分词做状语 独立主格 悬垂分词

2） 过去分词作状语时，过去分词所表示的动作与句子主 语之间构成逻辑上的被动关系。 Given more encouragement, the boy could have behaved better. 如果多给这个孩子一些鼓励，他本来会表现得更好。

3） 部分过去分词来源于系表结构，作状语时不表示 “被动关系”，其前不用being。这样的 过去分词及短语常见的有：lost in（陷入某种状态）、 seated（坐着的）、hidden（躲着）、stationed（驻 扎）、lost/absorbed（沉溺于）、 born in（出身于）、 dressed in（穿着）、tired of（厌烦了）等。 Lost/Absorbed in deep thought, he didn’t hear the sound. 因为沉溺于思考中，所以他没有听到那个声音。 Born in this beautiful town, he hates to leave it. 出生于这 个美丽的小镇，他不愿离开它。
3.表条件，相当于一个条件状语从句，有时过去 分词前可用if ，unless等词。 如： 再给他一次机会，他会做的更好。 Given another chance , he will do better. = If he is given ,…..
4.表让步，相当于一个though / although /even if 引 导的让步状语从句。 如： 尽管被许多人嘲笑，他还是继续他的研究。 Laughed at by many people , he continued his study.
5.表方式或伴随情况。 作状语表示方式或伴随情况时 ， 过去分词可用并 列句代替。
Moyan stood there , surrounded by many reporters . Moyan stood there and was surrounded by many reporters.
▲过去分词做状语时也可在其前面加上连词when , if , once ,though , unless , as , even if 等，以便明 确作何种状语。

过去分词与现在分词作状语的区别
pp. 和
v-ing 各有两大特点 1. pp. 表示被动的动作； v-ing 表示主动的动作
2. pp. 表示已经完成的动作；
v-ing Hale Waihona Puke Baidu示正在进行的动作。
过去分词与现在分词作状语的区别
Seeing from the hill , you will find the city looks like a big garden. Seen from the hill , the city looks like a big garden.

现在分词何时用一般形式？
(1)当分词的动作是由主语发出的，而且和 谓语动词同时发生， 则用分词的一般形式。 He was ill and didn’t attend the meeting. =Being ill , he didn’t attend the meeting. (2) 如果分词表示的是一个极短暂的动作， 这动作一发生，谓语表示的动作立即发生， 也用分词的一般形式。 Hearing the news, they all jumped with joy.
(4)表示结果 a. The old man died , leaving nothing but debts. b.We hurried to school , finding there were no students in the school . (5)表示条件 If playing all day , you will waste your valuable time . (6)独立成分 （插入语） Generally speaking, people all believe what he has said
分词作状语的基本原则
(1)分词作状语时，分词的逻辑主语必须与句 子的主语保持一致。 Being ill , he didn’t go to school. (2)分词作状语必须和句中主语含有逻辑上的 主谓或动宾关系，否则不能使用分词作状语。 Given much more time , he would do it better.
(1) 相当于原因状语从句 a. Being ill , she didn’t go to school today . = As she is ill , … b. Having seen the film , he didn’t go to the cinema with them . =Because he had seen the film , … (2) 相当于时间状语从句 Turning around (=When she returned around ), she saw an ambulance driving up . (3)表示行为方式，伴随状况或补充说明等。 The students went away , running and laughing.
2.The Right Subject
On entering the classroom , the students stood up and said , “Good morning!” √On entering the classroom ,the teacher was greeted by the students , who stood up and said, “Good morning!” After finishing her composition , the translation exercise was taken up . √After finishing her composition , she took up the translation exercise.
4.现在分词何时用完成的被动式？

当分词表示的动作在谓语所表示的动作之前发生， 且分词表示的动作由主语承受。 Having been praised for his job , Tom worked harder .
现在分词作状语相当于状语从句可表
示时间，原因，方式，伴随情况，结 果或条件等。

Attention

注意2.如果分词和句子没有逻辑上的主谓关 系， 则不能用单个的分词作状语， 可以用 分词的独立诸葛结构或状语从句
现在分词的独立结构为名词或代词+分
词， 名词或代词是分词的逻辑主语

Time permitting， I’ll call on you this Sunday. He entering the office , a letter was found on the ground.
Attention
注意1. 不是每个状语从句都能用分词替换 只有当分词的逻辑主语是句子的主语时，才 能用分词替换。



We are sitting here , making notes. make 的动作由主语我们 发出 Being scolded by his mother , the boy hung his head . Scold 的动作由the boy 承受
Hurrying to the conference room, no one was there. √Hurrying to the conference room ,she saw nobody there.
Returning home after work ,supper was waiting for him in the kitchen. √Returning home from work , he saw supper waiting for him in the kitchen.
Compare
1. Following the old man , we went upstairs. (we followed) 跟着那个老人，我们上去了。

2.Followed by the old man ,we went upstairs. (we were followed ) 被那个老人跟着， 我们上去了。




2.现在分词何时用完成形式？
当分词的动作是由主语发出，而且发生在谓语动 作之前，则用分词的完成形式。 Having finished the class , she went home . =After she finished the class…..

3.现在分词何时用进行被动式？
当分词的动作由主语承受，而且分次的动作与谓语动词 同时发生时 Being criticized by the employer , the new employee hung his head.
The
subject of a sentence should be properly related to the nonfinite verbs （非限定动词）– gerunds (动名词） , participles （分词）or infinitive （不定式） – before it .
To look at a map, the importance of this new railway will be seen. √You have only to look at a map to see the importance of this new railway.
What is the Subject?
虽然输了， 但我们并没有泄气。 Though beaten (= Though we were beaten ) we were not discouraged. 一旦尝过一次，这道菜的美味就难以让人忘怀。 Once tested (= Once it is tasted ), the dish is hard to forget.
过去分词作状语 过去分词作状语可表示 时间、地点、 原因、条件、让步、伴随等意义。 这种过去分词状语相当于一个时间、 地点、原因、条件、让步等状语从 句。
1.表时间，相当于一个时间状语从句，有时过去 分词前可加连词 when 或 while 来强调时间概念。 如： 从山顶上看，这个城市就像一个大花园。 Seen from the top of the hill , the city looked like a big garden. When it is seen from the top of the hill , …. 2. 表原因，相当于as，since，because引导的原 因状语从句，这类状语多放在句子前半部分。 如： 他们看了那部电影深受感动，都哭了。 Greatly moved by the film, they all cried . As they were greatly moved by the film,….
现在分词作状语
现在分词作状语有四种形式 1.一般形式，由动词原形+ing 构成 2.完成形式，由having+ 过去分词 3.进行被动式：由 being +过去分词 4.完成被动式：由having been +过去分词构 成 现在分词的否定式是在一般式和完成式的前 面加 not (never)

分词作状语时，在少数情况下， 其逻辑主 语与句子的主语不一致， 分词用来修饰全 句
Judging from his accent , he seemed to be from Hunan province. = If we judge…



Generally speaking ,every spy has a contact . Considering his age , he was helped by the young fellow.

如果句子的主语和分词是主动关系，用现在 分词。 句子的主语和分词是被动关系，用过去分词。


逻辑关系
现在分词作状语与过去分词作状语的最主要区别 在于：两者与所修饰的主句的主语的逻辑关系的 区别。

1） 现在分词作状语时，现在分词所表示的动作与句子主 语之间构成逻辑上的主动关系。 He went out, shutting the door behind him. 他出去后将门随 手关上。