分词做状语 独立主格 悬垂分词

(1) 相当于原因状语从句 a. Being ill , she didn’t go to school today . = As she is ill , … b. Having seen the film , he didn’t go to the cinema with them . =Because he had seen the film , … (2) 相当于时间状语从句 Turning around (=When she returned around ), she saw an ambulance driving up . (3)表示行为方式，伴随状况或补充说明等。 The students went away , running and laughing.




2.现在分词何时用完成形式？
当分词的动作是由主语发出，而且发生在谓语动 作之前，则用分词的完成形式。 Having finished the class , she went home . =After she finished the class…..

3.现在分词何时用进行被动式？
当分词的动作由主语承受，而且分次的动作与谓语动词 同时发生时 Being criticized by the employer , the new employee hung his head.

分词作状语时，在少数情况下， 其逻辑主 语与句子的主语不一致， 分词用来修饰全 句
Judging from his accent , he seemed to be from Hunan province. = If we judge…



Generally speaking ,every spy has a contact . Considering his age , he was helped by the young fellow.

过去分词与现在分词作状语的区别
pp. 和
v-ing 各有两大特点 1. pp. 表示被动的动作； v-ing 表示主动的动作
2. pp. 表示已经完成的动作；
v-ing 表示正在进行的动作。
过去分词与现在分词作状语的区别
Seeing from the hill , you will find the city looks like a big garden. Seen from the hill , the city looks like a big garden.
Hurrying to the conference room, no one was there. √Hurrying to the conference room ,she saw nobody there.
Returning home after work ,supper was waiting for him in the kitchen. √Returning home from work , he saw supper waiting for him in the kitchen.
分词作状语的基本原则
(1)分词作状语时，分词的逻辑主语必须与句 子的主语保持一致。 Being ill , he didn’t go to school. (2)分词作状语必须和句中主语含有逻辑上的 主谓或动宾关系，否则不能使用分词作状语。 Given much more time , he would do it better.
To look at a map, the importance of this new railway will be seen. √You have only to look at a map to see the importance of this new railway.
What is the Subject?
5.表方式或伴随情况。 作状语表示方式或伴随情况时 ， 过去分词可用并 列句代替。
Moyan stood there , surrounded by many reporters . Moyan stood there and was surrounded by many reporters.
▲过去分词做状语时也可在其前面加上连词when , if , once ,though , unless , as , even if 等，以便明 确作何种状语。
虽然输了， 但我们并没有泄气。 Though beaten (= Though we were beaten ) we were not discouraged. 一旦尝过一次，这道菜的美味就难以让人忘怀。 Once tested (= Once it is tasted ), the dish is hard to forget.
现在分词作状语
现在分词作状语有四种形式 1.一般形式，由动词原形+ing 构成 2.完成形式，由having+ 过去分词 3.进行被动式：由 being +过去分词 4.完成被动式：由having been +过去分词构 成 现在分词的否定式是在一般式和完成式的前 面加 not (never)
Compare
1. Following the old man , we went upstairs. (we followed) 跟着那个老人，我们上去了。

2.Followed by the old man ,we went upstairs. (we were followed ) 被那个老人跟着， 我们上去了。
2.The Right Subject
On entering the classroom , the students stood up and said , “Good morning!” √On entering the classroom ,the teacher was greeted by the students , who stood up and said, “Good morning!” After finishing her composition , the translation exercise was taken up . √After finishing her composition , she took up the translation exercise.

现在分词何时用一般形式？
(1)当分词的动作是由主语发出的，而且和 谓语动词同时发生， 则用分词的一般形式。 He was ill and didn’t attend the meeting. =Being ill , he didn’t attend the meeting. (2) 如果分词表示的是一个极短暂的动作， 这动作一发生，谓语表示的动作立即发生， 也用分词的一般形式。 Hearing the news, they all jumped with joy.
4.现在分词何时用完成的被动式？

当分词表示的动作在谓语所表示的动作之前发生， 且分词表示的动作由主语承受。 Having been praised for his job , Tom worked harder .
现在分词作状语相当于状语从句可表
示时间，原因，方式，伴随情况，结 果或条件等。
The
subject of a sentence should be properly related to the nonfinite verbs （非限定动词）– gerunds (动名词） , participles （分词）or infinitive （不定式） – before it .
2） 过去分词作状语时，过去分词所表示的动作与句子主 语之间构成逻辑上的被动关系。 Given more encouragement, the boy could have behaved better. 如果多给这个孩子一些鼓励，他本来会表现得更好。

3） 部分过去分词来源于系表结构，作状语时不表示 “被动关系”，其前不用being。这样的 过去分词及短语常见的有：lost in（陷入某种状态）、 seated（坐着的）、hidden（躲着）、stationed（驻 扎）、lost/absorbed（沉溺于）、 born in（出身于）、 dressed in（穿着）、tired of（厌烦了）等。 Lost/Absorbed in deep thought, he didn’t hear the sound. 因为沉溺于思考中，所以他没有听到那个声音。 Born in this beautiful town, he hates to leave it. 出生于这 个美丽的小镇，他不愿离开它。
(4)表示结果 a. The old man died , leaving nothing but debts. b.We hurried to school , finding there were no students in the school . (5)表示条件 If playing all day , you will waste your valuable time . (6)独立成分 （插入语） Generally speaking, people all believe what he has said

如果句子的主语和分词是主动关系，用现在 分词。 句子的主语和分词是被动关系，用过去分词。


逻辑关系
现在分词作状语与过去分词作状语的最主要区别 在于：两者与所修饰的主句的主语的逻辑关系的 区别。

1） 现在分词作状语时，现在分词所表示的动作与句子主 语之间构成逻辑上的主动关系。 He went out, shutting the door behind him. 他出去后将门随 手关上。
Attention
注意1. 不是每个状语从句都能用分词替换 只有当分词的逻辑主语是句子的主语时，才 能用分词替换。



We are sitting here , making notes. make 的动作由主语我们 发出 Being scolded by his mother , the boy hung his head . Scold 的动作由the boy 承受
过去分词作状语 过去分词作状语可表示 时间、地点、 原因、条件、让步、伴随等意义。 这种过去分词状语相当于一个时间、 地点、原因、条件、让步等状语从 句。
1.表时间，相当于一个时间状语从句，有时过去 分词前可加连词 when 或 while 来强调时间概念。 如： 从山顶上看，这个城市就像一个大花园。 Seen from the top of the hill , the city looked like a big garden. When it is seen from the top of the hill , …. 2. 表原因，相当于as，since，because引导的原 因状语从句，这类状语多放在句子前半部分。 如： 他们看了那部电影深受感动，都哭了。 Greatly moved by the film, they all cried . As they were greatly moved by the film,….
3.表条件，相当于一个条件状语从句，有时过去 分词前可用if ，unless等词。 如： 再给他一次机会，他会做的更好。 Given another chance , he will do better. = If he is given ,…..
4.表让步，相当于一个though / although /even if 引 导的让步状语从句。 如： 尽管被许多人嘲笑，他还是继续他的研究。 Laughed at by many people , he continued his study.
Attention注意2.如果分词和句子没有逻辑上的主谓关 系， 则不能用单个的分词作状语， 可以用 分词的独立诸葛结构或状语从句
现在分词的独立结构为名词或代词+分
词， 名词或代词是分词的逻辑主语

Time permitting， I’ll call on you this Sunday. He entering the office , a letter was found on the ground.