2009 ASH科学年会焦点速递

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2009年美国心脏协会科学年会隆重召开

双联抗血小板药物阿司匹林联合氯吡格雷比较，良心血管事件明显减少，重出血的发生率并没有显著增加。不严在心力衰竭方面，－ＨＦ研究提示，力衰竭患者治疗用药剂量的个体化优于一成不变的给药方式；ＡＩ－ＪＣ心ＦＲＨＦ研究显
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心肌梗死的发生率无显著差异；绝经后的女性高血压患者，否使用雌激素来预防和控制高血压，存在争议。对是仍
中华老年心脑血管病杂志２１００年２月第１２卷第２期
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２００９年美国心脏协会科学年会隆重召开
另外，Ｐ究结果显示，管射频消融治疗阵发性心房颤动优于药物治疗；ＡＡＦ２研导ＨＡＬＴＳ研究提示，他汀类药物治疗在
的基础上，用升高ＨＤ－加ＬＣ的烟酸类药物，加用降低ＬＬＣ的依折麦布，有效地逆转颈动脉粥样硬化斑块形成，低主较Ｄ－更降

Detection-of-QTLs-with-Additive-Effects

Agricultural Sciences in China 2009, 8(9): 1039-1045September 2009© 2009, CAAS. All rights reserved. Published by Elsevier Ltd.Detection of QTLs with Additive Effects, Epistatic Effects, and QTL ×Environment Interactions for Zeleny Sedimentation Value Using a Doubled Haploid Population in Cultivated WheatZHAO Liang, LIU Bin, ZHANG Kun-pu, TIAN Ji-chun and DENG Zhi-yingState Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Group of Quality Wheat Breeding, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, P.R.ChinaAbstractIn order to understand the genetic basis for Zeleny sedimentation value (ZSV) of wheat, a doubled haploid (DH) population Huapei 3×Yumai 57 (Yumai 57 is superior to Huapei 3 for ZSV), and a linkage map consisting of 323 marker loci were used to search QTLs for ZSV. This program was based on mixed linear models and allowed simultaneous mapping of additive effect QTLs, epistatic QTLs, and QTL×environment interactions (QEs). The DH population and the parents were evaluated for ZSV in three field trials. Mapping analysis produced a total of 8 QTLs and 2 QEs for ZSV with a single QTL explaining 0.64-14.39% of phenotypic variations. Four additive QTLs, 4 pairs of epistatic QTLs, and two QEs collectively explained 46.11% of the phenotypic variation (PVE). This study provided a precise location of ZSV gene within the Xwmc 93 and GluD1 interval, which was designated as Qzsv-1D. The information obtained in this study should be useful for manipulating the QTLs for ZSV by marker assisted selection (MAS) in wheat breeding programs.Key words: doubled haploid population, Zeleny sedimentation value, quantitative trait loci (QTLs), wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)INTRODUCTIONThe Zeleny sedimentation value (ZSV) has been provento be useful in wheat breeding programs for the esti-mation of wheat eating and cooking quality (Mesdag1964; Kne et al. 1993; Liu et al. 2003; He et al.2004; Zhang et al. 2005; Özberk et al. 2006; Ozturket al. 2008). There is a positive correlation betweensedimentation volume and gluten strength or loaf volume.The ZSV method is often used as a screening test inwheat breeding. Mesdag (1964) showed that the valueof ZSV is a measure for the quantity and quality of thegluten. Because the baking value of wheat flour is largelydetermined by these components, the ZSV is also con-sidered as a useful predictor for the baking value. LiuReceived 3 December, 2008 Accepted 9 April, 2009Correspondence TIAN Ji-chun, Professor, Tel/Fax: +86-538-8242040, E-mail: jctian9666@et al. (2003) detected that the associations betweenZSV and DWCN’s (dry white Chinese noodle) appear-ance and taste also fit quadratic regression modelsignificantly. The gluten quality-related parameter ofsedimentation value was significantly associated withpan bread quality score (He et al. 2004). Özberk et al.(2006) found that the only quality analyses showingsignificant correlations with market price were Zelenysedimentation value and hectolitre weights (kg hL-1).Ozturk et al. (2008) reported that the cookie diametergave highly significant correlations with ZSV.The advent and utilization of molecular markers hasprovided powerful tools for elucidating the genetic ba-sis of quantitatively inherited traits. However, only afew studies have reported genetic loci that influenceZSV in wheat (Rousset et al. 2001; Kunert et al. 2007;1040ZHAO Liang et al.Sun et al. 2008). Rousset et al. (2001) reported that one strong QTL for ZSV was mapped on the long arm of chromosome 1A around Glu-A1. A distally located QTL for ZSV was mapped on chromosome arm 1BS, centered on the Gli-B1/Glu-B3 region. And a major QTL for ZSV, clearly corresponding to the Glu-D1 locus, was detected on chromosome arm 1DL. Kunert et al. (2007) found four putative QTLs for ZSV. Sun et al. (2008) identified three QTLs for ZSV in a F14 RIL derived from the cross between Chuan 35050 and Shannong 483.Additive effect QTLs were first identified and epi-static interactions among these additive effect QTLs were then estimated (Zanetti et al. 2001). However, this approach usually leaves out many QTLs that may have no additive effects but influence the trait only through epistatic interactions or QTL×environment in-teractions (QEs) (Ma et al. 2005, 2007; Rebetzke et al. 2007). Additive effect QTLs, epistatic QTLs, and QEs were detected using two-locus analyses in both the populations (Kulwal et al. 2005). Sometimes QTLs involved in such interactions contribute substantially to the total variation of a quantitative trait, and therefore should not be ignored. Further experimentation is needed to clarify whether the traits are also affected by epistatic and environment, and to dissect the genotype ×environment interaction effects at the molecular level. In this study, QTLs for ZSV were investigated based on the mixed linear model in a DH population across environments. The objective of this study was to com-prehensively characterize the genetic basis for ZSV of wheat in order to facilitate the future breeding of high-quality wheat varieties.MATERIALS AND METHODSMaterialsA population of 168 DH lines was produced from the cross between two Chinese wheat cultivars Huapei 3 (Hp3)/Yumai 57 (Ym57) and was used for the con-struction of a linkage map. The DH population and parents were kindly provided by Professor Yanhai, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China. Hp3 and Ym57 were registered by Henan Prov-ince of China in 2006 (Hai and Kang 2007) and by the state (China) in 2003 (Guo et al. 2004), respectively. The parents, planted over a large area in the Huang-Huai wheat region in China, differ in several agronomi-cally important traits as well as baking quality traits (Guo et al. 2004; Hai and Kang 2007).The field trials were conducted in three environments, at Tai’an (36.18°N, 117.13°E), Shandong Province, China, in 2005 and 2006, and at Suzhou (31.32°N, 120.62°E), Anhui Province, China, in 2006. The ex-perimental design followed a completely randomized block design with two replications at each location. In autumn 2005, all lines and parental lines were grown in 2 m long by three-row plots (25 cm apart); in autumn 2006, the lines were grown in 2 m long by four-row plots (25 cm apart). Suzhou and Tai’an differ in cli-mate and soil conditions. In Tai’an, there were differ-ences in temperature and soil conditions between the years 2005 and 2006. During the growing season, man-agement was in accordance with the local practice. The lines were harvested individually at maturity to prevent yield loss from over-ripening. Harvested grain samples were cleaned prior to conditioning and flour milling was performed in a mill (Quadrumat Senior, Brabender, Germany) to flour extraction rates of around 70%. Prior to milling, the hard, medium hard (mixtures of hard and soft wheat) and soft wheats were tempered to around 14, 15, and 16% moisture contents, respectively.Measurements of ZSVZeleny sedimentation volume was determined using AACC method 56-61A.Construction of the genetic linkage mapA genetic linkage map of DH population with 323 markers, including 284 SSR, 37 ESTs loci, 1 ISSR loci and 1 HMW-GS loci, was constructed. This linkage map covered a total length of 2485.7 cM with an aver-age distance of 7.67 cM between adjacent markers. Thirteen markers remained unlinked. These markers formed 24 linkage groups at LOD 4.0. The chromo-somal locations and the orders of the markers in the map were in accordance with the one reported for Triti-cum aestivum L. (Somers et al. 2004). The recom-mended map distance for genome wide QTL scanningDetection of QTLs with Additive Effects, Epistatic Effects, and QTL×Environment Interactions for Zeleny Sedimentation1041 was an interval length less than 10 cM (Doerge 2002).Thus the map was suitable for genome-wide QTL scan-ning in this study.Statistical analysisAnalysis of variance (ANOVA) was carried out usingSPSS ver. 13.0 (SPSS, Chicago, USA). QTLs withadditive effects and epistatic effects as well as QEs inthe DH population were mapped by the softwareQTLNetwork ver. 2.0 (Yang and Zhu 2005) based on amixed linear model (Wang et al. 1999). Composite in-terval analysis was undertaken using forward-backwardstepwise multiple linear regression with a probabilityinto and out of the model of 0.05 and window size setat 10 cM. Significant thresholds for QTL detectionwere calculated for each data set using 1000 permuta-tions and a genome-wide error rate of 0.10 (suggestive)and 0.05 (significant). The final genetic model incor-porated significant additive effects and epistatic effectsas well as their environmental interactions.RESULTSPhenotypic variation for DH lines and parentsAs is shown in Fig.1, ZSV of Ym57 showed highervalues than ZSV of Hp3; the means of the ZSV fellbetween the two parent’s values. It expressed the ex-istence of the large transgressive segregation. ZSV seg-regated continuously and approximately fit normal dis-tributions with absolute values of both skewness andkurtosis less than 1.0, indicating that this trait was suit-able for QTL mapping.QTLs with additive effects and additive×environment (AE) interactionsFour QTLs with significant additive effects were iden-tified on chromosomes 1B, 1D, 5A, and 5D (Table 1and Fig.2). These QTLs explained from 2.66 to14.39% of the phenotypic variance. The Qzsv-1B had the most significant effect, accounting for 14.39% of the phenotypic variance. The Ym57 alleles at three loci, Qzsv-1B,Qzsv-1D, and Qzsv-5D, increased Fig. 1 Frequency distributions of ZSV in 168 DH lines derived from a cross of Hp3×Ym57 evaluated at three environments in the 2005 and 2006 cropping seasons. The means of trait values for the DH lines and both parents are indicated by arrows. Several statistics for the traits in the DH lines are shown on the right of each plot.Zeleny sedimentation volume (mL)2006 in SuzhouZeleny sedimentation volume (mL)2006 in Tai’anZeleny sedimentation volume (mL)2005 in Tai’anMean: 24.39SD: 5.45Range: 12.00-39.00Skewness: 0.171Kurtosis: -0.153 252015105No.ofDHlinesDH linesYm57Hp315.0020.0025.0030.0035.0040.00DH linesYm57Hp320.0030.0040.0050.0060.00252015105No.ofDHlines30DH linesYm57Hp320.0030.0040.002015105No.ofDHlinesMean: 24.39SD: 5.45Range: 12.00-39.00Skewness: 0.171Kurtosis: -0.153Mean: 24.39SD: 5.45Range: 12.00-39.00Skewness: 0.171Kurtosis: -0.1531042ZHAO Liang et al.Table 1 Estimated additive effects and additive ×environment (AE) interactions of QTLs for ZSV at three environments in the 2005 and 2006 cropping seasonsQTL Flanking-marker 1)Position (cM)2)F -value P A 3)H 2 (A, %)4)AE 1H 2 (AE 1, %)5)AE 2H 2 (AE 2, %)AE 3H 2 (AE 3, %)Qzsv -1B Xwmc412.2-Xcfe023.236.425.220.000-2.5214.39------Qzsv -1D Xwmc93-GluD161.915.910.000-1.988.93------Qzsv -5A Xbarc358.2-Xgwm18638.18.100.000 1.08 2.66------Qzsv -5DXcfd101-Xbarc32060.612.690.000-1.203.25---1.042.44--1)Flanking marker, the interval of F peak value for QTL. The same as below.2)Position, the location of F peak value for QTL in “Flanking marker”. The same as below.3)Additive effects, a positive value indicates that the allele from Hp3 increased ZSV, a negative value indicates that the allele from Ym57 increased ZSV.4)H 2(A, %) indicates the contribution explained by putative additive QTL.5)H 2(AE 1, %) indicates the contribution explained by additive QTL ×environment 1 interaction. E 1, Tai’an 2005; E 2, Tai’an 2006; E 3, Suzhou 2006.Fig. 2 A genetic linkage map of wheat showing mapping QTLs with additive effects, epistatic effects, AE, and AAE for ZSV.1A 1B 1D 2A 3A5A 5D 7A 7DLocus involved in AELocus involved in additive effects Locus involved in epistasisLocus involved in AAEDetection of QTLs with Additive Effects, Epistatic Effects, and QTL ×Environment Interactions for Zeleny Sedimentation 1043ZSV by 2.52, 1.98, and 1.20 mL, respectively, owing to additive effects. The Hp3 allele increased ZSV at the Qzsv -5A by 1.08 mL, accounting for 2.66% of the phe-notypic variance. This suggested that alleles, which increased ZSV, were dispersed within the two parents,resulting in small differences of phenotypic values be-tween the parents and transgressive segregants among the DH population. The total additive QTLs detected for ZSV accounted for 29.23% of the phenotypic variance.One additive effect was involved in AE interactions (Table 1 and Fig.2). The Ym57 alleles at one locus,Qzsv -5D , increased the ZSV by 1.04 mL with corre-spondingly contributing 2.44% of the phenotypic variance.QTLs with epistasis effects and epistasis ×environment (AAE) interactionsFour pairs of epistatic QTLs were identified for ZSV,and were located on chromosomes 1A, 2A, 3A, 7A and 7D (Table 2 and Fig.2). These QTLs had correspond-ing contributions ranging from 0.64 to 6.79%. One pair of epistasis, occurring between the loci Qzsv -2A /Qzsv -7A , had the largest effect, which contributed ZSV of 1.73 mL and accounted for 6.79% of the phenotypic variance. The four pairs of epistatic QTLs explained 12.11% of the phenotypic variance. All the epistatic effects were non-main-effect QTLs.One pair of epistatic QTL was detected in AAE in-teractions for ZSV (Table 2 and Fig.2). The AAE ef-fects explained 2.33% of the phenotypic variance and this QTL, Qzsv3A.2/Qzsv7D.1, increased ZSV by 1.01mL owing to AAE effects, simultaneously the positive value means that the parent-type effect is greater than the recombinant-type effect.DISCUSSIONEpistatic effects and QTL ×environment interactions were important genetic basis for ZSV in wheatEpistasis, as an important genetic basis for complex traits, has been well demonstrated in recent QTL map-ping studies (Cao et al . 2001; Fan et al . 2005; Ma et al .2005, 2007). Ma et al . (2005) provided a strong evi-dence for the presence of epistatic effects on dough rheological properties in a wheat DH population. In the present study, four pairs of QTLs with epistatic ef-fects were detected for ZSV in three environments (Table 2 and Fig.2). The four pairs of epistatic QTLs explained 12.11% of the phenotypic variance.ZSV was predominantly influenced by the effects of genotype (Zhang et al . 2004, 2005), and in the present study, only one AE interaction and one AAE interaction were found. It is suggested that QTL ×environment interactions just play a minor role, but QTL ×environment interactions should not be ignored.ZSV and subunits of high molecular weight gluteninsSubunits of high molecular weight glutenins strongly influence wheat bread making quality. This study pro-vided a precise location of ZSV gene within the Xwmc 93 and GluD1 interval, which was designated Qzsv -1D and was located in the central region of a 2 cM interval.Also Rousset et al . (2001) detected a major QTL for sedimentation volume on 1DL, clearly corresponding to the Glu -D1 locus. Kunert et al . (2007) found that the SSR marker Xgwm642 on 1DL identified a QTLTable 2 Estimated epistatic effects and epistasis ×environment (AAE) interactions of QTLs for ZSV at three environments in the 2005 and 2006 cropping seasonsPosition Position H 2H 2H 2H 2(cM)(cM)(AA, %)2)(AAE 1, %)3)(AAE 2, %)(AAE 3, %)Qzsv -1A Xwmc278-Xbarc120.156.3Qzsv -3A.1Xbarc1177-Xbarc276.2196.3-0.94 1.99------Qzsv -2A Xgwm636-Xcfe6729.1Qzsv -7A Xbarc259-Xwmc59653.7-1.73 6.79------Qzsv -3A.2Xcfa2193-Xgwm155152.7Qzsv -7D.1Xcfd175-Xwmc14181.5-1.09 2.69 1.01 2.33----Qzsv -3A.2Xcfa2193-Xgwm155152.7Qzsv -7D.2Xgdm67-Xwmc634161.5-0.530.64------1)The epistatic effect. A positive value means that the parent-type effect is greater than the recombinant-type effect, and the negative value means that the parent-type effect is less than the recombinant-type effect.2)H 2 (AA, %) indicates the contribution explained by putative epistatic QTL.3)H 2 (AAE 1, %) indicates the contribution explained by epistatic QTL ×environment 1 interaction. E 1, Tai’an 2005; E 2, Tai’an 2006; E 3, Suzhou 2006.QTL Flanking-marker QTL Flanking-markerAA 1)AAE 1AAE 2AAE 31044ZHAO Liang et al. for ZSV. The position indicates an influence of theGlu-D1 locus. And a major QTL, clearly correspond-ing to the Glu-D1 locus, was detected on chromosomearm 1DL. Correlation coefficient between Glu-1 scoreand sedimentation values was significant (r=0.553).There were significant correlations between sedimen-tation values and Glu-lAa,Glu-1Ac,Glu-Ba, and Glu-1Bcalleles, respectively (Kne et al. 1993). Thesedimentation values showed statistically significantassociations with the status of the Glu-A1 locus(Witkowski et al. 2008).In this study, the Qzsv-1D increased ZSV by 1.98mL, correspondingly contributing 8.93% of the pheno-typic variance. Barro et al. (2003) found that HMW-GS 1Ax1 increased the sedimentation value. In contrast,HMW-GS 1Dx5 drastically decreased in sedimentationvalue.In summary, four additive QTLs, four pairs of epi-static QTLs, and two QEs were detected for ZSV in168 DH lines derived from a cross Hp3×Ym57. Onemajor QTL,Qzsv-1B, was closely linked to Xwmc412.20.2cM and could account for 14.39% of the phenotypicvariation without any influence from the environment.Therefore, the Qzsv-1B could be used in MAS in wheatbreeding programs. The results showed that both ad-ditive and epistatic effects were important as a geneticbasis for ZSV, and were also sometimes subject to en-vironmental modifications.AcknowledgementsThis work was supported by the National Basic Re-search Program of China (2009CB118301), the NationalHigh-Tech Research and Development (863) Programof China (2006AA100101 and 2006AA10Z1E9), andthe Doctor Foundation of Shandong AgriculturalUniversity, China (23023). Thanks Prof. Chuck Walker,University of Kansas State University, USA, for hiskindly constructive advice on the language editing ofthe manuscript.ReferencesBarro F, Barceló P, Lazzeri P A, Shewry P R, Ballesteros J,Martín A. 2003. Functional properties of flours from fieldgrown transgenic wheat lines expressing the HMW gluteninsubunit 1Ax1 and 1Dx5 genes. Molecular Breeding,12,223-229.Cao G, Zhu J, He C, Gao Y, Yan J, Wu P. 2001. Impact ofepistasis and QTL×environment interaction on thedevelopmental behavior of plant height in rice (Oryza sativaL.). Theoretical and Applied Genetics,103, 153-160.Doerge R W. 2002. Multifactorial genetics: Mapping and analysisof quantitative trait loci in experimental populations. NatureReviews,3, 43-52.Fan C C, Yu X Q, Xing Y Z, Xu C G, Luo L J, Zhang Q F. 2005.The main effects, epistatic effects and environmentalinteractions of QTLs on the cooking and eating quality ofrice in a doubled-haploid line population. Theoretical andApplied Genetics,110, 1445-1452.Guo C Q, Bai Z A, Liao P A, Jin W K. 2004. New high qualityand yield wheat variety Yumai 57. China Seed Industry,4, 54(in Chinese)Hai Y, Kang M H. 2007. Breeding of a new wheat vatiety Huapei 3with high yield and early maturing. Henan AgriculturalSciences, 5, 36-37. (in Chinese)He Z H, Yang J, Zhang Y, Quail K J, Peña R J. 2004. Pan breadand dry white Chinese noodle quality in Chinese winterwheats.Euphytica,139, 257-267.,G, D. 1993. Allelic variationat Glu-1 loci in some Yugoslav wheat cultivars. Euphytica,69,89-94.Kulwal P, Kumar N, Kumar A, Balyan H S, Gupta P K. 2005.Gene networks in hexaploid wheat: interacting quantitativetrait loci for grain protein content. Functional & IntegrativeGenomics,5, 254-259.Kunert A, Naz A A, Oliver D, Pillen K, Léon J. 2007. AB-QTLanalysis in winter wheat: I. Synthetic hexaploid wheat(T.turgidum ssp. dicoccoides × T. tauschii) as a source offavourable alleles for milling and baking quality traits.Theoretical and Applied Genetics,115, 683-695.Liu J J, He Z H, Zhao Z D, Peña R J, Rajaram S. 2003. Wheatquality traits and quality parameters of cooked dry whiteChinese noodles. Euphytica,131, 147-154.Ma W, Appels R, Bekes F, Larroque O, Morell M K, Gale K R.2005. Genetic characterisation of dough rheological propertiesin a wheat doubled haploid population: additive genetic effectsand epistatic interactions. Theoretical and Applied Genetics,111, 410-422.Ma X Q, Tang J H, Teng W T, Yan J B, Meng Y J, Li J S. 2007.Epistatic interaction is an important genetic basis of grainyield and its components in maize. Molecular Breeding,20,41-51.Mesdag J. 1964. in the protein content of wheat and its influenceon the sedimentation value and the baking quality. Euphytica,13, 250-261.Özberk I, Kýlýç H, Atlý A, Özberk F, Karlý B. 2006. Selectionof wheat based on economic returns per unit area. Euphytica,Detection of QTLs with Additive Effects, Epistatic Effects, and QTL×Environment Interactions for Zeleny Sedimentation1045152, 235-245.Ozturk S, Kahraman K, Tiftik B, Koksel H. 2008. Predicting the cookie quality of flours by using Mixolab. European Food Research and Technology,227, 1549-1554.Rebetzke G J, Ellis M H, Bonnett D G, Richards R A. 2007.Molecular mapping of genes for Coleoptile growth in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Theoretical and Applied Genetics,114, 1173-1183.Rousset M, Brabant P, Kota R S, Dubcovsky J, Dvorak J. 2001.Use of recombinant substitution lines for gene mapping and QTL analysis of bread making quality in wheat. Euphytica, 119,81-87.Somers D J, Isaac P, Edwards K. 2004. A high-density microsatellite consensus map for bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Theoretical and Applied Genetics,109, 1105-1114.Sun H Y, Lu J H, Fan Y D, Zhao Y, Kong F, Li R J, Wang H G, Li S S. 2008. Quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat. Progress in Natural Science,18, 825-831.Wang D L, Zhu J, Li Z K, Paterson A H. 1999. Mapping QTLswith epistatic effects and QTL × environment interactions by mixed linear model approaches. Theoretical and Applied Genetics,99, 1255-1264.Witkowski E, Waga J, Witkowska K, Rapacz M, Gut M, Bielawska A, Luber H, Lukaszewski A J. 2008. Association between frost tolerance and the alleles of high molecular weight glutenin subunits present in Polish winter wheats. Euphytica, 159,377-384.Yang J, Zhu J. 2005. Methods for predicting superior genotypes in multiple environments based on QTL effects. Theoretical and Applied Genetics,110, 1268-1274.Zanetti S, Winzeler M, Feuillet C, Keller B, Messmer M. 2001.Genetic analysis of bread-making quality in wheat and spelt.Plant Breeding,120, 13-19.Zhang Y, He Z H, Guo Y Y, Zhang A M, Maarten V G.2004.Effect of environment and genotype on bread-making quality of spring-sown spring wheat cultivars in China. Euphytica, 139, 75-83.Zhang Y, Zhang Y, He Z H, Ye G Y. 2005. Milling quality and protein properties of autumn-sown Chinese wheats evaluated through multi-location trials. Euphytica,143,209-222.(Edited by ZHANG Yi-min)。

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2009中英建筑可持续能源和环境技术研讨会

分方程在图像处理中的应用报告他们的最新结果。会议期间来自浙江大学医学院的两位主任医师也介绍了医学图像分析中的一些应用。他们首先介绍了磁共振张量成像技术、神经纤维束成像、Ｔ灌Ｃ注成像等具有丰富数学背景的医学影像成像技术，重点介绍了ＤｆｓｎＲｒｅｉ中的数学方法。ｉｉＩｏｓｎｕｏＭＰｃｓｇ然后着重介绍了图像处理在计算机辅助外科手术
品质的优劣将直接影响到居住者的身体健康以及整个国家公民的身体素质，中国建筑研究院的曹国庆
态及重要性。中国科技部国际合作司姚为克副司长代表科技部到会致辞，就我国建筑节能现状及节能政策作了重要讲话。住房与城乡建设部建筑节能与科技司韩爱兴副司长代表建设部就建筑能源消耗及中国人均能源消耗作了详细的阐述。会议承办方代表清华大学科研院常务副院长姜培学教授、中国建筑科学研究院副院长许杰峰教授、英国中英科技创新计划执行董事柴曼怡女士也在开幕式上致辞，姜培学教授根据清华大学１９年６９８月提出的建设“ 绿
除微分方程在图像处理等领域的应用打下比较好的基
荸础。通过国际会议的举办，对于提高我国该领域的专
衡家学者在国际上声誉，提高本学科的国际水平有很
勤慧
刘志宏：博士生。
收稿Ｅ：０９１ — ０ｔ２０— ２３期
５０
会议报
热物理研究所副所长李俊明教授、中国建筑科学研究院科技处处长王清勤教授。大会开幕式由诺丁汉大学Ｓｆｉａ教授主ａａＲｆｔ
议报告
２００９中英建筑可持续能源和环境技术研讨会
刘志宏

第一部分 RSNA2009概况

科医师为患者和临床医师提供准确、整和透彻的诊断报告，完
径，三层含义是放射学要提高医疗质量和加快工作流程必须第依赖于计量影像学（ｕｎｉｔｅｉｇｎ）信息学。ｑａｔａｉｔｖｍａｉｇ和
果，一半的医师对解释Ｃ检查结果能比较胜任，其它检查有Ｔ对（管造影、Ｉ核医学和超声）超过６的医师不能较好血ＭＲ、有Ｏ
有的重视；是计量应用科学的发展是提升医疗质量的重要途二
多生命，指南规定的普查时间太晚、使普查的作用大大降新会低，一次倒退；．Ｓ是２ＲＮＡ公布了可免费下载的最佳影像诊断报告模板系列。这项计划于２００７年启动，过２超过１０位经年０放射学专家的反复修改，及１涉２个放射学专业领域，导放射指
确定性，据ＲＮＡ的统计数据，年与会代表人数与前几年但Ｓ今
基本持平，计有５００００预７０～６００名放射及相关领域的专业人
题，点问题主要有低剂量算法、高工作流程和医疗实践的热提效率以及不同医疗机构间患者健康和图像信息的共享。全球

Bathing Care Assistance with Robot Suit HAL

Bathing Care Assistance with Robot Suit HALHozumi Satoh,Tomoyoshi Kawabata and Yoshiyuki SankaiAbstract —In the ﬁeld of nursing care,caregivers have to bear a great burden due to assistive movements such as supporting of the care-receivers body,lifting them,moving them onto the wheel chair etc.In this paper,we focus on getting a care-receiver in and out of the bathtub,which is one of the most difﬁcult movements for caregivers.Considering an important activity that puts a large burden on caregivers,lifting,there are many types of lifting devices available for transferring disabled people.Nevertheless it is difﬁcult to use ﬁxed equipment such as a mechanical lift with home care because it is expensive to rebuild the bathroom.The physical burden involved in assisting action in the ﬁeld of nursing care can be greatly reduced by wearing the HAL (Hybrid Assistive Limb)full-body type.The objectives of this paper are to propose a new method of bathing care assistance using the robot suit HAL,to develop the upper half body of HAL,which reduces the physical burden on the wearer’s upper limbs,and to show its effectiveness through an experiment.The study focused on reducing the trunk inclination angle,which is related to the physical load around the lumbar spine.The new method mainly uses the caregiver’s upper limb to support the weight of the care-receiver.Therefore,we built a mechanism which locks the power unit of a HAL joint to assist the motor function of the wearer’s upper limbs.To conﬁrm the effectiveness of the proposed method,we demonstrated that the mechanisms of the power units kept the angles of the upper limbs steady while the wearer held a weight of 50(kg),and that the physical burden on the upper limb of the wearer was reduced.As a results of this experiment,we conﬁrmed the effectiveness of the proposed method.I.INTRODUCTIONThere are limits to human abilities,and the functional capacity of healthy caregivers is also limited.For example,the maximum handling weight for males is set to 55(kg)by Japan Labor Standards Act.In the ﬁeld of nursing care,caregivers receive a great physical burden from giving assistance such as transfer aid or walking support.As the result,Fujimura (1995)and Ohkubo (1995)reported that 70to 80(%)of caregivers from nursing-care facilities had experience lower-back pain [1][2].It is not uncommon to ﬁnd the cases called “elder-to-elder nursing care”,where old people or family take care of those in need because the increasing shortage of caregivers in the super aged society.It is expected that from now on the physical burden to caregivers will certainly increase.Considering an important activity that puts a large burden on caregivers,lifting,there are many types of lifting devices are available for transferring disable people,but Inoue (2000)H.Satoh and T.Kawabata is a student belonging to Grad-uate School of Systems and Information Engineering,University of Tsukuba,1-1-1,Tennodai,Tsukuba,Ibaraki,305-8573,JAPAN sato h@golem.kz.tsukuba.ac.jpY .Sankai is with Faculty of Graduate School of Systems and Information Engineering,University of Tsukubaand Garg (1995)showed that hanging a person in the sling still requires a large moment around the lumbar spine of the caregiver [3]-[5].Within Cybernics,which is the development of tech-nologies that can support,increase,and expand human capabilities,we developed the enhanced human-machine-information hybrid systems which we called “Cybernoids”.The exoskeletal robot,Robot Suit HAL (Hybrid Assistive Limb)is one of the accomplishments of Cybernics,and is developed for expanding and improving physical capability as well as supporting the daily activities of patients with reduced muscular strength [6]-[9].HAL,as shown in Fig.1,can be applied to many areas;training for physical challenged people,care assistance,construction and disaster rescue support.The physical burden involved in assistive-movement in the ﬁeld of nursing care can be greatly reduced by wearing the HAL full-body type.This will not only reduce the physical but also the psychological anxiousness of the caregiver due to acts that result in secondary disabling conditions such as lumbalgia etc.or the mental burden of care-receiver arose due to resistive feelings with respect of being assisted by machines.This holds enormous promise for increasing the QOL (Quality Of Life)of both the caregivers andcare-receivers.Fig.1.HAL-5978-1-4244-4775-6/09/$25.00 © 2009 IEEE.498Proceedings of the 2009 IEEEInternational Conference on Robotics and BiomimeticsDecember 19 -23, 2009, Guilin, ChinaThe purpose of this study was to reduce a caregiver’s physical burden by assisting the motor function of robot suit HAL.In this paper,we focus on getting a care-receiver in and out of the bathtub which is one of the most difﬁcult movements for caregivers.The objectives of this paper are to propose a new method of bathing care assistance using the robot suit HAL,to develop the upper half body of HAL,which reduces the physical burden on the upper limb of the wearer,and to show its effectiveness through an experiment.Section II describes the proposed method for bathing care and introduces the required speciﬁcations for designing HAL.Section III explains mechanism of HAL that we developed to assist nursing care.Section IV shows experimental results and veriﬁes the effectiveness of the proposed method.Finally,Section V gives the conclusions.II.BATHING CARE ASSISTANCE “Robot Suit HAL”is an exoskeletal robot for humans with joints designed toﬁt those of the wearer.It can move several, computer controlled,electromotor driven joints,called power units,to assist the wearer’s motor function.The wearer’s conditions and motion intentions are obtained from motion information extracted from several bio-electrical signals.The required physical support is determined by the cybernic voluntary and autonomous controls.As a result the wearer can move with few physical burdens,as if the wearer’s own motor functions have expanded and improved.To provide effective physical support for the wearer’s upper half body,we newly developed the upper half body of HAL using the same technology that was used in the earlier developed robot suits.In this section,we describe the protocol used to assist bathing care and the required speciﬁcations that were used for designing the upper half body of HAL.A.MethodHere we will describe the general environment,process, postures and loads during nursing care.In this research, we focus on the bathing care.Tokuda(1997)showed that caregivers perform the following activities for bathing care[10].a)taking the care-receiver to the bathroom/bedroomb)getting the care-receiver’s clothes off or onc)transferring in bathroomd)soapinge)rinsingf)getting in or out of the bathtubg)soakingCase f,getting in or out of the bathtub as shown in Fig.2, is one of the most difﬁcult movements because of the large physical load on the lumbar spine of the caregiver.Looking at the recent developments in care it can be seen that the amount of home care is increasing.Tomioka reported that bathing assistance methods have shifted from use of tradi-tional mechanical bathtubs or a big bathtub to methods using small home-style bathtubs,known as“individual bathing assistance”,in Japanese nursing homes for the elderly[11].It is difﬁcult to useﬁxed equipment such as a mechanical lift with home care because it is expensive to rebuild the bathroom.To be able to provide a better alternative we focus on case f.We try to reduce trunk inclination angle which is related to the low back load.We suggest that the caregiver supports the weight of the care-receiver with mainly his/her upper limb during bathing care.During getting in or out of the bathtub,the angles of the shoulder and elbow joints of the caregiver are maintained by HAL to support the care-receiver.By keeping the angles of shoulder and elbow joints of the HALﬁxed the support of the weight of the care-receiver by the upper limbs can be achieved as shown in Fig.3.Furthermore,using its basic functionality HAL is also helpful in other activities for caregivers.Most important is that the load on the lower back of the wearer is reduced by assisting the motor functions.Fig.2.This is one of the activities for bathing care,getting in or out of thebathtub.Fig.3.It is necessary to reduce trunk inclination angle,and caregiver supports only by his/her upper limbs.499B.Load on JointsThe physical loads on shoulder and elbow joints of the caregiver are explained here.The weight of the care-receiver is to m w(kg).The caregiver support the weight by using his/her upper limbs.When all of load is held on one forearm, the moments around the shoulder and elbow joint,M shoulder and M elbow are calculated by following.The model consisted of three-link,three-joint mechanism corresponding to the trunk,the arm and the forearm and to the hip,the shoulder and the elbow joints of the human body as shown in Fig.4.M shoulder=m w g{l a sin(θs−θt)+l w sin(θe+θs−θt)}(1) M elbow=m w gl w sin(θe+θs−θt)(2) where l a is the length of the arm,θt is the trunk inclination angle,θs is the angle of shoulder joint made by the trunk and the arm,θe is the angle of elbow joint made by the arm and the forearm,l w is the length from the elbow joint to the position of the center of gravity of the load.The positive rotations of joints are shown by arrows in Fig.4.These calculated values are used to decide the mechanical speciﬁcation such as a torque of a power unit.C.Required SpeciﬁcationsIn order to do the bathing care assistance with HAL,it needs to have the following abilities.•Increasing and expanding the upper limbs capabilities without being obstructed by the structure.•Proving care assistance to care-receiver through the upper limbs by keeping the angles of shoulder and elbow joints of the HALﬁxedWe developed the upper half body of the robot suit for care assistance to connect to HAL.The requirements for design are as follows.1)There should be enough number of a degrees offreedom(DOF).2)There should be a mechanism to keep the angles ofshoulder and elbow joints of the caregiver steady to support the weight of care-receiver only by the upper limbs.III.DESIGN OF ROBOT SUITThis section explains the mechanisms of the upper half body of HAL that we developed to assist nursing care.The designs of the mechanisms are based on the requirements that were described in section II.A.Degrees of FreedomAtﬁrst the design of the joints of HAL willdescribed.Fig.4.The model consisted of three-link,three-joint mechanism.1)Axis of Motion:In the earlier stages HAL has beendeveloped to assist the lower half body;the newly made upper half body of the robot suit is directly attached to it.The schematics of the upper half body of the robot suit we developed for nursing-care are shown in Fig.5.For each half,left and right,articulation of the upper half body of the robot suit is achieved aboutﬁve single-axis revolute joints.The robot suit has3-DOF at each shoulder and1-DOF at each elbow.Referring to theﬁgure,the“Forearm”is the end effector,and its shape looks like a rain gutter.The wearer can rotate his/her own forearm on the one of HAL.Both the “Elbow”and the“Shoulder vertical”have a power unit.The “Arm rotation”and the“Shoulder horizontal”are free joints.For clarity we would like to point out the inner arm rotation as one of the axes of motion.The inner arm rotation is a motion in which the arm rotates around the main axis of the humerus,and consists of medial and lateral rotation.The mechanical joint of this axis consists of two half-cylindrical frames and a straight round frame running parallel to the humerus as shown in Fig.6.This round bar is the axis of rotation for HAL,and the wearer can rotate his/her arm around the round bar as shown in Fig.6b.In addition,it allows adjustment of the length because of its basic buildup as shown in Fig.6c.2)Range of Motion:The upper half body of the robotsuit has designed to have enough DOF and ROM(Range Of Motion).Here we describe ROM of the several motions of HAL.At the motion of shoulder vertical,the angle is set to zero in sagging.In the other motion,the angle is set to zero when the joint is in the position as shown in Fig.7.Additionally the angle is subject to the rule that pronation,ﬂexion,and arm elevation at the motion of shoulder are positive rotations.Fig.7shows those positive rotations with“+”.We detected the range of motion of the wearer putting on HAL.The range of motions are reported in Table I.Referring to the table,the“HAL ROM”is the range of motion of the wearer putting on HAL.The“ADL ROM”is based on the data of motions of the human arm were recorded 500Fig.5.Conﬁguration of the robot suit HAL,and joint of the upper half ofbody.(b)(a)(c)Fig.6.The mechanical joint of the arm rotation consists of two half-cylindrical frames and a straight round frame running parallel to thehumerus.+Fig.7.The angle is subject to the rule that ﬂexion of a joint is a positive rotation,and is set to zero when the joint is in this position ,but the angle of shoulder-vertical is set to zero in sagging.TABLE IR ANGE OF M OTIONHAL ROMADL ROMHUMAN ROM(rad)(rad)(rad)Shoulder Horizontal −0.52to 1.4−0.52to 1.0−0.52to 2.3Shoulder V ertical 0.35to 2.10to 0.870to 3.1Arm Rotation −0.79to 0.79−0.52to 0.70−1.6to 1.6Elbow 0to 2.10.35to 2.40to 2.5F orearm−1.4to 1.4−0.70to 1.4−1.4to 1.4during 51activities of daily living (ADL),and this data are used to decide design of artiﬁcial arm [12].Additionally the “HUMAN”ROM is the max range of motion of human based on the anatomy.At the “Shoulder Vertical”and “Elbow”,these motions have the power unit.That is reason we designed the ranges a little bit smaller than the range of human for safety assistance.Additionally,at the “Arm Rotate”,when the wearer drop arm,the range of motion is helped by “Shoulder Horizontal”axis.As the result,we conﬁrmed that HAL has the enough ROM.B.Support MechanismDuring bathing care assistance,it is necessary to keep the angles of shoulder and elbow joints of the caregiver steady to support the weight of care-receiver only by the upper limbs.When the backdrivability of the joint is very low,the angle of the joint remains static.To achieve this the power units,which use electromotors,need to have a mechanism to switch the backdrivability of the joints.The upper half body of HAL can then transfer the weight of care-receiver from the end effectors to the lower half body of HAL through its structure,because the upper limb of HAL maintains its supporting posture when required.1)Switchable Backdrivability :The shoulder and elbow joints of HAL have a mechanism to switch the backdrivabil-ity between low and normal.The mechanism consists of a pin and several holes,as shown in Fig.8.While the pin is inserted in any of the holes (b),and the load is applied to the mechanism,clamping of the pinprevents it from pulling out.As a result,while the wearer lifts a heavy load,the mechanism prevents releasing the locking of the joint by accident.To insert or pull out the pin,the force is applied through an elastic body.That allows applying force for insertion when the pin differs in position with the holes.When the pin is correctly positioned,the elastic force inserts the pin,and the joint is locked.In the case of pulling out the pin,the elastic body allows applying force.When the heavy load is removing from the mechanism,the elastic force pulls out the pin,and the joint is released.The mechanism has more than one hole per pin as shown in Fig.9.The power unit output axis has several holes while there is only one pin in the ﬁxed axis,such that HAL can lock the joint with respect to many different angles.Power Unit Output AxisPower Unit Fixed AxisHighBackdrivabilityPower Unit Output AxisPower Unit Fixed AxisLowBackdrivability(a)(b)Fig.8.The mechanism consists of a pin and several holes to switch backdrivability between low and normal.501Power Unit Fixed AxisPower Unit Output Axis PinHoleFig.9.The power unit output axis has several holes while there is only one pin in theﬁxed axis.During designed,atﬁrst a rough size was decided for the pin to withstand the load.In the detailed design phase, the shape and size of the material was decided usingﬁnite element method analysis.For example,the rough size of the pin is decided by the following equations.The diameter of the pin,D can be found fromP=πD22σ×0.8α(3)D=(4×P)+π×σ×0.8α(4)In these equations P is the force developed by the load,αis the safety factor,andσis the yield strength of the material.Based on this rough size the detailed mechanisms of the robot suit were designed through an iterative process of computer aided design and computer aided engineering.2)Control Method:Like the lower half body of robot suit HAL,the upper half body of HAL also has angular sensors,which measure the angles of the shoulder and elbow joints where the power units are located.To detect the bio-electrical signal from the muscles,which is related to the torque generated,two sensor units are attached to the wearer’s skin near theﬂexor and the extensor driving the targeted joint.There are eight sensors to measure the bio-electrical signals of two shoulder joints and two elbow joints. The power units generate torque based on these bio-electrical signals to assist the motor function of the wearer.As mentioned,the mechanism to switch backdrivability locks the power unit of a HAL joint.When the wearer needs to generate torque to keep the angle of the joint steady,the mechanism locks the joint to assist the motor function of the wearer’s upper limb.While the joint is locked,the wearer maintains his/her posture without torque from the power unit. When the joint is released,the power unit is able again to generate torque for assistance.In this research,the mechanism switches backdrivability to low to lock the joint when the following conditions are met.1)The bio-electrical signal is higher than a given thresh-old value.2)The angular velocity is lower than a given thresholdvalue.3)A given period of time has passed within which both1)and2)are satisﬁed.IV.RESULTA.ExperimentTo evaluate the proposed method,we demonstrated that the mechanism to switch backdrivability kept the angle of the upper limbﬁxed.During locking of the joint of HAL by the mechanism,the wearer could maintain his/her posture.While the joint is locked,HAL transfers the weight of the load from the forearm to the ground through the robot suit.This reduces the physical burden of the wearer.A26-year-old male wearer putting on HAL held a weight of50(kg)which was built up in step of10(kg).During the experiment,we measured the angles of the joints as well as the bio-electrical signals of the wearer.Furthermore, we conﬁrmed that the mechanisms prevented releasing the locking of the joints by accident while the wearer lifted the heavy load.In this experiment,we prevented inner rotation of the arm to be able to focus on the effectiveness of the locking mechanism.Fig.10a shows the angle and the bio-electrical signals from theﬂexor and the extensor of the left elbow joint,Fig.10b shows the same for the right elbow,and Fig.10c shows the weight of the load.The angle is subject to the rule that ﬂexion of a joint is a positive rotation,and is set to0(rad) when the joint is in a fully stretched position.The higher the value of the bio-electrical signal,the more the wearer is exerting muscular force.The operation start time is set to 0(s).There were several events as follows:(1)The wearer is ready to hold the load at4(s).(2)Theﬁrst load was passed on to the wearer at8(s).(3)The mechanisms locked the joints at9(s).(4)When the fourth load was passed at26(s),a releasecommand was given to the locking mechanism.(5)The wearer holding the load activated the lockingmechanisms at29(s).(6)The last load was given at38(s).After that the wearerholding the load turned around,which took about sixseconds,and then stood still for another six seconds.Furthermore,these events occurred at the times as indi-cated by the lines and numbers in the background of Fig.10.Throughout the experiment,the wearer held his upperbody up straight.B.DiscussionHere,we will discuss the data shown in Fig.10.At4(s), the bio-electrical signal shows theﬂexor activity while the angle is increasing.That indicates the wearer changed his posture to hold the load.At8(s),theﬂexor bio-electrical signal is larger than in(1),and the angle isﬂexed to a right angle.That shows the wearer took theﬁrst10(kg)load.After 9(s),the angle is maintained,and the bio-electrical signal is lower than in(2).That can be interpreted as evidence that the mechanisms to switch backdrivability were locking the joints and supporting the weight of load by themselves.At26(s), 502-0.5-0.5(c)A n g l e A n g l e (r a d )W e i g h t (k g )Filtered BESFig.10.(a)shows the angle and the BESs (Bio-Electrical Signals)from the ﬂexor and the extensor of the left elbow joint,(b)shows the same for the right elbow,and (c)shows the weight of the load.The angle is subject to the rule that ﬂexion of a joint is a positive rotation,and is set to 0[rad]when the joint is in a fully stretched position.The higher the value of the bio-electrical signal,the more the wearer is exerting muscular force.the release command was given to HAL,but nevertheless the angle is maintained constant.That explains the mechanisms could prevent releasing the locking of the joints by accident through clamping of the pin.Before 29(s),the bio-electrical signal increases,though it is still lower than in (2),and the angle is still maintained constant.That shows HAL could keep its posture holding the load,and there was no increase in the physical burden of the wearer apart from exerting muscular force to indirectly give the command to lock.After 38(s),the bio-electrical signals get lower.It can be understood here that the wearer had been exerting muscular force for balance until then,but gradually leaned over on HAL after all loads were handed over to him.Throughout the experiment,the wearer avoids lifting with the trunk bent forward.From this experiment,we can obtain the following.1)The mechanism can lock the joint and be activated by the wearer.2)HAL can keep its posture to hold the load instead of the wearer.3)The mechanism prevents releasing by accident.This experiment showed that the proposed method using a locking mechanism was effective.V.CONCLUSIONWe have proposed a method for bathing care assistance using the robot suit HAL,and developed the upper half body of HAL to reduce the physical burden on upper limbs of the wearer.To conﬁrm the effectiveness of the proposed method we demonstrated that the designed locking mechanism included in the power units kept the angles of the upper limbs steady while the wearer held the load,and that the physical burden on the upper limbs of the wearer was reduced.Thereby we could conﬁrm the effectiveness of the proposed method.We expect that using the proposed method reduce the trunk inclination angle.Hopefully the caregiver putting on HAL can support the care-receiver with his/her upper limbs and avoid assisting with the trunk bent forward.VI.ACKNOWLEDGMENTSThis work was supported in part by the Grant-in-Aid for the Global COE Program on “Cybernics:fusion of human,machine,and information systems”at the University of Tsukuba and relevant organizations.R EFERENCES[1]T.Fujimura,“Present low-back pain problems.Nursing problems ingeriatric ward and low-back pain measures.”Digest of science of labour 50(9),1995,pp.13-16.[2]Y .Okubo,M.Konagaya,K.Ogawa,T.Moriyasu,H.Ikehata and N.Onodera,“Questionnarire Survey for Nursing Heavy Duties :On the hard works for shifting a patient from a bed to a wheel chair”The Japanese journal of ergonomics 31,1995,pp.252-253.[3]T.Inoue,G.Fernie and P.L.Santaguida,“Lower Back Loads DuringManeuvering Tasks with Lifting Devices”Biomechanism 15,2000,pp.243-254.[4] A.Garg, B.Owen, D.Beller and J.Banaag,“A Biomechanicaland Ergonomic Evaluation of Patient Transferring Tasks :Bed to Wheelchair and Wheelchair to Bed”ERGONOMICS 34,1991,pp.289-312.[5] A.Garg,B.Owen,D.Beller and J.Banaag,“A Biomechanical andErgonomic Evaluation of Patient Transferring Tasks :Wheelchair to Shower Chair and Shower Chair to Wheelchair”ERGONOMICS 34,1991,pp.407-419.[6]S.Lee and Y .Sankai,“The Natural Frequency-Based Power AssistControl for Lower Body with HAL-3”Proc.of International Confer-ence on Systems,Man and Cybernetics (SMC2003),2003,pp.1642-1647.[7]T.Hayashi,H.Kawamoto and Y .Sankai,“Control Method of RobotSuit HAL working as Operator’s Muscle using Biological and Dy-namical Information”Proc.of IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS 2005),2005,pp.3455-3460.[8]H.Kawamoto and Y .Sankai,“Power assist method based on PhaseSequence and muscle force condition for HAL”Advanced Robotics 19(7),2005,pp.717-734.[9]K.Suzuki,G.Mito,H.Kawamoto,Y .Hasegawa and Y .Sankai,“Intention-Based Walking Support for Paraplegia Patients with Robot Suit HAL”Advanced Robotics 21(12),2007,pp.1441-1469.[10]T.Tokuda,K.Kodama,K.Iriuchijima and O.Nitta,“ExperimentalStudy on Physical Strain and Working Posture Relative to the Model Bathing-Care Movements”Rigakuryoho Kagaku 12(I),1997,pp.3-10.[11]K.Tomioka,S.Kumagai,Y .Higuchi,H.Tsujimura,Y .Arai and J.Yoshida,“Low Back Load and Satisfaction Rating of Caregivers &Care Receivers in Bathing Assistance Given in a Nursing Home for the Elderly Practicing Individual Care”Journal of occupational health 49(2),2007,pp.54-58.[12]S.Mizuno,T.Morotomi,S.Iino,T.Kodama,K.Shima and S.Mizumachi,“Gishi-Sougu”Kanehara ,1959.503。

科技节材料

2009年诺贝尔生理、医学奖卡萝尔·格雷德的资料照片伊丽莎白·布莱克本的资料照片3名美国科学家获诺贝尔生理学或医学奖北京时间2009年10月5日下午17时30分，2009年度诺贝尔生理学或医学奖在瑞典卡罗林斯卡医学院揭晓，三位美国科学家伊丽莎白.布兰克波恩(Elizabeth H. Blackburn)、卡罗尔.格雷德(Carol W. Greider)以及杰克.绍斯塔克(Jack W. Szostak)共同获得该奖项。

他们发现了由染色体根冠制造的端粒酶(telomerase)，这种染色体的自然脱落物将引发衰老和癌症。

2009年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖颁奖词杰克·绍斯塔克的资料照片2009年的诺贝尔生理学或医学奖颁给三名科学家，他们解决了生物学的一个重大问题：在细胞分裂时染色体如何完整地自我复制以及染色体如何受到保护以免于退化。

这三位诺贝尔奖获得者已经向我们展示，解决办法存在于染色体末端—端粒，以及形成端粒的酶—端粒酶。

他们的发现提高了人们对于细胞的理解的深度，阐明了疾病机制，有助于未来新治疗方法的发展。

揭开染色体秘密有助于发现人类衰老之谜生老病死，这或许是人类生命最为简洁的概括，但其中却蕴藏了无数的奥秘。

获得2009年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖的三位美国科学家，凭借“发现端粒和端粒酶是如何保护染色体的”这一成果，揭开了人类衰老和罹患癌症等严重疾病的奥秘，3名获奖者所做研究“解决了生物学一个长期存在的重大问题”。

2009年诺贝尔物理学奖2009诺贝尔物理学奖的三位获奖人华人高锟及两名美科学家获诺贝尔物理学奖瑞典皇家科学院2009年10月6日宣布，将2009年诺贝尔物理学奖授予英国华裔科学家高锟以及美国科学家威拉德·博伊尔和乔治·史密斯。

高锟在“有关光在纤维中的传输以用于光学通信方面”取得了突破性成就，他将获得今年物理学奖一半的奖金，共500万瑞典克朗（约合70万美元）；博伊尔和史密斯将分享今年物理学奖另一半奖金。

2009 ASH科学年会焦点速递

2009 ASH科学年会焦点速递2009年5月6~9日，第24届美国高血压学会（ASH）科学年会在旧金山召开，本次大会的主题为“医疗保健2009：高血压专家的职责”。

ASH主席亨利·布莱克（Henry R.Black））教授表示，会议主题充分体现了ASH的核心价值，即关注高血压患者及他们的治疗者，将基础研究与应用研究转化为有效的高血压防治策略，提升学科的完整性及透明度，为医疗保健专业人士及公众提供优质教育，并促进高血压研究者与医疗保健专业人士的协作。

咸淡谁解其中味：聚焦盐敏感性高血压在ASH科学年会上，一场专题讨论从多角度探讨了盐敏感性高血压的机制及治疗策略，与今年世界高血压日主题十分契合。

高龄患者：收缩压偏高即应治疗盐敏感性高血压与收缩压偏高在高龄人群中常同时存在。

随着年龄增长与动脉硬化，老年人对盐的敏感性增强，表现为收缩压升高及舒张压下降。

以往人们常忽视高龄患者的降压治疗，而最近一项研究（HYVET）证实，此类患者仍可从降压中获益，即使舒张压<90 mmHg者也应接受治疗，而收缩压升高足以成为降压治疗的指征。

内皮素系统：盐敏感性高血压的始动因素？美国人盐摄入量普遍超标，60%～70%的高血压患者对盐敏感。

已知肾髓质结构对水钠排泄起关键作用，髓质内的肾小管与血管结构，尤其是肾脏内皮素系统损伤可能导致盐敏感性高血压。

内皮素A和B受体失衡可能是盐敏感性高血压发病的根源。

内皮素A受体系统通过直接收缩动静脉引起血压升高。

内皮素B受体信号通路受损者可发生排钠不足和体液潴留，间接导致高血压。

然而，由于当前用于治疗肺动脉高压的内皮素拮抗剂可能同时阻断内皮素系统的有益作用，不适于盐敏感性高血压患者。

种族差异：揭示盐敏感机制某种未知原因使非洲裔美国人对盐更为敏感。

研究发现，盐敏感性正常者在接受高盐负荷后，最初3天的血压和体循环阻力显著下降，而盐敏感者在同样条件下表现为心输出量增加，并最终出现血压升高。

2011年ASH美国血液学会年会热点

2011年ASH美国血液学会年会热点来自于：医脉通2011-12-06分享编辑:田磊磊美国血液学会（American Society of Hematology，ASH）本年度会议将于下周在加利福尼亚圣地亚哥召开，会议将着重介绍一些新药、一些赋予老药生机的研究以及一些有可能结束激烈纷争的长期研究资料。

“事实上，我们正在为新药研发构建高通量基因组测序和新靶点发现的基础，”ASH 主席、密苏里州圣路易华盛顿大学血液科主任医师、医学理学博士Sadler J. Evan说到，“一方面，我们有新的靶向治疗；另一方面，我们对个体患者了解甚多，可以肯定哪种靶向治疗对其尤其有效。

”在大会前的记者招待会上，Sadler博士重点提及了几篇特别有新闻价值的摘要。

其中一项前景广阔的新靶向治疗是研发的第一种靶向布鲁顿氏酪氨酸激酶的药物，尽管对其研究尚处于早期阶段。

该酶在B细胞发育中起关键作用，研究表明其与慢性淋巴细胞白血病的发生有关。

这种新药目前被称为PCI-32765（Pharmacyclics公司生产），是一种口服的不可逆性酶抑制剂。

61名患者的2期研究结果提示其有效，结果将在大会上报告（摘要983）。

目前正在计划一项大型的3期研究。

“我不想对此加以炒作，但我们期待伊马替尼（格列卫）靶向治疗海报上慢性髓样白血病儿童取得的成功能够再现。

”后来的酪氨酸激酶抑制剂没有表现出令人瞩目的结果，他指出“但其前景令人鼓舞，已有一些疗效显著的报道。

”“未来药物的发展途径是科学家首先了解疾病的分子缺陷，然后研制专门针对这些疾病的药物，”ASH秘书、摘要审核组织者、费城宾夕法尼亚大学血液/肿瘤科副主任、医学博士Abrams Charles解释道。

布鲁顿氏酪氨酸激酶缺陷首次发现于遗传性血液病X-γ球蛋白缺乏症儿童；这一事件“自始至终遵循从患者到实验台，然后再回到患者的研究路线。

”Sadler博士说，另一个由患者的观察结果引发新治疗的例子是沙立度胺及其相关药物。

两院院士评选2009年中外十大科技进展新闻

熬厂，两院院士评选２０年中外十大科技进展新闻ｒ、一、０９
２１００年１月２０日．由５３名中国科学院院士６
和中国工程院院士投票评选出的２００９年中国十大
闻是：美国通过撞月发现月球存在水冰：欧洲大型强子对撞机实现首次对撞创下能级新纪录：发现杀
时间” 的长短反映了系统任务效能．机群中飞机数量的多少以及备件储备的数量对机群系统的任务效
能有明显的影响。参考文献：
【】Ａｒｏｃｎｔｃｉ０６２１９，ＤｔｍｉｉｇｌｉｉｌｉＦｒｅＩｓｕｔｎ１ — ０ — ９４ｒｏｅｒｎｎｇｓｃｅｏｔｓ
图６机群系统状态图
维等等完准执修待待好备行
＝＝
维备
修件
［］高文，祝明发，徐志伟．于维修时间约束的机群系统３基可用度的仿真算法ｆ１．算机学报，２０，２（）Ｊ计０１４８：
８７６－８０．８
６结束语
任
务
武器系统的任务效能不仅与装备固有的可靠性
水平有关．更与使用单位的维修资源、保障资源密
切相关．同时还受到任务剖面影响。以上因素缺少
［］焦健，王自力．用飞机使用可用度仿真论证【北京４军Ｊ］．
０２００４００６００８００

2009国际科技大事记

美国纳米材料、超材料方面继续保持领先地位，制成世界最薄的超导金属层，在光学材料中获得了光传播与时空弯曲的效果。

毛黎（本报驻美国记者）2009年1月，美国杜克大学的科学家使用“超材料”研制出了一种隐形材料。

该材料可引导微波“转向”，避开仪器探测，从而将物体隐形。

新研究成果向制造隐形设备的目标迈出关键一步，除应用于军事外，还可用来解决手机信号受屏蔽问题，并有助于研制出能“扭曲”可见光和红外线的隐身材料。

2月，美国杜克大学和马萨诸塞州立大学表示，两家机构的科学家借助化学“胶水”，首次用不同磁性和非磁性物质的粒子合成出复杂纳米结构。

该成果将适用于制造先进的光学设备、包装设备、数据存储和生物工程设备等。

4月，美国莱斯大学和斯坦福大学分别用圆柱状碳纳米管成功制出几十纳米宽的石墨烯带。

莱斯大学的丝带状石墨烯能用来制造太阳能电池板、可弯曲触摸显示屏，并可制成轻薄导电纤维，以取代飞行器上使用的笨重铜线；斯坦福大学的窄带石墨烯则具有导电性能，在电子工业领域用途广泛，现已用石墨烯带制出晶体管原型。

5月，美国加州大学洛杉矶分校宣布，找到制造石墨烯和碳纳米管混合材料的新方法，该混合材料有望用于制作太阳能薄膜电池和家用电器设备的透明导体，比现有相同功能的其他材料更柔软且价格更低，未来也可用于制造光学电子设备的基础构件。

6月，美国得克萨斯大学奥斯汀分校宣布，研究人员制成了世界最薄超导金属层——超导铅薄层，其厚度仅与两个原子的厚度相当。

该成果将有助于未来超导体技术的进一步发展。

8月，美国劳伦斯伯克利国家实验室的研究人员称，他们在光学材料中获得光传播与时空弯曲的效果，验证了光与物质在时空中的效应。

该成果也有助于生产能弯曲光线和其他形式电磁辐射的新型人工光学材料，开创特异材料中天体力学的新领域。

11月，美国约翰霍普金斯大学的材料学家们称，他们发现了一种导电化合物的新用途。

在经过特定的处理后，这种化合物可被制成绝缘的薄膜，其绝缘作用不是通过阻止电流流动而是诱导电流流向他处来实现，拥有这种特性的材料有望大幅缩减显示设备的厚度和能耗。

2005中国极地科学学术年会

晚餐 18:00—19:00
4
11 月 20 日分组报告
极地雪冰与气候变化组
负责人：程晓
会议地点：西湖宾馆 2 楼 6 号会议室
上午 8:00－10:00
主持人：程晓
丁明虎：南极中山站至 Dome A 雪积累状况的时空分布特征窦挺峰：南极海冰涛动对南半球大气环流和气候影响的数值模拟贾路路：冰川均衡调整(GIA)对南极冰质量非平衡监测的影响李诗民：南极中山站地区大气边界层综合观测试验及近地层微气象特征分析刘琳：东南印度洋海洋锋面低空大气的垂向分布结构程晓：面向全南极洲的遥感工作进展与展望
下午 15:40－16:00 茶歇
下午 16:00－17:30 全体大会
极地海洋组负责人：孙波
会议地点：西湖宾馆 2 楼 12 号会议室
上午 8:00－10:00
主持人：葛人峰
曹勇：2003－2008 年加拿大海盆次表层暖水变化的研究范良欢：基于冰情图的极地海冰 SAR 图像精确分割冯伟：联合卫星测高和海洋模式资料研究海水热含量变化李娜：IMB 浮标对北冰洋中心区海冰物质平衡的监测
主持人：秦为稼
（6）张海生－极地生态环境观测新技术
3
（7）余兴光－中国第四次北极科学考察总体框架方案（8）赵进平－北极海冰快速融化机制研究（9）孙松－南极磷虾研究的战略分析（10）赵越－国际极地年期间项目－甘布尔采夫冰下山脉区进展（11）任贾文－Dome A 区域浅冰芯研究的某些结果
休息
15:30—15:50
陆龙骅：IPY 期间的中国极地大气边界层考察研究
丘琪：极光弧宽度的统计研究
武业文：中国及周边区电离层 TEC 的短期预报
上午 10:00－10:20 茶歇

以整合的途径迎接挑战——美国AECT2009国际会议综述

Integrative Approaches： Meeting Challenges：Survey of 2009 AECT Convention 作者：陈维超[1];王小雪[2]
作者机构： [1]美国密苏里大学哥伦比亚分校,美国密苏里州;[2]美国佐治亚州立大学,美国佐治亚州
出版物刊名：远程教育杂志
页码： 3-7页
年卷期： 2010年第1期
主题词： AECT会议;教育技术;Web2.0
摘要：2009年美国教育传播与技术协会（AECT）国际年会，围绕“以整合的途径迎接挑战”的核心议题展开，同时举办了设计与开发、远程学习、教师教育、研究与理论等分论坛。

各报告展现了教育技术领域最新的动态和研究取向，凸显了高层次思维能力的培养、新兴传媒技术尤其是Web2．0技术的应用、信息技术整合、教师信息技术培训、教学设计、学习共同体建设、跨学科研究方法的探索等议题。

2009年全球50大最佳发明

2009年全球50大最佳发明美国著名的《时代》杂志于2009年11月13日公布了其精心选出的50大2009年度最佳发明。

《时代》举行这个评选已经十年，而本届的最大特点则是环保发明的上榜数目居历届之首，足以见得环保问题已经变成了全球的最大焦点之一。

不过，年度最佳发明的桂冠还是授予了美国的战神火箭。

1 年度最佳发明：美宇航局“战神”火箭这是一个承先启后，延续人类探索太空梦想的发明。

针对穿梭机两度发生致命意外，美国太空总署决定放弃穿梭机，回归用火箭上太空传统。

研发中的“战神”系列用了轻身复合物料、最先进的引擎和电脑，号称最强大马力和最可靠，又比穿梭机安全10倍，比其他火箭安全3倍。

金属没有DNA，机器也没有基因。

但这并不意味着它们没有“家谱”——与人类同等复杂的门第或出身。

“战神1号“火箭就是典型例证。

它是2009年科学家造出来的最棒、最先进、最酷的东西，可以将人类发射到我们以前从未想过的地方。

美宇航局的航天飞机不啻于“飞行卡车”：可以将货物送至几百英里外的太空，但更远的地方则无能为力。

美国政府在2004年宣布了“新太空计划”，打算重返月球，实施载人火星之旅。

出于这一目的，美国人需要开发可以将宇航员送到那里的新型装置。

“战神1号”火箭就是在这种背景下诞生的，它在今年10月28日进行了首次无人驾驶飞行，“首演”甚至连质疑者都不由得发出赞叹声。

从远处看，“战神1号”火箭毫无吸引人之处：总体外观修长、纤细，仿佛会在佛罗里达州的大风中被吹倒。

然而，近看你会发现它原来是个庞然大物：高327英尺(约合100米)，是20世纪70年代“土星5号”火箭之后，美宇航局发射的最大火箭。

“土星5号”火箭是由德国科学家沃纳·冯·布劳恩设计的。

他的天赋可谓一把双刃剑，既让美国成功开发出最先进的火箭，又让希特勒拥有了在伦敦制造恐慌的V2火箭。

在开发土星火箭过程中，冯·布劳恩借鉴了美国火箭先驱罗伯特·戈达德的经验。

2009中国科学仪器与分析测试行业十大新闻公布

［］邓广勇．８再谈ＣＳ元素分析仪测定硫含量的问题［］分析ＨＮＪ．
仪器，００（）５５．２０４：０— ２
［］詹秀春，４陈永君，妙子．郑地质样品中痕量氯溴和硫的ｘ射线
荧光光谱法测定［］岩矿测试，０２２（）２—１．Ｊ．２０，１１：１８［５］ＰｓｓｈｉｋＡｅｅｍｎｔｎｏｕｕｏｔｎｂａｉｃｎａ．ＤｔｉａｉｆｓｌｒｎｅｔｙＸ—Ｒｙｆｏｔｒｏｆｃａｌ — ｕｒｓｅｅａｌｃｎｉｉｇａｓｇｕｆｅｐａｅ［］ＸＳｅｃｎｅｉｓｍｐｅｏｔｎｎｉｌｓｌｄｈｓＪ．Ｒ，ｎａｎｅｉ
１８．５３：７—９．９６１（）９９
［田强兵．析化学中检出限和测定下限的探讨［］化学分析９］分Ｊ．
计量，０７１（）７７．２０，６３：２— ３
［Ｏ冯秀文，１］高俊琴．回收率检验分析方法的准确度［］光谱用Ｊ．
ＫＥＹＷ０ＲＤｓｍａｉｅｓｄｍｅｔｕｆｒｌｍｅｔｌａａｙｅｒｎｅｉｎ．ｓｌ．ｅｅｎａｎｌｚｒｕ
２００９中国科学仪器与分析测试行业十大新闻公布
为了帮助广大业内人士梳理、回顾２００９年度中国科学
ＲＳｗａ．２～３３％（Ｄｓ１５％．１ｎ＝１２）．Ｔｅｍｅｈｄｃｎｂｓｄｔｅｅｔｓｌｒｉｒｅｓｄｍｅｔａｄｓｉｑｉｋｙｈｔｏａｅｕｅｏｄｔｃｕｆｍａｉｅｉｎｎｏｌｕｃｌ．ｕｎｎ

澳大利亚和新西兰索引家学会2009年年会预告

澳大利亚和新西兰索引家学会2009年年会预告
佚名
【期刊名称】《中国索引》
【年(卷),期】2008(006)003
【摘要】澳大利亚和新西兰索引家学会将于2009年10月15—17日在悉尼举办2009年年会。

年会主题为“The Practice of Indexing”。

详情请与会议组织者Madeleine Davis：conference@anzsi．org联系。

【总页数】1页(P13)
【正文语种】中文
【中图分类】G322.25
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A Fiber Optic Sensor for Displacement and

A Fiber Optic Sensor for Displacement and Acceleration Measurements in Vibration Tests Maria Luisa Casalicchio,Guido Perrone and Alberto VallanDipartimento di ElettronicaPolitecnico di TorinoTorino,ItalyAbstract—The paper describes a plastic opticalﬁber sensor for the evaluation of accelerations from non-contact displacement measurements and highlights the issues concerning its calibration in practical applications,like vibration tests of printed circuit board assemblies.A procedure to contemporaneously calibrate several optical sensors to allow mapping the vibration amplitude and acceleration distributions in a simple and low cost way is also disclosed.The proposed calibration procedure requires just one reference accelerometer,which is actually already available in typical vibration test facilities.Experimental results obtained in real conditions during a sinusoidal vibration test are also provided.Index Terms—Optical Fibers,Plastic Optical Fibers(POF), Optical Sensors,Acceleration measurements,Vibration tests.I.I NTRODUCTIONVibration tests play a major role in studying the dynamic behavior of components and equipments and in verifying their capability to withstand mechanical stresses.These tests are typically carried out using a shaker controlled by a suitable system able to force known accelerations according to speciﬁc Standards,like the IEC60068-2-6for sinusoidal tests. Piezoelectric accelerometers are frequently employed to sense the acceleration during these tests:typically at least one of these sensors isﬁrmly attached to the shaker vibration table using screws or stickers to measure the acceleration, but often many other sensors have to be placed also on the device under test to verify the presence of resonances.In many situations the effects due to dimension and weight of these sensors can be neglected,since very small devices with weight even below1g are available.However,applications exist where even the smallest and lightest devices introduce unacceptable perturbations or cannot be placed because of lack of space;typical example is the vibration test of printed circuit boards already populated by electronic components. Furthermore,these are the typical applications where it is necessary to measure the vibration amplitude in several points and this would require many sensors working simultaneously, in order to maximize the measurement speed or acquire the shape of the vibration modes.Therefore it would be desirable to provide a non-contact acceleration sensor-the only one that really do not introduce perturbations-with low fabrication costs to enable their simple replication.In vibration tests the acceleration can be computed from a measure of distance,evaluating the variations of position of the vibrating surface with respect to aﬁxed sensing head,although this technique has some bandwidth limitations.In the speciﬁc case of printed circuit boards,it is necessary to measure distances in the millimeter range,with a sub-micrometric resolution,at frequencies up to few hundred of hertz,in order to have acceleration resolutions below1m/s2. Optics is known to represent an effective approach for non contact distance measurements and thus several optical techniques have been proposed in the literature,such as interferometry[1],laser Doppler vibrometry[2],[3]and self-mixing interferometry[4].All these approaches are character-ized by excellent performances but either require complex and expensive setups or are somehow cumbersome to apply and therefore are not well suited to map the vibration amplitude in several test points.On the other hand intensity-basedﬁber optic sensors are known to allow the measurement without contact of short distances in a cost effective way,especially if plastic opticalﬁbers(POF)are used instead of more common glassﬁber bundles[5],[6],[7],since POF are characterized by very high light collecting capability together with a larger diameter that simpliﬁes the handling.In particular a low-costﬁber vibrometer can be realized using only two optical ﬁbers:oneﬁber lights the target and the other collects the reﬂected beam,exploiting the dependence of the collected light intensity with distance.Unfortunately,this type of sensor is also sensitive to the target optical characteristics,so it requires a calibration before each usage.Several compensation techniques have been therefore developed to overcome this drawback,but all the proposed approaches still fail in the presence of a non uniform target reﬂectivity,as in the case of printed circuit board that will be described in the following section.The paper presents a measurement technique based on a low-costﬁber optical sensor and devised for overcoming the non-uniform target reﬂectivity limitation;furthermore the problem of the sensor calibration is simpliﬁed because just a single traditional accelerometer,almost always available in any vibration facilities,is employed as a reference sensor.II.S ENSOR WORKING PRINCIPLE AND CALIBRATIONISSUESThe schematic block diagram of the proposed non-contact optical sensors based on the measurement of light intensity reﬂected by the vibrating target is shown in Fig.1,where a couple of them is employed to measure the vibration on aI2MTC 2009 - International Instrumentation and Measurement Technology ConferenceSingapore, 5-7 May 2009978-1-4244-3353-7/09/$25.00 ©2009 IEEEprinted circuit board(PCB)in two different points representa-tive of typical situations.Test point TP1is in a region where the surface can be consideredﬂat,although may presents not uniform reﬂectivity,while in the case of test point TP2 the surface is not even uniformlyﬂat due to the presence of electronic components.In both cases the distance d is measured from theﬁber tips to the target surface and is zero when the tips are in contact with the most prominent part of the target.The sensing heads are composed of a transmittingﬁber, which routes the light to the target,and a receivingﬁber,which collects the light reﬂected by the target.The transmittingﬁber is fed by a LED(like in this experimental implementation) or by a low-cost laser diode,while the receivingﬁber is connected to a photodetector(PD)followed by a suitable ampliﬁer that is employed to convert the detected current into the voltage v R(t).Although the sensing head could be arranged in principle using a bundle of glassﬁbers,the usage of POF provides several advantages because of their high light collecting capability and the less stringent requirements for alignments and connections.The received voltage v R(t)can be written as:v R(t)=A·P R(d)P Tv L(t)(1)where P R(d)/P T is the ratio between the optical powers at the transmitting and receivingﬁber tips,including the effect of the target reﬂectivity,and the term A takes into account the ampliﬁer gains,theﬁber losses,and the LED and PD efﬁciencies.When the target displacement due to the vibration is small with respect to the working distance d0,the optical power ratio can be expressed using a linear approximation as:P R(d) P T ∼=Req·[R0+R1·(d−d0)]=R eq·[R0+R1·s(t)](2)where R eq is the equivalent reﬂectivity of the area lighted by the transmittingﬁber and the coefﬁcients R0and R1are the optical power ratio computed for unit reﬂectivity and its ﬁrst derivative,both evaluated at the working distance d0.The received signal can thus be written as a function of thetargetFig.1.The optical sensorstructure.Fig.2.The device under test(a printed circuit board)during the vibration test and the opticalﬁbers.The test points TP1and TP2,where the acceleration has to be measured,arehighlighted.Fig.3.The received signals measured at the test points TP1and TP2as a function of the distance between theﬁber tips and the target and in absence of vibrations.vibration amplitude s(t),measured around the steady state d0, and of the LED stimulus v L(t)as:v R(t)=A·v L(t)·R eq·[R0+R1·s(t)](3) The choice of the most suitable LED modulation frequency depends on the application and it has been addressed in another work[5].The simplest solution is based on a constant stimulus v L(t)=V L,yielding to the following received signal:v R(t)=A·R eq·V L·R0+A·R eq·V L·R1·s(t)(4)Fig. 4.The ratio between the optical power and itsﬁrst derivative experimentally evaluated at the two test points TP1and TP2and the ratio obtained using an analytical optical model(curve labeled OM).The received signal is composed of a DC term V DC= A·R eq·V L·R0and of an AC term v AC(t)=A·R eq·V L·R1·s(t). The AC term is proportional to the vibration signal s(t) through a scale factor that depends on ampliﬁer gains and ﬁber losses,on the equivalent surface reﬂectivity,the LED driving voltage and theﬁrst derivative of the optical power ratio.Several approaches have been proposed to measure the displacement s(t)trying to overcome the problem of the unknown scale factor A and of the surface reﬂectivity[5], [8],[9].As an example,the vibration s(t)can be measured from(4)as the ratio of the two measured components as:s(t)=v AC(t)V DCR0R1(5)The acceleration can then be computed from s(t):in case ofsinusoidal vibration tests,it is straightforward,while in a more general case the presence of noise requires accurateﬁltering and suitable numerical techniques such as that presented in[10].The DC and AC terms in(5)can be easily extracted from themeasurement of the signal v R(t),but the coefﬁcients R0and R1,or their ratio,in most practical cases cannot be determined with the required uncertainty from the analytical model of theoptical curve P R/P T,such as the one described in[5][11]. Actually,the model dependents on parameters that are difﬁcult to control such as those of the sensing head and the target surface characteristics.An example can be obtained considering the setup in Fig.2used to measure the acceleration simultaneously in two points on a printed circuit board(PCB).The evaluation of the scale factor in(5)requires that each sensor is previously characterized in order to determine R0 and R1at the considered test point and at the working distance d0.The sensors in Fig.2have been characterized in the0mm (ﬁber tips in contact with the target,see also Fig.1)to about 8mm range,obtaining the curves reported in Fig.3where the received voltage V R,which is directly proportional to P R/P T,is reported for the two sensors.Extreme care has been taken to reproduce two identical sensors,with the same sensing head-to-target alignments,and identical transmitting and receivingelectronic circuits.As shown in Fig.3,both the received power level andits relation with the distance are strongly dependent on the test point.In the case of a uniformlyﬂat target(TP1),whentheﬁber tips are in contact with the target(d 0),thereceived light is almost negligible because the light from the transmittingﬁber cannot reach the receivingﬁber.On thecontrary,for a notﬂat target,the received power may be signiﬁcant even at d 0(as for TP2)because in that casethe receivingﬁber tip is partially lit from the beam reﬂectedby the“valleys”of the surface.Then the two curves in Fig.3 have also a different shape because of the presence of surfacemounted devices at the test point TP2,and this effect can behardly modeled since in a general case the devices thickness is not uniform and depends on the region lit by the transmittingﬁber.Finally,the remarkably different peak amplitudes are due to the different reﬂectivity at the two test points(in particularthe presence of some weld points in TP2causes a sparklingsurface behavior and this accounts for a higher peak of the received power in that case.Fig.4shows the R0/R1ratio obtained experimentally over the measurement range.It is possible to see that the relationship depends on the target distance d,as expected,andits shape also depends on the test point location.Moreover,the ratios obtained experimentally are signiﬁcantly different fromthe one obtained through the theoretical optical model[11],[5]also shown in Fig.4(curve OM).Therefore it is not possible to extent the characterization results from one test point to others,and each test point has to be fully characterized separately.However,this is expensive and time consuming and,therefore, the approach can be hardly employed in real applications. The alternative calibration procedure presented in the fol-lowing section has been devised to simplify the sensor cali-bration and can be employed,without additional efforts,evenwhen several optical sensors are used contemporaneously to map the vibration distribution of non-uniform targets.III.C ALIBRATION TECHNIQUE BASED ON A REFERENCESENSORThe proposed technique is still based on a preliminary,simpliﬁed,calibration of the optical sensors,but it takes advantage of the accelerometer used to control the shaker andthat acts here as a reference sensor.According to(5)the target displacement is obtained mul-tiplying the AC voltage v AC(t)by some terms,which are unknown,but that can be considered constant,provided that the average distance d0and the LED stimulus V L do notchange signiﬁcantly during the test.The overall contributionK o of all the constant terms is independent of the vibration frequency since the optical sensor has a much larger bandwidththan that the one concerning the vibration tests.Thus,K o can be easily obtained measuring the actual displacement at an arbitrary calibration frequency,f c in each test point.InFig.5.The location of the piezoelectric accelerometer and the test points during the sinusoidal vibration test.the proposed approach the displacement is obtained from the acceleration measured with the reference accelerometer and, therefore,this requires that the acceleration has to be measured in each test point.However,if the vibration frequency is low enough,well below the resonance of the mechanical system under test,the acceleration can be considered constant in any test point and it can be measured using a single reference accelerometer placed in any position,not necessarily coincident with a test point.In these conditions,the scale factor K o can be obtained as:K o=A P(2·π·f c)2·V P(6)being A P the peak value of the acceleration measured at f c and V P the peak value of the AC output signal of the optical sensor.After the scale factor has been obtained,the actual displace-ment can be measured from the sensor output as:s(t)=v AC(t)·K o(7) and the acceleration can be eventually obtained at any fre-quency processing the displacement in a numerical way.IV.E XPERIMENTAL RESULTSThe proposed technique has been employed to monitor the acceleration during a sinusoidal vibration test carried out on a PCB in order to highlight resonances and mounting defects. Two optical sensors arranged as in Fig.1have been used to simultaneously measure the displacement at the test points TP1and TP2.The optical part of each sensor(sensing head) is composed of two Polymethyl-Methacrylate(PMMA)POF having an external diameter of1mm and a length of a couple of meters.The LEDs have been driven at a constant current, while the signals received by the PDs have been ampliﬁed with transimpedance ampliﬁers having bandwidths much wider than the expected vibration signal.The PD ampliﬁers are AC coupled,so their output voltages are proportional tothe Fig.6.Measurement results obtained during the vibration tests.Measurement obtained at the test points TP1,TP2and TP3have been obtained using the optical sensor calibrated at33Hz.Test point TP3is located on the accelerometer surface.vibration signal,as shown in(1).For comparison purposes, a third optical sensor has been pointed on the accelerometer (TP3in Fig.5)in order to measure the acceleration of the same point both with a traceable accelerometer and with the optical sensor.The accelerometer is a piezoelectric sensor with a sensitivity of10.3mV/g and a5%error bandwidth of5 kHz.Both the optical sensor and the accelerometer outputs have been acquired with a digital acquisition board.Working with sinusoidal signals,the voltage peak amplitudes have been measured using an algorithm based on the synchronous detection to reduce the noise effects.For each test point the sensor has been calibrated,as described in the previous section,driving the shaker with a sinusoidal signal having a frequency of33Hz,value that has been empirically chosen in order to have the same acceleration both for the vibrating table and for the PCB.The peak values of the acceleration and of the optical sensor outputs have been computed and the scale factors have been derived using(6).Then the vibration test has been carried out in the33Hz to500Hz range and the vibration peak amplitude S P for each frequency has been measured following (7).Finally,the corresponding peak acceleration at the test frequency f t has been obtained as A P=(2πf t)2·S P.The results for the three points are summarized in Fig.6. The results concerning TP1and TP2show aﬁrst resonance at about290Hz and a second resonance at about460Hz.It is also possible to notice that the PCB is much more stressed at TP2,that is approximatively in the middle of the board,as expected.The test point TP3coincides with the location of the com-mercial accelerometer and theﬁgure shows a good agreement at any test frequency,thus conﬁrming the effectiveness of the proposed approach.V.C ONCLUSIONSOptical sensors based on plastic opticalﬁbers are an inter-esting solution to be employed when the acceleration of com-ponents subjected to vibration tests has to be measured without contact.These sensors have a low cost,in comparison with piezoelectric accelerometers,but they need being calibrated before each use in order to overcome the effects caused by non-uniform targets.The proposed solution takes advantage of a reference accelerometer,which is typically employed to control the shaker,to easily calibrate the whole set of optical sensors.This approach is thus suitable especially when several sensors are employed to map vibration distributions. Experimental results have been carried out in real conditions with sinusoidal tests and have demonstrated the feasibility of the proposed solution.An optical head composed of several optical sensors is being currently fabricated in order to map the acceleration over a wide surface.Moreover,further tests are being carried out in order to characterize the optical sensors calibrated with the proposed procedure.VI.A CKNOWLEDGMENTThis work has been supported by the Regione Piemonte, Italy,within the research project Bando Ricerca Scientiﬁca Piemonte2006:”MAESS:Development of a standardized modular platform for low-cost nano and micro satellites and applications to low-cost space missions and to Galileo”.R EFERENCES[1]S.Donati,“Electro-optical instrumentation:sensing and measuring withlasers”,Upper Saddle River:Prentice Hall,2004.[2]P.Castellini,M.Martarelli,E.P.Tomasini,“Laser Doppler Vibrometry:Development of advanced solutions answering to technology’s needs”, Mechanical System and Signal Processing,vol.20,pp.1265-1285,2006.[3] A.Chijioke,wall,“Laser Doppler vibrometer employing activefrequency feedback”,Appl.Opt.,vol.47,pp.4952-4958,2008.[4]G.Giuliani,M.Norgia,S.Donati,T.Bosch,“Laser diode self-mixingtechnique for sensing applications”,J.Opt.A:Pure Appl.Opt.,vol.4, pp.S283-S294,2002.[5] A.Buffa,G.Perrone,A.Vallan,“A Plastic Optical Fiber Sensor for Vibra-tion Measurements”,IEEE International Instrumentation and Measure-ment Technology Conference Proceeding,2008,I2MTC08,Vancouver, Canada,12-15May,2008.[6]Suganuma F.,Shimamoto A.,Tanaka K.“Development of a differentialoptical-ﬁber displacement sensor”Applied Optics,Vol.38,No.7,March 1999.[7]Cao H.,Chen Y.,Zhou Z.,Zhang G.“General models of opticalﬁber-bundle displacement sensors”Microwave and optical technology letters, V ol.47,No.5,December2005.[8]R.Dib,Y.Alayli,P.Wagstaff,“A broadband amplitude-modulatedﬁbre optic vibrometer with nanometric accuracy”,Measurement,Elsevier Science,vol.35,no.2,pp.211–219,2004.[9]X.Li,K.Nakamura,S.Ueha,“Reﬂectivity and illuminating powercompensation for opticalﬁbre vibrometer”,Meas.Sci.Technol.,vol.15, pp.1773-1778,2004.[10] A.Savitzky,M.J.E.Golay,“Smoothing and differentiation of data bysimpliﬁed least squares procedures”,Anal.Chem.,vol.36,pp.1627-1639, 1964.[11]J.B.Faria,“A Theoretical Analysis of the Bifurcated Fibre BundleDisplacement Sensor”,IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Mea-surement,vol.47,no.3,pp.742–747,1998.。

2009年科技焦点名词

2009年科技焦点名词教育部国家语言监测与研究中心;北京语言大学;中国传媒大学;华中师范大学;中国新闻技术工作者联合会;中国中文信息学会;《中国科技术语》杂志社【摘要】@@ 钱学森、日全食、美俄卫星相撞、天河一号、港珠澳大桥、电纸书、波音787、武广高铁、"光纤之父"、Windows 7等入选2009年科技焦点名词rn2009年,在观赏五百年一遇的罕见"日全食"、陶醉于它的蔚为壮观时,在翻阅"口袋中的图书馆"--"电纸书"、感慨于它的舒适环保时,在见识千万亿次计算机"天河一号"、折服于科技的高效率时,在"港珠澳大桥"顺利开工、惊叹于它建成后的"三最"记录时,在"武广高铁"成功运营、臣服于交通运输的高速度时,我们失去了伟大的科学家钱学森.【期刊名称】《中国科技术语》【年(卷),期】2010(012)001【总页数】3页(P23-25)【作者】教育部国家语言监测与研究中心;北京语言大学;中国传媒大学;华中师范大学;中国新闻技术工作者联合会;中国中文信息学会;《中国科技术语》杂志社【作者单位】【正文语种】中文2009年,在观赏五百年一遇的罕见“日全食”、陶醉于它的蔚为壮观时,在翻阅“口袋中的图书馆”——“电纸书”、感慨于它的舒适环保时,在见识千万亿次计算机“天河一号”、折服于科技的高效率时,在“港珠澳大桥”顺利开工、惊叹于它建成后的“三最”记录时,在“武广高铁”成功运营、臣服于交通运输的高速度时,我们失去了伟大的科学家钱学森。

这个以非凡的学术成就和崇高的爱国情操拨动着每一个中国人的心弦的杰出科学家与世长辞,带给我们深深的遗憾。

在国外,“美俄卫星相撞”引起人们对太空安全更深的忧虑和广泛的关注;微软公司“W indows 7”成功上市,以别样的功能带给电脑用户耳目一新的感觉;世界上最节能的飞机“波音787”首次试飞,吸引了大批量的订单。