descendents of the Celtic people
• The Irish people were also Celtic in origin • immigrants
The English Language
Status
French replaced English as the official language, and English became the Language of lower class
• pig — pork • sheep — mutton • cattle — beef
The Canterbury Tales
British Isles
The United Kingdom（联合王国）
• The “United Kingdom of Great Britain” was formed in 1707 by the Act of Union that created a single kingdom with a single parliament.
• England • Scotland • Wales • Northern Ireland
Union Flag of U.K.
Royal Coat of Arms
Royal Coat of Arms (Scotland)
Climate
Main characteristics: Temperate, with warm summers, cold winters and plenty rainfall
• the island northwest of France and east of Ireland • comprises the main territory of the United Kingdom • a political term describes the combination of England,

解析《赎罪》中布里奥妮的性格特征及变化

学号：HEBEI UNITED UNIVERSITY毕业论文G RADUATE T HESIS论文题目：解析《赎罪》中布里奥妮的性格特征及变化学生姓名：专业班级：学院：外国语学院指导教师：2015年05月31日Analysis of Briony’s Traits and Changes of Personalities in AtonementByA graduate thesissubmitted in partial fulfillment of the requirementsfor the degree of Bachelor of Arts to theCollege of Foreign LanguagesHebei United UniversityMay 31st, 2015摘要伊恩·麦克尤恩是英国当代最有影响力的作家之一。

1998年出版的小说《阿姆斯特丹》为麦克尤恩赢得了英国小说界的最高奖一布克奖，从而确立了他在英国文学乃至世界文学界毫无争议的一流小说家地位。

他的作品很受人们的喜爱，其处女座《最初的爱情，最后的仪式》的出版，引起了空前的轰动，他的早期作品如《床底之间》、《水泥公园》、《时间的孩子》等充满了恐怖恶心的画面，因此他被冠以“恐怖伊恩”的称号。

《赎罪》作为其转型之作，这部集简·奥斯汀式爱情与史诗战争背景般的小说自发行之日起就很受欢迎，受到国内外读者和批评家的广泛关注，后来在2001年搬上电影荧幕，在国际上引起广泛的关注。

人物性格作为构成一部小说的主要因素,它的塑造可以帮助读者更好的理解小说的主题和思想,获得智慧,感悟人生,进一步的认识社会,认识自己,所以它一直以来都是文学评论与研究史上研究小说的重要方向之一。

小说《赎罪》讲述了主人公布里奥妮因为幼年时编造的一个谎言,毁掉了姐姐塞西莉娅和恋人罗彼得一生。

随着她的成长,布里奥妮意识到自己的错误,甘心付出一生来赎罪。

Chapter I Introduction of Britain

英语国家概况 Chapter 1

英语国家概况必背

当代英国概况知识要点

Chapter 1.A Brief Introduction to the UK

英国概况

英国简介 1 Britain Introduction

英国概况

最新英国概况Britain(英文)

英国社会文化

英国简介

英语国家概况 英国部分Chapter1

英国概况terms 解释

英国介绍英文版作文

英国简介(英文版)

Britain (1-2)

英国历史1

英语国家概况Chapter1

解析《赎罪》中布里奥妮的性格特征及变化

英语国家概况英国部分Chapter1