语法PPT_ed分词解析

主语补语
在分词（短语）作宾语补语的句子中，当宾 语变成主语时（句中的谓语用被动语态）， 则原来的宾语补语变成主语补语。 All the doors were found locked. They should be kept informed of the latest developments in biochemistry.

过去分词短语作定语时，放在其所修 饰的名词之后，作用相当于定语从句。 如：
Cotton and silk blouses (which are) made in China sell well in the European market. To live in the hearts of those (which are) left behind is not to die.
方式状语 通常放在句首或句末，偶尔放在句中（主 语与谓语动词之间）。有时，可在分词前 加连词as if或as though。 He threw himself from his horse and lay still as if shot. Held twice a year, the Guangzhou Fair is a mirror of Chinese economy. Frustrated, she went back to her home.

（三）补语
宾语补语
主语补语
宾语补语
在某些表示感觉或心理状态、思维活动和 某些表示使役的动词的宾语常可用分词作 宾语补语，使意思完整。宾语与补语之间 是逻辑上的主谓关系或主系或主系表关系。 这类表示感觉、思维活动的动词常见的有： catch, consider, describe, discover, feel, find, hear, listen to, look at, notice, observe, perceive, regard, see, show, smell, speak of, take, treat, understand, watch等。
关于“悬垂分词”
又叫“无依着分词”，指-ing
或-ed分词结构在句中找不到 它的逻辑主语，因而处于一种 “悬垂”状态，即“无依着” 状态
“依着法则”和“悬垂分词”
当-ing或-ed分词结构在句中起关系分句
或状语分句作用时，它们都有逻辑主语， 这种逻辑主语有时就是主句的主语。 Sitting at the back as we are, we can’t hear a word. Jolted by the collision, Harry suffered a sprained back and a broken knee.
但有时也可放在它所修饰的名词之后，这时强调分词 的动作。如：
the time
given
concerned known.
the department
Hydrogen is the lightest substance
由名词、副词或形容词和过去分词构成的 放在它所修饰的名词之前。如： state-owned enterprises a well-known writer a man-made satellite
不及物动词的过去分 词作定语时不表示被 动意义，只表示完成 意义，如：
a retired worker= a worker who has retired an escaped prisoner = a prisoner who has escaped
单个过去分词做定语，一般放在它所修饰的名词之前；
在某些情况下，尤其是在报刊和科技文
体中，悬垂分词的使用并未受到严格的 限制。 1．当分词的逻辑主语就是指作者或读者 的I，we，you时： When inquiring about a room , it is always a good idea to ask at the beginning whether laundry and heating are included in the price．(＝When you inquire…) Using the electric energy，it is necessary to change its form．(＝ When we use… )
2.当分词的逻辑主语是整个主句时： Unknown to his closest advisers，he had secretly negotiated with an enemy emissary．(＝It was unknown to his closest advisers that he had…) 3．当分词的逻辑主语是不定代词one或虚指 代词it时 When dining in the restaurant，a jacket and tie are required．(＝When one dines…) Being a very cold day，we did not go to the museum yesterday．(＝Since it was… )
（三）表语
过去分词做表语,表示主语所处的状态。
作表语的过去分词已几乎形容词化，可以 被副词修饰，有比较形式。这类过去分词 常见的有：accustomed, amazed, amused, astonished, bored, broken, closed, decided, dedicated, delighted, devoted, disappointed, discourage, distinguished, educated等
E.g. The file is rusted. She is deeply read in the classics. Einstein’s theory of relativity is known all over the world. He felt thoroughly disappointed.
注意：
过去分词作表语时，系动词除be外，还有appear, become, come, get, go, grow, keep, remain, seem等 E.g. The door remained locked. The battery became exhausted after long use. 过去分词作表语时，相当于形容词，表示性质或状 态；被动语态中的过去分词是谓语的组成部分，表 示具体的动作 We are all pleased. We are all pleased by the work done. The glass plate is broken. The glass was broken by him.
但有时，分词结构的逻辑主语并不是主句的
主语，而是主句的其它成分。 The hunter saw a huge lion drinking at the spring. Searching along the deck, it had taken him some time to find a doctor. 综上:分词结构通常是通过它的逻辑主语而对主 句发生依着关系，这种语法现象叫做“依着 法则”.
在没有上下文的情况下，倘若从该句中无法
判断出分词的逻辑主语，并因此而导致句意 含混不清，悬垂分词的使用则是完全不可接 受的 Reading the evening newspaper，a dog started barking． Entering the room，nobody was found in it．
可接受性问题
在一定的上下文中，如果分词的逻辑主语不
难判断，而且句子意义也不致引起误解，悬 垂分词的使用还是可以接受的 Getting down from the bus，my ankle was sprained． Driving to Chicago that night，a sudden thought struck me．
让步状语 可放在句首或句末；有时，分词前 可加although, though或 whether等词。相当于让步状语 从句。 Given the same information, people often arrive at different conclusion. Complicated in design, the machine is easy to manipulate
时间状语 通常位于句首表示分词所表示的动作一发生，谓语动 词所表示的动作立即发生。如果两个动词同时发生， 多用“while或when+分词”结构。 Once installed, this heater operates automatically. The book when finished will contain 200 pages. 原因状语 可放在句首或句末，相当于原因状语从句。 Confined to bed, she needed to be waited on in everything. The children, exhausted, fell asleep at once.
（二）状语
分词（短语）可以做状语，修饰 谓语动词，表示动作发生的时间、 原因、结果、方式、条件、让步 或伴随状况，相当于相应的状语 从句或并列分句。分词短语作状 语，可放在句首、句末或句中， 用逗号分开。
时间状语 通常位于句首表示分词所表示的动作一发生，谓语动 词所表示的动作立即发生。如果两个动词同时发生， 多用“while或when+分词”结构。 Once installed, this heater operates automatically. The book when finished will contain 200 pages. 原因状语 可放在句首或句末，相当于原因状语从句。 Confined to bed, she needed to be waited on in everything. The children, exhausted, fell asleep at once.