Influence of Junction Angle Changed Models on Hemodynamic of Coronary Artery Bypass Graft
离心喷嘴设计和结构参数对喷嘴性能的影响研究
International Journal of Fluid Dynamics 流体动力学, 2023, 11(1), 13-25 Published Online March 2023 in Hans. https:///journal/ijfd https:///10.12677/ijfd.2023.111002离心喷嘴设计和结构参数对喷嘴性能的 影响研究周薛豹，赵 军*，孙 娜上海理工大学能源与动力工程学院，上海收稿日期：2022年12月26日；录用日期：2022年12月30日；发布日期：2023年3月9日摘要为明确喷嘴的设计方法和喷嘴结构对喷嘴性能的影响规律，本文对喷嘴的设计方法进行了梳理验证并研究了旋流半径比、旋流室倾角和喷孔长径比对喷嘴性能的影响规律：旋流半径比增大会使雾化角减小、流量增大；旋流室倾角增大会使雾化角增大、流量减小；喷孔长径比增大会使雾化角减小，对流量影响不大；喷孔长径比对雾化角影响最大，旋流室倾角对流量影响最大。
关键词离心喷嘴，喷嘴设计，数值模拟Study on the Influence of Centrifugal Nozzle Design and Structural Parameters on Nozzle PerformanceXuebao Zhou, Jun Zhao *, Na SunSchool of Energy and Power Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, ShanghaiReceived: Dec. 26th, 2022; accepted: Dec. 30th, 2022; published: Mar. 9th, 2023AbstractIn order to clarify the design method of nozzle and the influence of nozzle junction structure on*通讯作者。
电工专业英语词汇K.J.I字头
电工专业英语词汇K.J.I字头Kaiser effect 凯撒效应karma foil 卡玛箔Kelvin 开尔文Kelvin(double)bridge 开尔文（双臂）电桥Kelvin temperature scale 开氏温标Kew pattern barometer 寇乌气压表key in 键盘输入keyboard 键盘keyboard processor 键盘处理器keystone-type distortion 梯形畸变kinematic viscosity 运动粘度kinetic energy coefficient 动能系数knee point voltage 拐点电压knife dege contact width 刀子接触宽度knife edge curvature radius 刀子曲率半径knife-edge pointer 刀形指针knives 刀子knives linear 刀子联线Knoop hardness number 努普硬度值Knoop hardness penetrator 努普硬度压头knowledge acquisition 知识获取knowledge aided protocol automation 知识辅助协议自动化knowledge base 知识库knowledge base management system 知识库管理系统knowledge engineering 知识工程knowledge inference 知识推理knowledge model 知识模型knowledge representation 知识表达Knudsen burette 克努森滴定管Knudsen pipette 克努森移液管电工专业英语词汇Jjaw 钳口jerk transducer(sensor) 加速度传感器jet orifice separator 喷嘴分离器jet recorder 喷射式记录仪job 作业Jordan sunshine recorder 暗筒日照计；乔唐日照计journal 轴颈journal axis 轴颈中心线journal centre 轴颈中心joy stick 操纵杆junction class (of thermocouple) （热电偶的）端的类型junction style(of thermocouple) （热电偶的）端的形式junction type zinc oxide varstor 结型氧化锌电压敏电阻器电工专业英语词汇II/O channel 输入输出出通道；I/O通道ice point 冰点ideal gas temperature scale 理想气体温标ideal inherent equal percentage flow characteristic 理想固有等百分比注量特性identifiability 可辨识性；能辨识性ignition wire 点火线illuminance transducer[sensor] 照度传感器illuminating aperture angle 照明孔径角illuminating brightness 照明亮度illuminating system 照明系统illumination 照度image electro-magnetic shift 象电位移image plane 象面image point 象点image recognition 图象识别image rotation 象旋转image transdcer[sensor] 图象传感器imaging system 成象系统immersion depth 浸入深度immersion error 浸入误差immersion line(of liquid-in-glass thermometer) （玻璃温度计的）浸没线immersion testing 液浸法immersion type probe 水浸探头impact energy 冲击能量impact hammer 冲击锤体impact pendulnm 冲击摆锤impact specimen support 冲击试校支架impact test 冲击试验impact testing machine 冲击试验机impact toughness 冲击韧性impact velocity of the pendulum 摆锤的冲击速度impedance analysis 阻抗分析impedance blood volume transducer[sensor] 阻抗式血容量传感器impedance head 阻抗头imedance plane diagram 阻抗平面图impedance respiratory frequency transducer[sensor] 阻抗式呼吸频率传感器impeller 旋浆impregnated base strain gauge 浸胶基应变计impulse distance meter 脉冲式测距仪impulse function 冲激函数；脉冲函数impulse precision sound level meter 脉冲精密声级计impulse response 冲激响应；脉冲响应impulsive sound 脉冲声in-situ colour meter 现场水色计in-situ extraction sampler 现场萃取采水器im-situ salinometer 现场盐度计in-situ seawater oxygenomter 海水溶解氧现场测定仪inaccuracy 不精确度inboard rotor 内重心转子incline impact test 斜而冲击试验ynclined-tube manometer 倾斜压力计inclinometer 井斜仪increase of area 断面增大率increased safety electrical apparatus(Ex e) 增安型电气设备（Ex e) incremental control 增量控制incremental motion control system 增量运动控制系统incremental range 微调（增量）范围incremental testing 增量测试independent conforminty 独立一致性independent linearity 独立线性度index 指示器；指数；索引index level 竖直度盘指标水准器index(of an indicating device) （指示机构的）指示器index of asymmetry 非对称性指数index register 变址寄存器indicated electrode 指示电极indeicated strain 指示应变indicated value 指示值indicating device 指示装置；指示机构indicating instrument 指示仪器仪表indicating(measuring)instrument （测量仪器仪表）的示值indication point 指示点indication range 示值范围indicative mark 指示标志indicator 指示仪indirect acting instrument 间接作用仪表indirect ancting instrument 间接作用仪表indirect acting recording instrument 间接作用记录仪indirect(method of )measurement 间接测量（法）indirect resistance heaiting 间接电阻加热indirectly controlled variable 间接被控变量indirectly heated type thermistor 旁热式热敏感电阻器individual line 专线individual nominal characteristic 单个名义特性induced current image 感生电流象induced curent method 感应电流法induced polarization logger 井中激发极化仪induced pulse transient system 感应脉冲瞬变系统inductance bow 电感箱inductance pressure transducer 电感式压力传感器inductance transducer 感应式传感器induction instrument 感应系仪表induction logger 感应测井仪induction meter 感应系电度表induction salinometer 感应式盐度计induction voltage divider 感应分压器inductive displacement measuring instrument 电感式位移测量仪inductive displacement transducer 电感式位移传感器inductive force transducer 电感式力传感器inductive micromenter 电感测微计inductive modeling method 归纳建模法inductive tensionmeter 电感式张力计inductive transducer[sensor] 电感式传感器inductosyn displacment transducer 感应同步式位移传感器industrial automation 工业自动化industrial control 工业控制industrial control system 工业控制系统industrial data processing 工业数据处理industrial process 工业过程industrial robot 工业机器人(industrial)total radiation pyrometer 辐射感温器indelastic background 非弹性本底inelastic scatter 非弹性散射过程inert metal indicated electrode 惰性金属指示电极inertia type pickup 惯性传感器inertial motion 隋走量inference model 推理模型inference strategy 推理策略inferential flowmeter 推导式流量计influence characteristic 影响特性influence coefficient method 影响系数法influence coefficient(of an influence quantity) （影响量的）影响系数influence error 影响误差influence of magnetic field 磁场影响influence of ship-body 船体影响influence of static pressure 静压影响influence of vibration 振动影响influence quantity 影响量information acquistion 信息采集information parameter of an electrical signal 电信号的信息参数information pattern 信息模式information structrue 信息结构information system for process control 过程控制信息系统infrared camera 红外照相机infrared distance meter 红外测距仪infrared gas analyzer 红外线气体分析器infrared hygrometer 红外湿度表infrared light transducer[sensor] 红外光传感器infrared radiation 红外辐射；红外线；热辐射infrared radiation detection apparatus 红外检测仪infrared radiation thermometer 红外辐射温度计infrared radiometer 红外辐射计infrared radiometry 红外线探伤法infrared remote sensing 红外遥感infrared spectrometry 红外光谱法infrared spectrophotometer 红外分光光度计inherent diaphragm pressure range 固有膜片压力范围inherent feedback 固有反馈inherent filtration 固有滤过当量inherent flow characteristic 固有流量特性inherent instability 固有不稳定性inherent weakness failure 固有弱质失效inhibit 禁止initial condition 初始条件initial deviation 初始偏差initial load 初负荷initial phase angle 初相角initial program loader(IPL) 初始程序的装入程序initial pulse 始脉冲initial state 初（始状）态initial temperature 超始温度initial unbalance 初始不平衡量initialization 初始化initialize 初始化initiator 启动站injection cross-section[station] 注入横截面[部位]ink jet printer 喷墨印刷机inlet filter （减压器的）过滤器inlet system 进样系统inner pacdage 内包装in-phase voltage 同相电压input and output with inolated common point 带有隔离公共点的输入和输出input device 输入设备input impedance 输入阻抗input impedance of the magnetizing winding 激磁绕组输入阻抗input impedance of the measuring winding 测量绕组输入阻抗input matrix 输入矩阵input/output operation 输入/输出操作input/output port 输入/输出端口input-output analysis 投入产出分析input-output channel 输入输出通道input-output device 输入输出设备input-output model 投入产出稳定性input-output table 投入产出表input-output unit 输入输出设备input prediction method 输入预估法input quantity to frequency conversion type 输入量-频率转换型input signal 输入信号input terminal 输入端input unit 输入设备input variable 输入变量input vector 输入向量；输入矢量input with isolated common point 公共端隔离输入inrush current 浪涌电流insert length 插入长度inside coil 内插线圈inside idimensions 工作室尺寸insolation 日射instability 不稳定性installation conditions 安装条件installation of oceanographic survey 海洋调查装备installed diaphragm pressure range 安装流量特性installed rangeability 安装可调比instantaneous availability 瞬时可用度instantaneous sound pressure 瞬时声压instantaneous value 瞬时风速instruction 指令instruction level language 指令级语言instrument auto transformer 仪用自耦互感器instrument constant 仪表常数instrument front 仪表面板instrument lead 仪表导线instrument of ground electrochemical prospecting method 地电化学法找矿仪器instrument of magnetotelluric method 磁大地电流法仪器instrument security factor 仪表的安全因数instrument with contacts 带触点仪表instrument with locking device 带有锁定装置的仪表instrument with optical index 光标式仪表instrument with suppressed zero 压缩零位仪表instrumental analysis 仪器分析instrumental background 仪器本底instrumental error 仪器误差insulating strength 绝缘强度insulating test voltage 绝缘试验电压insulation fault detecting instrument 绝缘损坏检示仪表insulation material 绝缘物；绝缘材料insulation resistance 绝缘电阻insulation resistance meter 高阻表；兆欧表insulation strength 绝缘强度integral action;I-action 积分作用；I-作用integral action coefficient 积分作用系数integral action Iimiter 积分作用限幅器integral action time 积分作用时间integral control 积分控制integral controller 积分控制器；I控制器integral detector 积分型检测器integral electric actuator 积分式电动执行机构integral feedback 积分反馈integrated data processing 集中数据处理integrated sensor 集成传感器integrating actinometer 累计光能计integrating conversion 积分转换integrating induced type polarization potentiometer 积分式激发电位仪integrating instrument 积分[算]（测量）仪表integrating(measuring) instrument 积分[算]（测量）仪表integrating recording instrument 积分式记录仪integrating sphere 积分球integration method 积算法integration testing 集成测试；综合测试integrator 积分仪器integrity 整体性intellectualized simulation software 智能化仿真软件intelligent computer 智能计算机intelligent control 智能控制intelligent control system 智能控制系统intelligent instrument 智能仪表intelligent deyboard system 智能键盘系统intelligent mechine 智能机器intelligent menagement 智能管理intelligent management system 智能管理系统intelligent robot 智能机器人intelligent sensor 智能传感器intelligent simulation 智能仿真intelligent station 智能站intelligent system 智能系统intelligent system model 智能系统模型intelligent terminal 智能终端intensifying screen 增感屏interacted system 互联系统；关联系统interaction 互联；关联interactive terminal 交互式终端interchangeability 互换性interchangeable accessory 可互换附件interface 接口；界面interface echo 界面反射波interface message processor 接口通信处理机interference error 干扰误差interference filter 干扰[涉]滤光片interior package 内包装intermediate lens 中间镜intermediate voltage capacitor(of a capacitor voltage transformer) （电容器式电压互感器的）中压电容器intermediate voltage terminal (of a capacitor voltage transformer) 电容器式电压互感器的）中压端intermittent d.c.noncapacitive arc 非电容间歇直流电弧intermittent duty 断续工作制intermittent spray 间断喷雾internal burden(of a current transformer) （电流互感器的）内负载internal-convection sensitive element 内对流敏感元件internal disturbance 内扰internal gear 定子齿轮internal lead 内引线internal lock signal 内锁信号internal model principle 内模原理internal reference electrode 内参比电极internal reference sample 内参比试样internal reflection element 内反射元件internal reflection spectrometry 内反射光谱法internal resistance 内阻internal standard 内标物internal standard line 内标线internal standard method 内标法internal stop 内挡块internally piloted regulator 整体指挥器操作型自力式调节阀International(Practical) Temperature Scale 国际（实用）温标International Practical Temperature Scale-1968 (IPTS-68) 1968年国际实用温标international standard 国际标准（器）International Temperature Scale-1990(ITS-90) 1990年国际温标internuclear double resonance 核间双共振（法）interoperable system protocol(ISP0 可互操作系统协议interpretive language 解释语言interprogram communication 程序间通信interrupt 中断interrupt mask 中断屏蔽interrupt priority 中断优先权interrupt priority system 中断优先权系统interrupt source 中断源interval timer 间隔时钟intracranial pressure transducer[sensor] 颅内压传感器intra-plant system 厂内系统intrinsic astigmatism 固有象散intrinsic error 基本[固有]误差intrinsic safety barriter 本质安全栅intrinsic viscosity 固有粘度intrinsically safe circuit(Exi) 本质安全电路(Exi)invalid event 无效事件invar levelling staff 因瓦水准标尺inventory management system 库存管理系统inverse heating rate curves 逆加热速率曲线inverse system 可逆系统investment decision 投资决策inverting telescope 倒像望远镜ion 离子ion-activity meter 离子计ion accelerating voltage 离子加速电压ion beam thinner 离子减薄机ion bombardment secondary electron image 离子轰击二次电子象ion chromatography 离子色谱法ion counter 离子计数器ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer;ICR mass spectrometer 离子回旋共振质谱计ion detector 离子检测器ion-exchange chromatography 离子排斥色谱法ion kinetic energy spectra;IKE spectra 离子动能谱ion lens 郭子透镜ion mobility 离子淌度ion neutralization 离子中和ion neutralization spectrometer 离子中和谱仪ion neutralizing spectroscopy(INS) 离子中和谱法ion optics 离子光学ion pump 离子泵ion repeller 离子排斥极ion scattering spectrometer 离子散射谱仪ion-scattering spectroscopy(ISS) 离子散射谱法ion-scattering spectrum 离子散射谱ion-selective electrode analysis 离子选择电极分析（法）ion-selective electrode 离子选择电极ion-selective electrode gas transducer[sensor] 离子选择电极（式）气体传感器ion source 离子源ion sputtering coator 离子溅射镀膜台ion strength 离子强度ion transducer[sensor] 离子传感器ion transmission efficiency 离子传输率ionflow anemometer 离子流风速表ionization by sputtering 溅射电离ionization chamber 电离室ionization efficiency curve 电离效率曲线ionization lose spectroscopy(ILS) 离化损失谱法ionizing transducer[sensor] 电离式传感器ionizing voltage 电离电压ionospheric recorder 电离层记录器Iron/Copper-Nickel thermocouple 铁—铜镍热电偶irradiance 辐（射）照（射）度irradiation 辐照irregularity 非直管性（段）ISA 1932 nozzle ISA 1932喷嘴isentropic exponent 等熵指数ISFET ion transducer[sensor] 场效应管（式）离子传感器isoabsorptive point 等吸收点isobaric mass-change determination 等压质量变化测定isobaric weight-change curve 等压重量变化曲线isobaric weight-change determination 等压重量变化测定isolated amplifier 隔离放大器isolated analogue input 隔离的模拟输入isolated junction 绝缘端isolated junction type sheathed thermocouple 绝缘型铠装热电偶isolated system 孤立系统isolating valve 隔断阀isolator 隔离器isopotential point 等电位点isothermal point 恒温式热量计isothermal gas chromatography 等温层跟踪仪isothermal weight-change curve 等温重量变化曲线isothermal weight-change determination 等温重量变化测定isotope dilution mass spectrometry 同位素稀释质谱法isotope mass spectrometer 同位素质谱计isotope peak 同位素峰isotope ratio measurement 同位素丰度测定item 项（目）iteration chromatography 核对色谱法ivory point 象牙针尖。
led封装工艺流程（Ledpackagingprocess）
led封装工艺流程（Led packaging process）LED process flowchart (revolution)LED packagingLED packaging technology has been developed and evolved on the basis of discrete device packaging technology, but it has great particularity. In general, the core of the discrete device is sealed in the encapsulation. The main function of encapsulation is to protect the core and complete the electrical interconnection. And LED encapsulation is completed the output electric signal, protection tube core work, output: the function of visible light, both the electric parameters, and the optical parameters of design and technical requirements, cannot simply be discrete device packaging for the LED.The core of the LED light-emitting part is composed of p-type and n-type semiconductor pn junction tube core, when the minority carrier injection pn junction with majority carrier compound, can emit visible light, ultraviolet light ornear-infrared light. But p-n junction area of photons is directional, to launch the same chance in all directions, therefore, not all of the light tube core can be released, the quality depends mainly on semiconductor materials, the sealed tube core structure and geometric shape, structure and coating materials, application for higher internal and external quantum efficiency of leds. Conventional Φ type 5 mm LED encapsulation is the side length of 0.25 mm square tube core bonding or sintering in lead frame, the positive by the spherical contact point of the tube core with gold, within the bonded to lead connected to a tube feet, the cathode throughreflection cup and wire rack connected to another pin, and then the top with epoxy resin coating. The function of the reflecting cup is to collect the light from the side of the tube and the interface, and to launch into the desired direction. The top encapsulated epoxy resin is made of a certain shape, which has several functions: protecting the core and so on. Using different shape and material properties (with or without dispersing agent), the function of lens or diffuse lens is used to control the divergence Angle of the light. Tube core index related to air refractive index is too big, causing the inside of the tube core total reflection critical Angle is small, its output of light only a fraction of the active layer is removed, most easily inside the tube core is absorbed by multiple reflection, easily lead to too much light in total reflection loss, choose corresponding refractive index of the epoxy resin as the transition, improve the efficiency of light emergent tube core. The epoxy resin used to form the shell of the tube shall be of moisture resistance, insulation, mechanical strength, the refractive index and transmittance of the light of the pipe core. Choose different refractive index of packaging materials, packaging geometry on the photon escape efficiency is different, the influence of the Angle of the luminous intensity distribution and core tube structure, the light output way, encapsulation used material and shape of the lens. If using the pointed resin lens, the light can be concentrated in the direction of the axis of the LED, and the corresponding Angle is smaller. If the resin lens at the top is rounded or flat, the corresponding Angle will increase.In general, the LED light wavelength with the temperature change of 0.2 0.3 nm / ℃, the spectral width will increase,affect the color brilliance. In addition, when the forward current flows through the p-n junction, and make the junction area produces a febrile loss, temperature near the room tempera ture, temperature rise per 1 ℃, the luminous intensity of leds will correspondingly reduced about 1%, encapsulation cooling; It is very important to maintain the color purity and the intensity of luminescence. In the past, the method of reducing the driving current is used to reduce the temperature, and the driving current of most leds is limited to about 20mA. However,LED light output will increase along with the increase of current, at present, a lot of power type LED drive current can reach 70 ma and 100 ma even 1 a, need to improve the encapsulation structure, new LED packaging design concept and low thermal resistance package structure and technology, improve the thermal characteristics. For example, large scale chip inversion structure is adopted to select silver gel with good thermal conductivity and increase the surface area of metal stents, and the silicon carrier of solder convex spots is directly installed in the hot and sink method. In addition, thermal design and thermal conductivity of PCB circuit board are also important in application design.1. Product packaging structure typeSince the 1990 s, research and development of LED chips and materials technology, has been a number of breakthroughs, transparent substrate trapezoidal structure, texture, surface structure, the structure of the flip chip, the commercialization of ultra-high brightness (1 CD) of red,orange, yellow, green, blue LED products have the introduction, as shown in table 1, 2000 in low, the luminous flux of special lighting applications. Leds, middle industry has been unprecedented attention, further promote the development of downstream encapsulation technology and industry, using different encapsulation structure forms and sizes, different light color tube core and double color, or three color combination, can produce various series of varieties, specifications of the products.The type of LED product packaging structure is shown in table 2, and it is classified according to the characteristics of luminescent color, chip material, luminance brightness, size and so on. Single tube core generally constitute a point light source, multiple core tube assembly in general can constitute a plane light source and line source, for information, state directives and display, light emitting display is also with multiple tube core, through the appropriate connection tube core (including series and parallel) with appropriate optical structure combination, constitute a light-emitting display light-emitting section and markers. The surface mounted LED can gradually replace the lead LED, the application design is more flexible, it has a certain share in the LED display market, and has the accelerated development trend. The solid lighting source has some products to go public, which is the long-term development direction of leds.2. Pin packagingLED the type USES the lead frame for various packaging shaped pin, were the first to market research and development successof encapsulation structure, the number of varieties is various, technical maturity is higher, package structure and reflector continues to improve. Standard LED display industry is considered by most customers is the most convenient and economical solution, in typical conventional leds can withstand the 0.1 W input power coating, 90% of the heat is distributed by the cathode pin frame to the PCB, and then send out into the air, how to reduce the work of pn junction temperature rise is encapsulation and application must be considered. Coating material with high temperature curing epoxy resin, the optical performance is good, good adaptability to process, product * can be high, but make it colored or colorless transparent or colorless, transparent and colored scattering scattering lens assembly, different lens shape a variety of shapes and sizes, for example, circles are divided into Φ diameter 2 mm, 3 mm and 4.4 mm ΦΦ, 5 mm and 7 mm ΦΦseveral kinds, such as the different components of the epoxy resin can produce different luminous effect. There are many different kinds of packaging structure for the color point light source: ceramic base epoxy resin packaging has better working temperature performance.The pins can be bent into the desired shape, small volume; The metal base plastic reflector is an energy-saving indicator, suitable for power supply indication; The scintillation will encapsulate the CMOS oscillating circuit chip and LED tube core, which can generate the blinking light of the stronger visual impact. Double color type is composed of two different luminous color tube core, packaging in the same epoxy resin lens, in addition to the double color can also be a third of the mixed color, has extensive application in the large screen displaysystem, and packaging of double color display devices; The voltage type will encapsulate the constant current source chip and LED tube core, and can directly replace the various voltage indicator lamps of 5-24v. Plane light source is multiple LED chip bonding on the regulation of miniature PCB position, plastic reflection and potting epoxy resin to form a box cover, the different PCB design to determine the outer lead arrangement and connection mode, there are dual in structure with single upright, etc. The light source has developed hundreds of package shapes and sizes for the market and customers.LED luminescent display can be composed of a variety of products, such as a digital tube or a meter pipe, a symbol tube, and a rectangular tube. The actual requirements are designed into various shapes and structures. Digital tube, for example, a reflector type, monolithic integrated type, such as a single seven sections of three kinds of encapsulation structure, the connection mode has a total of anode and cathode two, one is often said of the digital tube, two or more commonly known as the monitor. Reflector type, with large fonts, with makings provinces, hybrid packaging characteristics of flexible assembly, generally made of white plastic into shape shell with reflective cavity seven pieces, will be a single LED chip bonding with seven reflex reflector cavity registration on the PCB board of each other, each reflection cavity at the bottom of the center position is a form of luminous tube core area, bonding with bonding method fuses, within the reflector drops of epoxy resin, and the tube core PCB surface glue, glue and curing. The reflector type is divided into two kinds, namely empty sealing and solid seal. The former USES the epoxy resinof the scattering agent and the dye, which is used in the unit and the two devices. The latter is covered with a filter and a smooth film, and on the tube core and the bottom plate are coated with a transparent insulating gel, which increases the efficiency of the light, which is generally used for more than four figures. Monolithic integrated chip is in luminescent material on a large number of seven segment digital display graphics chip, then scribing divided into single chip graphics chip, bonding, bonding and encapsulating the lens (commonly known as the fisheye lens). A single seven stages will have to make a good large LED chips, cross cut into article contains one or more than just the core of light, so the same seven bonding in digital glyph of kovar rack, the bonding, epoxy resin encapsulation. The feature of single chip and single style is micro-miniaturization, which can be used in double column direct interpolation, mostly dedicated products. LED light display on the 106 mm length of the circuit board, 101 just core (up to 201 just core), belongs to high density packaging, using optics refraction principle, make the point light through a transparent cover article 13 to 15 grating imaging, finish every just core from dot to line, according to packaging technology is more complicated.Electroluminescent mechanism of semiconductor pn junction decision is unlikely to have a continuous spectrum of white light LED, at the same time, single LED is not likely to produce two or more of the high brightness monochromatic light, only in the wrapping with the aid of fluorescent material,The blue or ultraviolet LED tube is coated with phosphor powder, which indirectly produces the broad band spectrum, and thewhite light is synthesized. Or adopt several (two or three or more kinds) of tubes with different colored light to be encapsulated in a component shell, which forms white leds through a mixture of colored light. Both methods have practical application, the Japanese production white LED up to 100 million, 2000, developed into a kind of steady hair white light products, and will be more than white LED assembly design flux requirement is not high, in pairs is given priority to with local adornment effect, the pursuit of new electric light source.3. Surface mounting and packagingIn 2002, surface-mount package LED (SMD leds) is gradually accepted by the market, and get a certain market share, from pin type packaging to SMD conforms to the whole electronic industry development trend, many manufacturers to launch such products.The early SMD leds were mostly modified with sot-23 with transparent plastic body, with a size of 3.04 x 1.11mm, and the packing of the coil tray. Based on SOT - 23, the slm-125 series with high brightness SMD with lens is developed, and slm-245 series leds, the former is monochrome, and the latter is bichromatic or trichromatic luminescence. Development become a hot spot in recent years, SMD LED, well solved the brightness, perspective, flatness, can be *, consistency, use lighter PCB board and reflector material, the display reflector need fill less epoxy resin, pins and remove the heavier carbon steel material, through the smaller size, lower weight, half the weight of the product, and easily will eventually make theapplication more hasten is perfect, especially suitable for indoor, half outdoor full-color display applications.Table 3 shows several sizes of common SMD leds and the best viewing distance calculated according to size (plus necessary clearance). The welding disk is an important channel for its heat dissipation. The data of SMD LED supplied by the manufacturer are based on the welding disk of 4.0 x 4.0 mm, and the backflow welding can be designed as the welding disk and the primer phase. Ultra-high brightness LED products can be used PLCC (laminate with lead chip carrier) - 2 encapsulation, shape size is 3.0 * 2.8 mm, with unique method high brightness tube core assembly, product thermal resistance of 400 k/W, can press welding CECC way, its luminous intensity in 50 ma drive current issued 1250 MCD. One, two, three and four digital SMD LED display devices have a height of 5.08-12.7 mm, indicating a wide range of sizes. PLCC encapsulation to avoid the pin 7 digital display for manual insert and pin alignment process, conform to the requirements of the automatic pick up - SMT equipment production, flexible application design space, display bright and clear. Multicolor PLCC encapsulated with an external reflector, can be easily combined with luminous tube or optical, replace the current transmission type with reflective optical design, to provide uniform illumination for wide area, research and development under the condition of 3.5 V, 1 a drive to work the power type of SMD leds encapsulation.4. Power type packageLED chip and package to develop in the direction of high power, the big electric flow produce 10 to 20 times larger than 5 mmledΦluminous flux, must adopt effective heat dissipation and no degradation of the packaging material to solve the problem of light failure, therefore, shell and assembly as well as the key technology, can withstand the number W power LED packaging.5 W series of white, green, blue, green, and blue type power supply LED from the beginning of 2003, white LED light output up to 1871 m, 44.31 m/W green lighting failure problems, develop sustainable 10 W power leds, large tube; The size of the dagang is 2.5 x 2.5 mm, which can be used to work at 5A, and the light output reaches 2001m. As a solid lighting source, there is a lot of room for development.Luxeon series power LED is A1GalnN power type inversion tube core inversion welding in silicon with solder bumps carrier, and then put the complete inversion welding silicon carrier into heat sink and the shell, the bonding wire for encapsulation. This kind of encapsulation is optimal for the efficiency of light, heat dissipation, and the design of higher working current density. Its main features: low thermal resistance, generally is only 14 ℃ / W, only 1/10 of the conventional leds; Fill the sealed * can be high, stable flexible gel, the range - 40-120 ℃, without internal stress caused by temperature shock, make gold and lead frame disconnected, and prevent yellowing epoxy resin lens, lead frame will not defiled by oxidation; The best design of the reflection cup and lens makes the radiation pattern controlled and optical efficiency the highest. In addition, the output light power, the external quantum efficiency and other performance are excellent, the LED solid light source development to a new level.Norlux series power LED encapsulation structure for the hexagonal aluminum plate base (which is not conductive) multichip combination, base diameter of 31.75 mm, light emitting area is located in the center of the site, (0.375 x 25.4) mm in diam., can accommodate 40 only LED tube core, aluminum plate as a hot line at the same time. Tube core bonding wire through the base of the contact points of the two connected to the positive and negative, according to the size of the output light power required to determine the base with the number of the tube core, composable encapsulation of ultra-high brightness AlGaInN and AlGaInP tube core, the emission light monochrome, respectively, for the color or synthetic white, with high refractive index material finally according to the shape of optical design for coating. This using conventional tube core density composite packaging, high light efficiency, low thermal resistance, better protection tube core and bonding wire, in large electrical shed have higher optical output power, is also a kind of promising LED solid-state light source.In the application, can be in already packaging product assembly with an aluminum laminated metal core PCB, form the power density of LED, PCB board as a device of electrode connection wiring, aluminum core sandwich can be used for hot line, higher luminous flux and photoelectric conversion efficiency. In addition, the encapsulated SMD LED is small, and can be combined flexibly to form a colorful lighting source, such as modular, light-emitting, optical, reflective, and so on.Thermal characteristics of the power type LED directly affect the LED working temperature, the luminous efficiency, lightwavelength, service life, etc., therefore, the power type LED chips encapsulation design, the manufacture technology is more important.。
毛细管内气液两相流动的CFD模拟_梁晓光
2010 年 6 月 Journal of Chemical Engineering of Chinese Universities June 2010文章编号：1003-9015(2010)03-0370-06毛细管内气液两相流动的CFD模拟梁晓光, 郑扬, 许松林(天津大学化工学院制药工程系, 天津 300072)摘要：毛细管精馏是一种分离共沸物系的新型分离技术，它利用毛细管的固-液相互作用来改变液体混合物的汽液平衡。
毛细管通道内的气液两相流型在低气速时以泰勒流为主，今使用计算流体力学方法，对毛细管内泰勒流的多种影响因素，如：壁面作用、气液速率以及流体物性等进行了研究。
首先考察壁面作用的影响，发现壁面粗糙度能改变气液柱形状和流场，粗糙度增大使通道内气液两相流型由泰勒流向泡状流转变，流动状态由层流向涡流转变。
模拟不同接触角下的气液流动，发现壁面吸附作用在一定程度上影响气液柱长度和气液界面间的形状。
通过模拟不同气液速率下的气液流动，观察气液柱长度与气液速率之间的关系。
对模拟气液柱长度进行量纲分析，得到了泰勒流的气液柱长度的关联式，将该式与文献测定值进行比较，发现在一定范围内吻合较好。
关键词：毛细管精馏，气液两相流动，泰勒流，计算流体力学中图分类号：TQ021.1 文献标识码：ACFD Modelling for Gas-liquid Two Phases Taylor Flow in CapillaryLIANG Xiao-guang, ZHEN Yang, XU Song-lin(Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, TianjinUniversity, Tianjin 300072, China )Abstract: Capillary distillation is a new technology mainly used for the separation of the binary azeotropic liquid mixtures. It utilizes the solid-liquid interfacial forces to change vapor-liquid equilibrium inside the capillary porous media. Under low gas velocity, the flow pattern in a capillary channel is typically the so-called Taylor flow regime. A computational fluid dynamics package FLUENT was adopted for simulation of the effects including wall function, fluid velocities and physical properties on gas-liquid two-phase Taylor flow in a Y-junction capillary. Firstly, wall roughness was found to be able to change the shape of slugs and flow field in the capillary. With the increase of wall roughness, gas-liquid two-phase flow regimes in the capillary change from Taylor flow into bubble flow, and the flow field from laminar flow into turbulent flow. Then by calculating gas-liquid flow under various contact angles, it can be found that wall surface adhesion can affect slug length and the shape of gas-liquid interface to a certain degree. Meanwhile, by calculating gas-liquid two phases flow under various gas and liquid velocities, the relationship between slug length and gas/liquid superficial velocities was obtained. Finally, using dimensional analysis and regression calculation to deal with gas and liquid slug lengths of the Taylor flow, a correlation was developed, which has a good agreement with the experimental data from the literature in a wide range.Key words: capillary distillation; gas-liquid tow-phase flow; Taylor flow;computational fluid dynamic (CFD)1 引言毛细管精馏[1]主要是利用多孔毛细结构的塔板或填料与液体混合物各组分分子的相互作用，改变液收稿日期：2009-07-02，修订日期：2009-12-16。
OMRON MEMS热敏传感器D6T说明书
MEMS Thermal SensorsD6TContactless measurementcreating energy-efficient and comfortable living spacesMEMS Thermal Sensors D6THigh Accuracy, Smaller Footprint, East to Work WithOMRON's unique MEMS technology allows combining thermopile elements and ASICs into one package resulting to ultra-compact footprint.Infrared rayAchieving the highest level of SNR* in the world ** SNR: Signal-to-Noise Ratio. Compares the level of a signal to the level of background noise *2 As of December 2017, according to OMRON researchConverts sensor signal to digital temperature output allowing easy use of microcontrollerSpace-saving design,well-suited for embedded applicationsEasy connectionCompact sizeSilicon lens far-infrared focusingDetection principleThermopileHot junctionInfrared ray Cold junctionMEMS Thermal (IR* sensor) measures the surface temperature of objects without touching them when the thermopile element absorbs the amount of radiant energy from the object.*IR: Infrared RayLow noiseCross-section view of D6T sensorThe sensor utilizes the seebeck effect in which thermoelectric force is generated due to the temperature difference that occurs 3Detection results of temperature distribution5MEMS Thermal Sensors D6TObject DetectionD6T sensors can detect objects by pinpointing the target object temperature.6D6T sensor meets customer needs byproviding a wide range of application support from home appliances to industrial use.D6T sensors let you measure temperature without the need to physically touch the object.This allows measuring temperature where it was not possible for contact thermal sensors due to space shortage.The sensors can be used in a wide range of applications including FEMS (Factory EnergyManagement System).7MEMS Thermal Sensors D6TComparison with Pyroelectric SensorAble to detect human (object) motionUnable to detect stationary human (object) presenceAble to detect human (object) motionAble to detect both stationary and motion state of humans (objects).Both the pyroelectric sensor and non-contact MEMS thermal sensor can detect even the slightest amount of radiant energy from objects such as infrared radiation and convert them into temperaturereadings. However, unlike pyroelectric sensor that relies on motion detection, non-contact MEMS thermal sensor is able to detect the presence of stationary humans (or objects).Converts temperature readings only when detecting “temperature changes in the radiant energy” in its field of view.Converts temperature readings by “continuously detecting the temperature of radiant energy” in its field of view8X = 58.0°Y = 58.0°X = 111cmY = 111cmX = 222cmY = 222cmX = 333cmY = 333cmX = 47cmY = 47cmX = 94cmY = 94cmX = 141cmY = 141cmX = 103cmY = 10cmX = 206cmY = 20cmX = 309cmY = 30cmX = 81cmY = 84cmX = 162cmY = 169cmX = 244cmY = 253cmX = 200cmY = 200cmX = 400cmY = 400cmX = 600cmY = 600cm1(1x1)8(1x8)16(4x4)X = 26.5°Y = 26.5°X = 54.5°Y = 5.5°X=44.2°Y=45.7°1024(32x32)X=90.0°Y=90.0°Viewing Angle and Measurement AreaChoose your preferred sensor viewing angle to meet your application needs.* The sizes of measurement area indicated above are for reference only.* The size of measurement area changes according to sensor mounting angle.DistanceNumber ofelementsAppearanceSize ofmeasurementareaDistance 1mDistance 2mDistance 3mNumber ofelementsX-directionY-directionDistance Distance Distance910D 6THigh Sensitivity Enables Detection of Stationary Human Presence•OMRON’s unique MEMS and ASIC technology achieve a high SNR.•Superior noise immunity with a digital output.•High-precision area temperature detection with low cross-talk field of view characteristics.Ordering InformationThermal SensorsAccessories (Sold separately)Model Number Legend(1) Number of elements 44L : 16 (4 ✕ 4)8L : 8 (1 ✕ 8)1A : 1 (1 ✕ 1)32L : 1024 (32 ✕ 32)(2) Viewing angle06: X direction=44.2°, Y direction=45.7°09: X direction=54.5°, Y direction=5.5°01: X direction, Y direction=58.0°02: X direction, Y direction=26.5°01A : X direction, Y direction=90.0°(3) Special Functions H : High-temperature type Non-display : Standard sensorRoHS CompliantRefer to Safety Precautions on page 17.Type Model Cable HarnessD6T-HARNESS-0211D6TMEMS Thermal SensorsD 6TRatings, Specifications, and FunctionsRatingsCharacteristicsFunctions*1.Refer to Field of View Characteristics .*2.Refer to Object Temperature Detection Range .*3.Reference data*4.Taken to be the average value of the central 4 pixels.ItemModelD6T-44L-06/06HD6T-8L-09/09HD6T-1A-01D6T-1A-02D6T-32L-01A Power supply voltage 4.5 to 5.5 VDC Storage temperature range -10 to 60°C -20 to 80°C-20 to 80°C-40 to 80°C -20 to 80°C (with no icing or condensation)Operating temperature range 0 to 50°C 0 to 60°C 0 to 60°C-40 to 80°C -10 to 70°C (with no icing or condensation)Storage humidity range 85% max.95% max.95% max.95% max.95% max.(with no icing or condensation)Operating humidity range20% to 85%20% to 95%20% to 95%20% to 95%20% to 95%(with no icing or condensation)Item Model D6T-44L-06/06H D6T-8L-09/09H D6T-1A-01D6T-1A-02D6T-32L-01AView angle *1X direction 44.2°54.5°58.0°26.5°90°Y direction45.7°5.5°58.0°26.5°90°Object temperature output accuracy *2Accuracy 1±1.5°C max.Measurement conditions: Vcc = 5.0 V (1) Tx = 25°C, Ta = 25°C (2) Tx = 45°C, Ta = 25°C (3) Tx = 45°C, Ta = 45°CWithin ±3.0°CMeasurementconditions: Vcc = 5.0 V Tx = 25°C, Ta = 25°C Central 16-pixel area Accuracy 2±3.0°C max.Measurement conditions: Vcc = 5.0 V (4) Tx = 25°C, Ta = 45°C Within ±5.0°C Measurementconditions: Vcc = 5.0 V Tx = 80°C, Ta = 25°C Central 16-pixel areaCurrent consumption5 mA typical3.5 mA typical19 mA typicalItemModelD6T-44L-06/06H D6T-8L-09/09H D6T-1A-01D6T-1A-02D6T-32L-01A Object temperature detection range *25 to 50°C/5 to 200°C 5 to 50°C/5 to 200°C 5 to 50°C -40 to 80°C 0 to 200°C Reference temperature detection range *25 to 45°C5 to 45°C5 to 45°C-40 to 80°C0 to 80°COutput specifications Digital values that correspond to the object temperature (Tx) and reference temperature(Ta) are output from a serial communications port.Output formBinary code (10 times the detected temperature (°C))Communications formI2C compliant Temperature resolution (NETD) *30.06°C0.03°C0.02°C0.06°C0.33°C *412D6TMEMS Thermal SensorsD 6TObject Temperature Detection RangeD6T-44L-06, D6T-8L-09, D6T-1A-01D6T-44L-06H, D6T-8L-09HD6T-1A-02D6T-32L-01AConnectionsThermal Sensor Configuration Diagram<D6T-8L-09/09H>Note:The D6T-44L-06/06H has pixels 0 to 15.The D6T-1A-01/02 has pixel 0.The D6T-32L-01A has pixel 0 to 1023.Terminal Arrangement: Object temperature detection range5101520253035404550-10020406080100120140160180200Object temperature Tx (°C)R e f e r e n c e t e m p e r a t u r e T a (°C )Object temperature Tx (°C)R e f e r e n c e t e m p e r a t u r e Ta (°C ): Object temperature detection range-10102030405060708090-10020406080100120140160180200Terminal NameFunctionRemarks1GND Ground2VCC Positive power supply voltage input 3SDA Serial data I/O line Connect the open-drain SDA terminal to a pull-up resistor.4SCLSerial clock inputConnect the open-drain SCL terminal to a pull-up resistor.13D6TMEMS Thermal SensorsD 6TField of View CharacteristicsD6T-44L-06/06HField of view in X Directionence, the angular range where the Sensor output is 50% or higher whenthe angle of the Sensor is changed is defined as the view angle.X directionY direction++−−P0P4P1 P5P2 P6P3P7D6T-8L-09/09HField of view in X DirectionField of view in Y DirectionDetection Area for Each PixelNote:Definition of view angle: Using the maximum Sensor output as a refer-ence, the angular range where the Sensor output is 50% or higher whenthe angle of the Sensor is changed is defined as the view angle.14D6TMEMS Thermal SensorsD 6TD6T-1A-01Field of view in X DirectionField of view in Y DirectionDetection Area for Each PixelD6T-1A-02Field of view in X DirectionField of view in Y DirectionNote:Definition of view angle: Using the maximum Sensor output as a refer-ence, the angular range where the Sensor output is 50% or higher when the angle of the Sensor is changed is defined as the view angle.D6T-32L-01AField of view in X DirectionField of view in Y DirectionDetection Area for Each PixelNote:Definition of view angle: Using the maximum Sensor output as a refer-ence, the angular range where the Sensor output is 50% or higher when the angle of the Sensor is changed is defined as the view angle.15D6TMEMS Thermal SensorsD 6TDimensions (Unit: mm)Note:Unless otherwise specified, a tolerance of ±0.3 mm applies to all dimensions.D6T-44L-06/06HSupporting and Mounting Area (Shaded Portion)Top ViewNote:Due to insulation distance limitations, donot allow metal parts to come into contactwith the Sensor.D6T-8L-09/09HSupporting and Mounting Area (Shaded Portion)Note:Due to insulation distance limitations, donot allow metal parts to come into contact with the Sensor.16D6TMEMS Thermal SensorsD 6TD6T-1A-01/02Supporting and Mounting Area (Shaded Portion)Top Viewmetal parts to come into contact with the Sensor.17D6TMEMS Thermal SensorsD 6TSafety Precautions●Installation•The Sensor may not achieve the characteristics given in this datasheet due to the ambient environment or installation loca-tion. Before using the Sensor, please acquire an adequate understanding and make a prior assessment of Sensor char-acteristics in your actual system.●Operating Environment•Do not use the Sensor in locations where dust, dirt, oil, and other foreign matter will adhere to the lens. This may prevent correct temperature measurements.•Do not use the Sensor in any of the following locations.•Locations where the Sensor may come into contact with water or oil •Outdoors•Locations subject to direct sunlight.•Locations subject to corrosive gases (in particular, chlo-ride, sulfide, or ammonia gases).•Locations subject to extreme temperature changes •Locations subject to icing or condensation.•Locations subject to excessive vibration or shock.●Noise Countermeasures•The Sensor does not contain any protective circuits. Never subject it to an electrical load that exceeds the absolute maxi-mum ratings for even an instance. The circuits may be dam-aged. Install protective circuits as required so that the absolute maximum ratings are not exceeded.•Keep as much space as possible between the Sensor anddevices that generates high frequencies (such as high-frequency welders and high-frequency sewing machines) or surges.•Attach a surge protector or noise filter on nearby noise-generating devices (in particular, motors, transformers, solenoids, magnetic coils, or devices that have an inductance component).•In order to prevent inductive noise, separate the connector of the Sensor from power lines carrying high voltages or large currents. Using a shielded line is also effective.•If a switching requlator is used, check that malfunctions will not occur due to switching noise from the power supply.●Handling•This Sensor is a precision device. Do not drop it or subject it to excessive shock or force. Doing so may damage the Sensor or change its characteristics. Never subject the connector to unnecessary force. Do not use a Sensor that has been dropped.•Take countermeasures against static electricity before you handle the Sensor.•Turn OFF the power supply to the system before you install the Sensor. Working with the Sensor while the power supply is turned ON may cause malfunctions.•Secure the Sensor firmly so that the optical axis does not move.•Install the Sensor on a flat surface. If the installation surface is not even, the Sensor may be deformed, preventing correct measurements.•Do not install the Sensor with screws. Screws may cause the resist to peel from the board. Secure the Sensor in a way that will not cause the resist to peel.•Always check operation after you install the Sensor.•Use the specified connector (GHR-04 from JST) and connect it securely so that it will not come off. If you solder directly to the connector terminals, the Sensor may be damaged.•Make sure to wire the polarity of the terminals correctly. Incor-rect polarity may damage the Sensor.•Never attempt to disassemble the Sensor.•Do not use the cable harness to the other product.Precautions for Correct Use18Terms and Conditions AgreementRead and understand this catalog.Please read and understand this catalog before purchasing the products. Please consult your OMRON representative if you have any questions or comments.Warranties.(a) Exclusive Warranty. Omron’s exclusive warranty is that the Products will be free from defects in materials and workmanshipfor a period of twelve months from the date of sale by Omron (or such other period expressed in writingby Omron). Omron disclaims all other warranties, express or implied.(b) Limitations. OMRON MAKES NO WARRANTY OR REPRESENTATION, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, ABOUTNON-INFRINGEMENT, MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A P ARTICULAR PURPOSE OF THEPRODUCTS. BUYER ACKNOWLEDGES THAT IT ALONE HAS DETERMINED THAT THE PRODUCTS WILLSUITABL Y MEET THE REQUIREMENTS OF THEIR INTENDED USE.Omron further disclaims all warranties and responsibility of any type for claims or expenses based on infringement by the Products or otherwise of any intellectual property right. (c) Buyer Remedy. Omron’s sole obligation hereunder shall be, at Omron’s election,to (i) replace (in the form originally shipped with Buyer responsible for labor charges for removal or replacement thereof) thenon-complying Product, (ii) repair the non-complying Product, or (iii) repay or credit Buyer an amount equal to the purchase priceof the non-complying Product; provided that in no event shall Omron be responsible for warranty, repair, indemnity or any other claims or expenses regarding the Products unless Omron’s analysis confirms that the Products were properly handled, stored, installed and maintained and not subject to contamination, abuse, misuse or inappropriate modification. Return of any Products by Buyer must be approved in writing by Omron before shipment. Omron Companies shall not be liable for the suitability or unsuitability or the results from the use of Products in combination with any electrical or electronic components, circuits, system assemblies or any other materials or substances or environments. Any advice, recommendations or information given orally or in writing, are not to be construed as an amendment or addition to the above warranty.See /global/ or contact your Omron representative for published information.Limitation on Liability; Etc.OMRON COMPANIES SHALL NOT BE LIABLE FOR SPECIAL, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES, LOSS OF PROFITS OR PRODUCTION OR COMMERCIAL LOSS IN ANY WAY CONNECTED WITH THE PRODUCTS, WHETHER SUCH CLAIM IS BASED IN CONTRACT, WARRANTY, NEGLIGENCE OR STRICT LIABILITY.Further, in no event shall liability of Omron Companies exceed the individual price of the Product on which liability is asserted.Suitability of Use.Omron Companies shall not be responsible for conformity with any standards, codes or regulations which apply to the combination of the Product in the Buyer’s application or use of the Product. At Buyer’s request, Omron will provide applicablethird party certification documents identifying ratings and limitations of use which apply to the Product. This information by itself is not sufficient for a complete determination of the suitability of the Product in combination with the end product, machine, system,or other application or use. Buyer shall be solely responsible for determining appropriateness of the particular Product withrespect to Buyer’s application, product or system. Buyer shall take application responsibility in all cases.NEVER USE THE PRODUCT FOR AN APPLICA TION INVOLVING SERIOUS RISK TO LIFE OR PROPERTY OR IN LARGE QUANTITIES WITHOUT ENSURING THAT THE SYSTEM AS A WHOLE HAS BEEN DESIGNED TO ADDRESS THE RISKS, AND THAT THE OMRON PRODUCT(S) IS PROPERL Y RATED AND INSTALLED FOR THE INTENDED USE WITHIN THE OVERALL EQUIPMENT OR SYSTEM.Programmable Products.Omron Companies shall not be responsible for the user’s programming of a programmable Product, or any consequence thereof.Performance Data.Data presented in Omron Company websites, catalogs and other materials is provided as a guide for the user in determining suitability and does not constitute a warranty. It may represent the result of Omron’s test conditions, and the user must correlate it to actual application requirements. Actual performance is subject to the Omron’s Warranty and Limitations of Liability.Change in Specifications.Product specifications and accessories may be changed at any time based on improvements and other reasons. It is our practiceto change part numbers when published ratings or features are changed, or when significant construction changes are made. However, some specifications of the Product may be changed without any notice. When in doubt, special part numbers may be assigned to fix or establish key specifications for your application. Please consult with your Omron’s representative at any time to confirm actual specifications of purchased Product.Errors and Omissions.Information presented by Omron Companies has been checked and is believed to be accurate; however, no responsibility is assumed for clerical, typographical or proofreading errors or omissions.19• Application examples provided in this document are for reference only. In actual applications, confirm equipment functions and safety before using the product.• Consult your OMRON representative before using the product under conditions which are not described in the manual or applying the product to nuclear control systems, railroad systems, aviation systems, vehicles, combustion systems, medical equipment, amusement machines, safety equipment, and other systems or equipment that may have a serious influence on lives and property if used improperly. Make sure that the ratings and performance characteristics of the product provide a margin of safety for the system or equipment, and be sure to provide the system or equipment with double safety mechanisms.OMRON CorporationElectronic and Mechanical Components CompanyRegional ContactCat. No. A274-E1-020519(0318)Americas Europehttps:/// http://components.omron.eu/ Asia-Paci ic China https://.sg/ https:///Korea Japanhttps://www.omron-ecb.co.kr/ https://www.omron.co.jp/ecb/In the interest of product improvement, specifications are subject to change without notice.© OMRON Corporation 2018-2019 All Rights Reserved.。
化学专业术语词根词缀
造福人民群众。
重新上传份积分合理点的。
科技英语中的常见词根第二篇术语A1.(词头)无、缺[……希”a-或an-(于元音前)义为无、缺少或不]anaerobe厌氧菌[an-+aero-空气+“希”bios生命]an(a)emia贫血[an-+-emia血症]aseptic无菌的[a-+“希”sepsis腐烂，septikos致腐的]．atom原子[a-+“希”tomos分割]atrophy萎缩[a-+“希”~ophe营养+-y名词词尾]2.ab-，abs-(词头)脱离，离开l=……拉”ab-义为从，离开，在远处，在外，在m、p、v之前用a-，在c、q、t之前则为abs-]abnormal异常的[ab-+normal正常的]3.abio-(复合形)无生物[a-无+“希”bios生命]abiochemisty无机化学[abio-+chemisty化学]abiogenesis无生原说[abio-+genesis发生]abiotrophy营养不足，生活力缺乏[abio-+-trophy营养]4.acro-(复合形)尖端，肢端[“希”akron峰，顶点，最高点]acrocephalia尖头[acro-+cephalo-头+-ia状态]acrohyperhidrosis手足多汗[acro- +hyper-多+hidrosis出汗]acrophobia高处恐怖[acro-+-phobia恐怖]5.actino-(复合形)光线，射线[“希”aktis，所有格akfinos光线，光束]actinochemistry光化学[actino-+chemistry化学]actinogram x线照片[actino-+-gram描记图]actinomycetes放线菌属[acfino-+mycete霉菌]actinotherapy射线疗法[actino-+therapy治疗]6.ad- (词头)近，向[“拉”ad向着，对着，在近边，在上，增加等。
地理专业英语词汇
Aa horizon 腐殖堆积层aa lava 块熔岩abandoned field 撩荒地abandoned lands 撩荒地abandoned mine 废弃矿山abandoned shoreline 旧岸线aberration 像差abiogenesis 自然发生abiotic factor 非生物因素ablation 水蚀ablation moraine 消融冰碛abnormality 反常aboriginal 土着的abrasion 海蚀abrasion platform 浪蚀台地abrasion shore 浪蚀海岸abrasion surface 浪蚀面abrasion terrace 海蚀阶地abrasive 研磨剂abrupt slope 陡坡abrupt textural change 质地突变abscissa 横坐标absolute age 绝对年龄absolute age determination 绝对年代测定absolute age of groundwater 地下水绝对年龄absolute altitude 绝对高度absolute amplitude 绝对振幅absolute chronology 绝对年代absolute convergence 绝对收敛absolute dating 绝对年代测定absolute error 绝对误差absolute extremes 绝对极值absolute geochronology 绝对地质年代学absolute geopotential 绝对重力势absolute gravity 绝对重力absolute humidity 绝对湿度absolute instability 绝对不稳定性absolute maximum 绝对极大absolute measure 绝对尺度absolute minimum 绝对极小absolute orientation 绝对定向absolute parallax 绝对视差absolute precision 绝对精度absolute representation 绝对值表示法absolute temperature 绝对温度absolute value 绝对值absolute zero 绝对零度absorbed radiant flux 吸收辐射absorbed radiation 吸收辐射absorbent 吸收剂absorbing capacity 吸收能力absorbing complex 吸收性复合体absorptance 吸收系数absorption 吸收absorption band 吸收带absorption coefficient 吸收系数absorption curve 吸收曲线absorption factor 吸收因素absorption filter 吸收滤光片absorption of energy 能量吸收absorption of light 光吸收absorption spectrum 吸收光谱absorption surface 吸收面absorptive capacity 吸收本领absorptivity 吸收能力absorptivity emissivity ratio 吸收发射比abstract symbol 抽象符号abundance of isotopes 同位素的丰度abundance of the elements 元素丰度abundance ratio of isotopes 同位素的相对丰度abundant rainfall 过量降雨abyss 深渊abyssal 深海的abyssal basins 深海盆地abyssal benthos 深海底栖生物abyssal deposits 深海沉积物abyssal facies 深海相abyssal hill 深海丘陵abyssal plain 深海平原abyssal region 深海区abyssal sediment 深海沉积物abyssal zone 深海带acariasis 螨病acarinosis 螨病acaustobiolite 非可燃性生物岩accelerated erosion 加速侵蚀accelerated weathering 加速风化acceleration 加速度acceptance 接收acceptor 收体acceptor atom 受体原子acceptor bond 接体合accessory element 伴随元素accessory mineral 副次要accessory species 次要种accidental ejecta 外源喷出物accidental error 偶然误差accidental species 偶见种acclimatization 气候驯化acclivity 上行坡accompaniment element 伴生元素accordance of summit levels 峰顶面等高性accordant junction 协和汇流平齐汇流交合汇流accordant junction of streams 协合流accretion gley 淤积潜育层accumulated temperature 积温accumulation 堆积accumulation curve 累积曲线accumulation horizon 聚积层accumulation mountains 堆积山地accumulation of assimilation products 同化物累积accumulation of humus 腐殖质蓄积accumulation of organic matter 有机质堆积accumulative coast 堆积海岸accumulative relief 堆积地形accuracy 准确度accuracy of measurement 测定准确度acetic acid 醋酸acetic acid bacteria 醋酸菌acetic fermentation 醋酸发酵achromatic objective 消色差物镜achromatopsia 色盲acid alkaline barriers 酸碱障acid base balance 酸碱平衡acid base equilibrium 酸碱平衡acid brown forest soils 酸性棕色森林土acid earth 酸性白土acid fast bacteria 抗酸菌acid fastness 抗酸性acid fermentation 酸性发酵acid geochemical barrier 酸性地球化学障acid group 酸根acid humus 酸性腐殖质acid igneous rock 酸性火成岩acid medium 酸性介质acid peat soil 酸性泥炭土acid rain 酸雨acid residue 酸性残余物acid rock 酸性岩acid rocks 酸性岩acid soil 酸性土acid solution 酸性溶液acid spring 酸性泉acid tolerant species 耐酸品种acid value 酸值acidic lava 酸性熔岩acidification 酸化acidite 酸性岩acidity 酸度acidity of soil 土壤酸度acidoid 酸性胶体acidophile organisms 嗜酸有机体acidophilous plant 喜酸植物acidophyte 喜酸植物acidosis 酸中毒acidotrophic lake 酸性营养湖acidulation 酸化acotyledon 无子叶植物acquired character 获得特性acric ferralsols 强淋溶铁铝土acrisols 强淋溶土acrorthox 强酸性正常氧化土acrospore 顶生孢子acrox 高风化氧化土acstivation 夏眠actinium 锕actinolite schist 阳起片岩actinometer 日光辐射计actinometry 日射测定法actinomorphic 辐射对称的actinomycetes 放线菌actinomycosis 放线菌病analog information 模拟信息analogue 类似analogy 相似analysis 分析analysis by sedimentation 沉降分析analysis by titration 滴定分析analysis model 分析模型analysis of covariance 协方差分析analysis of variance 方差分析analysis of weather map 天气图分析analytic character 分析特性analytic map 解析地图analytic photogrammetry 解析摄影测量analytical aerial triangulation 解析空中三角测量analytical balance 分析天平analytical geochemistry 分析地球化学analytical method 分析方法analytical model 分析模型analytical plotter 解析测图仪analytical thematic map 解析肘地图anamesite 中粒玄武岩anatexis 深溶酌anchor ice 底冰ancient glaciation 古代冰川酌ancient lake mire 湖泊排水的沼泽ancient platform 古地台ancient sediments 古代沉积物andept 火山灰始成土andesine 中长石andesite 安山岩andesite line 安山岩线andic cambisols 暗色始成土andosols 暗色土anemia 贫血anemochores 风播植物anemochorous plants 风播植物anemochory 风播anemogram 风力自记曲线anemograph 风速计anemology 测风学anemometer 风速表anemometry 风速测定法anemophilous flower 风媒花anemophilous plant 风媒植物anemophily 风媒anemorumbograph 风向风速计anemorumbometer 凤向风速计anemothermometer 风速风温计aneroid barograph 空盒气压计aneroid barometer 空盒气压表aneroidograph 无液气压记录器angiosperms 被子植物angle equation 角方程angle of attachment 闭合角angle of bank 曲折角angle of direction 方位角angle of divergence 发散角angle of emergence 出射角angle of field 视场角angle of incidence 入射角angle of inclination 倾斜角angle of obliquity 倾斜角angle of pitch 府仰角angle of reflection 反射角angle of refraction 折射角angle of rotation 旋转角angle resolution 角分辨率anglesite 硫酸铅矿angular blocky structure 角块状结构angular deviation 角度偏差angular difference 角度不符值angular distance 角距angular distortion 角度畸变angular error 角度误差angular fold 尖褶皱angular measurement 角度观测angular unconformity 斜交不整合angular variation 角变化angulate drainage pattern 角状水系anhydrite 硬石膏anhydrous ammonia 无水氨animal debris 动物残屑animal husbandry 畜牧业animal remains 动物残屑animal resting place vegetation 牲畜休息地植被animal sociology 动物社会学animated mapping 动画地图制作animation 动画anion exchange 阴离子交换anionogenic element 阴离子基因元素anisotropism 蛤异性anisotropy 蛤异性ankaramite 富辉橄玄岩ankaratrite 黄橄霞玄岩ankerite 铁白云石annual 一年生植物annual aberration 周年光行差annual amount of precipitation 年雨量annual change 年变化annual flow 年径流annual march 年变程annual mean 年平均annual parallax 周年视差annual plant 一年生植物annual range 年较差annual ring 年轮annual runoff 年径流annual storage 年蓄水量annual variation 年变化annual zone 生长轮annular pattern 环状水系anomalous field 异常场anomalous geochemical gradient 异常地球化学梯度anomaly 异常anomaly in alluvium 冲积物异常anomaly in colluvium 塌积物异常anomaly in residual 残积异常anomaly ratio 异常比anorthite 钙长石anorthitite 钙长岩anorthoclase 歪长石anorthosite 斜长岩anosmia 嗅觉缺失antagonism 拮抗antagonist 对抗剂antarctic 南极antarctic air 南极气团antarctic anticyclone 南极反气旋antarctic belt 南极带antarctic circle 南极圈antarctic climate 南极气候antarctic continent 南极大陆antarctic faunistic region 南极动物区antarctic front 南极锋antarctic high 南极反气旋antarctic regions 南极区antarctic zone 南极带antarctica 南极大陆antecedent drainage 先成水系antecedent precipitation index 前期降水量指数antecedent river 先成河antecedent river network 先成水系antecedent stream 早期河流antecedent valley 先成谷anteklise 台背斜anthophyte 有花植物anthracite 无烟煤anthraconite 沥青灰岩anthrax bacillus 炭疽杆菌anthraxolite 碳沥青anthraxylon 纯木煤anthropic epipedon 耕醉层anthropic soil 人为土壤anthropochores 人播草anthropochorous plants 人播草anthropochory 人为传播anthropoclimatology 人类气候学anthropogene 人类纪anthropogenesis 人类发生anthropogenic factor 人为因素anthropogenic influence 人类影响anthropogenic landscape 人为景观anthropogenic load 人为负载anthropogenic pollution 人为污染anthropogenic soil 人为土壤anthropogenic succession 人为演替anthropogeography 人类地理学anthropological remote sensing 人类学遥感anthropology 人类学anthropophyte 人为植物anthroposphere 人类圈antiaircraft weapon position 防空兵企地antibacterial spectrum 抗细菌性光谱antiballistic missile system 反弹道导弹系统antibiosis 抗生antibodies 抗体anticlinal axis 背斜轴anticlinal fault 背斜断层anticlinal fold 背斜褶皱anticlinal limb 背斜翼anticlinal mountain 背斜脊anticlinal ridge 背斜脊anticlinal trap 背斜圈闭anticlinal valley 背斜谷anticlinorium 复背斜anticoagulant 抗凝剂anticyclogenesis 反气旋发生anticyclolysis 反气旋消散anticyclone 反气旋anticyclonic eddy 反气旋涡旋anticyclonic inversion 反气旋逆温anticylonic vortex 反气旋涡旋antierosion measures 防侵蚀措施antiform 背斜形态antimeridian 反面子午线antimonite 辉锑矿antimonsoon 反季风antimony deposit 锑矿床antinodes 波腹antiseptic 防腐剂antithyroid substance 抗甲状腺物质antitoxin 抗毒素antitrade wind 反信风antitrades 反信风antitriptic current 减速流antitriptic wind 摩擦风antitwilight 反曙暮光anvil cloud 砧状云apatite 磷灰石apex of anticline 背斜顶aphanitic texture 隐晶结构aphelion 远日点aphotic zone 无光带aphylactic projection 任意投影aphylly 无叶性apiculture 养蜂aplite 细晶岩aplogranite 淡云花岗岩apochromatic lens 复消色差镜头apogamy 无配生殖apogee 远地点apogee altitude 远地点高度apolar adsorption 非极性吸附apophyte 固有栽培植物apophytic plants 固有栽培植物apparatus 仪器频apparent density 表观密度apparent dip 视倾斜apparent heave 视平错apparent horizon 视地平apparent resistivity 视在电阻率apparent wind 视风appearance of maps 地图整饰apple coal 软煤applied climatology 应用气候学applied geochemistry 应用地球化学applied geomorphology 应用地形学applied hydrology 应用水文学applied meteorology 应用气象学appreciation 评价approximate analysis 近似分析approximate calculation 概算approximate coordinate 近似坐标approximate value 近似值aqualf 潮淋溶土aquatic animals 水栖动物aquatic life 水生生物aquatic organism 水生生物aquatic plants 水生植物aquatic products industry 水产业aquatic vegetation 水生植被aquent 潮新成土aqueoglacial deposits 冰水沉积物aqueous deposit 水成沉积aqueous rock 水成岩aqueous soil 水成土aqueous solution 水溶液aquept 潮始成土aquiclude 弱透水层aquifer 蓄水层aquiferous 含水的aquifuge 不透水层aquitard 半透水层aquod 潮灰土aquoll 潮软土aquox 潮氧化土aquult 潮老成土arable 可耕的arable land 耕地arable layer 耕层arable soil 可耕土壤arachnida 蛛形纲aragonite 霰石arber 乔木arbitrary projection 任意投影arbovirus 虫媒病毒arc of compression 压缩弧arc of folding 压缩弧arch dam 拱坝arch gravity dam 重力拱坝archaeocyte 原始细胞archaeohydrology 考古水文学archaeological culture 考古学文化archaeological remote sensing 考古遥感archaeological remote sensor 考古遥感器archaeological site 考古遗址archaeopteryx 始祖鸟archean 太古代的arched mountains 穹形山archeozoic 太古代的archeozoic era 太古代archipelago 群岛arctic 北极地区arctic air 北极气团arctic air mass 北极气团arctic circle 北极圈arctic climate 北极气候arctic desert 北极荒漠arctic desert zone 北极荒漠带arctic front 北极锋arctic high 北极高压arctic mire 极地沼泽arctic plants 极地植物arctic polygon desert 北极多边形荒漠arctic soil 极地土壤arctic subregion 北极亚区arctic tundra 北极冻原arctic zone 北极带arctoalpine 北极高山的arcuate delta 弧形三角洲arcuate structure 弧形构造arcuate tectonic belt 弧形构造带area 地区area aerial photography 区域航空摄影area color 背景色area computation 面积计算area distortion 面积变形area eruption 区城喷溢area measuring equipment 面积测量设备area method 区域法area of artesian flow 自霖区area of influence 影响面积area pattern 面状要素area survey 面积测量area target 地区目标area under crops 播种面积area weighted average resolution 面积加权平均分辨率areal rainfall depth 地域平均雨量areal survey 分段测量arenaceous quartz 石英砂arenaceous shale 砂质页岩arenopelitic 砂泥质的arenosols 红砂土arent 耕种混合新成土argialboll 粘化漂白软土argiaquoll 粘化潮软土argiboroll 粘化极地软土argil 白土argillaceous rock 泥质岩argillic horizon 粘化层argillite 泥板岩argillization 泥化argit 粘化旱成土argiudoll 粘化湿软土argiustoll 粘化干软土argon 氩arid climate 干燥气候arid cycle 干燥周期arid cycle of erosion 干燥侵蚀循环arid geomorphic cycle 干燥地貌旋回arid landforms 干燥地形arid region 干燥区arid soil 旱境土壤aridisol 旱成土aridity 干燥度aridity index 干燥指数arithmetic mean 算术平均arithmetical unit 运算器运算部件arkose 长石砂岩aromatic base crude oil 芳香基原油aromatic plant 芳香植物arrangement 配置array processor 阵列处理机arrow 箭头arsenic 砷arsenic pollution 砷污染arsenopyrite 毒砂arterial drainage 排水干渠系统artesian aquifer 自连水层artesian basin 自联盆地artesian ground water 自霖下水artesian head 承压水头artesian pressure 自凉力artesian water 自廉水artesian well 自廉arthritis 关节炎arthropoda 节肢动物artiad 偶价元素articular rheumatism 关节风湿病artificial climate 人工气候artificial culture media 人工培养基artificial drainage system 人工排水系统artificial earth satellite 人造卫星artificial earthquake 人为地震artificial forest regeneration 森林人工更新artificial ground target 航测地面标志artificial ground water 人工地下水artificial intelligence 人工智能artificial manure 堆肥artificial mineral 人造矿物artificial pollination 人工授粉artificial precipitation 人工降水量artificial radioactive element 人工放射元素artificial radioactive nuclide 人工放射性核素artificial radioactivity 人工放射性artificial rain 人造降雨artificial recharge 人工补给artificial satellite 人造卫星artificial sea water 人造海水artificial selection 人工选择artificial soil 人工土壤artificial sub irrigation 人工地下灌溉artificial water application 人工供水asbestos 石棉asbestos deposit 石棉矿床asbolane 钴土矿asbolite 钴土矿ascend curve 上升曲线ascending air current 上升气流ascending development 上升发展ascending node 升交点ascending water 上升水ascharite 硼镁石asexual generation 无性世代asexual reproduction 无性生殖ash cloud 尘云ash cone 凝灰火山锥ash content 灰分含量ash fall 火山灰下降ash forest 秦手ash shower 火山灰下降ashless filter 无灰滤纸asiatic schistosomiasis 日本血吸虫病aspect 季相aspect ratio 纵横比aspen 白杨aspen forest 白杨林asphalt 地沥青asphaltic pyrobitumen 焦性沥青asphaltite 沥青岩aspiration psychrometer 吸气式湿度计assemblage 集合assemble 集合assembly area 集结地域assessment of yield capacity of soil 土地评价assimilability 可同化性assimilate 同化物assimilation 同化酌assistentrenched meander 嵌入曲流深切曲流assisttrade wind desert 信风沙漠associated species 伴生种association 群丛association complex 群丛复合体association table 群丛表astatic magnetometer 无定向磁力计astatine 砹astenosphere 软力astro geodetic net adjustment 天文大地网平差astro geodetic network 天文大地网astrograph 天体摄影仪astrolabe 等高仪astrometry 天体测量学astronautics 宇宙航行学astronomic point 天文点astronomic theodolite 天文经纬仪astronomical azimuth 天文方位角astronomical coordinate system 天文坐标系astronomical coordinates 天文坐标astronomical geodesy 天文大地测量学astronomical levelling 天文水准测量astronomical longitude 天文经度astronomical meridian 天文子午线astronomical objective 天文对物镜astronomical unit 天文单位astronomy 天文学astrophotography 天体摄影学asymmetric carbon atom 不对称碳原子asymmetric fold 不对称褶皱asymmetrical anticline 不对称背斜asymmetrical ridge 不对称山脊asymmetrical valley 不对称谷asymmetry of relief 地形的不对称性asymptote 渐近线asynapsis 不联会asyndesis 不联会atavism 返祖atlantic time 大误期atlas 地图集atlas cartography 地图集制图学atlas dummy 图集装帧样本atlas grid 图集位置指示格网atlas leaf 地图集图页atlas of morbidity 发病率地图册atlas type 地图集类型atmometer 蒸发表atmophile elements 亲气元素atmosphere 大气圈atmospheric absorption 大气吸收atmospheric air 大气atmospheric attenuation 大气衰减atmospheric attenuation correction 大气衰减订正atmospheric circulation 大气循环atmospheric condensation 大气凝结atmospheric disturbance 大气扰动atmospheric dust 大气尘埃atmospheric electricity 大气电atmospheric factor 大气因素atmospheric front 大气锋atmospheric humidity 大气湿度atmospheric ion 大气离子atmospheric perturbations 大气扰动atmospheric phenomenon 大气现象atmospheric pollution 大气污染atmospheric pressure 气压atmospheric radiation 大气辐射atmospheric refraction 大气折射atmospheric remote sensing 大气遥感atmospheric rock 气成岩atmospheric sounding 大气探测atmospheric stability 大气稳定性atmospheric swamp 天然沼泽atmospheric transmittance 大气透过率atmospheric turbulence 湍馏气atmospheric wave 大气波atoll 环礁atoll lake 环礁湖atomic adsorption spectrometry 原子吸收分光光度法atomic arrangement 原子排列atomic bond 原子键atomic disintegration 原子蜕变atomic energy level 原子能级atomic group 原子团atomic mass unit 原子质量单位atomic number 原子序数atomic orbital function 原子轨函数atomic radius 原子半径atomic ratio 原子比atomic size 原子大小atomic spectrum 原子光谱atomic structure 原子结构atomic unit 原子单位atomic volume 原子体积atomic weight 原子量atomism 原子论atomistics 原子论atomizer 喷雾器atrio 火口原atrio lake 火口原湖attached ground water 附着地下水attached island 陆系岛attenuation coefficient 衰减系数attenuator 衰减器attraction 引力attractive wave 引力波attribute 属性attrition 磨损aubrite 顽火无球粒陨石aufeis 积冰augen gneiss 眼状片麻岩augen structure 眼状构造auger 土钻augite 辉石augitite 辉石岩augmented matrix 增广矩阵aureole 接触变质带auripigment 雌黄aurora 极光auroral zone 极光带autecology 个体生态学authigenesis 自生酌authigenic element 自生元素authigenic mineral 自生矿物authigenous mineral 自生矿物autocartograph 自动测图仪autochorous 自布的autochthonous deposit 原地沉积autochthonous stream 原地河autoclastic rock 自碎岩autocorrelation coefficient 自相关系数autocovariance 自协方差autogenic succession 自发演替autograph 立体测图仪autographometer 自动地形仪automated cartographic generalization 自动制图综合automated cartographic system 自动制图系统automated draughting 自动绘图automated plotting of points 自动展点automatic air camera 自动航摄仪automatic control 自动控制automatic data processing system 自动数据处理系绕automatic focussing 自动倒automatic lettering on map 地图自动注记automatic level 补偿飘准仪automatic meteorological station 自动气象站automatic microdensitometer 自动测微密度计automatic monitoring 自动监测automatic programming 自动程序编制automatic tracking 自动跟踪autometamorphism 自变质酌automorphous process 自型过程autonomous guidance 自制导autoparasitism 自寄生autopneumatolysis 自气化酌autoreduction alidade 曲线归算望远镜照准仪autoreduction tacheometer 自动归算视距仪autotrophic lake 自养型湖autotrophic organisms 自养生物autotrophism 自养autotrophs 自养生物autumn equinoctial point 秋分点autumnal equinox 秋分autunite 钙铀云母auxiliary contour 辅助等高线auxiliary data 辅助数据auxiliary fault 副断层auxiliary point 辅助点availability 有效度available accuracy 可达精度available fertilizer 有效肥料available field capacity 有效田间持水量available ground water 有效地下水available relief 有效地势available storage of water 有效容量available water 有效水分available water capacity 有效水容量available water holding capacity 有效水保持能力avalanche 雪崩avalanche lake 堰塞湖aventurine 砂金石average 平均average amount of effective information 平均有效信息量average background 背景平均值average deviation 平均偏差average error 平均误差average life 平均寿命average sample 平均样品average slope 平均坡度average temperature 平均温度average year 平均年averaging of multiple image 多图像平均法aviation weather service 航空气象服务avitaminosis 维生素缺乏症axial surface of fold 褶皱轴面axillary bud 腋芽axis of abscissas 横坐标轴axis of coordinates 坐标轴axis of level 水准漆axis of ordinates 纵坐标轴axis of rotation 旋转轴axis of symmetry 对称轴azilian age 阿齐尔时代azimuth 方位角azimuth circle 方位圈azimuth direction 方位方向azimuth measurement 方位角测定azimuth observation 水平角观测azimuth resolution 方位分辨率azimuthal autogonal projection 方位等角投影azimuthal equal area projection 等积方位投影azimuthal equidistant projection 等距方位投影azimuthal error 方位误差azimuthal movement 方位移动azimuthal orthomorphic projection 方位正形投影azimuthal projection 方位投影azimuthal quantum number 方位角量子数azimuthal unconformity 向位不整合azonal soil 泛域土azonality 非地带性azure stone 蓝铜矿azurite 蓝铜矿Bb horizon 淀积层back action 反酌back azimuth 反方位角back flow 逆流back marsh 漫滩沼泽back radiation 反向辐射back sight 后视back slope 反向斜面back swamp 漫滩沼泽back titration 回滴定back traverse 逆行back up 背面印刷back up water level 回升水位backed blade 刀形石器backflow 逆流回流background noise 背景噪声background pollution 背景污染background value 背景值backing of the wind 风向反转backscattering spectrometry 后散射能谱测定法backshore 滨后backstromite 氢氧锰矿backwash 洄流backwater 壅水backwater curve 回水曲线bacterial equilibrium 细菌平衡bacterial fertilizer 细菌肥料bacterial manure 细菌肥料bacterial prospecting 细菌勘探bacteriolysis 溶菌bacteriophage 噬菌体bacteriostatic agent 抑菌剂bad land 崎岖地baddeleyite 斜锆石baectuite 白头岩baer's law 贝尔定律bajirs 沙丘长湖baking coal 粘结煤balance 平衡balanced solution 平衡溶液balka 平谷balka relief 平谷地貌ball lightning 球状闪电ball structure 球状结构balloon 气球balloon remote sensing 气球遥感balloon satellite 气球卫星balneology 浴疗学band 夹层band model method 带模式法band pass filter 带通滤光器band reject filter 带阻滤波器band spectrum 带谱banded cloud 带状云系banded gneiss 带状片麻岩banded structure 带状结构banding 条状bandspread 频带扩展bandy clay 带状粘土bank 砂洲bank erosion 堤岸侵蚀bankful stage 漫滩水位banking angle 倾斜角banner cloud 旗状云bar 沙洲barchan chains 新月形沙丘链barchane 新月形砂丘bare karst 裸喀斯特baric low 低气压baric topography 气压形势barite 重晶石barium 钡bark beetles 小蠹虫barkhan 新月形砂丘barkhan ridges 新月形沙丘链barkhan sand 新月形砂丘砂barocline 斜压baroclinic atmosphere 斜压大气barogradient current 气压梯度流barogram 气压自记曲线barograph 气压记录仪;气压仪;气压计barogyroscope 气压陀螺仪barometer 气压表barometer correction 气压计改正barometric altimeter 气压测高计barometric depression 低气压barometric distribution 气压分布barometric gradient 气压梯度barometric height 气压计高程barometric tendency 气压倾向barometric tube 气压计管barometrical levelling 气压计高程测量barophilic bacterium 适压细菌barothermograph 气压温度计barotropic atmosphere 正压大气barotropic fluid 正压铃barrage 拦河坝barranco 峡谷barren 无矿的barren lands 瘠地barren limestone plateau 不毛石灰岩高原barren sand 不毛沙地barrens 瘠地barrier 障碍barrier lake 堰塞湖barrier reef 堤礁barrow 矸石埸barthite 砷锌铜矿barysphere 重圈baryta paper 钡白纸baryte 重晶石basal area 底面积basal conglomerate 底砾岩basal dressing 施基肥basal granule 基粒basal metabolism 基础代谢basal sandstone 基底砂岩basal zone of mountains 山基面带basalt 玄武岩basaltic augite 玄武辉石basaltic layer of the earth's crust 地壳玄武岩层basaltic wacke 玄土basanite 碧玄岩base 基线base apparatus 基线测量器base carriage 基线架base desaturation 盐基脱饱和base direction 基线方向base exchange 盐基交换base exchange capacity 盐基交换量base exchange complex 盐基交换复合体base height ratio 基线航高比base level of corrosion 溶蚀基准面base level of denudation 剥蚀基准面base level of erosion 侵蚀基面base line 基线base line equation 基线方程base map 基本地图base measurement 基线测量base network 基线网base of bed 层底base saturation 盐基饱和baseband signal 基带信号baselevel of erosion 侵蚀基面basement 基底basement fold 基底褶皱basement of platform 地台基底basement rock 基岩basic geochemical law 地球化学基本定律basic geochemical maps 基本地球化学图basic igneous rock 基性火成岩basic lava 基性熔岩basic map 基本地图basic rock 基性岩basicity 碱度basin 盆地basin irrigation 漫灌basin karst 盆地喀斯特basin landscape 盆地景观basin mire 盆地沼泽basin of volcanic origin 火山盆地basin perimeter 硫周长basin shape 盆地形状basin soil 盆地土壤basin without outflow 无排水盆地basiphile plants 好碱土植物basiphilous plants 好碱土植物basis 基线basite 基性岩basoid 碱性胶体basophilia 嗜碱性basophilic plant 喜碱植物basophilous vegetation 喜碱植被bastard measles 风疹batholite 岩基batholith 岩基bathyal deposits 半深海沉积物bathygraph 海水探测仪bathylith 岩基bathymetric chart 水深图bathymetric curve 等深线bathymetry 测深法bathymetry using remote sensing 遥感海洋测深bathythermograph 深水温度表batukite 暗色白玄岩bauxite 铝土矿bay 湾bayleyite 菱镁铀矿bayou lake 旧河道湖beach 海岸beach cusps 海滩嘴beach drifting 沿滩漂移beach erosion 海岸侵蚀beach gravel 海滨砾石beach material 海滩泥沙beach placer 海滨砂矿beach plain 海滩平原beach ridge 滩脊beach slope 海滨坡度beach terrace 滨岸阶地beacon 航标beaded valley 串珠状谷beam compasses 杠规beam spliter 分光镜bean shaped structure 豆形结构bearing 方位bearing point 方位点beat 露头bed 层bed development 河床演变bed load 推移质bed pattern 河床型式bed succession 层序bed toxin 蜂毒bed vein 层状脉bedded alluvium 层状冲积层bedded clay 层状粘土bedded deposit 层状矿床bedded rock 层状岩bedded structure 层状结构bedding 层理bedding fault 层面断层bedding joint 层面节理bedding plane 层理面bedrock 基岩behavior 行为behavior of elements 元素的行为beheaded river 夺劣beheaded valley 断头谷beidellite 贝得石belt area 带状分布区belt of equatorial calm 赤道无风带belt of soil water 土壤水分带belt of transition 过渡带belt of weathering 风化带belt transect 样带belt transect method 样带法belted coastal plain 带状沿岸平原bench 阶地bench border irrigation method 条田灌溉法bench gravel 阶地砾石bench mark 水准点bench terraces 一阶式梯bending 弯曲bending test 弯曲试验benioff zone 贝尼奥夫带bent test 弯曲试验bentgrass meadow 翦股颖草甸benthos 底栖生物bentonite 膨润土beringite 棕闪粗面岩berkelium 锫berm 后滨阶地bernoulli's polynomial 伯努利多项式beryl 绿柱石beryllium 铍beryllium pollution 铍污染beta ray detector 计数器计数管betterment of land 土地改良between class distance 类间距离bicarbonate 重碳酸盐bidentate ligand 二合配位体bidirectional reflectance distribution function 双向反射比分布函数biennial fruit 隔年果biennial plant 二年生植物bifurcation 分枝bight 大湾bilateral geochemical barrier 两侧地球化学障碍bilateral symmetry 左右对称bilberry heath 越桔灌木丛bilberry pine forest 越桔松林bilberry spruce forest 越桔云杉林bilinear interpolation method 双线性内插法billow cloud 浪云bimetal plate 双层金属版bimetallic thermometer 双金属温度表binary search 折半查找法binding 装订binding coal 粘结煤binding force 结合力binocular 双筒望远镜binocular telescope 双筒望远镜binocular vision 双目观察binomial nomenclature 二名法bioaccumulation of elements 元素的生物累积biocatalyst 生物催化剂biochemical evolution 生化进化biochemical oxygen demand 生化需氧量biochemistry 生物化学biochore 生物区域界线bioclast 生物碎屑岩bioclastic rock 生物碎屑岩bioclimate 生物气候bioclimatics 生物气候学bioclimatogram 气物气候图bioclimatological 生物气候学的bioclimatology 生物气候学biocoenology 生物群落学biocoenose 生物群落biocoenosis 生物群落biocolliod 生物胶体bioelectric potential 生物电位biofacies 生物相biogenesis 生源说biogenetic law 生物发生律biogenic anomaly 生物成因异常biogenic deposits 生物沉积物biogenic element 生物起源元素biogenic landforms 生物成地形biogenic rock 生物岩biogeochemical anomaly 生物地球化学异常biogeochemical barrier 生物地球化学障biogeochemical cycle of pollutants 污染物生物地球化学循环biogeochemical disease 生物地球化学性疾病biogeochemical prospecting 生物地球化学勘探biogeochemistry 生物地球化学biogeocoenology 生物地理群落学biogeocoenosis 生物地理群落biogeography 生物地理学biohydrological 生物水文的biohydrology 生物水文学biolith 生物岩biological activity of soil 土壤生物活性biological cycle 生物循环biological decomposition 生物分解biological mineralization 生物矿化biological monitoring 生物监测biological pest control 生物虫防治bioluminescence 生物荧光biomass 生物量biomass pyramid 生物量金字塔biome 生物群落biometrics 生物统计学biometry 生物统计学biomineralogy 生矿物学bionidicator 生物指示物bionomics 生态学biophile elements 亲生元素biophysicgraphy 生物自然地理学biospeleology 洞穴生物学biosphere 生物圈biostatistics 生物统计字biostratigraphy 生物地层学biota 生物相biotic environment 生物环境biotic succession 生物性演替biotite 黑云母biotope 生活小区biotype 生物型biozone 生物带bipolar distribution 两极分布birch 桦木birch forest 桦手bird foot delta 鸟足状三角洲birds of passage 候鸟bireflection 反射多色性birefringence 双折射birth rate 出生率bischofite 水氯镁石bisectrix 二等分线bismalith 岩柱bismuth 铋bismuth glance 辉铋矿bismuthinite 辉铋矿bit error rate 比特误码率bitumen 沥青bituminization 沥青化bituminous coal 烟煤black acid prairie soils 黑色酸性湿草原土black alkali soil 黑碱土black and white aerial photograph 黑白航摄照片black and white film 黑白胶片black and white infrared image 黑白红外影像black and white map 单色图black and white picture 黑白图像black box 黑盒black calcareous soil 黑色石灰土black cobalt 钴土矿black manganese 黑锰矿black meadow soils 暗色草甸土。
example08
E X A M P L E 8Looped NetworkPurposeThis example was performed to demonstrate the analysis of a river reach thatcontains a loop. The loop is caused by a split in the main channel that formstwo streams which join back together.The focus of this example is on the development of the looped network andthe balancing of the flows through each branch of the loop. The streamjunctions will be discussed briefly; however, a more detailed discussion ofstream junctions can be found in example 10.To review the data files for this example, from the main program windowselect File and then Open Project. Select the project labeled “LoopedNetwork - Example 8.” This will open the project and activate the followingfiles:Plan :“Looped Plan”Geometry :“Looped Geometry”Flow :“10, 50, and 100 year flow events”Geometric DataThe geometric data for this example consists of the river system schematic,the cross section data, and the stream junction data. Each of thesecomponents are discussed below.River System SchematicTo view the river system schematic, from the main program window selectEdit and then Geometric Data. This will activate the Geometric DataEditor and display the river system schematic as shown in Figure 8.1. Theschematic shows the layout of the two rivers. Spruce Creek is broken intothree river reaches: Upper Spruce Creek, Middle Spruce Creek, LowerSpruce Creek. Bear Run is left as a single river reach. The flow in UpperSpruce Creek splits at Tusseyville to form Bear Run and Middle SpruceCreek. Bear Run is approximately 1500 feet in length and Middle SpruceCreek is approximately 1000 feet long. These two streams then join atCoburn to form Lower Spruce Creek.Figure 8.1 River System Schematic for Spruce Creek and Bear Run Cross Section DataAfter the river reaches were sketched to form the river system schematic, the cross section data were entered. The data were entered by selecting the Cross Section icon from the Geometric Data Editor. For each cross section, the geometric data consisted of the : X-Y coordinates, downstream reach lengths, Manning’s n values, main channel bank stations, the contraction and expansion coefficients, and, if applicable, left or right levees.After all of the geometric data were entered, File and then Save Geometry Data As were selected from the Geometric Data Editor. The title “Looped Geometry” was entered and the OK button selected. This was the onlygeometry file for this example.Figure 8.2 Junction Data Editor for Tusseyville JunctionStream Junction DataThe final geometric component was the data for the stream junction. Thesedata were entered by selecting the Junction icon on the Geometric DataEditor . This caused the Junction Data Editor to appear as shown in Figure8.2. First, the data for the junction at Tusseyville was entered by selectingthe appropriate Junction Name at the top of the editor. Then a Descriptionwas entered as “Spruce Creek Split.”The next piece of information required was the Length Across Junction .These are the distances from the downstream river station of Upper Spruce tothe upstream river stations of Middle Spruce and Bear Run. In general, thecross sections that bound a junction should be placed as close to the junctionas possible. This will allow for a more accurate calculation of the energylosses across the junction. These values were entered as 80 and 70 feet, forthe distances to Middle Spruce and Bear Run, respectively.The last item in the junction editor is the computation mode. Either theEnergy or the Momentum method must be selected. The energy method (thedefault method) uses a standard step procedure to determine the water surfaceacross the junction. The momentum method takes into account the angle ofthe tributaries to evaluate the forces associated with the tributary flows. Forthis example, the flow velocities were low and the influence of the tributaryangle was considered insignificant. Therefore, the energy method wasselected for the analysis. For a further discussion on stream junctions, theuser is referred to example 10 and to chapter 4 of the Hydraulic ReferenceManual .After the data were entered for the Tusseyville Junction, the Apply Databutton was selected. The down arrow adjacent to the Junction Name wasdepressed to activate the second junction at Coburn. At this junction, theFigure 8.3 Steady Flow Data Editor - Looped Plan - 1st FlowDistributiondescription “Confluence of Bear Run and Middle Spruce” was entered. Next,a length of 70 feet was entered from Bear Run to Lower Spruce and 85 feetfor the distance from Middle Spruce to Lower Spruce. Again, the energymethod was selected and the Apply Data button was chosen before closingthe junction editor.Steady Flow DataThe steady flow data were entered next. These data consisted of the profiledata and the boundary conditions. Each of these items is discussed asfollows.Profile DataTo enter the steady flow data, the Steady Flow Data Editor was activatedfrom the main program window by selecting Edit and then Steady FlowData . This opened the editor as shown in Figure 8.3. On the first line of theeditor, the number of profiles was chosen to be 3. These profiles willrepresent the 10, 50, and 100 - year flow events. When the number ofprofiles is entered, the table expands to provide a column for each profile.To enter the flow data, a flow value must be entered at the upstream end of each reach. The program will consider the flow rate to be constant throughout the reach unless a change in flow location is entered. For this example, the flow will be constant throughout each reach. The three profiles will be for flow values of 300, 800, and 1000 cfs. These values were entered as the flow rates for Upper Spruce and Lower Spruce.For the flow rates through Middle Spruce and Bear Run, the user must estimate the amount of flow for each reach. Then, after the analysis, the user must compare the energy values at the upstream ends of Middle Spruce and Bear Run. If the energy values differ by a significant amount, then the flow rates through the two reaches must be redistributed and a second analysis performed. This process will continue until the upstream energies are within a reasonable tolerance. This procedure implies that the upstream cross sections of Middle Spruce and Bear Run are located close to the junction. Therefore, the energy value at these two locations should be approximately equal.For this first attempt at a flow distribution, the values of 170 and 130 cfs were entered for the first profile for Middle Spruce and Bear Run, respectively. Similarly, flow values of 450 and 350 were entered for the second profile and 560 and 440 for the third profile. After the analysis, the upstream energies for each profile were compared to determine if the flow distribution was appropriate. This will be discussed in a subsequent section.Boundary ConditionsAfter the flow data were entered, the boundary conditions were established. This was performed by selecting the Boundary Conditions icon from the top of the Steady Flow Data Editor. This resulted in the display as shown in Figure 8.4. As shown in Figure 8.4, the boundary conditions table will automatically contain any internal boundary conditions such as stream junctions. The user is required to enter the external boundary conditions. For this example, a subcritical flow analysis was performed; therefore, the external boundary condition at the downstream end of Lower Spruce was specified. Normal Depth was chosen with a slope of 0.0004 ft/ft. After the boundary condition was entered, the editor was closed and the flow data was saved as “10, 50, and 100 year flow events.”Figure 8.4 Steady Flow Boundary Conditions for Looped NetworkFigure 8.5 Steady Flow Analysis WindowSteady Flow AnalysisAfter the geometric and flow data were entered, the files were then saved as aplan. This was performed by selecting Simulate and then Steady FlowAnalysis from the main program window. This activated the Steady FlowAnalysis Window as shown in Figure 8.5. In the steady flow window, firstthe Short ID of “Loop” was entered. Next, the geometry file “LoopedGeometry” and the steady flow data file “10, 50, and 100 year flow events”were selected by depressing the down arrows on the right side of the window.(Note: Since there was only 1 geometry file and only 1 flow file, this was notnecessary.) Then, File and Save Plan As were selected and the title “LoopedPlan” was entered. The OK button was selected and the plan title appearednear the top of the steady flow window. Finally, the Flow Regime wasselected as subcritical and the COMPUTE button was selected. Analysis of Results for Initial Flow DistributionThe user can review the results of the analysis both graphically and in tabularformat. For this example, this discussion will initially be concerned with theflow distribution as selected for Bear Run and Middle Spruce. To determinethe adequacy of the previously chosen flow distribution, the energy gradelineelevations at the upstream end of Bear Run and Middle Spruce will becompared. To determine the calculated energy values, the Standard Table 1was reviewed and a portion of the table is shown in Figure 8.6. This tablewas activated from the main program window by selecting View, ProfileTable, Std. Tables, and then Standard Table 1.The rows in the table in Figure 8.6 are divided into groups of three, one rowfor each of the three profiles. The first column of the table displays the riverreach, the second column displays the river station, and the third column liststhe total flow in the river reach for the particular river station. As can be seenin Figure 8.6, for the river reach of Middle Spruce at the river station 1960(the upstream station), the flow rates were 170, 450, and 560 cfs, and theenergy gradeline elevations were 23.37, 25.19, and 25.67 feet for the threeflow profiles. By selecting the down arrow on the right side of the table, theenergy gradeline elevations for the upstream river station of Bear Run (riverstation 1470) were 23.10, 24.96, and 25.52 feet. By comparing these values,it can be seen that the energy gradelines differ by 0.27, 0.23, and 0.15 feet forthe three profiles, respectively.Since the upstream river stations on Middle Spruce and Bear Run werelocated close to the stream junction, the energy gradeline elevations for thesetwo river stations should be approximately equal. Therefore, the flow ratesfor Middle Spruce and Bear Run were redistributed and a subsequent analysiswas performed. This is discussed in the next section.Figure 8.6 Standard Table 1 for First Estimate of Flow DistributionSteady Flow Analysis with New Flow DistributionAfter reviewing the energy gradeline values at the upstream river stations forMiddle Spruce and Bear Run, the flow rates for these river reaches wereredistributed. Since the energy values for Bear Run were lower than that ofMiddle Spruce for all three of the profiles, a greater portion of the total flowwas apportioned to Bear Run for all of the profiles. To perform this, theSteady Flow Data Editor was activated and the flow values were adjusted.Then a subsequent analysis was performed and the energy values compared.This procedure was continued until the energy values were within areasonable tolerance. Table 8.1 shows the final flow distribution and theresulting energy gradeline values for the upstream river stations of MiddleSpruce and Bear Run.Additionally, the table shows the energy gradeline values for the downstreamriver station of Upper Spruce Creek. These values should be greater than theenergy values for the upstream river stations of Middle Spruce and Bear Run.The final energy values for Middle Spruce and Bear Run are within areasonable tolerance for each profile. Therefore, the flow distribution asshown in Table 8.1 was considered as a reasonable estimate of the flow ratesthrough each river reach.Table 8.1 Final Flow Distribution for Looped PlanReach RiverStation Profile FlowRate(cfs)Energy GradelineElevation (ft)Upper Spruce Middle Spruce Bear Run 20401960147011130015514523.2923.2523.23Upper Spruce Middle Spruce Bear Run 20401960147022280042038025.1525.0825.08Upper Spruce Middle Spruce Bear Run 204019601470333100053546525.6825.6025.60Analysis of Results for Final Flow DistributionFor an additional review of the flow distribution for the looped plan, theprofile plot is shown in Figure 8.7. To activate the profile plot, from the mainprogram window select View and then Water Surface Profiles. For thisplot, the reaches of Upper Spruce, Middle Spruce, and Lower Spruce Creekwere selected. This represents the flow along the right side of the riverschematic.Similarly, the flow along the left edge of the river schematic can be viewedby selecting the river reach Bear Creek instead of Middle Spruce. This isperformed by selecting Options, Reaches, and then the appropriate riverreach.SummaryAs a summary for this example, a river system that contained a loop wasanalyzed. The flow rates for the branches of the loop were initially estimatedand, after an initial analysis, the upstream energy values for each branch werecompared. Since the initial energy values were not within a reasonabletolerance, the flow rates through each branch were redistributed and asubsequent analysis performed. This procedure was continued until theupstream energy values for the two branches were within a reasonabletolerance. By performing the flow distribution and energy comparison in thismanner, it was necessary that the cross sections around the junction werespaced close together.Figure 8.7 Profile Plot for Looped Network。
HART TMT182多功能温度头传感器说明书
Products SolutionsServicesTechnical Information iTEMP HART ® TMT182Universal temperature Head transmitter for RTD, TC, resistance and voltage transmitters, HART ® -protocol, for installation in a sensor head Form BApplication•Temperature head transmitter with HART ® -protocol for con-verting various input signals into an scalable 4 to 20 mA analog output signal •Input:•Resistance thermometer (RTD)•Thermocouple (TC)•Resistance transmitter ( )•Voltage transmitter (mV)•HART ® -protocol for front end unit or panel unit operation using the hand operating module (DXR275, DXR375) or PC (e. g. ReadWin ® 2000 or FieldCare)Your benefits•Universal settings with HART ® -protocol for various input sig-nals•Operation, visualisation and maintenance via PC, e. g. FieldCare operating software •2 wire technology, 4 to 20 mA analog output•High accuracy in total ambient temperature range•Fault signal on sensor break or short circuit, presettable to NAMUR NE 43•EMC to NAMUR NE 21, CE•UL recognized component to UL 3111-1 •Marine approval •CSA General Purpose •Ex-Certification- ATEX Ex ia and dust zone 22 in compliance with EN 50281-1- FM IS - CSA IS•SIL2 compliant •Galvanic isolation •Output simulation•Min./max. process value indicator function •Customer specific linearization •Linearization curve matchTI00078R/09/EN/14.1871404916TMT1822Endress+HauserFunction and system designMeasuring principle Electronic monitoring and conversion of input signals in industrial temperature measurement.Measuring systemThe iTEMP HART ® TMT182 temperature head transmitter is a 2-wire transmitter with analog output. It has measurement input for resistance thermometers (RTD) in 2-, 3- or 4-wire connection,thermocouples and voltage transmitters. Setting up of the TMT182 is done using the HART ® -Protocol with hand operating module (DXR275, DXR375) or PC (e.g. configuration software ReadWin ® 2000 or FieldCare).InputMeasured variable Temperature (temperature linear transmission behaviour), resistance and voltageMeasuring rangeDepending upon the sensor connection and input signal. The transmitter evaluates a number of different measurement ranges.Type of inputResistance thermometer (RTD)TypeMeasurement rangesMin. measurement rangePt100Pt500Pt1000acc. to IEC 60751 (α = 0.00385)Pt100to JIS C1604-81 (α = 0.003916)-200 to 850 °C (-328 to1562 °F)-200 to 250 °C (-328 to 482 °F)-200 to 250 °C (-238 to 482 °F)-200 to 649 °C (-328 to 1200 °F)10 K (18 °F)10 K (18 °F)10 K (18 °F)10 K (18 °F)Ni100Ni500Ni1000acc. to DIN 43760 (α = 0.006180)-60 to 250 °C (-76 to 482 °F)-60 to 150 °C (-76 to 302 °F)-60 to 150 °C (-76 to 302 °F)10 K (18 °F)10 K (18 °F)10 K (18 °F)•Connection type: 2-, 3- or 4-wire connection•Software compensation of cable resistance possible in the 2 wire system (0 to 30 Ω)•Sensor cable resistance max. 20 Ω per cable in the 3 and 4 wire system •Sensor current: ≤ 0.2 mA•Corrosion detection as per NAMUR NE 89 for Pt100 4-wire connection (optional for 'A dvanced Diagnostic' version, see 'P roduct structure'). If corrosion detection is active, the response time is 2 s.Resistance transmitter Resistance Ω10 to 400 Ω10 to 2000 Ω10 Ω100 ΩThermocouple (TC)B (PtRh30-PtRh6)C (W5Re-W26Re)1)D (W3Re-W25Re)1E (NiCr-CuNi)J (Fe-CuNi)K (NiCr-Ni)L (Fe-CuNi)2)N (NiCrSi-NiSi)R (PtRh13-Pt)S (PtRh10-Pt)T (Cu-CuNi)U (Cu-CuNi)2acc. to IEC 584 Part 10 to +1820 °C (32 to 3308 °F)0 to +2320 °C (32 to 4208 °F)0 to +2495 °C (32 to 4523 °F)-270 to +1000 °C (-454 to 1832 °F)-210 to +1200 °C (-346 to 2192 °F)-270 to +1372 °C (-454 to 2501 °F)-200 to +900 °C (-328 to 1652 °F)-270 to +1300 °C (-454 to 2372 °F)-50 to +1768 °C (-58 to 3214 °F)-50 to +1768 °C (-58 to 3214 °F)-270 to +400 °C (-454 to 752 °F)-200 to +600 °C (-328 to 1112 °F)500 K (900 °F)500 K (900 °F)500 K (900 °F) 50 K (90 °F) 50 K (90 °F) 50 K (90 °F) 50 K (90 °F) 50 K (90 °F)500 K (900 °F)500 K (900 °F)50 K (90 °F)50 K (90 °F)•Cold junction: internal (Pt100)•Cold junction accuracy: ± 1 KVoltage transmitters Millivolt transmitter -10 to 75 mV 5 mV1) acc. to ASTM E9882) acc. to DIN 43710TMT182Endress+Hauser 3OutputOutput signal Analog 4 to 20 mA, 20 to 4 mASignal on alarm•Underranging: linear drop to 3.8 mA •Overranging: linear rise to 20.5 mA•Sensor break; sensor short-circuit (not for thermocouples TC): ≤ 3.6 mA or ≥ 21.0 mALoadmax. (V Power supply - 11.5 V) / 0.022 A (Current output)Linearization/transmission behaviour Temperature linear, resistance linear, voltage linearFilter1st order digital filter: 0 to 100 s Galvanic isolation U = 2 kV AC (input/output)Min. current consumption ≤ 3.5 mA Current limit ≤ 23 mASwitch on delay4 s (during power up I a = 3.8 mA)Power supplyElectrical connectionHead transmitter terminal connectionsFor the unit operation via HART ® protocol (terminals 1 and 2) a minimum load resistance of 250 Ω is necessary in the signal circuit!Supply voltage U b = 11.5 to 35 V, polarity protectionUndervoltage detectionOptional for 'A dvanced Diagnostic' version.If the supply voltage is not sufficient to output the output signal corresponding to the measuredtemperature, a signal on alarm ≤ 3.6 mA is generated. After approx. 2 to 3 s, the system makes another attempt to output the signal corresponding to the temperature.Guaranteed values for setting "high alarm" (≥ 21 mA):•Standard model: > 21.5 mA•Advanced diagnostic model: ≥ 22.5 mATMT1824Endress+HauserResidual rippleAllowable ripple U ss ≤ 3 V at U b ≥ 13 V, f max. = 1 kHzPerformance characteristicsResponse time 1 s (TC), 1.5 s (RTD)Reference operating conditionsCalibration temperature: +25 °C (77 °F) ± 5 K (9 °F)Maximum measured errorInfluence of supply voltage≤ ± 0.01%/V deviation from 24 VPercentages refer to the full scale value.Influence of ambienttemperature (temperature drift)Total temperature drift = input temperature drift + output temperature driftThe accuracy data are typical values and correspond to a standard deviation of ± 3σ (normal distribution), i.e. 99.8% of all the measured values achieve the given values or better values.TypeMeasurement accuracy 1Resistancethermometer RTDPt100, Ni100Pt500, Ni500Pt1000, Ni10000.2 K or 0.08%0.5 K or 0.20%0.3 K or 0.12%Thermocouple TCK, J, T, E, L, U N, C, D R, S Btyp. 0.5 K or 0.08%typ. 1.0 K or 0.08%typ. 1.4 K or 0.08%typ. 2.0 K or 0.08%Measurement rangeMeasurement accuracy 1)1) % is related to the adjusted measurement range. The value to be applied is the greater.Resistance transmitter (Ω)10 to 400 Ω10 to 2000 Ω± 0.1 Ω or 0.08%± 1.5 Ω or 0.12%Voltage transmitters (mV)-10 to 75 mV± 20 μV or 0.08%Physical input range of the sensors 10 to 400 ΩPolynom RTD, Pt100, Ni10010 to 2000 ΩPt500, Pt1000, Ni1000-10 to 75 mV Thermocouple type: C, D, E, J, K, L, N, U -10 to 35 mVThermocouple type: B, R, S, TEffect on the accuracy when ambient temperature changes by 1 K (1.8 °F):Input 10 to 400 Ωtyp. 0.0015% of measured value, min. 4 m ΩInput 10 to 2000 Ωtyp. 0.0015% of measured value, min. 20 m ΩInput -10 to 75 mV typ. 0.005% of measured value, min. 1.2 μV Input -10 to 35 mV typ. 0.005% of measured value, min. 0.6 μV Output 4 to 20 mAtyp. 0.005% of spanTMT182Endress+Hauser 5Example for calculating measured error for ambient temperature drift:Input temperature drift ∆T = 10 K (18 °F), Pt100, measuring range 0 to 100 °C (32 to 212 °F)Maximum process temperature: 100 °C (212 °F)Measured resistance value: 138.5 Ω (IEC 60751) at maximum process temperature Typical temperature drift in Ω: (0.0015% of 138.5 Ω) * 10 = 0.02078 ΩConversion to Kelvin: 0.02078 Ω / 0.385 Ω/K = 0.05 K (0.09 °F)Influence of load± 0.02%/100 ΩValues refer to the full scale valueLong-term stability≤ 0.1 K/year or ≤ 0.05%/yearValues under reference operating conditions. % refer to the set span. The highest value is valid.Influence of cold junctionPt100 DIN IEC 60751 Cl. B (internal cold junction with thermocouples TC)Installation conditionsInstallation instructions•Installation angle:no limit•Installation area:Terminal head accord. to DIN 43 729 Form B; TAF10 field housingEnvironment conditionsAmbient temperature limits-40 to +85 °C (-40 to 185 °F) for Ex-area, see Ex-certificateStorage temperature -40 to +100 °C (-40 to 212 °F)Climate class According to IEC 60 654-1, class C Condensation PermittedDegree of protection IP 00, IP 66 installedShock and vibration resistance4g / 2 to 150 Hz as per IEC 60 068-2-6Typical sensitivity of resistance thermometers:Pt: 0.00385 * R nominal /KNi: 0.00617 * R nominal /KExample Pt100: 0.00385 x 100 Ω/K = 0.385 Ω/KTypical sensitivity of thermocouples:B: 10 μV/K C: 20 μV/K D: 20 μV/K E: 75 μV/K J: 55 μV/K K: 40 μV/K L: 55 μV/KN: 35 μV/KR: 12 μV/KS: 12 μV/KT: 50 μV/KU: 60 μV/KTMT1826Endress+HauserElectromagnetic compatibility (EMC)CE conformityEMC to all relevant requirements of the IEC/EN 61326 - series and NAMUR Recommendation EMC (NE21). For details, refer to the Declaration of Conformity.Maximum fluctuations during EMC- tests: < 1% of measuring span.Interference immunity to IEC/EN 61326 - series, requirements for industrial areas Interference emission to IEC/EN 61326 - series, electrical equipment Class BMechanical constructionDesign, dimensionsDimensions of the head transmitter in mm (in)Weight approx. 40 g (1.4 oz)Material•Housing: PC •Potting: PURTerminals•Cable up to max. 1.75 mm 2 (secure screws)•or 1.5 mm 2 with wire end ferrules•eyelets for easy connection of a HART ®-handheld terminal with alligator clipsHuman interfaceDisplay elementsNo display elements are present directly on the temperature transmitter.The measured value display can be called up using the ReadWin ® 2000 or FieldCare PC software.Operating elementsAt the temperature transmitter no operating elements are available directly. The temperaturetransmitter will be configured by remote operation with the PC software ReadWin ® 2000 or FieldCare.Remote operationConfigurationHand operating module DXR275, DXR375 or PC with Commubox FXA191/FXA195 and operating software (ReadWin ® 2000 or FieldCare).InterfacePC interface Commubox FXA191 (RS232) or FXA195 (USB)Configurable parametersSensor type and connection type, engineering units (°C/°F), measurement range, internal/external cold junction, compensation of wire resistance with 2-wire connection, failure mode, output signal (4 to 20/20 to 4 mA), digital filter (damping), offset, TAG + descriptor (8 + 16 characters), output simulation, customer specific linearization, min./max. process value indicator functionTMT182Endress+Hauser 7Certificates and approvalsCE-MarkThe device meets the legal requirements of the EC directives. Endress+Hauser confirms that the device has been successfully tested by applying the CE mark.Hazardous area approvalsFor further details on the available Ex versions (ATEX, CSA, FM, etc.), please contact your nearest Endress+Hauser sales organisation. All relevant data for hazardous areas can be found in separate Ex documentation. If required, please request copies from us or your Endress+Hauser sales organisation.Marine approvalFor further details on the available "Type Approval Certificiates" (DNVGL, BV, etc.), please contact your nearest Endress+Hauser sales organisation. All relevant data for marine approval can be found in separate "Type Approval Certificiates". If required, please request copies from us or your Endress+Hauser sales organisation.Other standards and guidelines•IEC 60529:Degree of protection provided by housing (IP-Code)•IEC 61010:Safety requirements for electrical measurement, control and laboratory use.•IEC 61326:Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC requirements)•NAMURStandards working group for measurement and control technology in the chemical industry. (www.namur.de)UL approval UL recognized component (see /database, search for Keyword "E225237")CSA GPCSA General PurposeExamination certificateIn compliance with WELMEC 8.8, valid only for the SIL-Mode: "Guide on the General andAdministrative Aspects of the Voluntary System of Modular Evaluation of Measuring Instruments.Ordering informationDetailed ordering information is available from the following sources:•In the Product Configurator on the Endress+Hauser website: -> Click "Corporate" -> Select your country -> Click "Products" -> Select the product using the filters and search field -> Open product page -> The "Configure" button to the right of the product image opens the Product Configurator.•From your Endress+Hauser Sales Center: Product Configurator - the tool for individual product configuration •Up-to-the configuration•Depending on the device: Direct input of measuring point-specific information such as measuring range or operating language •Automatic verification of exclusion criteria•Automatic creation of the order code and its breakdown in PDF or Excel output format •Ability to order directly in the Endress+Hauser Online ShopTMT182Accessories•Commubox FXA191 (RS232) or FXA195 (USB)Order code: FXA191-... or FXA195-...•PC-operating software: ReadWin ® 2000 or FieldCareReadWin ® 2000 can be downloaded free of charge from the internet from the following address: /readwin•Hand operating module ’HART ® Communicator DXR375’Order code: DXR375-...•DIN rail clip according to IEC 60715 (TH35) for head transmitter mounting Order code: 51000856•Field housing TAF10 for Endress+Hauser head transmitter, aluminum, IP 66,dimensions W x H x D: 100 x 100 x 60 mm (3.94" x 3.94" x 2.36")Order code: TAF10-...Documentation•Operating short manual iTEMP HART ® TMT182 (KA142R/09/a3)•Additional documentation for use in explosion-hazardous areas:ATEX II1G: XA006R/09/a3ATEX II3G: XA011R/09/a3ATEX II3D: XA027R/09/a3•Operating short manual TAF10 Field housing (KA093R/09/a2)•SIL: Functional safety manual TMT182 (SD006R/09/en)。
汽车英语基础词汇
汽车基础词汇GLOSSARY OF AUTOMOTIVE FUNDAMENTALS编写：程嘉姚俊贤何宁宁统稿：李卓森界面：闫文亮人民交通音像电子出版社AA pillar A立柱、前立柱a nation on wheels 在车轮上的国家abrasion 磨损abrasive particles 磨损的微粒ABS (anti-lock braking system) 防抱死制动系统academician 院士acceleration of gravity 重力加速度acceleration resistance 加速阻力accelerator 加速踏板accumulator 储能器acetylene generator 乙炔发生器achievements of corporate events 企业活动成果acid rain 酸雨active safety 主动安全性actuator 执行器，促动器adhesion 附着性能adhesive coefficient 附着系数adhesive force 附着力adjustable suspension 可调节车身离地高度的悬架ADR (Australian Design Regulation) 澳大利亚设计规则advertisement 广告aesthetic 美学的、审美的aerodynamic performance 空气动力性能aerodynamics空气动力学air bag 气囊、安全气囊air cleaner 空气滤清器air compressor 空气压缩机air conditioning 空调air cooling system 风冷系air cushion vehicle 气垫式车辆air spring 空气弹簧aircraft 飞机、航空器aircraft turbine engine 航空燃气轮机air-fuel ratio 空燃比airship 飞艇albatross 沉重的负担alcohol accident 饮酒驾驶事故all trades and professions 各行各业allied countries 同盟国alloy tool steel 合金工具钢alternative current (AC) 交流电alternative fuel 代用燃料alternator 交流发电机ambulance 医疗救护车ammeter 电流表ammunition 弹药amplifier 放大器amplitude 振幅anchorage 固定点（锚点）annealing 退火annual model change 年度车型更新anti-freezing coolant 防冻冷却液anti-knock property 抗爆性anti-slip chain 防滑链anvil 铁砧approach angle 接近角approach bridge 引桥arc welding 电弧焊arch bridge 拱桥armored division （军队）装甲师art lettering 美术字arterial highway 干线公路articulated bus 铰接式客车artificial intelligence (AI) 人工智能artillery 炮兵asbestos 石棉ASD (anti-skid differential) 防滑差速器ash tray 烟灰盒ASR (acceleration skid response) 加速滑转反应装置assembling 装配assembly 总成astronaut 宇航员at-grade intersection 道路平面交叉atmospheric pressure 大气压attack angle 攻角、迎角audit 审计authority 权威部门auto fan 车迷auto-marathon 汽车马拉松automatic transmission (AT) 自动变速器automobile brand strategy 汽车品牌战略automobile product mix 汽车产品组合automobile product strategy 汽车产品战略automotive product promotion strategy 汽车产品促销战略auxiliary brake 辅助制动器auxiliary spring 副簧average operation velocity 平均行驶速度。
夹角英文同义词
夹角的英文同义词夹角是指两条射线之间的角度，它广泛应用于几何学、物理学、工程学和计算机图形学等领域。
在英文中，夹角的表达方式有许多种，下面将介绍一些常见的英文同义词。
1. Angle of Intersection夹角可以用Angle of Intersection来表达。
Angle是角度的意思，Intersection 是交叉或交点的意思。
因此，Angle of Intersection可以直观地表示两条线交叉形成的角度。
2. Angular DifferenceAngular Difference是夹角的一种表达方式。
Angular是角度的形容词，Difference是差异或区别的意思。
Angular Difference可以表示两个角度之间的差异或区别，即夹角的大小。
3. Angle BetweenAngle Between是夹角的另一种表达方式。
Between是介于之间的意思，因此Angle Between可以表示两条线之间夹角的大小。
4. Vertex AngleVertex Angle是夹角的一种特殊表达形式。
Vertex是顶点的意思，Angle是角度的意思。
Vertex Angle特指以顶点为中心的夹角。
5. Included AngleIncluded Angle是夹角的另一种表达方式。
Include是包括或包含的意思，因此Included Angle可以表示两条线段之间的夹角。
6. Junction AngleJunction Angle是夹角的一种形象表达方式。
Junction是连接或交汇的意思，Angle是角度的意思。
Junction Angle可以表示两条线交汇处形成的角度。
7. Corner AngleCorner Angle是夹角的另一种表达方式。
Corner是角落或拐角的意思，Angle是角度的意思。
Corner Angle可以表示两条线交汇处的角度。
8. Dihedral AngleDihedral Angle是夹角的一种特殊形式。
空窗期资料 雅思强化机经词汇 (强化)(1)
雅思听力机经词汇（强化）9 liters 9升a clear argument 清晰的论据A College Tour 学院游A Plus 学习成绩A+a printed list 一个印刷好的清单A sheet of paper 一张纸abuse 弊端，恶习Academic circle 学术圈子academic record 学习成绩academic scholarship 学术奖学金Accidents 事故accountant 会计achievement n.成就，成绩action plan 行动计划action point 行动要点activity 活动add panic 增加恐慌administration n.实施, 管理, 行政, 行政部门Administration Office 行政办公室administration officer 办公室管理人员administrator 行政人员；admission 准许进(加)入；入场费(卷)；advertisement 广告advertising leaflet 广告传单advice 建议；advisor 顾问，导师Against birds 抵御鸟类攻击agricultural：adj. 农业的air conditioning 中央空调air pollution 空气污染alarm system：报警系统Alaska 阿拉斯加alternative energy 替代能源American history美国历史an application form 申请表analysis 分析Angle 角度Animals’behavior动物行为antibiotics 抗生素ape hours观赏猿的时间application 申请，应用approach 研究方法Approval 赞同areas concerned 所涉及的领域arrangement 安排artificial ：人造的artistic 有艺术技巧的assessed 被评定assessment n. 评估at risk 濒危atmosphere 氛围，气氛Attach rings 系上环带attacks 攻击attitude n.态度，看法authority 权威automatically registered自动注册Average reader 普通读者Award 奖励Back wheel 后轮background 背景Baked Earth 《炽热的地球》（书名）bakery：面包店balcony n.阳台bank statements 银行结单battery 电池behavior行为belongings 财产, 所有物Big Five （南非）五大（野生动物）Biography 传记biological a.生物学(上)的bird-watching 鸟瞰Blood flow 血流量bones 骨头bonus 奖金book loan 贷书（服务）booklet n. 小册子Books on Forbes 《福布斯》（财富杂志）boring general science 乏味的科学理论boring令人厌烦的bottled water 瓶装水brain：n. 大脑、智力brake 刹车，闸Branch 分支breaks 休息breeding：繁殖，饲养brick 砖British Library 大英博物馆brushfire n. 前卫战, 山林火灾budget 预算buried 埋葬的Business card 名片butterflies 蝴蝶by E-mail/email/e-mail 通过电子信calculation 计算calculator：计算器camel farm骆驼农场camel 骆驼campsite 营地Candle 蜡烛capacity n.容量, 容积car taxes 车税caravan 大篷车carbon dioxides 二氧化碳card catalogue 卡片目录carpenter 木匠cartoon 卡通case study 案例研究cashier 出纳员cassettes 盒式磁带Celebrities 名人Center Manager 中心主任职位Chain 锁链challenge 挑战challenging 富有挑战的chartists n. 制图师, 图表分析员chat rooms 闲聊室Chat Show （电视或广播电台的）访谈节目check identities 检查身份Checked 已经检查过的checklist n.(核对用的)一览表Cheese 奶酪chemicals 化学物质chemist 药剂师chemistry lab 化学实验室chest infection 肺部感染children’s background 孩子们的背景choir 合唱团City Centre Branch 市中心分店/分行City Council 市议会city overhead view 城市鸟瞰风景Classical History（课程名称）classification 分类classifying 把。
Junction manner and its junction structure null of
专利名称：Junction manner and its junction structure null of angle public wall prefabrication发明人：HARADA MASATOSHI,原田 晶利,TAJIMA MASUMITSU,田島 益光,KISHIDA TAKEHISA,岸田 武久申请号：JP特願平2-108740申请日：19900426公开号：JP第2920658号B2公开日：19990719专利内容由知识产权出版社提供摘要：PURPOSE:To enhance construction properties by fitting a mullion on an outer wall prefabricated panel corner at the position near to the inside corner part of the panel so as to make the same movable and adjustable with respect to the corner part body of a building. CONSTITUTION:After the leading ends of the furring strips of panels having surface materials 7 provided thereto are abutted each other, a plurality of cross materials 14 receiving furring strips are fixed to the insides of the leading ends. Next, mullion 13 for corner having a horizontal U-shape cross section is provided to the cross materials and the opening edge part thereof is welded to the cross materials 14 to connect the cross materials in a longitudinal direction. Subsequently, a screw mounting plate 15 having screws 16 provided thereto vertically is welded and fixed to the crossing leading end parts of panels 1 for corner. Further, an L-shape position adjusting metal fitting 17 having slots for inserting the screws 16 formed to one side thereof is provided and mounted on the mullion 13 on the other side thereof by bolts 20. The screws 16 are inserted in the slots of the metal fitting 17 and moved on the bisector of the corner partto be positionally adjusted. By this method, adjusting work can be easily performed and the strength of the corner part can be enhanced.申请人：NIPPON KOKAN RAITO SUCHIIRU KK,日本鋼管ライトスチール株式会社地址：埼玉県熊谷市大字三ケ尻6100番地国籍：JP代理人：佐々木 宗治 (外2名)更多信息请下载全文后查看。
引起形貌变化的英语
引起形貌变化的英语英文回答：Morphological changes are primarily driven by genetic and environmental factors.Genetic factors.Genetic mutations can alter the expression of genes responsible for morphological traits, resulting in variations in physical appearance.Polymorphisms, which are genetic variants within a population, can lead to differences in morphology among individuals.Chromosomal abnormalities, such as deletions or duplications, can result in significant changes in physical appearance.Environmental factors.Environmental factors such as nutrition, exposure to toxins, and physical activity can influence morphological development. For example, malnutrition can lead to stunted growth and impaired physical development.Exposure to certain chemicals, such as hormones or pharmaceutical drugs, can disrupt normal morphological development.Physical activity can affect muscle mass, bone structure, and overall fitness levels, leading to changes in body shape and posture.Interactions between genetics and environment.Gene-environment interactions play a crucial role in shaping morphological variation. Specific genetic predispositions can make individuals more susceptible to the effects of certain environmental factors.For example, genetic variations in bone density can influence an individual's risk of osteoporosis in response to dietary calcium intake.Epigenetics, the study of heritable changes in gene expression that do not involve changes in DNA sequence, provides further evidence of the interconnectedness between genetics and environment in shaping morphology.Examples of morphological changes.Changes in body size, shape, and proportions.Alterations in facial features, such as eye color, nose shape, and lip size.Variations in skin color and texture.Differences in hair type, texture, and color.Changes in skeletal structure, such as height, limb length, and spinal curvature.Importance of morphological changes.Morphological changes provide a basis for understanding human diversity and evolution.They contribute to the recognition of different populations and ethnic groups.Understanding the genetic and environmental factorsthat influence morphological changes is essential for diagnosing and treating developmental disorders and improving overall health and well-being.中文回答：导致形态变化的原因。
2021届江苏省常熟市梅李中学高三英语下学期期末考试试题及参考答案
2021届江苏省常熟市梅李中学高三英语下学期期末考试试题及参考答案第一部分阅读（共两节，满分40分）第一节（共15小题；每小题2分，满分30分）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项ASevenhugs HugOneDo you want to improve the quality of your sleep? Sevenhugs has created HugOne that tracks different sleep patterns to help families consistently rest better. There are dozens of devices and tools devoted to monitoring the sleep. But, HugOne is the world’s first family smart home sleep system, which integrates a calculation rule for sleep patterns of children and adults.HugOne is a well-designed product, full of a sense of science and technology. It connects to a number of smaller sensors called “minihugs”, which are placed on the edge of each bed. They monitor the sleep patterns and other data coming from the person sleeping in that bed. The data arethen sent to an app on the smartphone.● The benefits of HugOne include:* Having a smart alarm clock on the app as HugOne learns your sleep cycle and automatically sets and sounds to when the best moment in your sleep cycle is identified.* Monitoring temperature and humidity in your bedroom as well as indoor air quality for the main living space.* Linking with smart lamps and thermostats, allowing users to fall asleep with sunset light and preferred nighttime temperatures, and wake up to sunrise light and preferred daytime temperatures.* Ensuring safety from electronic transmissions when you sleep-when the minihug senses a presence in bed, it shuts off its electronic transmissions and starts recording sleep data and sending them to the app.● The following are selected from customers’ comments:I prefer HugOne, since it’s convenient to use. I simply place the minihug in the corner of my bed under the sheet and it goes to work monitoring my sleep cycle. It’s really good.—Robert Compton● HugOne available for purchase includes:I think HugOne is a humanized product. It’s shareable, and I’ve connected eight minihugs to the HugOne base in my house. All my family members think highly of it.—Chris Hanawalt HugOne will provide maximum protection for your sleep. If you want to get more detailed information, please call the sellers at 1-800-576-1899 or .Style: Sleep Tracking System＋2 Sleep SensorsColour: Blue＋Rose1. How does HugOne effectively work?A. It controls sleep patterns automatically.B. It creates smart systems for a better sleep.C. It collects sleep data through the minihugs.D. It makes a calculation of the data sensors need.2. According to the passage, HugOne can ______.A. adjust temperature, humidity and air quality in bedroomsB. update the sleep cycles by aid of an alarm clock on the appC. record sleep data when there are electronic transmissions in bedD. help users fall asleep and wake up naturally with preferred temperatures3. The passage is made more believable by ______.A. providing statisticsB. drawing a comparisonC. giving a demonstrationD. using recommendationsBOne-year-old Tallulah turned purple and stopped moving after the sweet became stuck in her throat. Her mum Leigh-Anne said the drama began during a visit to her grandma’s house when her grandparents gave her older kids some sweets.“Then at about 4:45 pm, Tallulah started to choke—we all went into a panic.”“It seemed like it went on for ages. Not one of us knew what to do.”“I rang an ambulance while my grandma and granddad tried to get the sweet to come up.”“Tallulah was panicking at first but then she started to go purple—she almost had no oxygen left in her.”With her daughter limp (无力的) and time running out, Leigh—Anne knew she couldn’t afford to wait for the ambulance to arrive.“The only thing I could think was to go out into the street.” She said.“I rushed out and screamed for someone to help while my grandma rushed out crying with Tallulah.”At exactly the moment, Caitlin, who is studying public services atRedcarCollege, was passing byQueen Street. She said, “I was waiting to go to work when I heard someone screaming for help, so I ran straight over.”The 17-year-old girl added, “Something just clicked and I went into auto mode. The little girl was completely limp, so I checked her airways and tilted (使倾斜) her over and started hitting her back. I turned her round and tapped on her chest, then after what felt like forever she coughed up the sweet and spat it out.As soon as she started crying I felt a huge relief. I was just so pleased I was able to help.”Caitlin was taught her lifesaving skills when she joined the Army Cadets four years ago.4. When did Tallulah get choked?A. While eating sweets.B. While enjoying a drama.C. While having a meal.D. While taking some medicine.5. Why did the family go out into the street?A. To buy some needed tools.B. To search for timely help.C. To get a breath of fresh air.D. To wait for the ambulance to arrive.6. Which of the following can best describe Caitlin?A. Brave and selfless.B. Kind and energetic.C. Determined and generous.D. Quick-thinking and helpful.7. What may be the best title for the text?A. First aid skill sounds important.B. Screaming for help makes sense.C. Eating sweets endangers baby girl.D. Heroic teenager saves baby girl’s life.CDolores Huerta has worked hard most of her life to help other people. She has helped change things so that others can have a better life.Dolores grew up in California. She was a good student and liked school. After she finished high school, she went to college and studied to be a teacher. After college, she became a teacher. Dolores noticed that many of her students were not getting enough food to eat. Some of them wore very old clothes. Dolores wondered how she could help them.Dolores liked teaching but she decided to quit her job so that she could spend more time helping her students and their families. One thing she wanted to do was to get more pay for their parents, farm workers. Thus they could buy their children what they needed.Dolores knew that many farm workers moved often from one place to another to help pick different kinds offruits and vegetables, like grapes and tomatoes. She began talking and writing about these workers. Even people who lived far from California read what Dolores wrote. Getting higher pay for the farm workers was not easy. Dolores worked hard to make sure that farm workers got fair pay for their work. She knew that nothing would change unless new laws were made to help the workers. Through all her hard work, new laws were passed that gave farm workers fair pay.Dolores Huerta has worked for more than 30 years in many different ways to make life better for working people. She has shown how much one person can change things.8. What did Dolores find about her students?A. They worked hard to make a living.B. They lived far away from schools.C. They had little time to play.D. They were hungry sometimes.9. Why did Dolores stop teaching?A. She wished to be a lawyer.B. She moved to another place.C. She wanted to help her students more.D. She got little money by teaching.10. Thanks to Dolores’ great effort, the farm workers ________.A. got better jobsB. got fair payC. had more time offD. had a settled way of life11. What is the main idea of the passage?A. One person can make big changes.B. One can change their jobs often.C. One person can work hard for others.D. One can make life better by themselves.DThe far side of the moonis a strange and wild region, quite different from the familiar and mostly smooth face we see nightly from our planet. Soon this rough space will have even stranger features: it will be crowded with radio telescopes.Astronomers are planning to make the moon's distant side our newest and best window on the cosmic(宇宙的) dark ages, a mysterious era hiding early marks of stars and galaxies. Our universe was not always filled with stars. About 380,000 years after the big bang, the universe cooled, and the first atoms of hydrogen formed. Gigantic hydrogen clouds soon filled the universe. But for a few hundred million years, everything remained dark, without stars. Then came the cosmic dawn: the first stars flickered, galaxies came into existence and slowly theuniverse's largescale structure took shape.The seeds of this structure must have been present in the darkage hydrogen clouds, but the era has been impossible toprobeusing optical(光学的) telescopes—there was no light. And although this hydrogen produced longwavelength(or lowfrequency) radio emissions,radio telescopes on Earth have found it nearly impossible to detect them. Our atmosphere either blocks or disturbs these faint signals; those that get through are drowned out by humanity's radio noise.Scientists have dreamed for decades of studying the cosmic dark ages from the moon's far side. Now multiple space agencies plan lunar missions carrying radiowavedetecting instruments—some within the next three years—and astronomers' dreams are set to become reality.“If I were to design an ideal place to do lowfrequency radio astronomy, I would have to build the moon,”says astrophysicist Jack Burns of the University of Colorado Boulder. “We are just now finally getting to the place where we're actually going to be putting these telescopes down on the moon in the next few years.”12. What's the purpose of building radio telescopes on the moon?A To research the big bang. B. To discover unknown stars.C. To study the cosmic dark ages.D. To observe the far side of the moon.13. What does the underlined word “probe” in Paragraph 3 possibly mean?A. Explore.B. Evaluate.C. Produce.D. Predict.14. Hydrogen radio emissions can't be detected on Earth because ________．A. there was no light in the dark agesB. they cannot possibly get through our atmosphereC. gigantic hydrogen clouds no longer fill the universeD. radio signals on Earth cause too much interference15. What can we infer from theunderlined sentence in the last paragraph?A. Scientists have to rebuild the moon.B. We will finally get to the moon's distant side.C. The moon is a perfect place to set up radio telescopes.D. A favorable research environment will be found on the moon.第二节（共5小题；每小题2分，满分10分）阅读下面短文，从短文后的选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
2019-2020学年内蒙古杭锦后旗奋斗中学高三英语下学期期中试题及答案
2019-2020学年内蒙古杭锦后旗奋斗中学高三英语下学期期中试题及答案第一部分阅读（共两节，满分40分）第一节（共15小题；每小题2分，满分30分）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项AThe Fall 2020 Cookbooks Worth Your Time (and Money)Be My GuestFrom Priya Basil, this book is a self-reflection on how food and the act of serving it are used to express love and support. Basil reflects on some of her earliest memories of food and how it affected her upbringing and relationship with her parents. Now a parent herself, she centers food in her book's exploration of that change of identity.EastFrom Guardian columnist Meera Sodha comes a cookbook centered on vegetables. The book features recipes that cover a variety of Asian cuisines. Sodha showcases the diversity of vegetarian cooking with dishes like eggplant larb mushroom bao, Singapore noodles and so much more.I Cook in ColorA follow-up from her first cookbook My Two Souths, Asha Gomez focuses on the rainbow of vegetables to create desserts and cross-cultural dishes that associate cooking traditions of her mother's Keralite kitchen and Gomez's travel experiences.Time to EatIf you're a fan of The Great British Baking Show and Nadiya Hussain's Netflix series, you'll be just as excited for the American release of this book of time-saving tips for home cooks on a budget. It's a book to go to for inspiration that doesn't involve countless hours of sweating over a hot stove.1.What can we learn about the author ofBe My Guest?A.She had a bad relationship with her parents.B.She began to cook food in her early childhood.C.She considers food a means of expressing affection.D.She explores in the book how to be a grandparent.2.What do theEastandI Cook in Colorhave in common?A.They offer recipes about Asian cuisines.B.They center on cooking vegetables.C.They are the author's first cookbooks.D.They are based on the author's travel experiences.3.Which book can you refer toif you just have limited time for cooking?A.Be My Guest.B.East.C.I Cook in Color.D.Time to Eat.BThe far side of the moonis a strange and wild region, quite different from the familiar and mostly smooth face we see nightly from our planet. Soon this rough space will have even stranger features: it will be crowded with radio telescopes.Astronomers are planning to make the moon's distant side our newest and best window on the cosmic(宇宙的) dark ages, a mysterious era hiding early marks of stars and galaxies. Our universe was not always filled with stars. About 380,000 years after the big bang, the universe cooled, and the first atoms of hydrogen formed. Gigantic hydrogen clouds soon filled the universe. But for a few hundred million years, everything remained dark, without stars. Then came the cosmic dawn: the first stars flickered, galaxies came into existence and slowly the universe's largescale structure took shape.The seeds of this structure must have been present in the darkage hydrogen clouds, but the era has been impossible toprobeusing optical(光学的) telescopes—there was no light. And although this hydrogen produced longwavelength(or lowfrequency) radio emissions,radio telescopes on Earth have found it nearly impossible to detect them. Our atmosphere either blocks or disturbs these faint signals; those that get through are drowned out by humanity's radio noise.Scientists have dreamed for decades of studying the cosmic dark ages from the moon's far side. Now multiple space agencies plan lunar missions carrying radiowavedetecting instruments—some within the next three years—and astronomers' dreams are set to become reality.“If I were to design an ideal place to do lowfrequency radio astronomy, I would have to build the moon,”says astrophysicist Jack Burns of the University of Colorado Boulder. “We are just now finally getting to the place where we're actually going to be putting these telescopes down on the moon in the next few years.”4. What's the purpose of building radio telescopes on the moon?A To research the big bang. B. To discover unknown stars.C. To study the cosmic dark ages.D. To observe the far side of the moon.5. What does the underlined word “probe” in Paragraph 3 possibly mean?A. Explore.B. Evaluate.C. Produce.D. Predict.6. Hydrogen radio emissions can't be detected on Earth because ________．A. there was no light in the dark agesB. they cannot possibly get through our atmosphereC. gigantic hydrogen clouds no longer fill the universeD. radio signals on Earth cause too much interference7. What can we infer from theunderlined sentence in the last paragraph?A. Scientists have to rebuild the moon.B. We will finally get to the moon's distant side.C. The moon is a perfect place to set up radio telescopes.D. A favorable research environment will be found on the moon.CThe first patient who died on my watch was an older man with a faulty heart. We tried to slow it down with treatment, but it suddenly stopped beating completely. Later, whenever I would have a case like that one, I found myself second-guessing my clinical management. However, it turns out that thinking twice may actually cause more harm than good.In a working paper, Emory University researchers found that when doctors delivering a baby have a bad result, they are more likely to switch to a different delivery method with the next patient, often unnecessarily and sometimes with worse results.Because doctors make so many decisions that have serious consequences, thefalloutfrom second-guessing appears especially large for us. A 2006 study found that if a patient had a bleed after being prescribed (开药) warfarin, the physician was about 20% less likely to prescribe later patients the blood thinner that prevents strokes (中风). However, if a patient was not on warfarin and had a stroke physicians were still no more likely to prescribe warfarin to their other patients.These findings highlight interesting behavioral patterns in doctors. In the blood-thinner study, doctors weremore affected by the act of doing harm (prescribing a blood thinner that ended up hurting doctors were more affected by the act of doing harm(prescribing a blood thinner that ended up hurting a patient) and less affected by letting harm happen (not prescribing a blood thinner and the patient having a stroke). Yet a stroke is often more permanent and damaging than a bleed.But this phenomenon is not unique to medicine. ''Overreaction to Fearsome Risks'' holds true for broader society.For instance, sensational headlines about shark attacks on humans in Florida in 2001 caused a panic and led the state to prohibit shark-feeding expeditions. Yet shark attacks had actually fallen that year and, according to the study, such a change was probably unnecessary given the extremely small risk of such an attack happening.Humans are likely to be influenced by emotional and often irrational (不理性的) thinking when processing information, bad events and mistakes. As much as we don't want to cause an unfortunate event to happen again, we need to be aware that a worst situation that can be imagined doesn't necessarily mean we did anything wrong. When we overthink, we fail to rely on thinking based on what we know or have experienced. Instead, we may involuntarily overanalyze and come to the wrong conclusion.I have treated dozens of patients who presented with the same illnesses as my first patient, who died more than a year ago. Instead of second-guessing myself, I trusted my clinical instinct (本能) and stayed the course. Every one of those patients survived. You should trust your instinct in your life, too.8. The first two paragraphs suggest that________.A. bad medical outcomes affect doctorsB delivering babies can be difficult workC. some doctors are not very experiencedD. doctors sometimes make silly mistakes9. In the blood-thinner study, doctors________.A. tend to prescribe less effective medicineB. are more concerned about the patients' safetyC. become less confident in writing a prescriptionD. believe a stroke is more treatable than a bleeding10. What does the underlined word ''fallout'' in Paragraph 3 probably mean?A. ResultB. BenefitC. DifferenceD. Absence11. The author will probably agree that________.A. we should not doubt our own decisionsB. our experience will pave way for our futureC. humans are emotional and irrational on the wholeD. instincts don't necessarily lead to wrong directionsDWolves have a certain undeserved reputation: fierce, dangerous, good forhunting down deer and farmers’ livestock. However, wolves have a softer, more social side, one that has been embraced by a heart-warming new initiative.In a bid to save some of Europe’s last wolves, scientists have explored the willingness of these supposedly fierce creatures to help others of their kind. Female wolves, the scientists have discovered, make excellent foster parents to wolf cubs that are not their own. The study, published in Zoo Biology, suggests that captive-bred wolfcubs(幼兽)could be placed with wild wolf families, boosting the wild population.The gray wolf was once the world’s most widely distributed mammal, but it became extinct as a result of widespread habitat destruction and the deliberate killing of wolves suspectedof preying on livestock. Fear and hatred of the wolf have since become culturally rooted, fuelled by myths, fables and stories.In Scandinavia, the gray wolf is endangered, the remaining population found by just five animals. As a result, European wolves are severely inbred and have little geneticvariability（变异性）, making them vulnerable to threats, such as outbreaks of disease that they can’t adapt to quickly. So Inger Scharis and Mats Amundin of Linkoping University, in Sweden, started Europe’s first gray wolf-fostering program. They worked with wolves keptat seven zoos across Scandinavia. Eight wolf cubs between four and six days old were removed from their natural parents and placed with other wolf packs in other zoos. The foster mothers accepted the new cubs placed in their midst.The welfare of the foster cubs and the wolves’ natural behavior were monitored using a system of surveillance cameras. The foster cubs had a similar growth rate as their step siblings in the recipient litter, as well as their biological siblings in the source litter. The foster cubs had a better overall survival rate, with 73% surviving until 33 weeks, than their biological siblings left behind, of which 63% survived. That rate of survival is similar to that seen in wild wolf cubs. Scientists believe that wolves can recognize their young, but this study suggests they can only do so once cubs are somewhere between three to seven weeks of age.If captive-bred cubs can be placed with wild-living families, which already have cubs of a similar age, not only will they have a good chance of survival, but they could help dramatically increase the diversity of the wildpopulation, say the researchers. Just like the wild wolves they would join, these foster cubs would need protection from hunting. Their arrival could help preserve the future of one of nature’s most iconic and polarizing animals.12. What’s the theme of the passage?A. Giving wolf cubs a new lifeB. Foster wolf parents and foster cubsC. The fate of wild wolvesD. Changing diversity of wild wolves13. Which of the following flow chart best demonstrates the relationship between the wolves?A. B.C. D.14. Which of the following statements is true?A. Female wolves are willing to raise wolf cubs of 3 to 7 weeks old.B. Foster cubs are accepted by foster parents and are well bred.C. Man’s hostile attitude towards wolves roots in myths, fables and stories.D. Foster cubs and their biological siblings have similar growth rate and survival rate.15. What’s the purpose of the research?A. To help wolves survive various threatsB. To improve wolves’ habitat and stop deliberate killingC. To save endangered wolves by increasing their populationD. To raise man’s awareness of protecting wolves第二节（共5小题；每小题2分，满分10分）阅读下面短文，从短文后的选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
什么是可控硅（Whatissiliconcontrolledrectifier）
什么是可控硅（What is silicon controlled rectifier）晶闸管又叫可控硅（可控硅整流，可控硅）。
自从20世纪50年代问世以来已经发展成了一个大的家族，它的主要成员有单向晶闸管、双向晶闸管、光控晶闸管、逆导晶闸管、可关断晶闸管、快速晶闸管，等等。
今天大家使用的是单向晶闸管，也就是人们常说的普通晶闸管，它是由四层半导体材料组成的，有三个PN结，对外有三个电极〔图2（一）〕：第一层P型半导体引出的电极叫阳极，第三层P型半导体引出的电极叫控制极G，第四层N型半导体引出的电极叫阴极K.从晶闸管的电路符号〔图2（b）〕可以看到，它和二极管一样是一种单方向导电的器件，关键是多了一个控制极G，这就使它具有与二极管完全不同的工作特性。
可控硅二、晶闸管的主要工作特性为了能够直观地认识晶闸管的工作特性，大家先看这块示教板（图3）。
晶闸管VS与小灯泡EL串联起来，通过开关的接在直流电源上。
注意阳极一是接电源的正极，阴极K接电源的负极，控制极G通过按钮开关某人接在3v直流电源的正极（这里使用的是kp5型晶闸管，若采用KP1型，应接在1.5v直流电源的正极）。
晶闸管与电源的这种连接方式叫做正向连接，也就是说，给晶闸管阳极和控制极所加的都是正向电压。
现在我们合上电源开关，小灯泡不亮，说明晶闸管没有导通；再按一下按钮开关某人，给控制极输入一个触发电压，小灯泡亮了，说明晶闸管导通了。
这个演示实验给了我们什么启发呢？可控硅这个实验告诉我们，要使晶闸管导通，一是在它的阳极一与阴极K之间外加正向电压，二是在它的控制极G与阴极K之间输入一个正向触发电压。
晶闸管导通后，松开按钮开关，去掉触发电压，仍然维持导通状态。
晶闸管的特点：是”一触即发”。
但是，如果阳极或控制极外加的是反向电压，晶闸管就不能导通。
控制极的作用是通过外加正向触发脉冲使晶闸管导通，却不能使它关断。
那么，用什么方法才能使导通的晶闸管关断呢？使导通的晶闸管关断，可以断开阳极电源（图3中的开关S）或使阳极电流小于维持导通的最小值（称为维持电流）。
6第六章1-2枢纽冲突疏解-平面疏解
第六章交通枢纽冲突疏解技术—道路的事例1.1 无信号交叉口类型1.1 无信号交叉口类型There are three basic types•(1)Simple junctions:T-junctions, staggered1.1 无信号交叉口类型 1.1 无信号交叉口类型•(1)Simple junctions:T-junctions, staggeredProviding only one throughlane in each direction so1.1 无信号交叉口类型1.2 无信号交叉口冲突点•Where these merging, diverging 1.2 无信号交叉口冲突点1.2 无信号交叉口冲突点Intersection Types:1.3 交叉口冲突点2.ROUNDABOUTS2. ROUNDABOUTS（环形交叉口）•Roundabout Types方向岛Roundabout Types•标准‘normal’–kerbed central island ≥4m diameter.–flared approaches (usually)•One way circulatory carriageway with a kerbed island 4m or more in diameter.Work best with 3 or 4 entries.Double roundabouts to be considered when number of entries exceeds 4.Mini Roundabouts •Effective in urban areas to increase capacityDouble Roundabouts•To improve staggered junction.Double Roundabouts•Double roundabouts, a simple multipleGrade Separated Roundabouts•A roundabout with at least one entryRing Junction•At entries to very large existing roundabouts.Ring Junctions•A larger junction with four or more arms isThe Problems of Ring Junctions •The large number of conflicts with the associated accident risk and driver awareness problems;Signalized Roundabouts •Traffic signals on one or more of theSiting of Roundabouts •For speed reduction, where:Slope and Intercepts•Related to:Roundabout : Safety•Roundabout : Safety •The Department of Transport COBA program estimates Coefficients for use in accidentestimation modelsxHighest link No.of Roundabout typeRoundabout : Safety•Designing for safety requires:Roundabout : Safety •Additional features can include :Pedestrian Facilities •Where pedestrian crossing points cannot be locatedCyclists Facilities •Cyclists are particularly at risk at roundabouts and。
水流交汇区的水动力学特性数值模拟
水流交汇区的水动力学特性数值模拟刘盛赟;康鹏;李然;魏娟【摘要】为开展水流交汇区污染物浓度分布研究,进行水流交汇区水动力学特性的数值模拟,建立适用于水流交汇区的水气两相流数学模型.模型采用Weber试验数据进行验证,验证结果表明模型模拟的自由水面、流场与试验结果吻合较好.针对交汇区浓度分布试验的研究需要,模拟分析了不同交汇角、流量比和动量比对交汇区水动力学特性的影响.研究结果表明:分离区的范围随交汇角、流量比和动量比的减小而逐渐缩小直至分离区消失,交汇角、流量比和动量比越小,交汇口上游水位的壅高及分离区内水位的下降程度越不明显.%In order to investigate the characteristics of the pollutant concentration distribution at open-channel confluences, a two-phase flow model was developed to reveal the hydrodynamic characteristics of confluence flows. The model was verified with experimental data from Webber. The numerical results were found to agree with the measured free surface profiles and the flow fields. The effects of the junction angle and the discharge ratio on the hydrodynamic characteristics of confluence zone were numerically investigated. The results indicate that the size of the separation zone decreases with decreasing junction angle and discharge ratio and momentum ratio until the separation zone disappears. The smaller the junction angle and the discharge ratio and momentum ratio are, the less evident the degree of the water-level rise upstream of the confluence zone and the water-level decline in the separation zone.【期刊名称】《水利水电科技进展》【年(卷),期】2012(032)004【总页数】6页(P14-18,22)【关键词】水流交汇区;数值模拟;两相流;交汇角;流量比;动量比【作者】刘盛赟;康鹏;李然;魏娟【作者单位】四川大学水力学与山区河流开发保护国家重点试验室,四川成都610065;四川大学水力学与山区河流开发保护国家重点试验室,四川成都610065;四川大学水力学与山区河流开发保护国家重点试验室,四川成都610065;四川大学水力学与山区河流开发保护国家重点试验室,四川成都610065【正文语种】中文【中图分类】TV131.2水流交汇现象在环境工程和水利工程等领域广泛存在。