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研究生-2014现代分子生物学英语

time
“The active principle …is responsible for the conversion of normal cells to neoplastic cells”
“It may be (1) a metabolic product of the crown-gall bacterium; (2) a normal host constituent that is converted by the bacteria into a tumorinducing substance; (3) a chemical fraction of the bacterial cell that is capable of initiating, as in the case of the transforming substance (DNA) of the pneumococci, a specific alteration in the host cell; or (4) a virus or other agent which is present in association with the crown-gall organism”
Armin C. Braun 1911 - 1986
Gall tissues can grow indefinitely without exogenous phytohormones
1930s – 1950s, numerous studies Auxin CK
High levels of auxin and cytokinin are found in gall tissues
White, P.R. and Braun, A.C. (1941). Crown gall production by bacteria-free tumor tissues. Science. 94: 239-241; Photo from Wood, H.N., and Kelman, A. (1987) Phytopathology 77: 991.

研究生学术英语高原第七单元课文翻译

为什么材料的历史是真正的文化历史？1.每样东西都是由某种东西构成的。

如果把混凝土、玻璃、纺织品、金属和其他材料从我们的生活中拿走，我们就只能赤身裸体，在泥泞的田野里瑟瑟发抖。

我们生活的复杂性在很大程度上是由物质财富赋予的，如果没有我们的文明，我们将很快恢复到动物行为:使我们成为人类的是我们的衣服、我们的家、我们的城市、我们的东西，我们通过我们的习俗和语言赋予这些东西生命。

如果你去过灾区，这一点就会变得非常明显。

然而，物质世界不仅仅是我们技术和文化的展示，它是我们的一部分，我们发明它，我们创造它，它造就了我们。

2.材料的根本重要性从各个文明时代的命名——石器时代、铁器时代和青铜时代——就可以清楚地看出，每个新时代都由一种新材料带来。

钢铁是维多利亚时代的主要材料，工程师们可以充分发挥他们的梦想，建造悬索桥、铁路、蒸汽机和客轮。

Isambard Kingdom Brunel 将其作为改造世界的宣言，并播下现代主义的种子。

20世纪常被誉为硅的时代，在材料科学取得突破后，迎来了硅芯片和信息革命。

然而,其他新材料的万花筒也彻底改变了现代生活。

建筑师将大量生产的平板玻璃与结构钢结合在一起，建造摩天大楼，从而发明了一种新型的城市生活。

塑料改变了我们的家庭和衣着。

聚合物被用来制造电影胶片，并引入了一种新的视觉文化——电影。

铝合金和镍高温合金的发展使我们能够廉价飞行，并加速了文化的碰撞。

医疗陶瓷和牙科陶瓷让我们得以重建自我，重新定义残疾和衰老——正如“整形手术”一词所暗示的那样，材料往往是修复我们的功能(髋关节置换)或增强我们的特征(隆胸硅胶植入物)的新疗法的关键。

3.我对材料的痴迷始于青少年时期。

我对他们的默默无闻感到困惑，尽管他们就在我们身边。

有多少人能看出铝和钢的区别?木头之间明显不同，但有多少人能说出原因?塑料是混杂的;谁知道聚乙烯和聚丙烯的区别?最终，我进入牛津大学(Oxford University)材料科学系攻读学位，接着攻读喷气发动机合金博士学位，现在是伦敦大学学院(University College London)材料与社会教授和制造研究所(Institute of Making)主任。

SCI收录的有关老年医学的各国杂志刊名

S S C C I I ——老老年年医医学学——0088中中国国核核心心期期刊刊——0088Sci 文章2021年ssci 收录老年医学学科期刊27种如下〔Social Sciences Citation In dex – Gerontology 〕：注：★为sci 、Ssci 共同收录期刊1. Ageing & Society ?老年与社会?美国BimonthlyIssn: 0144-686xCambridge Univ Press, 32 Avenue Of The Americas, New York, Usa, Ny, 10013-24732. Aging & Mental Health ?衰老与心理XX?英国★BimonthlyIssn: 1360-7863Routledge Journals, Taylor & Francis Ltd, 4 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, England, Oxfordshire, Ox14 4rn3. American Journal Of Geriatric Psychiatry ?美国老年精神病学杂志?美国★BimonthlyIssn: 1064-7481Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 530 Walnut St, Philadelphia, Usa, Pa, 19106-36214. Australasian Journal On Ageing ?澳大利西亚衰老研究杂志?英国★ QuarterlyIssn: 1440-6381Blackwell Publishing, 9600 Garsington Rd, Oxford, England, Oxon, Ox4 2dq5. Canadian Journal On Aging-Revue Canadienne Du Vieillissement ?加拿大衰老研究杂志?加拿大QuarterlyIssn: 0714-9808Canadian Assoc Gerontology-Assoc Canadienne De Gerontologie, 100-824 Meath St, Ottawa, Canada, On K1z 6e86. Educational Gerontology ?老年医学教育?美国MonthlyIssn: 0360-1277Taylor & Francis Inc, 325 Chestnut St, Suite 800, Philadelphia, Usa, Pa, 191067. European Journal Of Ageing ?欧洲老年学杂志?美国QuarterlyIssn: 1613-9372Springer, 233 Spring Street, New York, Usa, Ny, 100138. Generations-Journal Of The American Society On Aging ?世代：美国老年研究会志?美国QuarterlyIssn: 0738-7806Amer Soc Aging, 833 Market St, Ste 511, San Francisco, Usa, Ca, 94103 -18249. Geriatric Nursing ?老年病护理?美国★BimonthlyIssn: 0197-4572Mosby-Elsevier, 360 Park Avenue South, New York, Usa, Ny, 10010-171010. Geriatrics & Gerontology International ?国际老年病学与老年学?英国★QuarterlyIssn: 1444-1586Blackwell Publishing, 9600 Garsington Rd, Oxford, England, Oxon, Ox4 2dq11. Gerontologist ?老年病学家?美国BimonthlyIssn: 0016-9013Gerontological Soc Amer, 1030 15th St Nw, Ste 250, Washington, Usa, D c, 20005202-842ap12. International Journal Of Aging & Human Development ?国际衰老与人体发育杂志?美国BimonthlyIssn: 0091-4150Baywood Publ Co Inc, 26 Austin Ave, Po Box 337, Amityville, Usa, Ny, 1170113. International Journal Of Geriatric Psychiatry?国际老年精神病学杂志?英国★MonthlyIssn: 0885-6230John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, England, W Sussex, Po19 8sq14. International Psychogeriatrics ?国际老年精神病学?美国★QuarterlyIssn: 1041-6102Cambridge Univ Press, 32 Avenue Of The Americas, New York, Usa, Ny, 1 0013-247315. Journal Of Aging And Health ?老年与保健杂志?美国QuarterlyIssn: 0898-2643Sage Publications Inc, 2455 Teller Rd, Thousand Oaks, Usa, Ca, 9132016. Journal Of Aging And Physical Activity ?老化与体力活动杂志?美国★QuarterlyIssn: 1063-8652Human Kinetics Publ Inc, 1607 N Market St, Po Box 5076, Champaign, Us a, Il, 61820-220017. Journal Of Aging Studies ?衰老研究杂志?美国QuarterlyIssn: 0890-4065Elsevier Science Inc, 360 Park Ave South, New York, Usa, Ny, 10010-17 1018. Journal Of Applied Gerontology ?应用老年学杂志?美国QuarterlyIssn: 0733-4648Sage Publications Inc, 2455 Teller Rd, Thousand Oaks, Usa, Ca, 9132019. Journal Of Gerontological Nursing ?老年病护理杂志?美国★MonthlyIssn: 0098-9134Slack Inc, 6900 Grove Rd, Thorofare, Usa, Nj, 0808620. Journal Of The American Geriatrics Society ?美国老年病学会志?英国★MonthlyIssn: 0002-8614Blackwell Publishing, 9600 Garsington Rd, Oxford, England, Oxon, Ox4 2dq21. Journal Of Women & Aging ?妇女与老年杂志?美国QuarterlyIssn: 0895-2841Haworth Press Inc, 10 Alice St, Binghamton, Usa, Ny, 13904-158022. Journals Of Gerontology Series A-Biological Sciences And Medical Sciences ?老年病学杂志，A辑：生物科学和医学?美国★BimonthlyIssn: 1079-5006Gerontological Soc Amer, 1030 15th St Nw, Ste 250, Washington, Usa, D c, 20005202-842ap23. Journals Of Gerontology Series B-Psychological Sciences And Socia l Sciences ?老年病学杂志，B辑：心理学和社会科学?美国★BimonthlyIssn: 1079-5014Gerontological Soc Amer, 1030 15th St Nw, Ste 250, Washington, Usa, D c, 20005202-842ap24. Psychology And Aging ?心理学与衰老?美国QuarterlyIssn: 0882-7974Amer Psychological Assoc, 750 First St Ne, Washington, Usa, Dc, 20002 -424225. Research On Aging ?老年研究?美国BimonthlyIssn: 0164-0275Sage Publications Inc, 2455 Teller Rd, Thousand Oaks, Usa, Ca, 9132026. Topics In Geriatric Rehabilitation ?老年病康复论题?美国QuarterlyIssn: 0882-7524Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 530 Walnut St, Philadelphia, Usa, Pa, 19106-362127. Zeitschrift Fur Gerontologie Und Geriatrie ?老年医学和老年病学杂志?德国★BimonthlyIssn: 0948-6704Dr Dietrich Steinkopff Verlag, Po Box 10 04 62, Darmstadt, Germany, D -642042021年医学核心期刊2021版医学核心期刊佚名来源：本站原创更新时间：2021年05月24 【字体：大中小】2021版医学核心期刊R 综合性医药卫生类核心期刊1 XX大学学报.医学版〔白求恩医科大学学报〕2 XX大学学报.医学版〔XX医科大学学报〕3 XX大学学报.医学版〔华西医科大学学报〕4 XX医科大学学报.自然科学版5 XX交通大学学报〔医学版〕6 XX交通大学学报.医学版〔XX医科大学学报〕7 XX大学学报.医学科学版〔XX医科大学学报〕8 大学学报.医学版9 XX第二医科大学学报10 华中科技大学学报.医学版〔同济医科大学学报〕11 中南大学学报.医学版〔XX医科大学学报〕12 南方医科大学学报〔第一军医大学学报〕13 第二军医大学学报14 第三军医大学学报15 第四军医大学学报16 中国医科大学学报17 中国医学科学院学报18 解放军医学杂志19 军事医学科学院院刊20 XX医学21 XX医药22 XX医药23 XX医药24 中华医学杂志25 XX大学学报.医学版〔XX医科大学学报〕26 XX大学学报.医学版〔XX医学院学报〕27 XX医科大学学报28 复旦学报.医学版29 XX医科大学学报30 XX医学31 医学与哲学.人文社会医学版32 中国现代医学杂志新增核心期刊：33 XX大学学报.医学版34 实用医学杂志35 XX医学36 XX医科大学学报37 XX大学学报.医学版38 首都医科大学学报末被录入08核心期刊： XX医科大学学报医学 XX医学杂志军医进修学院学报新医学R1 预防医学,卫生学类核心期刊1 环境与XX杂志2 生殖与避孕3 环境与职业医学〔劳动医学〕4 卫生研究5 营养学报6 中国工业医学杂志7 中国公共卫生8 中国卫生统计9 中国学校卫生10 中华劳动卫生职业病杂志11 中华流行病学杂志12 中华医院感染学杂志13 中华医院管理杂志14 中华预防医学杂志15 工业卫生与职业病16 中国职业医学17 中国方案生育学杂志18 现代预防医学19 中国妇幼保健新增核心期刊：21 国外医学：卫生学分册22 中国卫生经济23 毒理学杂志24 中国食品卫生杂志25 中国慢性病预防与控制26 中国血吸虫病防治杂志27 中国卫生事业管理末被录入08核心期刊：中国消毒学杂志卫生毒理学杂志中国人兽共患病杂志中国辐射卫生辐射防护中国媒介生物学及控制杂志中国医院管理R2 中国医学1 中医药大学学报2 中草药3 中成药4 中国针炙5 中国中西医结合杂志6 中国中药杂志7 中药材8 中医杂志9 中国中医根底医学杂志10 中药药理与临床11 中国医药学报〔中华中医药杂志〕12 XX中医杂志13 新中药14 时珍国医国药新增核心期刊：15 针刺研究16 中药新药与临床药理17 XX中医药大学学报18 中国实验方剂学杂志19 中国中西医结合急救杂志20 中国天然药物末被录入08核心期刊： XX中医药杂志XX中医XX中医XX中医药〔XX中医〕R3 根底医学1 解剖学报2 解剖学杂志3 生理学报4 中国寄生虫学与寄生虫病杂志5 中国临床解剖学杂志6 中国病理生理杂志7 中国免疫学杂志8 中国人兽共患病学报9 中国生物医学工程学报10 中国应用生理学杂志11 中华实验和临床病毒学杂志12 中华微生物学和免疫学杂志13 中华病理学杂志14 病毒学报15 根底医学与临床16 免疫学杂志17 细胞与分子免疫学杂志18 神经解剖学杂志20 生物医学工程学杂志21 中华医学遗传学杂志22 中国心理卫生杂志新增核心期刊：23 国际生物医学工程杂志〔国外医学.生物医学工程分册〕24 国际免疫学杂志〔国外医学.免疫学分册〕23 现代免疫学末被录入08核心期刊：生物化学与生物物理进展生物化学与生物物理学报中国生物化学与分子生物学报 XX免疫学杂志生理科学进展中国微循环R4 临床医学/特种医学1 临床检验杂志2 中国超声医学杂志3 中华护理杂志4 护士进修杂志5 中国急救医学6 中华检验医学杂志7 中华物理医学与康复杂志8 中国康复医学杂志9 中国组织工程研究与临床康复〔中国临床康复〕10 临床与实验病理学杂志11 中国医学影像技术12 中国危重病急救医学13 中国临床医学影像杂志新增核心期刊：14 中华超声影像学杂志15 检验医学16 中华急诊医学杂志17 中国全科医学 18 中国实用护理杂志19 中国医学影像学杂志20 中国输血杂志21 中国实验诊断学末被录入08核心期刊： XX医学检验杂志中华理疗杂志中国疼痛医学杂志中国综合临床中国临床医学R5 内科学1 临床心血管病杂志2 中华传染病杂志3 中华结核和呼吸杂志4 中华内科杂志5 中华肾脏病杂志6 中华消化杂志7 中华心血管病杂志8 中华血液学杂志9 中华老年医学杂志10 中国老年学杂志11 中华内分泌代谢杂志12 中国循环杂志13 中国实用内科杂志14 中华肝脏病杂志15 中国地方病学杂志16 中华医院感染学杂志17 世界华人消化杂志18 中华高血压杂志〔高血压杂志〕19 中国内镜杂志20 中国糖尿病杂志〔中华糖尿病杂志〕21 中华老年心脑血管病杂志新增核心期刊：22 中华风湿病学杂志23 中华消化内镜杂志24 中国动脉硬化杂志25 中国心脏起搏与心电生理杂志26 肠外与肠内营养末被录入08核心期刊：临床荟萃中国地方病防治杂志R6 外科学1 中国实用外科杂志2 中华创伤杂志3 中华骨科杂志4 中华麻醉学杂志5 中华泌尿外科杂志6 中华普通外科杂志7 中华器官移植杂志8 中华神经外科杂志9 中华实验外科杂志10 中华外科杂志11 中华显微外科杂志12 中华胸心血管外科杂志13 中华整形外科杂志14 中华烧伤杂志15 中国矫形外科杂志16 中国修复重建外科杂志17 中华手外科杂志新增核心期刊：18 中国脊柱脊髓杂志19 中国普通外科杂志20 肾脏病与透析肾移植杂志21 中华肝胆外科杂志22 临床沁泌尿外科杂志23 临床麻醉学杂志24 中华胃肠外科杂志25 中国微侵袭神经外科杂志26 中华男科学杂志R71 妇产科学含方案生育1 实用妇产科杂志2 中国实用妇科与产科杂志3 中华妇产科杂志4 现代妇产科进展R72 儿科学1 临床儿科杂志2 实用儿科临床杂志3 中国实用儿科杂志4 中华儿科杂志5 中华小儿外科杂志新增核心期刊：6 中国当代儿科杂志R73 肿瘤学1 癌症2 肿瘤3 中国肿瘤临床4 中华放射肿瘤学杂志5 中华肿瘤杂志6 肿瘤防治研究新增核心期刊：7 中国肿瘤生物治疗杂志8 中国癌症杂志9 实用肿瘤杂志R74 神经病学与精神病学1 中风与神经疾病杂志2 中国神经精神疾病杂志3 中华精神科杂志4 中华神经科杂志5 临床神经病学杂志新增核心期刊：6 中国行为医学科学7 国际脑血管病杂志〔国外医学：脑血管疾病分册〕8 中华神经医学杂志R75 皮肤病学与性病学1 临床皮肤科杂志2 中国皮肤性病学杂志3 中华皮肤科杂志R76 耳鼻咽喉科学1 中华耳鼻咽喉头颈外科杂志2 临床耳鼻咽喉头颈外科杂志3 中国耳鼻咽喉头颈外科新增核心期刊：4 听力学及言语疾病杂志R77 眼科学1 眼科研究3 中国实用眼科杂志2 中华眼科杂志4 中华眼底病杂志新增核心期刊：5 眼科新进展末被录入08核心期刊：眼外伤职业眼病杂志R78 口腔科学1 华西口腔医学杂志2 实用口腔医学杂志3 中华口腔医学杂志新增核心期刊：4 牙体牙髓牙周病学杂志5 口腔医学研究末被录入08核心期刊：现代口腔医学杂志R8 特种医学1 中华放射学杂志2 中华核医学杂志3 临床放射学杂志4 中华放射医学与防护杂志5 实用放射学杂志6 航天医学与医学工程7 中国运动医学杂志新增核心期刊：8 中国医学计算机成像杂志9 放射学实践10 介入放射学杂志末被录入08核心期刊：解放军预防医学杂志R9 药学1 药物分析杂志2 药学学报3 中国抗生素杂志4 中国临床药理学杂志5 中国新药杂志6 中国药科大学学报7 中国药理学通报8 中国药理学与毒理学杂志9 中国药学杂志10 中国医药工业杂志11 中国医院药学杂志12 中国现代应用药学13 中国新药与临床杂志14 中国药房15 华西药学杂志16 XX药科大学学报新增核心期刊：17 中国生化药物杂志。

考研英语双语阅读《亚马逊太大了》

考研英语双语阅读《亚马逊太大了》Grocery shopping may never be the same, said Davey Alba at Wired. Amazon took a giant leap forward in its quest to bee the "Everything Store" last week with its $13.7 billion, all-cash acquisition of Whole Foods. The deal, Amazon’sbig gest ever, isn’t necessarily a surprise. Amazon "has been trying to crack the food delivery business for a decade." But while the online retailer has arguably perfected the art of putting dry goods on customers’ doorsteps, it has struggled to do the same with fresh food. That could change quickly now that Amazon has aess to Whole Foods’ sprawling supply chain, as well as its 431 stores — most of them in wealthy areas — which could soon double as pickup points for online orders.Davey Alba在 Wired上说：食品杂货店可能永远不会相同。

上周，亚马逊向前迈进了一大步，以137亿美元的现金收购了全食超市，从而成为了“百货商店”。

睡眠补充剂被证明对治疗睡眠障碍非常有效英语阅读材料

InsomniaAn innovative sleep company called Nothing But Sleep has recently launched a new sleep supplement to the US marketcalled Sleep Now.This groundbreaking new sleepsupplement is helping suﬀers ofinsomnia and other sleepdisorders, get the best nights sleepthey have ever had!Sleep Now has been designed to be a long lasting sustainable and healthy solution to getting better quality sleep for suﬀerers as it doesn't contain anydrugs or prescription medication.Sleep Now has been carefullyformulated using sixteen of the mostpotent sleep inducing herbs whichwork with your body's own sleepsystem.In early testing, sleep suﬀerers who tried Sleep Now found it helped them to get to sleep faster, stay asleep for longer, increased the amount of REM sleep they got.This resulted in eliminating brain fogso concentration improved, helped tominimise crankiness and moodswings during the day, and stoppedthe mid afternoon dips in energy.In the US alone it is estimated that between 50 to 70 million people chronically suﬀer from some sort of sleep disorder, with insomnia being the most common of all the sleep disorders.Studies have shown that 80% of pregnantwomen experience insomnia duringpregnancy, 83% of people who suﬀer fromdepression and nearly 50% of adults overthe age of 60 also experience symptoms ofinsomnia.Studies have proven that ongoing sleep issues and sleep deprivation can cause and lead to serious health issues suchas depression, mood swings...also anxiety, heart disease, heart attack,stroke, high blood pressure, weight gain,obesity, diabetes, weakened immunity,memory issues, concentration and focus,premature ageing, poor balance and lowergeneral everyday cognitive functioning.So not getting good quality restorative sleep each night WILL have a lasting and damaging impact on your long term health.People who will beneﬁt from taking SleepNow include anyone who ﬁnds it hard tofall asleep quickly or who struggles to stayasleep all night long, adults suﬀering frominsomnia and other sleep disorders.。

美国经济大萧条全英文

government intervenes to economy Keynesian['keinziən]
national macroeconomic adjust and control economic nationalism—tariffs Totalitarianism(极端主义)-Nazi Party 卍 Adolf Hitler&Benito Mussolini贝尼托·墨索里尼，
This study suggests that theories of the Great Depression have to explain an initial severe decline but rapid recovery in productivity, relatively little change in the capital stock, and a prolonged depression in the labor force.
Recent work from a neoclassical perspective focuses on the decline in productivity that caused the initial decline in output and a prolonged recovery due to policies that affected the labor market.
Demand-driven Keynesian Breakdown of international trade Debt deflation Monetarist New classical approach Austrian School Inequality Productivity shock

新标准大学英语综合教程第二单元课文参考译文

《新标准大学英语综合教程》第二单元课文参考译文Active Reading 1第一只牡蛎“来，尝尝这个，这个好吃，”我父亲一边说一边在我的鼻子前晃动着一只牡蛎。

我皱起眉头，说：“我不吃，我不喜欢吃这个。

”“胡说，你没尝过怎么知道不喜欢吃。

” 他跟我论理，“把它放进嘴里，品尝一下大西洋的味道。

”我觉得他说得对，可是有时候有些东西你只要看一眼就知道喜不喜欢。

坦率地说，我觉得牡蛎看起来挺恶心的。

这座饭店坐落在法国一个著名的海滨旅游胜地。

这时侍者不仅端上了一瓶放在冰篮子里的白葡萄酒，还端上一客份量极大的海鲜——螃蟹、对虾、大龙虾及各种贝类，都堆在一起。

我母亲正忙着购物，于是我父亲就决定带我——他十岁的儿子——去吃午饭。

他要让我体验生命里一个重要的事件，一件对我父亲来说与成年一样重要的事：我的第一只牡蛎。

世界上第一个吃牡蛎的男人到底是怎么想的呢？我说“男人”是因为女人肯定不会这么傻吧？“唷，我有点饿了，我们来瞧瞧这个石坑……嗯，我觉得它看起来挺好吃的！”好像不太可能。

父亲的话听起来更像是男生式的挑战。

“来，你尝尝这只牡蛎，我来尝尝这块油滋滋的咸肉三明治，让我们看看谁玩得更开心！”外面，天空灰蒙蒙的，海面上刮来一阵强风。

天气看起来和我的心情一样阴郁。

没有希望，只感觉饿，只担心失去纯真，因为我意识到这第一只牡蛎我今天得非吃不可了。

“我能吃炸鱼和薯条吗？”我满怀希望地问。

我突然觉得想家，想吃我最爱吃的饭菜。

“当然不行！他们这儿没有炸鱼和薯条，只有这地方最上等的海鲜，在这方圆几英里之内你找不到更好的海鲜了。

”他边回答边给自己又倒了一杯酒。

“好啦，别抱怨了，就给我尝一只牡蛎，然后你就可以吃些好吃的、顺口的东西，比如对虾加黄油面包，” 他提议说。

吃了这么长时间的饭，他的话里第一次有了妥协的意思。

但是，尽管清晰地感觉到了他的妥协——只有一个十岁的男孩才有这样的感觉，我仍然明白这妥协包含着吃掉那只牡蛎，那只放在我父亲的盘子边上的牡蛎。

Rochem公司介绍

ROCHEM公司介绍The ROCHEM Group has a worldwide presence with manufacturing and distribution assets strategically located in the major geographical markets of Europe, Asia and America. Through these resources, ROCHEM Group designs and manufactures proprietary and patented membrane-based equipment at the highest of quality standards. Their sales and service network provides a broad presence throughout the globe to ensure successful distribution and after sales support. The ROCHEM group of companies was founded in 1973. Its vision was to serve the needs of marine customers in the marine chemical and maintenance field in all major ports worldwide. ROCHEM eventually established offices in 55 countries – initially for marine clients then for industrial applications.ROCHEM集团拥有一个世界范围内的生产和销售团队，主要是欧洲、亚洲和美国海外市场。

通过这些资源, ROCHEM集团的设计、制造、专利机械设备可以达到最高的质量标准。

欧洲术后镇痛指南

PostoperativePain Management –Good Clinical PracticeGeneral recommendationsand principles forsuccessful pain managementProduced in consultation with theEuropean Society of Regional Anaesthesiaand Pain TherapyPostoperativePain Management –Good Clinical PracticeGeneral recommendationsand principles forsuccessful pain managementProduced in consultation with theEuropean Society of Regional Anaesthesiaand Pain TherapyContents ContentsContents11. Introduction and objectives1 Although the choice of drugs shown here is indicative, adjustments will be required to take account ofindividual patient variation and are the responsibility of the prescribing physician.Effective postoperative pain management has a humanitarian role, but there are additional medical and economic benefits for rapid recovery and discharge from hospital. A number of factors contribute to effective postoperative pain management including a structured acute pain management team, patient education, regular staff training, use of balanced analgesia, regular pain assessment using specificassessment tools and adjustment of strategies to meet the needs of special patient groups, such as children and the elderly.Recent advances in pain control provide greater potential for effective postoperative management. This document reflects the opinions of a panel of European anaesthesiologists. Its aims are to raise awareness of recent advances in pain control and to provide advice on how toachieve effective postoperative analgesia. The recommendations and advice are general principles of pain management and do not provide detailed advice for specific surgical procedures.1Effective pain management is now an integral part of modern surgical practice. Postoperative pain management not only minimises patient suffering but also can reduce morbidity and facilitate rapid recovery and early discharge from hospital (see section 8, page 33), which can reduce hospital costs.23Pain is a personal, subjective experience that involves sensory,emotional and behavioural factors associated with actual or potentialtissue injury. What patients tell us about their pain can be very revealing,and an understanding of how the nervous system responds and adaptsto pain in the short and long term is essential if we are to make sense ofpatients’ experiences. The wide area of discomfort surrounding awound, or even a wound that has healed long ago, such as anamputation stump, is a natural consequence of the plasticity of thenervous system. An understanding of the physiological basis of pain ishelpful to the sufferer, and the professionals who have to provideappropriate treatment.According to the International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP),pain is defined as"An unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated withactual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of suchdamage."(IASP 1979)There is individual variation in response to pain, which is influenced bygenetic makeup, cultural background, age and gender. Certain patientpopulations are at risk of inadequate pain control and require specialattention. These include:G Paediatric patientsG Geriatric patientsG Patients with difficulty in communicating (due to critical illness,cognitive impairment or language barriers)Postoperative pain can be divided into acute pain and chronic pain:G Acute pain is experienced immediately after surgery (up to 7 days)G Pain which lasts more than 3 months after the injury is considered tobe chronic pain3. Physiology of pain 2. Goals of pain treatmentAcute and chronic pain can arise from cutaneous, deep somatic orvisceral structures. Surgery is typically followed by acute pain and correct identification of the type of pain enables selection of appropriate effective treatment. The type of pain may be somatic (arising from skin, muscle, bone), visceral (arising from organs within the chest and abdomen), or neuropathic (caused by damage or dysfunction in the nervous system). Patients often experience more than one type of pain.3.a. Positive role of painAcute pain plays a useful "positive" physiological role by:G Providing a warning of tissue damageG Inducing immobilisation to allow appropriate healing3.b. Negative effects of painShort term negative effects of acute pain include:G Emotional and physical suffering for the patientG Sleep disturbance(with negative impact on mood and mobilisation)G Cardiovascular side effects(such as hypertension and tachycardia)G Increased oxygen consumption(with negative impact in the case of coronary artery disease)G Impaired bowel movement(while opioids induce constipation or nausea, untreated pain mayalso be an important cause of impaired bowel movement or PONV*)G Negative effects on respiratory function(leading to atelectasis, retention of secretions and pneumonia)G Delays mobilisation and promotes thromboembolism(postoperative pain on mobilisation is one of the major causes fordelayed mobilisation)Long term negative effects of acute pain:G Severe acute pain is a risk factor for the development of chronicpain1G There is a risk of behavioural changes in children for a prolongedperiod (up to 1 year) after surgical painThere are two major mechanisms in the physiology of pain:G Nociceptive (sensory):Inflammatory pain due to chemical,mechanical and thermal stimuli at the nociceptors (nerves thatrespond to painful stimuli).G Neuropathic:Pain due to neural damage in peripheral nervesor within the central nervous system.During normal physiology, pain sensations are elicited by activity in unmyelinated (C-) and thinly myelinated (Ad-) primary afferent neurons that synapse with neurons is the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. Sensory information is then relayed to the thalamus and brainstem.Repetitive activation of C- nociceptive receptors produces alterations in central as well as peripheral nervous systems.3.c. The mechanism of peripheral pain sensitisationNormally, C- fibres (slow-conducting fibres that transmit dull aching pain) are silent in the absence of stimulation, but following acute tissue injury in the presence of ongoing pathophysiology, these nociceptors become sensitised and release a complex mix of pain and inflammatory mediators leading to pain sensations (Figure 1, page 6).1Several investigations into chronic pain have concluded that 20% to 50% of all patients with chronic pain syndromes started with acute pain following trauma or surgery, but the role of effective pain treatment in preventing this risk is not clear.* PONV = Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting.Figure 1.Mechanism of peripheral sensitisation3.d. The mechanism of central sensitisationThe responses in the CNS are primarily physiological. Centralsensitisation is a physiological process and, only if there is continual firing of C-nociceptors over time, will these processes leads to more chronic pain syndromes.Sustained or repetitive C-nociceptor activity produces alterations in the response of the central nervous system to inputs from the periphery.When identical noxious stimuli are repeatedly applied to the skin at a certain rate, there is a progressive build-up in the response of spinalcord dorsal horn neurons (known as ‘wind up’). This allows the size of the dorsal horn neuron’s receptive field to grow (Figure 2). This process,called central sensitisation, occurs with any tissue damage. As with sensitisation of primary afferent nociceptors, this sensitisation of central pain transmission is a normal physiological response of the undamaged nervous system.Figure 2.Pain mediatorsGUnexpected intense pain, particularly if associated with altered vital signs, (hypotension, tachycardia, or fever), is immediately evaluated. New diagnoses, such as wound dehiscence, infection, or deep venous thrombosis, should be considered.GImmediate pain relief without asking for a pain rating is given to patients in obvious pain who are not sufficiently focused to use a pain rating scale.GFamily members are involved when appropriate.4.a. Specific tools for pain assessmentSpecific pain assessment scales are used to quantify pain. The use of one scale within a hospital ensures that everyone in the team "speaks the same language"regarding the intensity of pain. The patient's own report is the most useful tool. The intensity of pain should therefore be assessed as far as possible by the patient as long as he/she is able tocommunicate and express what pain feels like. Always listen to and believe what the patient says.A number of different patient self-assessment scales are available (Figure 3, page 12):A. Facial expressions: a pictogram of six faces with differentexpressions from smiling or happy through to tearful. This scale is suitable for patients where communication is a problem, such as children, elderly patients, confused patients or patients who do not speak the local language.B. Verbal rating scale (VRS): the patient is asked to rate their pain on a five-point scale as "none, mild, moderate, severe or very severe".Assessment of pain is a vital element in effective postoperative pain management. The principles of successful pain assessment are shown in Table 1.44. Assessment of pain4G The treatment strategy to be continued is discussed by the physician responsible for the patient in conjunction with the ward nurses.GThe physician and nurses pay attention to the effects and side effects of the pain treatment.C. Numerical rating scale (NRS): This consists of a simple 0 to 5 or 0 to 10 scale which correlates to no pain at zero and worst possible pain at 5 (or 10). The patient is asked to rate his/her pain intensity as a number.D. Visual analogue scale (VAS): This consists of an ungraduated,straight 100 mm line marked at one end with the term " no pain" and at the other end "the worst possible pain". The patient makes a cross on the line at the point that best approximates to their pain intensity.The VRS and NRS are the most frequently used assessment tools in the clinical setting while the VAS scale is primarily used as a research tool.4.b. Selection of suitable assessment tool (Figure 3, page 12):When selecting a pain assessment tool ensure that:GIt is appropriate for the patient's developmental, physical, emotional, and cognitive statusGIt meets the needs of both the patient and the pain management team4.c. DocumentationDocument pain regularly, take appropriate action and monitor efficacy and side effects of treatment. Record the information in a well-defined place in the patient record, such as the vital sign sheet or a purpose-designed acute pain chart.GThe nurse responsible for the patient reports the intensity of pain and treats the pain within the defined rules of the local guidelines. GThe physician responsible for the patient may need to modify theintervention if evaluation shows that the patient still has significant pain.44Faces painassessmentscale(Fig A) Patientable to communicatewell ?VRS painassessmentscale(Fig B)NRSassessmentscale(Fig C)VASassessmentscale(Fig D) NoYesChoice of assessment tool12Fig A. Alternatecoding Fig B.Fig C. Fig D.G Select a pain assessment tool, and teach the patient to use it.Determine the level of pain above which adjustment of analgesia or other interventions will be considered.G Provide the patient with education and information about pain control.GEmphasise the importance of a factual report of pain, avoiding stoicism or exaggeration.The "Patient Information Project" is a useful source of information for patients who require information about anaesthesia and postoperative pain management. This is a joint project between the Royal College of Anaesthetists and the Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland, together with patient representative groups. The website is:Patients are unlikely to be aware of postoperative pain treatment techniques and as the success of pain relief is influenced by theirknowledge and beliefs, it is helpful to give patients (and parents in case of children) detailed information about postoperative pain and pain treatment. Adequate information gives the patient realistic expectations of the care that can be provided (pain relief, not a "pain free status"). This information can include:G The importance of treating postoperative pain G Available methods of pain treatment G Pain assessment routinesG Goals (optimum pain scoring) (see section 2, page 2)GThe patient's participation in the treatment of painInformation for the patient can be given in different ways (in combination):G Verbal informationGWritten and/or audiovisual information -Brochures -Wall posters -Video films -Web pagesA preoperative discussion with the patient and relatives can include the following:GDiscuss the patient's previous experiences with pain and preferences for pain assessment and management.GGive the patient information about pain management therapies that are available and the rationale underlying their use.GDevelop with the patient a plan for pain assessment and management.141555. Patient education51716Effective treatment of postoperative pain includes a number of factors,including good nursing, non-pharmacological techniques, such as distraction, and balanced (multimodal) analgesia to provide adequate pain relief with optimal drug combinations used at the lowest effective doses.6.a. Pharmacological methods of pain treatment 1Postoperative pain management should be step-wise and balanced (Figure 4, page 18). The four main groups of analgesic drugs used for postoperative pain management are shown in Table 2 opposite, with examples of drugs listed in each group.6.a.i. Balanced (multimodal) analgesiaBalanced (multimodal) analgesia uses two or more analgesic agents that act by different mechanisms to achieve a superior analgesic effect without increasing adverse events compared with increased doses of single agents. For example, epidural opioids can be administered in combination with epidural local anaesthetics; intravenous opioids can be administered in combination with NSAIDs, which have a dose sparing effect for systemically administered opioids.Balanced analgesia is therefore the method of choice wherever possible,based on paracetamol and NSAIDs for low intensity pain with opioid analgesics and/or local analgesia techniques being used for moderate and high intensity pain as indicated (Figure 4, page 18).66. Treatment optionsTable 2Pharmacological options of pain managementNon-opioid analgesicsParacetamolNSAIDs, including COX-2 inhibitors*Gabapentin, pregabalin 2Weak opioidsCodeine TramadolParacetamol combined with codeine or tramadol Strong opioidsMorphine Diamorphine Pethidine Piritramide Oxycodone Adjuvants**Ketamine Clonidine* At the time of writing, COX-2 inhibitor drugs are subject to scrutiny by international regulatory bodies with regard to adverse outcomes when used for long-term oralprescription or for pain relief in patients with cardiovascular problems such as myocardial infarction, angina pectoris, hypertension. Rofecoxib has been withdrawn fromsales and prescription of valdecoxib has been suspended pending further research into its adverse events profile for cardiovascular morbidity and the occurrence of severemuco-cutaneous side effects. The injectable COX-2 inhibitor, parecoxib remains available for short-term use in treating postoperative pain. All NSAIDs should be used with care in patients with cardiovascular disease.** These adjuvants are not recommended for routine use in acute pain management because of their adverse side effects. Their use should be restricted to specialists in managing pain problems.62Gabapentin and pregabalin are approved for pain management but at the time of writing there is little published data to recommend the use of these drugs for acute pain management.1The example doses given are indicative and do not take account of individual patient variation.196.a.ii. Opioids 1Severeintensity painFor example:ThoracotomyUpper abdominal surgery Aortic surgery Knee replacementModerateintensity painFor example:Hip replacement Hysterectomy Jaw surgeryMildintensity painFor example:Inguinal hernia VaricesLaparoscopy(i) Paracetamol and wound infiltration with local anaesthetic (ii) NSAIDs (unless contraindicated) and(iii) Regional block analgesiaAdd weak opioid or rescue analgesia with small increments of intravenous strong opioid if necessary(i) Paracetamol and wound infiltration withlocal anaesthetic (ii) NSAIDs (unless contraindicated) and (iii) Peripheral nerve block(single shot or continuous infusion) or opioid injection (IV PCA)(i) Paracetamol and woundinfiltration with local anaesthetic (ii) NSAIDs (unlesscontraindicated) and (iii) Epidural local analgesia ormajor peripheral nerve or plexus block or opioid injection (IV PCA)1 The examples given here represent levels of pain commonly experienced and are subject to individual variation and contra-indications may apply.Figure 4Treatment options in relation to magnitude of postoperative pain expected following different types of surgery 1Table 3Morphine and weak opioidsMorphine Administration(i) Intravenous.(ii) Subcutaneous by continuous infusion or intermittent boluses via indwelling cannula.(iii) Intramuscular (not recommended due to incidence of pain. 5-10 mg 3-4 hourly).Dosage:IV PCABolus: 1-2 mg, lockout: 5-15 min (usually 7-8 min),no background infusion.Subcutaneous0.1-0.15 mg/kg 4-6 hourly, adapted in relation to pain score, sedation and respiratory rate.Monitoring Pain score, sedation, respiratory rate, side mentsSide effects such as nausea, vomiting, sedation and apnoea.No other opioid or sedative drug should be administered.18continued overleaf1 The doses and routes of administration of drugs described above are general examples and each patient should beassessed individually before prescribing.2120 6.a.iii. Non-opioids 1Table 5Combination of codeine + paracetamolAdministration Oral.DosageParacetamol 500 mg + codeine 30 mg. 4 x 1 g paracetamol/day.Monitoring Pain score, sedation, side effects.CommentsAnalgesic action is likely to be due to conversion to morphine. A small number of patients derive no benefit due to absence of the converting enzyme.NV = nausea and vomitingTramadol Administration(i) Intravenous: inject slowly (risk of high incidence of NV).(ii) Intramuscular.(iii) Oral administration as soon as possible.Dosage 50-100 mg 6 hourly.Monitoring Pain score, sedation, respiratory rate, side mentsTramadol reduces serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake and is a weak opioid agonist.In analgesic efficiency, 100 mg tramadol is equivalent to 5-15 mg morphine.Sedative drugs can have an additive effect.Table 4ParacetamolAdministration(i) Intravenous: Start 30 min before the end of surgery.(ii) Oral administration as soon as possible.Duration: as long as required.Dosage4 x 1 g paracetamol/day (2 g propacetamol/day).Dose to be reduced (e.g. 3 x 1 g/day) in case of hepatic insufficiency.Monitoring Pain scores.CommentsShould be combined with NSAID and/or opioids or loco-regional analgesia for moderate to severe pain.1 The doses and routes of administration of drugs described above are general examples and each patient should beassessed individually before prescribing.1 The doses and routes of administration of drugs described above are generally examples and each patient should be assessed individually before prescribing.Table 3 (continued)Codeine Administration OralDosage3 mg/kg/day combined with paracetamol.A minimum of 30 mg codeine/tablet is required.Monitoring Pain score, sedation, side effects.CommentsAnalgesic action is likely to be due to conversion to morphine. A small number of patients derive no benefit due to absence of the converting enzyme.6.a.iv. AdjuvantsIn addition to systemic administration of NSAIDs or paracetamol, weak opioids and non-opioid analgesic drugs may be administered "on request" for moderate or severe pain. These include ketamine and clonidine. Clonidine can be administered orally, intravenously orperineurally in combination with local anaesthetics. However, the side effects could be significant. The most important ones are hypotension and sedation. Ketamine can be administered via oral, intramuscular or intravenous routes. It has also significant side effects.6.a.v. Regional analgesiaContinuous Central Neuraxis Blockade (CCNB)CCNB is one of the most effective forms of postoperative analgesia, but it is also one of the most invasive. However, CCNB remains the first choice for a number of indications, such as abdominal, thoracic, and major orthopaedic surgery, where adequate pain relief cannot be achieved with other analgesia techniques NB can be achieved via two routes:G Continuous epidural analgesia - the recommended first choice GContinuous spinal analgesia - should be limited to selected cases only, as there is less experience with this techniquePostoperative epidural analgesia is usually accomplished with acombination of a long-acting local anaesthetic and an opioid, in dilute concentrations. Long-acting local anaesthetics are preferred because they are associated with less tachyphylaxis. Maintenance techniques in epidural analgesia include:GContinuous Infusion (CI): An easy technique that requires littleintervention. The cumulative dose of local anaesthetic is likely to be higher and side effects are more likely than with the other two techniques.2322Table 6NSAIDs 1Administration(i) Intravenous: administration should start at least 30-60 min before end of surgery.(ii) Oral administration should start as soon as possible.Duration: 3-5 days.Dosage examples(i) Conventional NSAIDs include:ketorolac: 3 x 30-40 mg/day (only IV form)diclofenac: 2 x 75 mg/day ketoprofen: 4 x 50 mg/day (ii) Selective NSAIDs include:meloxicam 15 mg once dailyCOX-2 inhibitors are now licensed for postoperative pain management. They are as efficient as ketorolac but reduce GI side effects. Examples include: parecoxib: 40 mg followed by 1-2 x 40 mg/day (IV form) or celecoxib: 200 mg/day. However, there is some debate due to cardiovascular risks in patients witharteriosclerosis. *See note below Table 2, page 17MonitoringPain scores.Renal function in patients with renal or cardiac disease, elderly patients, or patients with episodes of severe hypotension. Gastrointestinal side effects. Non-selective NSAIDs would be combined with proton inhibitors (i.e. omeprasol) in patients at risk of gastrointestinal side effects.CommentsCan be added to the pre-medication.Can be used in association with paracetamol and/or opioids or local regional analgesia for moderate to severe pain.1 The doses and routes of administration of drugs described above are general examples and each patient should beassessed individually before prescribing.2524Continuous Peripheral Nerve Blockade (CPNB)Continuous peripheral nerve blocks are being increasingly used since they may provide more selective but still excellent postoperative analgesia with reduced need for opioids over an extended period.Peripheral nerve blocks (PNBs) avoid the side effects associated with central neuraxial blockade, such as hypotension and wide motorblockade with reduced mobility and proprioception, and complications such as epidural haematoma, epidural abscess and paraparesis.After major orthopaedic lower limb surgery, clinical studies showperipheral nerve blocks are as effective as epidural and that both are better than IV opioids. Examples of drugs and dosages for use in continuous peripheral analgesia are shown in Table 8.Table 8Examples of local anaesthetics and doses in continuous peripheral nerve analgesiaG Intermittent Top-up: Results in benefits due to frequent patient/staff contact but can produce a high staff workload and patients may have to wait for treatment.GPatient-Controlled Epidural Analgesia (PCEA): This technique produces high patient satisfaction and reduced dose requirements compared with CI. However, sophisticated pumps are required and accurate catheter position is important for optimal efficacy.Examples of drugs and dosages for use in continuous epidural analgesia are shown in Table 7.Table 7Examples of local anaesthetics and opioids and doses in epidural analgesia 1LocalRopivacaineSufentanil 0.5-1 µg/ml anaesthetics/opioids0.2% (2 mg/ml) or orFentanyl 2-4 µg/mlLevobupivacaine or Bupivacaine0.1-0.2% (1-2 mg/ml)Dosage for continuous 6-12 ml/hinfusion (thoracic or lumbar level)Dosage for patient Background: 4-6 ml/h controlled infusion Bolus dose: 2 ml (2-4 ml)(lumbar or thoracic)2Minimum lockout interval 10 min (10-30 min)Recommended maximum hourly dose (bolus + background): 12 ml1 The tip of the catheter should be placed as close as possible to the surgical dermatomes: T6-T10 for majorintra-abdominal surgery, and L2-L4 for lower limb surgery.2 There are many possible variations in local anaesthetic/opioid concentration yielding good results, the examples givenhere should be taken as a guideline; higher concentrations than the ones mentioned here are sometimes required but cannot be recommended as a routine for postoperative pain relief.Site of catheterLocal anaesthetics and dosage*Ropivacaine 0.2%Bupivacaine 0.1-0.125%Levobupivacaine 0.1-0.2%Interscalene5-9 ml/h Infraclavicular 5-9 ml/h Axillary 5-10 ml/h Femoral 7-10 ml/h Popliteal3-7 ml/h*Sometimes, higher concentrations are required in individual patients. As a standard, starting with a low concentration/dose is recommended to avoid sensory loss or motor block.2726Patient Controlled Regional Analgesia (PCRA) can be used to maintain peripheral nerve block. A low basal infusion rate (e.g. 3-5 ml/h)associated with small PCA boluses (e.g. 2.5-5 ml - lockout: 30-60 min) is the preferred technique.Infiltration blocksPain relief may be achieved by infiltration of the wound with localanaesthetic. The technique is easy to perform by the surgeon at the time of surgery. The efficacy and duration of analgesia depend on the length of the wound and the type of local anaesthetic used (Table 9).The advantages and disadvantages of various techniques of regional analgesia are shown in Table 10.Table 9Local anaesthetic infiltrationLocal anaestheticVolumeAdditivesIntraarticular instillation Knee arthroscopy0.75% Ropivacaine 20 ml Morphine 1-2 mg 0.5% Bupivacaine20 ml Morphine 1-2 mgShoulder arthroscopy 0.75% Ropivacaine10-20 mlIntraperitoneal instillation Gynaecological 0.75% Ropivacaine 20 ml Cholecystectomy 0.25% Ropivacaine40-60 mlWound infiltration Inguinal hernia0.25-0.5% Ropivacaine 30-40 ml 0.25-0.5% Levobupi*30-40 ml0.25-0.5% Bupivacaine Up to 30 mlTable 10Advantages of different techniques of regional analgesiaAdvantagesDisadvantagesContinuous Very effective.Motor block and urinary Epiduralretention may develop Analgesia (CEA)Much experience.or persist depending on the concentrations used.Differential block withDrugs used must have motor sparing is possible.low risk of systemic toxicity and produce as little motor Excellent postoperative block as possible.pain control over an extended period.Requires regular clinical monitoring on surgical Useful for rehabilitation wards or ICU.and physiotherapy.There are no universal Reduces the quantity of guidelines for monitoring.opioid analgesics needed.May mask a haematoma or abscess resulting in damage to spinal nerves.continued overleafThyroid surgery0.25-0.5% Ropivacaine 10-20 ml 0.25-0.5% Levobupi*10-20 ml0.25-0.5% Bupivacaine Up to 20 mlPerianal surgery0.25-0.5% Ropivacaine 30-40 ml 0.25-0.5% Levobupi*30-40 ml0.25-0.5% Bupivacaine Up to 30 mlcontinued opposite* Levobupi = Levobupivacaine.* Levobupi = Levobupivacaine.Please consult the manufacturer’s full prescribing information before use.。

制药工程专业英语课文翻译

Unit 1 Production of DrugsAbout 5000 antibiotics have already been isolated from microorganisms，but of these only somewhat fewer than 100 are in therapeutic use. It must be remembered，however，that many derivatives have been modified by partial synthesis for therapeutic use;some 50，000 agents have been semisynthetically obtained from户lactams alone in the last decade. Fermentations are carried out in stainless steel fermentors with volumes up to 400 m3. To avoid contamination of the microorganisms with phages etc. the whole process has to be performed under sterile conditions. Since the more important fermentations occur exclusively under aerobic conditions a good supply of oxygen or air(sterile)is needed. Carbon dioxide sources include carbohydrates，e. g. molasses，saccharides，and glucose. Additionally the microorganisms must be supplied in the growth medium with nitrogen-containing compounds such as ammonium sulfate，ammonia，or urea，as well as with inorganic phosphates. Furthermore，constant optimal pH and temperature are required. In the case of penicillin G，the fermentation is finished after 200 hours，and the cell mass is separated by filtration. The desired active agents are isolated from the filtrate by absorption or extraction processes. The cell mass，if not the desired product，can be further used as an animal feedstuff owing to its high protein content.关于5000抗生素已经分离出的微生物，但其中只有不到100有些治疗使用。

床头灯英语1000词读物

床头灯英语1000词读物英文回答：Bedside lamps provide both functionality and aesthetics to the bedroom. They illuminate the space for reading, working, or simply creating a cozy ambiance. The right bedside lamp can enhance the overall design of a bedroom, adding style, warmth, and a personal touch. Here's a comprehensive guide to bedside lamps in 1000 words:Types of Bedside Lamps:Table Lamps: These are placed on nightstands or bedside tables and typically feature a base and a shade. They come in various styles, from classic to modern, and provide ample illumination.Wall-Mounted Sconces: Mounted directly on the wall above or beside the bed, sconces are a space-saving option. They often emit a more diffused and ambient light.Plug-In Wall Lamps: Similar to sconces but with a plug, these lamps can be easily installed without any wiring.They offer convenience and flexibility.Floor Lamps: Placed on the floor next to the bed,these lamps provide height and a wider distribution oflight. Some floor lamps incorporate a reading light for targeted illumination.Choosing the Right Bedside Lamp:Size and Scale: Consider the size of your nightstand and the height of the bed when choosing a bedside lamp. The lamp should be proportionate to the furniture and not overwhelm the space.Style and Aesthetics: The lamp's design should complement the overall décor of the bedroom. Choose astyle that matches the existing furniture, color scheme,and personal preferences.Light Brightness: Determine the desired brightness level based on your bedtime routine. Some prefer a dim and relaxing light for reading, while others may need brighter illumination for tasks.Functionality: Consider additional features such as adjustable height, dimmers, and USB ports for charging devices. Select a lamp that meets your specific needs.Placement and Positioning:Height: The lamp should be at eye level when seated or lying in bed. This provides optimal reading comfort and prevents neck strain.Distance from the Bed: The lamp should be close enough to the bed for easy reach but far enough away to avoid creating glare or shadows.Symmetry: Using two matching bedside lamps creates a balanced and cohesive look. Place them equidistant from the bed for a harmonious symmetry.Bulb Options:Incandescent: Traditional incandescent bulbs provide a warm and inviting glow but are less energy-efficient.Compact Fluorescent (CFL): CFL bulbs consume less energy and last longer than incandescent bulbs but may emit a cooler light.Light-Emitting Diode (LED): LED bulbs are highly energy-efficient and offer a wide range of color temperatures, allowing you to customize the ambiance.Decorative Accents:Lamp Shades: Lamp shades can create various lighting effects and enhance the overall look of the lamp. Choose a shade that complements the lamp's design and diffuses light as desired.Bases: The base of the lamp can be a decorativeelement in itself. Consider bases made of ceramic, metal, glass, or wood to add visual interest and texture.Accessories: Personalize your bedside lamp with small decorative accessories, such as figurines, books, or plants. These items add a touch of character and create a cozy and inviting atmosphere.中文回答：床头灯类型：台灯，放置在床头柜或床头桌上，通常具有底座和灯罩。

床上物品购买协议书

床上物品购买协议书英文回答：Bedding Item Purchase Agreement.I recently purchased a new set of bedding items, including a mattress, pillows, and bed sheets. In this agreement, I will outline the terms and conditions of the purchase.Firstly, the mattress I purchased is a queen-size memory foam mattress. It provides excellent support and comfort, allowing me to have a good night's sleep. The memory foam contours to my body, relieving pressure points and reducing tossing and turning during the night. This mattress is perfect for individuals who prefer a medium-firm sleeping surface.Next, let's talk about the pillows. I chose a set of two memory foam pillows. These pillows are designed toprovide optimal neck and head support. They are hypoallergenic and have a removable and washable cover, making them easy to maintain. The memory foam material allows the pillows to mold to the shape of my head,providing personalized support and ensuring a comfortable sleep.In addition to the mattress and pillows, I also purchased a set of high-quality bed sheets. The sheets are made of 100% cotton, which is soft, breathable, and durable. The thread count of the sheets is 400, ensuring a luxurious and comfortable feel. The fitted sheet has deep pockets, allowing it to fit securely on the mattress withoutslipping off. The sheets are also machine washable and easy to care for.Overall, I am extremely satisfied with my purchase of the bedding items. They have greatly improved the qualityof my sleep and provided me with the comfort I was looking for. The memory foam mattress, pillows, and cotton bed sheets have exceeded my expectations in terms of bothquality and comfort.中文回答：床上物品购买协议书。

高质量睡眠床作文

高质量睡眠床作文英文回答：A high-quality sleep bed is essential for a goodnight's sleep. A comfortable and supportive mattress can make a significant difference in the quality of your sleep. When it comes to choosing a high-quality sleep bed, there are a few key factors to consider.First and foremost, it's important to consider thelevel of support the mattress provides. A good mattress should offer proper spinal alignment and support for your body. This can help reduce aches and pains and promote better sleep quality. Look for a mattress that is designed to distribute body weight evenly and relieve pressure points.In addition to support, the material of the mattress is also crucial. High-quality mattresses are often made from memory foam, latex, or hybrid materials. Memory foammattresses contour to the shape of your body, providing personalized support and comfort. Latex mattresses are known for their durability and natural resistance to allergens. Hybrid mattresses combine the benefits of different materials, such as memory foam and innerspring coils, to provide both support and comfort.Furthermore, the breathability and temperature regulation of the mattress should be taken into consideration. A mattress that allows for airflow and wicks away moisture can help keep you cool and comfortable throughout the night. This is particularly important for those who tend to sleep hot or live in warmer climates.Lastly, consider the overall durability and longevity of the mattress. A high-quality sleep bed should be able to withstand regular use and maintain its support and comfort over time. Look for mattresses with strong warranties and positive customer reviews to ensure that you're investingin a long-lasting product.In conclusion, a high-quality sleep bed is a worthwhileinvestment in your overall health and well-being. By considering factors such as support, materials, breathability, and durability, you can find a mattress that meets your specific needs and provides you with the restful sleep you deserve.中文回答：高质量的睡眠床对于一个良好的睡眠至关重要。

Law Label

Law Label什么是Law Label?Law Label诞生于19世纪初期，其应用旨在告知消费者在床上用品和软体家具里面“看不见”的填料成分，英文叫做“Stuffed/Filling Materials”. 它是一张具有法律效力的标签固定在产品上，用来描述床垫，软体家具和软填充物如枕头，抱枕，毛绒玩具等的布料和填料成分/比例。

除非是消费者自身行为，否则该标签在流通，销售过程中不得在产品上移除。

法规要求目前美国的32个州和加拿大的魁北克省，安大略省，马尼托巴省都强制规定床上用品和软体家具必须张贴Law Label，但每个州/省对管辖的产品和Law Label的要求不尽相同。

所以，如果需要申请多个州/省的law label 和注册登记，无论是费用或时间以及对操作人员的要求都是一个严峻的挑战。

为此，塞德斯威Satisfy提供一站式服务，一次申请，产品可满足多个州的要求。

Law Label管辖产品：注意：上述列表仅为Law Label管辖的常见产品，如果您的产品不在列表中，并不代表其不需要满足Law Label 要求，欢迎联系我们进一步确认，我们会咨询相关州的官方意见。

什么是Uniform Registry Number (URN)?Uniform Registry Number (URN)统一注册码，当某个州要求床上用品或软体家具产品需要注册时，URN就是由该州政府的相关部门颁布的注册码。

另外，当申请多个州的Law Label时，需要用同一个注册码，换言之，如果贵司在某个州获取了URN，那么在其他州申请注册时，需要用同一个URN，不得另外申请。

其中红色字体的州要求生产商和代理商都需要注册登记。

备注：上述列表仅供参考，如有变动我们会立即更新。

* 适用于翻新产品。

奇速英语中考英语阅读题：两个塑料垃圾箱制成“睡眠舱”,英国千万富翁新发明雷翻众人

https:///news/10897747/multi-millionaire-sleep-pod-homeless-wheelie-bins/两个塑料垃圾箱制成“睡眠舱”，英国百万富翁新发明雷翻众人题材体裁难度词汇建议用时实际用时正确率年级社会记叙文★★★277 7分钟初三英国百万富翁为流浪者发明垃圾桶“睡眠舱”引争议Peter Dawe believed his strange invention could be popular and help rough sleepers all over the world. The design — two bins joined together at the lid hinge, was laughed at on social media. But the man, from Ely, Cambridgeshire, now plans to make a YouTube video showing people how to create their own pod, which he says it cost just £100.Mr Dawe made millions of money after founding Unipalm, the UK's first commercial Internet provider. He said he came up with the idea to build the homeless pods after trying to create an electric car out of bins. "I saw the rough sleepers complaining their living conditions," said Dawe. "It is very bad to lie on the street in a sleeping bag." The inventor said that building the homeless pod was as easy as screwing two bins together. He said, "In fact, it’s really safe and dry."But people have criticized Mr Dawe, saying that asking homeless people to sleep in his invention is demeaning, which looks like two bins that have been knocked over. Stewart Graeme said, “Shipping containers for the homeless are a great idea. I don't know whether to laugh in doubt or cry.” While Matthew Taylor said, "This is possibly one of the worst and most demeaning inventions that I've ever seen. Remember that you could buy a cheap tent for that price and it might actually work to sleep in." But Dawe said, "Hopefully they will like it, and more rough sleepers will have a good night." Whether or not his invention catches on, the need for a way to the problem of rough sleeping is clear.1. Peter Dawe is NOT a(n) ________.A.designerB.inventorC.engineerD.businessmanC细节理解题。

家纺床上用品外贸英语资料大全

家纺床上用品外贸英语资料大全product产品home textil家纺bedding 床上用品quilt 被子comforter胖被duvet cove被套quilt cover 被套comforter shell被壳sheet set床单套flat sheet床单套fitted sheet 床垫套pillowcase 西式枕（美)sham 中式枕（美）housewife pillowcase西式枕（英）oxford pillowcase中式枕（英）university 大学bedskirt床裙petti skirt床裙（加拿大）mattress床垫(toss) pillow 靠垫/抱枕cushion cover 靠垫壳breakfast cushion 早餐枕bumper床帷子table cloth台布placemat 盘垫runner长条doily杯垫oval椭圆的oblong长方的square正方的round圆的kitchen厨房oven mitt微波炉手套pot holder锅垫hotpot火锅window 窗window treatment 窗上用品panel大窗帘drapery大窗帘tieback绑带tier小窗帘valance帘头swag三角帘scafac窗幔＊scot valance倒三角帘shade遮光帘blind遮光帘Accessory附件trimming饰边tassel 吊苏fringe排苏button扣子stud暗扣zipper拉链thread线rayon人丝线metallic thread金属线tape带子ribbon丝带，缎带lace蕾丝，花边cord线绳twist粗绳elastics松紧带sequin亮片bead 珠子label标签care label水洗标sewn-in label水洗标woven label织标printed label印刷标签*＊**＊ sticker不干胶纸帖law label法律标barcode条形码carton label箱帖carton纸箱swing tag 吊牌hang tag吊牌master carton外箱inner carton内箱vinyl bag PVC袋handle 提手gusset加高folding board垫板insert 彩卡package包装casepack装箱数shipping mark唛头main mark主唛side mark 侧唛container集装箱seal number封号dimension尺寸measurement尺寸design 设计designer设计者style风格description描述ricrac水浪带association协会store 商店department store 百货公司speciality store专卖店discount store折扣店supermarket 超市chain store连锁店importer进口商exporter出口商vendor卖主，供应商agency代理商manufacturer制造商，厂商supplier供货方factory工厂mill工厂retailer零售商江苏诺维斯家用纺织品有有限公司位于南通叠石桥，是我国古代著名纺织家张骞的故乡。

双语：新型“鸵鸟枕”让你随时随地想睡就睡

New 'ostrich pillow' offers respite from jet lagThe Ostrich Pillow is a new portable device that its inventors say will “enable power naps anytime,anywhere.”A company claims to have found the ideal product to help travellers counter the ill effects of jet lag and long-haul flights.The Ostrich Pillow is a new portable device that its inventors say will “enable power naps anytime, anywhere,” including in airport lounges and on planes.Stuffed with synthetic material –“for maximum performance and lightness”, according to its inventors – the distinctive-looking pillow has a hole in which to put your head, and a mouth hole designed to allow its wearer to breathe easily. It also has two side holes where you can store your hands – if napping at a table in a library, for example.The concept was developed by Kawamura-Ganjavian, an architecture and design studio with offices in Madrid and Lausanne.Among other products, the company has also been responsible for developing the “ear shell” (a “sound enhancing device” that is attached to the ear), and a solar plug for charging portable computers.The Ostrich Pillow has been described on the technology web site CNET as like “a giant garden squash gone soft”, while another reviewer for the Digital Trends website wrote: “We can only wonder how the pillow holds up on sweat and heat retention”.Its creators argue that it genuinely works, saying: “We have tried it in airports, trains, aeroplanes, libraries, at the office, on a sofa and even on the floor and it’s really wonderful.”The Ostrich Pillow will go into production if its fundraising targets are met. The company is currently trying to collect $70,000 on Kickstarter, a funding website for creative business ideas. The tally of pledges so far is slightly more than $35,000 with 23 days remaining.因为倒时差和长途飞行困倦不已？一家公司最新发明的“鸵鸟枕”成为帮助长途旅行者的理想产品。

CARDIOCARECirculation

C A RD I O C AREirculationExecutive CommitteePeter B. Raven, PhD Director James L. Caffrey, PhD Associate DirectorDan Dimitrijevich, PhD Division of Cell & Tissue Engineering H. Fred Downey, PhD Division of Cardiac Hemodynamics A. H. O-Yurvati, DO Clinical Research &EducationMichael L. Smith, PhDCenter for Sleep ResearchAdvisory BoardJim EagleTrammell Crow Fort Worth, T exas Joan HenryGlaxo Wellcome Fort Worth, T exas Bob Lanier, MD Fort Worth, T exas Jere Mitchell, MD UT Southwestern Medical Center Dallas, Texas John MorrisJASAO Corporation Abilene, Texas A.H. O-Yurvati, DO Cardiovascular &Thoracic Surgery Fort Worth, T exasEditorial StaffSondra England EditorCARDIO CARE is a publi-cation of the Cardiovas-cular Research Institute at the University of North Texas Health Science Center at Fort rmation contained in this publication is educa-tional only and is not intended to replace proper medical evalua-tion. If you have specific medical questions con-cerning your personal health, please contact your family physician.CARDIOVASCULAR RESEARCH INSTITUTE • UNT HEALTH SCIENCE CENTER AT FORT WORTH • VOLUME 1, NUMBER 3 • SEPTEMBER 2000irculation CCThe Heart...the beginning of circulationdelivered and the waste collected, the blood continues through the capillaries, which come together to form venules, which increase in size to form veins, which carry the deoxygen-ated blood back to the heart. Arriving back at the heart, blood cells pass through the lungs in much the same way as they travel through the body, except that in the lungs, carbon dioxide is exchanged for oxygen and the cycle begins again.As adults, we have about 100,000miles of blood vessels in our bodies! This 100,000 miles of vessels are generally made up of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules and veins.Arteries, Capillaries, and VeinsArteries, pressure vessels, are strong enough to withstand the force of the contrac-tion and expansion of the left ventricle. To accomplish this, arteries have a middle layer that is muscular æexpanding and contractingto accommodate the flow of blood circulation.Capillaries are very thin. So thin that red blood cells flow through single file. Blood needs the thin walls to allow the exchange ofoxygen and carbon dioxide. Once this ex-change is made, the blood continues through the capillaries into the veins.Veins are quite similar to arteries, except that theyq transport blood at a lower pressure, and qrather than transporting oxygen richblood, veins transport blood filled with waste (carbon dioxide)irculation of blood through the body begins when the left ventricle of theheart contracts, pumping blood into the aorta through the aortic valve. The aorta, the main artery of the body, leaves the heart as one artery and quickly branches into smaller arteries which continue to branch into even smaller arteries as the blood travels. The smallest of the arteries are called arterioles.Arterioles connect to capillaries. It is within the capillaries where oxygen is ex-changed for waste (normally in the form of carbon dioxide). Once the oxygen has been2 C ARDIO C AREArteriolesCapillariesStructure of the Circulatory SystemHow Blood MovesJust as there are two sides of the heart,there are two “parts” to the circulatory system: arterial, which carries blood rich with oxygen away from the heart and venous,which carries blood with carbon dioxide (waste) back to the heart. To deliver the oxygenated (arterial) blood to our tissues,pressure from the left ventricle keeps it moving through the arteries. However, on the venous side æthe “return” side, circulation depends on the contraction of skeletal muscles to squeeze the veins, thereby pushing the deoxygenated blood forward to complete the cycle. Just as there are one-way valves in the heart to control the flow of blood, there are venous valves in veins that keep blood constantly moving toward the heart.How does blockage occur?Arteries and veins become restricted due to cholesterol deposits. Low-density lipoprotein (LDL), referred to as “bad” cholesterol, binds with oxygen molecules and deposits as soft layers of oxidized cholesterol on the walls of arteries and veins. As the cholesterol collects,it eventually hardens into plaque. The im-mune system sees plaque as an injury and releases macrophages, a form of white blood cells. Macrophages try to remove the plaque,but in the process also become attached causing a further inflammation. In response to this increased threat, the immune system sends out additional white blood cells and causes the liver to produce blood clotting factors. Eventually, the vein or artery becomes calcified and loses elasticity (known as arthrosclerosis) and the flow of blood becomes restricted.C ARDIO C ARE 3Circulation continued from page 1cornea. Currently, Dr. Dimitrijevich is working on construction of a human vascular tissue equivalent – an artery.A human vascular tissue equivalent is composed of a matrix containing collagen that is densely populated with vascular smooth muscle cells. This tissue will be lined with human artery cells on one side and a collagen gel containing a sparse population of human dermal fibroblasts on the other side. In some cases, it would be possible for the human artery to be constructed using the patient’s own cells.The application for this technology would include every one of the bypass surgeries performed every year, plus many other uses invessel replacement therapy.How Blood MovesC ARDIOVASCULAR R ESEARCH I NSTITUTE3500 Camp Bowie Boulevard Fort Worth, Texas 76107-2699An EEO/Affirmative Action InstitutionGlossary of Terms used in this issue:in vitro: in an artificial environment, such as a laboratory setting.matrix: a scaffolding substance used to support a growing biological structure.collagen: the major structural protein of connective tissues in mammals.vascular smooth muscle cells: cells capable of contraction and expansion that make up blood vessel walls.dermal fibroblasts: those cells which can develop into skin.cholesterol: the most abundant steroid in human tissue and also found in fat rich foods.CRI FacultyJames L. Caffrey , Ph.D.Associate Director of the CRI Division of Cardiac Endocrinology S. Dan Dimitrijevich, Ph.D.Division of Cell & Tissue Engineering H. Fred Downey , Ph.D.Division of Cardiac Hemodynamics Stephen Grant, Ph.D.Division of Molecular and Vascular GeneticsRobert T. Mallet, Ph.D.Division of Cardiac Metabolism Michael L. Smith, Ph.D.Center for Sleep ResearchAssociate FacultyNeeraj Agarwal, Ph.D.Mark Baker, D.O.,Barbara A. Barron, Ph.D.Joan F . Carroll, Ph.D.Glenn Dillion, Ph.D.Richard Easom, Ph.D.Michael J. Forster, Ph.D.Robert W. Gracy , Ph.D.Patricia A. Gwirtz, Ph.D.Robert L. Kaman, Ph.D.Andras Lacko, Ph.D.Robert R. Luedtke, Ph.D.Muriel Marshall, D.O., Ph.D.Michael Martin, Ph.D.Walter McConathy , Ph.D.William McIntosh, D.O.,A. H. O-Yurvati, D.O.Frederick A. Schaller, D.O.Xiangrong Shi, Ph.D.Craig W . Spellman, D.O., Ph.D.Scott Stoll, D.O., Ph.D.Donald E. Watenpaugh, Ph.D.Martin Weiss, D.O.Thomas Yorio, Ph.D.U NIVERSITY of N ORTH T EXAS H EALTH S CIENCE C ENTER at Fort Worth5Education, Research, Patient Care andServiceC A RD I O C ARE。