ovid06级研究生版
考研英语06年阅读解析text1
考研英语06年阅读解析text1
摘要：
1.理解文章主题和结构
2.分析题目和选项
3.提高阅读技巧和方法
正文：
一、理解文章主题和结构
1.文章主题：本文讨论了全球化对英语学习者带来的挑战，以及如何应对这些挑战。
2.文章结构：文章分为三个部分，首段介绍全球化对英语学习者产生的影响；第二、三段分析这些挑战；尾段给出应对策略。
二、分析题目和选项
1.问题1：根据首段，作者的观点是什么？
A.全球化对英语学习者有利
B.全球化对英语学习者不利
C.全球化对英语学习者既有利也有弊
D.无法判断
答案：C
2.问题2：以下哪项是全球化对英语学习者的挑战？
A.英语地位上升
B.英语变难学了
C.英语学习资源丰富
D.英语学习者竞争力增强
答案：B
3.问题3：作者认为如何应对全球化带来的挑战？
A.提高英语地位
B.降低英语地位
C.保持英语地位不变
D.加强其他语言的学习
答案：D
三、提高阅读技巧和方法
1.抓住文章主题：在阅读文章时，要关注首段，了解文章主题和作者观点，有助于解答题目。
2.分析文章结构：明确文章分为几个部分，有助于理解作者的论述思路，更快地找到答案。
3.关注关键词：在选项中寻找关键词，与原文进行对比，判断选项的正确性。
4.培养阅读速度：提高阅读速度，能在有限的时间内，获取更多的信息。
5.练习做题技巧：多做题目，总结经验，提高做题速度和准确率。
通过以上分析，我们不仅对文章有了更深入的理解，还提高了阅读技巧和方法。
06年考研英语作文
06年考研英语作文With the advent of the internet, the landscape of education has been revolutionized. The year 2006 marked a significant milestone in the integration of the internet into educational systems worldwide. This essay will explore the various waysin which the internet has impacted education, focusing on the benefits and challenges it presents.Firstly, the internet has provided access to a wealth of information that was previously unavailable to students. Online databases, e-libraries, and digital archives have made it possible for learners to conduct research and access scholarly articles with ease. This has not only facilitated the learning process but also encouraged a more in-depth understanding of various subjects.Secondly, the internet has enabled the rise of online learning platforms and Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs), which have made higher education more accessible to a broader audience. Students from different corners of the globe can now enroll in courses offered by prestigious institutions without the need to physically attend classes. This has democratized education and provided opportunities for self-paced learning.However, the internet has also presented challenges to the traditional educational system. One of the primary concerns is the verification of information. With the abundance ofcontent available online, it can be difficult for students to discern credible sources from unreliable ones. This has led to the need for critical thinking skills and media literacy education to be incorporated into the curriculum.Another challenge is the digital divide, where unequal access to technology and the internet can exacerbate existing educational inequalities. Students in underprivileged areas may not have the same opportunities to benefit from online resources as their more affluent peers. Efforts must be made to bridge this gap and ensure that the benefits of internet-based education are available to all.In conclusion, the internet has had a profound impact on education since 2006. It has opened up new avenues for learning and provided opportunities for a more inclusive educational experience. However, it is crucial to address the challenges it poses, such as information verification and the digital divide, to ensure that the benefits of internet-based education are fully realized and accessible to all students.。
2006版考研英语模拟考场10套第一套1
2006版考研英语模拟考场10套第一套1Section ⅠUse of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)The fitness movement that began in the late 1960s and early 1970s centered around aerobic exercise. Millions of individuals became1 in a variety of aerobic activities, and2 thousands of health spas3 around the country to capitalize on his4 interest in fitness, particularly aerobic dancing for females.A number of fitness spas existed5to this aerobic fitness movement, even a national chain with spas in most major cities. However, their6was not on aerobics,7on weighttraining programs designed to develop muscular mass, 8 , and endurance in their primarily male9 . These fitness spas did not seem to benefit10from the aerobic fitness movement to better health, since medical opinion suggested that weight training programs11few, if12, health benefits. In recent years, however, weight training has again become increasingly 13 for males and for females. Many 14 programs focus not only ondeveloping muscular strength and endurance but on aerobic fitness as well.15, most physical fitness tests have usually included measures of muscular strength and endurance, not for health related reasons, but primarily 16such fitness components have been related to 17in athletics. 18, in recent years, evidence has shown that training programs designed primarily to improve muscular strength and endurance might also offer some health19 as well. The AmericanCollege of Sports Medicine now20 that weight training be part of a total fitness program for healthy Americans.1.[A] imposed[B] engaged[C] confined[D] illustrated2.[A] affluently[B] eligibly[C] gorgeously[D] literally3.[A] enhanced[B] manifested[C] developed [D] established4.[A] emerging[B] hovering[C] intriguing[D] mingling5.[A] prior[B] entitled[C] liable[D] subjected6.[A] action[B] focus[C] cement[D] snap7.[A] or[B] or else[C] and[D] but rather8.[A] strength[B] nutrition[C] tolerance[D] ambition9.[A] practitioners[B] enthusiasts[C] referees[D] recipients10.[A] financially[B] particularly[C] legitimately[D]excessively11.[A] presented[B] offered[C] indicated[D] demonstrated12.[A] something[B] some[C] anything[D] any13.[A] popular[B] vigorous[C] intelligible[D] formidable14.[A] current[B] primitive[C] uneven[D] incredible15.[A] Practically[B] Eventually[C] Essentially[D] Historically16.[A] because[B] in only[C] although[D] now that17.[A] performance[B] harassment[C] identification[D] portrayal18.[A] Moreover[B] Therefore[C] However[D] Anyway19.[A] advantages[B] benefits[C] interests[D] profits20.[A] recommends[B] reassures[C] speculates[D] mediatesSection ⅡReading ComprehensionPart ADirections: Reading the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text1Gene therapy and gene based drugs are two ways wecould benefit from our growing mastery of genetic science. But there will be others as well. Here is one of the remarkable therapies on the cutting edge of genetic research that could make their way into mainstream medicine in the coming years.While it’s true that just about every cell in the body has the instructions to make a complete human, most of those instructions are inactivated, and with good reason: the last thing you want for your brain cells is to start churning out stomach acid or your nose to turn into a kidney. The only time cells truly have the potential to turn into any and all body parts is very early in a pregnancy, when so called stem cells haven’t begun to specialize.Yet this untapped potential could be a terrific boon to medicine. Most diseases involve the death of healthy cells —brain cells in Alzheimer’s, cardiac cells in heart disease, pancreatic cells in diabetes, to name a few; if doctors could isolate stem cells, then direct their growth, they might be able to furnish patients with healthy replacement tissue.It was incredibly difficult, but last fall scientists at the University of Wisconsin managed to isolate stem cells and get them to grow into neural, gut, muscle and bone cells. The process still can’t be controlled, and may have unforeseenlimitations; but if efforts to understand and master stem cell development prove successful, doctors will have a therapeutic tool of incredible power.The same applies to cloning, which is really just the other side of the coin; true cloning, as first shown with the sheep Dolly two years ago, involves taking a developed cell and reactivating the genome within, resetting its developmental instructions to a pristine state. Once that happens, the rejuvenated cell can develop into a full fledged animal, genetically identical to its parent.For agriculture, in which purely physical characteristics like milk production in a cow or low fat in a hog have real market value, biological carbon copies could become routine within a few years. This past year scientists have done for mice and cows what Ian Wilmut did for Dolly, and other creatures are bound to join the cloned menagerie in the coming year.Human cloning, on the other hand, may be technically feasible but legally and emotionally more difficult. Still, one day it will happen. The ability to reset body cells to a pristine, undeveloped state could give doctors exactly the same advantages they would get from stem cells: the potential to make healthy body tissues of all sorts, and thus to cure disease.That could prove to be a true “miracle cure.”21.The writer holds that the potential to make healthy body tissues will[A] aggravate moral issues of human cloning.[B] bring great benefits to human beings.[C] help scientists decode body instructions.[D] involve employing surgical instruments.22.The word “rejuvenated”(Para. 5) most probably means[A] modified.[B] re-collected.[C] classified.[D] reactivated.23.The research at the University of Wisconsin is mentioned to show[A] the isolation of stem cells.[B] the effects of gene therapies.[C] the advantages of human cloning.[D] the limitations of tissue replacements.24.Which of the following is true according to the text?[A] The principle of gene therapy is applicable to that of cloning.[B] The isolation of stem cells is too difficult to be feasible.[C] It is reasonable for all body instructions to beactivated.[D] Cloned animals will eventually take control of the world.25.Towards the genetic research, the author’s attitude can best be said to be that of[A] Frustration.[B] Indifference.[C] Amazement.[D] Opposition.Text 2What our society suffers from most today is the absence of consensus about what it and life in it ought to be; such consensus cannot be gained from society’s present stage, or from fantasies about what it ought to be. For that the present is too close and too diversified, and the future too uncertain, to make believable claims about it. A consensus in the present hence can be achieved only through a shared understanding of the past, as Homer’s epics informed those who lived centuries later what it meant to be Greek, and by what images and ideals they were to live their lives and organize their societies.Most societies derive consensus from a long history, a language all their own, a common religion, common ancestry. The myths by which they live are based on all of these. But theUnited States is a country of immigrants, coming from a great variety of nations. Lately, it has been emphasized that an asocial, narcissistic personality has become characteristic of Americans, and that it is this type of personality that makes for the lack of well being, because it prevents us from achieving consensus that would counteract a tendency to withdraw into private worlds. In this study of narcissism, Christopher Lash says that modern man, “tortured by self consciousness, turns to new therapies not to free himself of his personal worries but to find meaning and purpose in life, to find something to live for”. There is widespread distress because national morale has declined, and we have lost an earlier sense of national vision and purpose.Contrary to rigid religions or political beliefs, as are found in totalitarian societies, our culture is one of the great individual differences, at least in principle and in theory; but this leads to disunity, even chaos. Americans believe in the value of diversity, but just because our is a society based on individual diversity, it needs consensus about some dominating ideas more than societies based on uniform origin of their citizens. Hence, if we are to have consensus, it must be based on a myth —a vision about a common experience, aconquest that made us Americans, as the myth about the conquest of Troy formed the Greeks. Only a common myth can offer relief from the fear that life is without meaning or purpose. Myths permit us to examine our place in the world by comparing it to a shared idea. Myths are shared fantasies that form the tie that binds the individual to other members of his group. Such myths help to ward off feelings of isolations, guilt, anxiety, and purposelessness —in short, they combat isolation and the breakdown of social standards and values.26.In the eyes of the author, the greatest trouble with the US society may lie in[A] the non existence of consensus on the forms of the society should take.[B] the lack of divergence over the common organizations of social life.[C] the non acceptance of a society based on individual diversity.[D] the pervasive distress caused by national morale decline.27.The asocial personality of Americans may stem from[A] the absence of a common religion and ancestry.[B] the multiracial constituents of the US society.[C] the want of a shared myths they possess in life.[D] the counterbalance to narcissistic personality.28.Homer’s epics is mentioned in Paragraph 1 in order to[A] exemplify the contributions made by ancient poets.[B] illustrate the role of shared fantasies about society.[C] show an ideal stage of eternal social progress.[D] make known myths of what a society ought to be.29.The author concludes that only shared myths can help Americans[A] to bring about the uniformity of their culture.[B] to regain their consensus about a common experience.[C] to stay away from negative feelings in their life.[D] to counteract the effects of consensus about society.30.It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that Christopher Lash is most probably[A] a reform advocate.[B] a senior psychologist.[C] a reputed poet.[D] a social historian.Text3The early retirement of experienced workers is seriously harming the U.S. economy, according to a new report from the Hudson Institute, a public policy research organization.Currently, many older experienced workers retire at an early age. According to the recently issued statistics, 79 percent of qualified workers begin collecting retirement benefits at age 62; if that trend continues, there will be a labor shortage that will hinder the economic growth in the twenty-first century.Older Americans constitute an increasing proportion of the population, according to the U. S. Census Bureau, and the population of those over age 65 will grow by 60% between 2001 and 2020. During the same period, the group aged 18 to 44 will increase by only 4%. Keeping older skilled workers employed, even part time, would increase U.S. economic output and strengthen the tax base; but without significant policy reforms, massive early retirement among baby boomers seems more likely.Retirement at age 62 is an economically rational decision today. Social Security and Medicaid earnings limits and tax penalties subject our most experienced workers to marginal tax rates as high as 67%. Social Security formulas encourage early retirement. Although incomes usually rise with additional years of work, any pay increases after the 35-year mark result in higher social Security taxes but only small increases in benefits.Hudson Institute researchers believe that federal tax and benefit policies are at fault and reforms are urgently needed, but they disagree with the popular proposal that much older Americans will have to work because Social Security will not support them and that baby boomers are not saving enough for retirement. According to the increase in 401 (k) and Keogh retirement plans, the ongoing stock market on Wall Street, and the likelihood of large inheritances, there is evidence that baby boomers will reach age 65 with greater financial assets than previous generations.The Hudson institute advocates reforming government policies that now discourage work and savings, especially for older worker. Among the report’s recommendations: Tax half of all Social Security benefits, regardless of other income; provide 8% larger benefits for each year beyond 65; and permit workers nearing retirement to negotiate compensation packages that may include a lower salary but with greater healthcare benefits. However, it may take real and fruitful planning to find the right solution to the early retirement of older experienced workers; any measures taken must be allowed to prolong the serviceability of older experienced workers.31.According to Hudson Institute researchers, the effect of the early retirement of qualified workers in the U.S. economy is[A] constructive.[B] significant.[C] inconclusive.[D] detrimental.32.The older experienced workers in America tend to retire early because their prolonged service may[A] do harm to younger generations.[B] end up with few or no benefits.[C] give play to their potentials.[D] shed light on social trends.33.The second paragraph is written chiefly to show that[A] there will be an acute labor shortage in the near future.[B] baby-boomers contribute much to the US economic output.[C] government policies concerning older people are out-dated.[D] older workers are enthusiastic about collecting social benefits.34.When mentioning “the ongoing stock market on Wall Street”, the writer[A] is calling attention to the privileges to which baby-boomers are entitled.[B] is calling for the government to take countermeasures against labor shortage.[C] is refuting a notion about experienced workers’early retirement.[D] is justifying the ineffectiveness of federal tax and benefit policies.35.Towards the issue, what the writer is most concerned about will be[A] to advocate radically reforming government policies.[B] to take into account the benefits upon retirement.[C] to put in practice what Hudson researchers believe in.[D] to prolong the practicability of older experienced employees.Text 4The history of responses to the work of the artist Sandro Botticelli (1444—1510) suggests that widespread appreciation by critics is a relatively recent phenomenon. Writing in 1550, Vasari expressed an unease with Botticelli’s work, admitting that the artist fitted awkwardly into his evolutionary scheme of the history of art. Over the next two centuries, academic arthistorians defamed Botticelli in favor of his fellows Florentine, Michelangelo. Even when anti academic art historians of the early nineteenth century rejected many of the standards of evaluation adopted by their predecessors, Botticelli’s work remained outside of accepted taste, pleasing neither amateur observers nor connoisseurs. (Many of his best paintings, however, remained hidden away in obscure churches and private homes.)The primary reason for Botticelli’s unpopularity is not difficult to understand: most observers, up until the mid-nineteenth century, did not consider him to be noteworthy, because his work, for the most part, did not seem to these observers to exhibit the traditional characteristics of fifteenth-century Florentine art. For example, Botticelli rarely employed the technique of strict perspective and, unlike Michelangelo, never used chiaroscuro.Another reason for Botticelli’s unpopularity may have been that his attitude toward the style of classical art was very different from that of his contemporaries. Although he was thoroughly exposed to classical art, he showed little interest in borrowing from the classical style. Indeed, it is paradoxical that a painter of large-scale classical subjects adopted a style thatwas only slightly similar to that of classical art.In any case, when viewers began to examine more closely the relationship of Botticelli’s work to the tradition of fifteenth century Florentine art, his reputation began to grow. Analyses and assessments of Botticelli made between 1850 and 1870 by the artists of the Pre-Raphaelite movement, as well as by the writer Pater (although he, unfortunately, based his assessment on an incorrect analysis of Botticelli’s personality), inspired a new appreciation of Botticelli throughout the English-speaking world. Yet Botticelli’s work, especially the Sistine frescoes, did not generate worldwide attention until it was finally subjected to a comprehensive and scrupulous analysis by Home in 1908. Home rightly demonstrated that the frescoes shared important features with paintings by other fifteenth-century Florentines —features such as skillful representation of anatomical proportions, and of the human figure in motion. However, Home argued that Botticelli did not treat these qualities as ends in themselves —rather, that he emphasized clear depletion of a story, a unique achievement and one that made the traditional Florentine qualities less central. Because of Home’s emphasis crucial to any study of art, the twentiethcentury has come to appreciate Botticelli’s achievements.36.Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A] The Role of Standard Art Analyses and Appraisals.[B] Sandro Botticelli: From Rejection to Appreciation.[C] The History of Critics’Responses to Art Works.[D] Botticelli and Florentine: A Comparative Study.37.We can learn from the text that art critics have a history of[A] suppressing painters’art initiatives.[B] favoring a Botticelli’s best paintings.[C] rejecting traditional art characteristics.[D] undervaluing Botticelli’s achievements.38.The views of Vasari and Home on Botticelli’s products are[A] identical.[B] complementary.[C] opposite.[D] similar.39.The word “connoisseurs”(Paragraph 1) most probably means[A] representatives in the Pre-Raphaelite Movement.[B] people who are in favor of Florentine.[C] critics who are likely to make assessments.[D] conservatives clinging to classical art.40.What does the author think of Botticelli’s representation skills?[A] They are to be fully appreciated.[B] They evolve from an uncertain source.[C] They underlie his personality.[D] They conform to the classical style.Part B本部分内容请参见Part B(一)Part CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)All U.S. nuclear weapons production facilities are presently closed down, and if the various agreements are adhered to, those facilities will never be required except for one critical capability. All modern nuclear weapons use uranium (铀), plutonium(钚), and tritium(氚). Uranium and plutonium have very long half-lives, and there is large surplus of these materials.Tritium, however, has a relatively short half-life of about 12.6 years, so about 5 percent of the amount on hand must bereplaced each year to maintain the current inventory. (46) Because of the large retirement of nuclear weapons by the United States in compliance with early agreements and national policy, tritium from retired weapons has been used to make up that lost through natural decay. (47) However, in about 10 to 15 years, depending on future negotiations, the United States will need a guaranteed supply of tritium to maintain its stockpile at whatever level is agreed on.In anticipation of this future need to produce tritium, Defense Office Executive is pursuing two technologies. One uses a nuclear reactor that could also produce electricity whose sale would recover not only the capital cost of the reactor but also its annual operational cost. (48) Unfortunately, the present Administration has a definite bias against nuclear power, so an alternative method is also being pursued even though it is agreed that it will cost twice as much as a reactor and use as much electricity as a reactor would produce. This technology uses an accelerator to produce high-energy protons that in turn produce neutrons.The main argument for the accelerator is that it produces no conventional nuclear wastes. (49) Proponents readily admit that it will produce radioactive materials, but with a relativelyshort half life compared with that of wastes from spent nuclear fuel. The fact that the accelerator will require the equivalent of a nuclear power plant to supply its electricity is ignored.(50) Proponents also neglect to mention that about 22 percent of all electrical energy generated in the United States comes from nuclear power plants, so that 22 percent of the power used by the accelerator will generate conventional nuclear wastes, in addition to those the accelerator produces. There is an alternative to either the reactor or the accelerator, which is simply to buy the required tritium from Canada or Russia.2006版考研英语模拟考场10套第一套1 相关内容:。
2006年6月研究生学位英语考试真题
2006年６月１８日（A）Paper OnePart I Listening Comprehension ( 25minutes, 20 points)Section A (1 point each)1.A He has spent many days writing his linguistics term paper.B He spent one day working on his linguistics term paper.C His term paper on linguistics was done yesterday.D His linguistic term paper was due several days before yesterday.2. A There will be many people at the party. B The man will do his assignment before the party.C She‘s not going to the party.D The man won‘t be able to go to the party.3. A He isn‘t serious about the expedition. B It will cost him a lot of money.C Other people paid for his airfare.D It isn‘t fair for him to go alone.4. A The Personnel Manager is not here. B Mr. Smith is the Personnel Manager.C The Personnel Manager is on vacation.D Mrs. Jones is the new Personnel Manager.5. A In a garden B In an orchard C In a shop D In a kitchen.6. A Half a month B One and a half months C Two months D Two and a half months7. A A venues run east and west. B Streets are in the downtown area.C A venues run north and south.D Streets are in the west side of the New Work.8. A Pick up the man at 5:00. B Meet her friends at the restaurant.C Make dinner for the man .D Do her errands after dinner.9. A It will be ready by three o‘clock today. B It can be picked up at two o‘clock tomorrow.C It will be ready in two hours.D Only two rolls will be ready on time.Section B ( 1 point each)Mini-talk One10. A 2—4 times B 4—6times C 6—8times D About 10 times11. A Dreams show people are working at night. B Dreams help people look at daily-life situations and fears.C Dreams can help us solve our problems.D Dreams allow us to have different personalities.12. A King and queen = our parents. B Small animals = children.C A long journey= worries about the deadD Crossing a river= making an important decision.Mini-talk T wo13. A 400 B 1400 C 4000 D 440014. A Drive in a straight-line B Walk along a white line. C Pass the breath test D All of the above15. A Walking to work B Receiving a fineC Being not allowed to drive for a while.D Paying more for his insurance.Section C ( 1 point each)16) Lecture Topic ________________________17) S tep 1______________________________18) Step 2 _____________________________19) Step 3 _____________________________20) Step 4______________________________Part II Vocabulary ( 10 minutes, 10 points)Section A ( 0.5 point each)21. The girl was fortune enough to live under the care of an involved father and a loving mother.A sympatheticB convictedC concernedD separated22. There is compelling evidence that pollution is responsible for many deadly diseases, such as cancer.A convincingB controversialC consistentD contradictory23. The advantage of the latest model will manifest itself in improved efficiency and protection of eye-sight.A investB concentrateC plungeD exhibit24. All the recommendations and advice will be considered in earnest before any action is taken.A beforehandB seriouslyC unanimouslyD enthusiastically25. Sometimes you have to take what is said on line with a grain of salt, otherwise there would be too much news.A completelyB willinglyC theoreticallyD skeptically26. Industrialized countries are on the cutting-edge of the trend of globalization that is spreading worldwide.A extreme frontB effective qualityC underlying forceD fierce opponent.27. The huge profit from patent rights forces many companies to develop new products on their own.A secretlyB independentlyC jointlyD readily28. In spite of his diminishing influence, this senior scientists has a say in some important issues.A expandingB piercingC decreasingD lasting29. It has been scientifically proved that man does have some inherent abilities that other species don‘t possess.A geneticB internalC peculiarD inborn30. The young Galileo carried on his experiments, turning a deaf ear to his father‘s plea.A suspendedB continuedC fulfilledD completed.Section B (0.5 point each)31. Too much time has ____since we worked on this project.A circulatedB elapsedC occupiedD detached32. The girl fresh from college finally received a job ___ she had been expecting.A requestB pleaC suggestionD offer33. However busy we are, we‘ll try to get back home ___ the dinner on the eve of the Lunar New Y ear.A in time forB in exchange forC in store forD in return for34. Some difficult choices involving life and death are simply outside the ___ of economic analysis.A dimensionB scaleC domainD space35. Chin a‘s economy, which was now on the brink of collapse, was beginning to ___after the implementation of reform and opening-up .A pay offB take offC leave offD drop off36. After a month or so, she came to dislike the subject and wished she had not ___it ____.A put..upB given ..upC taken …upD made …up37. It is considered a crime to ___ an election of any kind by bribing voters.A fabricateB launchC populateD manipulate38. V isitors to this plateau are likely to have a ___ headache for the first five years.A splittingB slappingC slicingD sprawling39. The central government is intensifying efforts to popularize ___education in rural localities.A voluntaryB impulsiveC instinctiveD compulsory40. They are studying what kind of preferences might ___ this surging demand for home-made TV sets.A take a fancy toB bring into playC give rise toD grow out ofPart III Cloze T est ( 10 minutes, 10 points, 1 point each)Nobody likes taking exams; exams in your own language can be stressful enough but somehow exams in a foreign language always seem to cause more worry and anxiety. Well, the good news is that, if you 41 some simple steps, taking English language exams can be really quite 42 . It won‘t exactly be fun, but it certainly shouldn‘t give you too many headaches or sleepless nights.If you are planning to 43 one of the well-known exams such as Cambridge First Certificate, you will probably find that there‘s a preparation course 44 at a school near you. Check that the school has a good 45 of exam success and that the teacher is 46 . It is a good idea to ask if you will be given homework and 47 your written work will be marked by a teacher who knows the level of English 48 by the exam.If you take an exam preparation course your teacher will give you all the information you need and you will find that 49 in a class helps you to study more effectively. But you will still need to 50 in a lot of work yourself (after all, the teacher can‘t take the exam for you.)41. A mind B walk C follow D keep42. A fascinating B painless C enjoyable D marvelous43. A have B prepare C participate D take44. A possible B available C offering D existing45. A management B foundation C expectation D record46. A experience B experiencing C experienced D experiences47. A how B that C what D whether48. A required B determined C corresponded D accorded49. A going B coming C being D getting50. A put B act C sit D givePart IV Reading Comprehension ( 45 minutes, 30 points, 1 point each)Passage 1There are over 6,000 different computer and online games in the world now. A segment of them are considered to be both educational and harmlessly entertaining. One such game teaches geography, and another trains pilots. Others train the player in the logical thinking and problem solving. Some games may also help young people to become more computer literate, which is more important in this technology-driven era.But the dark side of the computer games has become more and more obvious. ―A segment of games features anti-social themes of violence, sex and crude language,‖ says David Walsh, president of the National Institute on Media and Family. ―Unfortunately, it‘s a segment that seems particularly popular with kids aged eight to fifteen.‖One study showed that almost 80 percent of the computer and online games young people preferred contained violence. The investigators said ―These are not just games anymore. These are learning machines. We‘re teaching kids in the most incredible manner what it‘s like to pull the trigger. What they are not learning are the real-life consequences.‖They also said ―The new and more sophisticated games are even worse, because they have better graphics and allow the player to participate in even more realistic violent acts.‖ In the game Carmageddon, for example, the player will have driven over and killed up to 33,000 people by the time all levels are completed. A description of the outcome of the game says: ―Y our victims not only squish under your tires and splatter blood on the windshield, they also get on their knee and beg for mercy, or commit suicide. If you like, you can also dismember them.‖Is all this simulated violence harmful? Approximately 3,000 different studies have been conducted on this subject. Many have suggested that there is a connection between violence in games and increased aggressiveness in the players.Some specialists downplay the influence of the games, saying that other factors must be taken into consideration, such as the possibility that kids who already have violent tendencies are choosing such games. But could it be that violent games still play a contributing role? It seems unrealistic to insist that people are notinfluenced by what they see. If that were true, why would the commercial world spend billions of dollars annually for television advertising?51. Which of the following computer games is NOT mentioned as educational and harmlessly entertaining?A Those that help people learn more about computers.B Those that teach the features of the earth.C Those that provide special training for writers online.C Those that provide special training for pilots.52. According to one study, most computer and online games_________A allow the players to take part in killing acts.B teach the players to be antisocial.C make the players forget the real life results.D that young people liked contain violence53. What does the underlined word ―dismember‖ in Paragraph 4 mean?A To kick somebody out.B To cut somebody into pieces.C To dismiss somebodyD To stab a knife into somebody54. Many studies have suggested that ___________A more and more young people enjoy cruel computer games.B violence in computer games makes their players more aggressive.C there are now far more incidents of violence due to computer games.D simulated violence in computer games is different from real violence.55. The author uses ― television advertising‖ as an example to show that __________A other factors must be considered as possible causes of violence in real life.B computer and online games are not the only cause of increased violence in real life.C the commercial world is contributing to the increased violence in real lifeD there is a close link between computer games and increased violence in real life.56. The best title for the passage is _____________A The Dark Side of Computer Games.B Computer Games ----- Advantages and DisadvantagesC The Development of V iolent Computer Games.D A Study on the Influence of Computer Games Passage T woThe collapse of the Earth‘s magnetic field----which guards the planet and guides many of its creatures----appears to have started seriously about 150 years ago, the New Y ork Times reported last week.The field‘s strength has decreased by 10 or 15 percent so far and this has increased the debate over whether it signals a reversal of the planet‘s lines of magnetic force.During a reversal, the main field weakens, almost vanishes, and reappears with opposite polarity. The transition would take thousands of years. Once completed, compass needles that had pointed north would point south. A reversal could cause problems for both man and animals. Astronauts and satellites would have difficulties. Birds, fish and animals that rely on the magnetic field for navigation would find migration confusing. But experts said the effects would not be a big disaster; despite claims of doom and vague evidence of links between past field reversals and species extinctions.Although a total transition may be hundreds or thousands of years away, the rapid decline in magnetic strength is already affecting satellites. Last month, the European Space Agency approved the world‘s largest effort at tracking the field‘s shifts. A group of new satellites, called Swarm, is to monitor the collapsing field with far greater precision. ―We want to get some idea of how this would evolve in the near future, just like people trying to predict the weather,‖ said Gauthier Hulot, a French geophysicist working on the satellite plan. ―I‘m personally quite convinced we should be able to work out the first predictions by the end of the mission.‖No matter what the new findings, the public has no reason to panic. Even if a transition is coming on its way, it might take 2,000 years to mature. The last one took place 780,000 years ago, when early humans were learning how to make stone tools. Deep inside the Earth flow hot currents of melted iron. This mechanical energy createselectromagnetism. The process is known as the geophysical generator. In a car‘s generator, the same principle turns mechanical energy into electricity.No one knows precisely why the field periodically reversals. But scientists say the responsibility probably lies with changes in the disorderly flows of melted iron, which they see as similar to the gases that make up the clouds of Jupiter.57. According to the passage, the Earth‘s magnetic field has _________A begun to change in the opposite direction.B been weakening in strength for a long time.C caused the changes on the polarities.D misguided many a man and animal58. During the transition of the Earth‘s magnetic field__________A the compass will become useless.B man and animals will be confused as to directions.C the magnetic strength of the Earth will disappear.D the magnetic strength of the Earth will be stronger.59. According to the experts, the reversal of the Earth‘s magnetic field would ____A destroy almost all the creatures on the EarthB cause some species extinctions on the Earth.C not be as disastrous as the previous one.D cause no big trouble for man and animals.60. According to the passage, ________________A we should not worry about the transition of the Earth‘s magnetic field.B the Earth‘s magnetic field will not change for at least 2,000 years.C the Earth‘s magnetic field has decreased its strength rapidly.D the transition of the Earth‘s magnetic field can be controlled by modern science.61. The author says ―…the public has no reason to panic‖ because ___________A the transition is still thousands of years away.B the new transition will come 780,000 years from now.C the transition can be precisely predicted by scientists.D the process of the transition will take a very long time to finish.62. The transition of the Earth‘s magnetic field is possible caused by _________A the flows of melted iron inside the EarthB the periodical movement of the Earth.C the mechanical energy of the solar systemD the force coming from outer space.Passage ThreeThe terrorist attacks in London Thursday served as a stunning reminder that in today‘s world, you never know what you might see when you pick up the newspaper or turn on the TV. Disturbing images of terror can trigger an instinctive response no matter how close or far away from home the vent happened.Throughout history, every military conflict has involved psychological warfare in one way or another as the enemy sought to break the morals of their opponent. But thanks to advances in technology, the popularity of the Internet, and proliferation of news coverage, the rules of engagement in this type of mental battle have changed. Whether it‘s a massive attack or a single horrific act, the effects of psychological warfare aren‘t limited to the physical damage inflicted. Instead, the goal of these attacks is to instill a sense of fear that is much greater than the actual threat itself.Therefore, the impact of psychological terror depends largely on how the acts are publicized and interpreted. But that also means there are ways to defend yourself and your loved ones by putting these fears into perspective and protecting your children from horrific images.What Is Psychological Terror? ―The use of terrorism as a tactic is based upon inducing a climate of fear that is disproportionate with the actual threat,‖ says Middle Eastern historian Richard Bulliet of Columbia University. ―Every time you have an act of violence, publicizing that violent becomes an important part of the act itself.‖―There are various ways to have your impact. Y ou can have your impact by the magnitude of what you do, by the symbolic character of target, or the horrific quality of what you do to a single person,‖ Bulliet tells WebMD. ―The point is that it isn‘t what you do, but it‘s how it‘s covered that determines the effect.‖ For example, Bulliet says the Iranian hostage crisis, which began in 1979 and lasted for 444 days, was actually one of the mostharmless things that happened in the Middle East in the last 25 years. All of the U.S. hostages were eventually released unharmed, but the event remains a psychological scar for many Americans who watched helplessly as each evening‘s newscast counted the days the hostages were being held captive.Bulliet says terrorists frequently exploit images of a group of masked individuals exerting total power over their captives to send the message that the act is a collective demonstration of the group‘s power rather than an individual criminal act. ―Y ou don‘t have the notion that a certain person has taken a hostage. It‘s an image of group power, and the force becomes generalized rather than personalized,‖ says Bulliet. ―The randomness and the ubiquity （无处不在）of the threat give the impression of vastly greater capacities.‖Psychiatrist Ansar Haroun, who served in the U.S. Army Reserves in the first Gulf War and more recently in Afghanistan, says that terrorist groups often resort to psychological warfare because it‘s the only tactic they have available to them. ―They don‘t have M-16s, and we have M-16s. They don‘t have the mighty military power that we have, and they only have access to things like kidnapping,‖ says Haroun, who is also a clinical professor of psychiatry at the University of California, San Diego.―In psychological warfare, even one beheading （斩首）can have the psychological impact that might be associated with killing 1,000 of the enemy,‖ Haroun tells WebMD. ―Y ou haven‘t really harmed the enemy very much by killing one person on the other side. But in terms of inspiring fear, anxiety, terror, and making us all feel bad, you‘ve achieved a lot of demoralization.‖63. What has changed the rules of psychological warfare?A Terrorist attacks.B The increase of military conflicts.C Advances in nuclear weapons.D Prosperity of the media.64. The goal of psychological warfare is to __________A change the ideology of the opponent.B win a battle without military attacks.C generate a greater sense of fear.D bring about more physical damage.65. According to Richard Bulliet, publicizing an act of violence becomes an important part of terrorism itself because ________A psychological terrorism is a tactic.B terrorism depends on a climate of fear rather than on the actual threat.C the use of terrorism is to inspire fear that is more destructive than the actual threat.D publicizing the violence can make more people know the actual threat.66. The Iranian hostage crisis shows that ___________A means determines effectsB hostage crises are prevalentC psychological terrors remain harmlessD the American media is effective67. Terrorists hold an individual as a hostage to ___________A scare the publicB demonstrate their crueltyC manipulate the government concernedD show their group power68. In this passage the author __________A emphasizes the great impact of psychological warfare.B criticizes the violence of terrorism.C calls for an end to psychological warfare.D opposes the hostage crisis.Passage FourIn a year marked by uncertainty and upheaval, officials at New Orleans universities that draw applicants nationwide are not following the usual rules of thumb when it comes to college admissions. The only sure bet, they say, is that this fall‘s entering classes---- the first since Katrina----will be smaller than usual.In typical years, most college admissions officials can predict fairly accurately by this point in the admissions cycle how many high school seniors will commit to enrolling in their situations. Many of the most selective schools require students----who increasingly are applying to multiply institutions---to make their choices by May1. Loyola University, whose trustees will vote May 19 on whether to drop several degree programs and eliminate 17faculty positions, received fewer applications---about 2,900 to date, compared with 3,500 in recent years. The school hopes to enroll 700 freshmen, down from 850 in the past few years. Historically black Dillard University, which is operating out of a hotel and was forced to cancel its annual March open house, also saw drops, as did Xavier University, a historically black Catholic institution that fell inside its recruitment schedule. Dillard won‘t release numbers, but spokeswoman Naureen Larkins says applications were down and enrollments are expected to be lower than in the past. Xavier admissions dean Winston Brown says its applicant pool fell by about half of last year‘s record 1,014; he hopes to enroll 500 freshmen.In contrast, Tulane University, which is the most selective of the four and developed an aggressive recruitment schedule after the hurricane, enjoyed an 11% increase in applications this year, to a record 20,715. Even so, officials predict that fewer admitted students will enroll and are projecting a smaller-than-usual freshman class---- 1,400, compared with a more typical 1,600. Tulane officials announced in December that they would eliminate some departments and faculty positions.Like Tulane, other schools are taking extra steps this year to please admitted students, often by enlisting help from alumni （校友会）around the country and reaching out to students with more e-mail, phone calls or Web-based interactions such as blogs. In addition, Loyola is relaxing deadlines, sweetening the pot with larger scholarships and freezing tuition at last year‘s level. Dillard, too, is freezing tuition. It‘s also hosting town meetings in target cities and regions nationwide, and moved its academic calendar back from August to mid-September ―to turn away from the majority of the hurricane season,‖Larkins says. Xavier extended its application deadline and stepped up its one-on-one contact with accepted students. And Tulane , among other things, has doubled the number of on-campus programs for accepted students and hosted a community service weekend program.While the schools expect applicants to be apprehensive, the admission officials also see encouraging signs of purposefulness among applicants. ―A lot of students who are choosing to come to this city are saying, ‗I want to be a part of the action,‖says Stieffel, noting that Loyola‘s transfer applications were up 30%. And while applications to Xavier are down, Brown is betting that students who do apply are serious. ―The ones who are applying, we feel, are more likely to come,‖ he says.69. The word ―Katrina‖ in Para. 1 probably refers to ____________A a hurricaneB an admission officialC a universityD a student70. It can be learned from the passage that __________A most colleges require students to apply and commit to their institutions.B more students are applying to multiple institutions.C all students are required to make their institution choices by May, 1.D university trustees make decisions on enrollment.71. The following statements are all true EXCEPT______A Tulane University also saw drops in applications this year.B Xavier University fell behind its recruitment schedule.C applicants to Xavier university fell by about half of last year‘s record.D Loyola University will vote on whether to eliminate 17 faculty positions.72. In order to attract applicants, Loyola University and Dillard University are both ____A freezing tuitionsB extending applications deadlines.C hosting meetingsD increasing scholarships73. Tulane University enjoyed an increase in applicants due to its ______________A new enrollment policies.B aggressive recruitment scheduleC academic positionD financial situation74. The passage is mainly concerned with ___________A the drops of the applicants of universities.B the dilemma of the admission officials.C the usual rules of college admissions.D the effects of the hurricane.Passage FiveA store exposure to crime does not diminish when the store is closed. On the contrary, as night falls, criminals are on the move looking for the best crime opportunity. This period of time is, in fact, critical. Owners generally rely only on the presence of physical barriers and electronic security. But they do not seem to be able to stop a determined effort by a group of professional criminals.When closes, commercial stores can be attacked in many different ways such as :Three-minute burglary. It involves attacking a glass front door or a window at night, smashing a display case, and stealing merchandise left out of safes. This type of criminals has little concern about the alarm system: They intend to be gone before any reaction is made to the alarm signal. In the United States, this type of burglary represents nearly 75% of all the burglary events n the jewelry industry.Ramming. It means driving into a store by smashing the front windows or doors. It has also been a practice used by criminals to gain access to valuable merchandise.Safecracking. It involves attacking a safe and stealing its contents. It should not be left out as a risk for store owners, but it makes up for a very small percentage of closed store crimes. This type of crime is decreasing as a result of the high security safes and alarm systems.Robbery is not frequent during closing time, but always represents a threat to store owners. Criminals may in fact decide to take them (or family members) hostage when at home and force them back to the store.To reduce the risks for a closed store crime to occur, the following reduction strategies are recommended: Safes. Time locks on safes, which allow opening only at specified times, can be considered as an added source of protection. Making use of different safes for high value merchandise can also reduce potentially heavy losses. Exterior and interior lighting. This is essential, as it remains one of the most effective weapons against burglary, theft and armed robbery. Lights should be positioned at strategic points and exterior lights should be protected against damage.Security systems. Detection and security systems are extremely important. Another interesting device is the smoke screen system. Once activated, this system, within seconds, fills a small area with a thick but harmless smoke, thus preventing criminals from seeing and forcing them to flee.75. A store exposed to crime at day time __________A is less likely to be attacked with the presence of physical barriers at night.B seems to invite a group of professional criminals at night.C creates the best crime opportunity at night.D is more likely to be broken into at night.76. Three-minute burglars do not worry much about the alarm system because _________A they know how to destroy the alarm system.B they know how to stay away from the alarm system.C they can finish their work within a short period of time.D they have made sure that no policeman is around at that time.77. Which of the following crimes is most commonly found in the jewelry industry?A RammingB RobberyC SafecrackingD Three-minute burglary.78. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a way of reducing safecracking?A Bigger safesB Alarm systemsC High security safesD Time locks on safes.79. The smoke screen system is mainly used to ___________A prevent criminals from running out of stores.B prevent criminals from opening the safes.C force the criminals to give in to the police.D force the criminals to run out of the stores.80. The passage is mainly about _____A a comparison of different alarm systems.B various store crimes and strategies against them.C the relations between store locations and crime rates.D the importance of security systems in preventing crimes.Paper Two。
2006考研数学(二)真题及参考答案
2006年全国硕士研究生入学考试数学（二）一、填空题 （1）曲线4sin 52cos x xy x x+=-的水平渐近线方程为 .（2）设函数231sin ,0,(),x t dt x f x x a x ⎧≠⎪=⎨⎪=⎩⎰在0x =处连续，则a = .（3）广义积分22(1)xdxx +∞=+⎰.（4）微分方程(1)y x y x-'=的通解是 . （5）设函数()y y x =由方程1yy xe =-确定，则A dy dx== .（6）设矩阵2112A ⎛⎫= ⎪-⎝⎭，E 为2阶单位矩阵，矩阵B 满足2B A BE =+，则B = . 二、选择题（7）设函数()y f x =具有二阶导数，且()0,()0f x f x '''>>，x ∆为自变量x 在0x 处的增量，y ∆与dy 分别为()f x 在点0x 处对应的增量与微分，若0x ∆>，则 （A ）0.dy y <<∆ （B ）0.y dy <∆<（C ）0.y dy ∆<<（D ）0.dy y <∆<【 】（8）设()f x 是奇函数，除0x =外处处连续，0x =是其第一类间断点，则()x f t dt ⎰是（A ）连续的奇函数. （B ）连续的偶函数（C ）在0x =间断的奇函数 （D ）在0x =间断的偶函数. 【 】（9）设函数()g x 可微，1()(),(1)1,(1)2g x h x e h g +''===，则(1)g 等于（A ）ln 31-. （B ）ln 3 1.--（C ）ln 2 1.--（D ）ln 2 1.-【 】（10）函数212xxx y C e C e xe -=++满足一个微分方程是（A ）23.xy y y xe '''--= （B ）23.xy y y e '''--=（C ）23.xy y y xe '''+-=（D ）23.xy y y e '''+-=（11）设(,)f x y 为连续函数，则140(cos ,sin )d f r r rdr πθθθ⎰⎰等于（A ）22120(,).x xdx f x y dy -⎰⎰（B ）22120(,).x dx f x y dy -⎰⎰（C ）22120(,).y ydy f x y dx -⎰⎰（D ）22120(,).y dy f x y dx -⎰⎰【 】（12）设(,)f x y 与(,)x y ϕ均为可微函数，且1(,)0y x y ϕ≠. 已知00(,)x y 是(,)f x y 在约束条件(,)0x y ϕ=下的一个极值点，下列选项正确的是（A ）若00(,)0x f x y '=，则00(,)0y f x y '=. （B ）若00(,)0x f x y '=，则00(,)0y f x y '≠. （C ）若00(,)0x f x y '≠，则00(,)0y f x y '=. （D ）若00(,)0x f x y '≠，则00(,)0y f x y '≠.【 】（13）设12,,,,a a a 均为n 维列向量，A 是m n ⨯矩阵，下列选项正确的是 （A ）若12,,,,a a a 线性相关，则12,,,,Aa Aa Aa 线性相关. （B ）若12,,,,a a a 线性相关，则12,,,,Aa Aa Aa 线性无关.（C ）若12,,,,a a a 线性无关，则12,,,,Aa Aa Aa 线性相关.（D ）若12,,,,a a a 线性无关，则12,,,,Aa Aa Aa 线性无关. 【 】（14）设A 为3阶矩阵，将A 的第2行加到第1行得B ，再将B 的第1列的-1倍加到第2列得C ，记110010001P ⎛⎫⎪= ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭，则（A ）1.C P AP -= （B ）1.C PAP -=（C ）.T C P AP =（D ）.TC PAP =三 解答题15．试确定A ，B ，C 的常数值，使得23(1)1()xe Bx Cx Ax o x ++=++，其中3()o x 是当30x x →时比的高阶无穷小.16．arcsin xxe dx e ⎰求. 17．{}22(,)1,0D x y x y x =+≤≥设区域，221.1DxyI dxdy x y +=++⎰⎰计算二重积分 18．{}110,sin (0,1,2,)n n n x x x x n π+<<== 设数列满足1lim n x x +→∞证明: (1) 存在,并求极限；211(2)lim()n x n x nx x +→∞计算. 19．sin 2cos sin cos .<a <b b b b b a a a a a πππ<++>++证明: 当0时, 20 设函数()()0,,f u +∞在内具有二阶导数且()22z fx y=+满足等式22220z zx y∂∂+=∂∂.(Ⅰ)验证()()0f u f u u'''+=；(Ⅱ)若()()()10,11,f f f u '==求函数的表达式. 21 已知曲线L 的方程为221,(0),4x l t y l t⎧=+≥⎨=-⎩（Ⅰ）讨论L 的凹凸性；（Ⅱ）过点（-1，0）引L 的切线，求切点00(,)x y ，并写出切线的方程； （Ⅲ）求此切线与L （对应于0x x ≤的部分）及x 轴所围成的平面图形的面积.22 已知非齐次线性方程组12341234123414351331x x x x x x x x ax x x bx +++=-⎧⎪++-=-⎨⎪++-=⎩有个线性无关的解Ⅰ证明方程组系数矩阵A 的秩()2r A =； Ⅱ求,a b 的值及方程组的通解.23 设3阶实对称矩阵A 的各行元素之和均为3,向量()()121,2,1,0,1,1TTαα=--=-是线性方程组A x =0的两个解, (Ⅰ)求A 的特征值与特征向量 (Ⅱ)求正交矩阵Q 和对角矩阵A,使得TQ AQ A =.真题解析一、填空题 （1）曲线4sin 52cos x xy x x+=-的水平渐近线方程为15y =4sin 11lim lim2cos 55x x xx y x x→∞→∞+==-（2）设函数2301sin ,0(),0xt dt x f x x a x ⎧≠⎪=⎨⎪=⎩⎰ 在x =0处连续，则a =132200()1lim ()lim 33x x sm x f x x →→==（3）广义积分22(1)xdxx +∞=+⎰1222222201(1)11110(1)2(1)2(1)22xdx d x x x x +∞+∞+∞+==-⋅=+=+++⎰⎰（4）微分方程(1)y x y x-'=的通解是xy cxe -=)0(≠x（5）设函数()y y x =由方程1yy xe =-确定，则0x dy dx==e-当x =0时，y =1，又把方程每一项对x 求导，y yy e xe y ''=--01(1)1x x y yyyye y xe ey e xe ===''+=-=-=-+(6) 设A = 2 1 ,2阶矩阵B 满足BA =B +2E ,则|B |= .-1 2解:由BA =B +2E 化得B (A -E )=2E ,两边取行列式,得|B ||A -E |=|2E |=4, 计算出|A -E |=2,因此|B |=2. 二、选择题（7）设函数()y f x =具有二阶导数，且()0,()0,f x f x x '''>>∆为自变量x 在点x 0处的增量，0()y dy f x x ∆与分别为在点处对应增量与微分,若0x ∆>，则[A]（A ）0dy y <<∆（B ）0y dy <∆<（C ）0y dy ∆<<（D ）0dy y <∆<由()0()f x f x '>可知严格单调增加()0()f x f x ''>可知是凹的即知（8）设()f x 是奇函数，除0x =外处处连续，0x =是其第一类间断点，则()xf t dt ⎰是[B]（A ）连续的奇函数 （B ）连续的偶函数（C ）在x =0间断的奇函数 （D ）在x =0间断的偶函数（9）设函数()g x 可微,1()(),(1)1,(1)2,g x h x e h g +''===则g (1)等于[C] （A ）ln 31- （B ）ln 31--（C ）ln 21--（D ）ln 21- ∵ 1()()()g x h x g x e +''=，1(1)12g e+= g (1)= ln 21--（10）函数212x x x y c e c xe -=++满足的一个微分方程是[D] （A ）23x y y y xe '''--= （B ）23x y y y e '''--=（C ）23xy y y xe '''+-=（D ）23xy y y e '''+-=将函数212x x x y c e c xe -=++代入答案中验证即可.（11）设(,)f x y 为连续函数，则14(cos ,sin )d f r r rd πθθθγ⎰⎰等于[C]（A ）2212(,)x xdx f x y dy -⎰⎰（B ）2212(,)x dx f x y dy -⎰⎰（C ）2212(,)y ydy f x y dx -⎰⎰（D ）2212(,)y dy f x y dx -⎰⎰（12）设(,)(,)f xyxy ϕ与均为可微函数，且(,)0,y x y ϕ'≠已知00(,)(,)x y f x y 是在约束条件(,)0x y ϕ=下的一个极值点，下列选项正确的是[D]（A ）若0000(,)0,(,)0x y f x y f x y ''==则（B ）若0000(,)0,(,)0x y f x y f x y ''=≠则 （C ）若0000(,)0,(,)0x y f x y f x y ''≠=则 （D ）若0000(,)0,(,)0x y f x y f x y ''≠≠则(,)(,)(,)(,)0(1)(,)(,)0(2)(,)0x x xy y y F f x y x y F f x y x y F f x y x y F x y λλϕλϕλϕϕ=+'''=+=⎧⎪'''=+=⎨⎪'==⎩令今000000(,)(,)0,(,)y y y f x y x y x y ϕλϕ''≠∴=-'代入(1) 得 00000000(,)(,)(,)(,)y xx y f x y x y f x y x y ϕϕ'''='今 00000000(,)0,(,)(,)0(,)0x y xy f x y f x y x y f x y ϕ''''≠∴≠≠则 故选[D] (13)设α1,α2,…,αs 都是n 维向量，A 是m ⨯n 矩阵，则（ ）成立.(A) 若α1,α2,…,αs 线性相关,则A α1,A α2,…,A αs 线性相关. (B) 若α1,α2,…,αs 线性相关,则A α1,A α2,…,A αs 线性无关. (C) 若α1,α2,…,αs 线性无关,则A α1,A α2,…,A αs 线性相关. (D) 若α1,α2,…,αs 线性无关,则A α1,A α2,…,A αs 线性无关. 解: (A)本题考的是线性相关性的判断问题,可以用定义解.若α1,α2,…,αs 线性相关,则存在不全为0的数c 1,c 2,…,c s 使得c 1α1+c 2α2+…+c s αs =0,用A 左乘等式两边,得c 1A α1+c 2A α2+…+c s A αs =0,于是A α1,A α2,…,A αs 线性相关.如果用秩来解,则更加简单明了.只要熟悉两个基本性质,它们是: 1. α1,α2,…,αs 线性无关⇔ r(α1,α2,…,αs )=s. 2. r(AB )≤ r(B ).矩阵(A α1,A α2,…,A αs )=A ( α1, α2,…,αs ),因此r(A α1,A α2,…,A αs )≤ r(α1, α2,…,αs ).由此马上可判断答案应该为(A).(14)设A 是3阶矩阵,将A 的第2列加到第1列上得B ,将B 的第1列的-1倍加到第2列上得C .记 1 1 0P = 0 1 0 ,则 0 0 1(A) C =P -1AP . (B) C =PAP -1. (C) C =P TAP . (D) C =PAP T. 解: (B)用初等矩阵在乘法中的作用得出B =PA , 1 -1 0C =B 0 1 0 =BP -1= PAP -1. 0 0 1三、解答题（15）试确定A ，B ，C 的常数值，使23(1)1()x e Bx Cx Ax o x ++=++其中3()o x 是当30x x →时比的高阶无穷小.解：泰勒公式2331()26xx x e x o x =++++代入已知等式得 23323[1()][1]1()26x x x o x Bx Cx Ax o x ++++++=++整理得233111(1)()()1()226BB xC B x C o x Ax o x ⎛⎫+++++++++=++ ⎪⎝⎭比较两边同次幂函数得B +1=A ①C +B +12=0 ② 1026B C ++= ③ 式②-③得120233B B +==-则 代入①得13A = 代入②得16C = （16）求arcsin xxe dx e ⎰.解：原式=22arcsin arcsin ()x x xx e t de e t dt e t =⎰⎰令21arcsin arcsin ()1t dttd t t t t =-=-+-⎰⎰2222arcsin arcsin 1(2)12(1)1t tdt t udu t u t t u u t t -=-+-==-+--⎰⎰令2arcsin 1t dut u =-+-⎰arcsin 11ln 21t u C t u -=-+++22arcsin arcsin 111ln 211x x x x x x e e e dx C e e e --∴=-++-+⎰. （17）设区域22{(,)||,0}D x y x y x =+≤≥，计算二重积分2211DxyI dxdy x y +=++⎰⎰.解：用极坐标系2201D xydxdy x y ⎛⎫= ⎪++⎝⎭⎰⎰11222002ln(1)ln 2122r I d dr r r ππππθ-==+=+⎰⎰. （18）设数列{}n x 满足10x π<<，1sin (1,2,3,)n n x x n +==证明：（1）1lim n n x +→∞存在，并求极限；（2）计算211lim n x n n n x x +→∞⎛⎫ ⎪⎝⎭. 证：（1）212sin ,01,2x x x n =∴<≤≥ 因此 1sin ,{}n n n n x x x x +=≤单调减少有下界()0n x ≥根据准则1，lim n n x A →∞=存在在1sin n n x x +=两边取极限得sin 0A A A =∴=因此1lim 0n n x +→∞=（2）原式21sin lim "1"n x n n n x x ∞→∞⎛⎫= ⎪⎝⎭为型 离散型不能直接用洛必达法则先考虑 22011s i n l i m l n 0s i n l i m t t t t t t t e t →⎡⎤⎢⎥⎣⎦→⎛⎫= ⎪⎝⎭用洛必达法则2011(cos sin )limsin 2t t t t t tt te→-=23233310()0()26cos sin limlim22t t t t t t t t t t tt t ee →→⎡⎤⎡⎤-+--+⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥-⎣⎦⎣⎦==3330110()261lim26t t t t ee →⎛⎫-++ ⎪⎝⎭-==.（19）证明：当0a b π<<<时，1sin 2cos sin 2cos b b b b a a a aππ++>++. 证：令()sin 2cos f x x x x x π=++ 只需证明0a x π<<<时,()f x 严格单调增加()sin cos 2sin f x x x x x π'=+-+cos sin x x x π=-+()cos sin cos sin 0f x x x x x x x ''=--=-< ()f x '∴严格单调减少又()cos 0f ππππ'=+=故0()0()a x f x f x π'<<<>时则单调增加（严格）()()b a f b f a >>由则得证（20）设函数()(0,)f u +∞在内具有二阶导数，且()22Z fx y=+满足等式22220z zx y∂∂+=∂∂.（I ）验证()()0f u f u u'''+=； （II ）若(1)0,(1)1f f '== 求函数()f u 的表达式.证：（I ）()()22222222;zx zy f x y f x y xyx yx y∂∂''=+=+∂∂++()()()()22222223222222zx y f x yf x yx x y x y ∂'''=+++∂++()()()()22222223222222zy x f x yf x yy x y x y ∂'''=+++∂++()2222222222()0()()0f x y z zf x yx y x yf u f u u'+∂∂''+=++=∂∂+'''∴+=代入方程得成立（II ）令(),;,dp p dp du c f u p c p du u p u u'==-=-+=⎰⎰则22(1)1,1,()ln ||,(1)0,0()ln ||f c f u u c f c f u u '===+==∴= 由（21）已知曲线L 的方程221(0)4x t t y t t⎧=+≥⎨=-⎩（I ）讨论L 的凹凸性；（II ）过点(1,0)-引L 的切线，求切点00(,)x y ，并写出切线的方程； （III ）求此切线与L （对应0x x ≤部分）及x 轴所围的平面图形的面积.解：（I ）4222,42,12dx dy dy t t t dt dt dx t t-==-==-222312110(0)2dy d d y dx t dx dx dt t t t dt ⎛⎫⎪⎛⎫⎝⎭=⋅=-⋅=-<> ⎪⎝⎭处(0L t ∴>曲线在处)是凸（II ）切线方程为201(1)y x t ⎛⎫-=-+⎪⎝⎭，设2001x t =+，20004y t t =-，则2223200000000241(2),4(2)(2)t t t t t t t t ⎛⎫-=-+-=-+⎪⎝⎭得200000020,(1)(2)001t t t t t t +-=-+=>∴=点为（2，3），切线方程为1y x =+（III ）设L 的方程()x g y =则()3()(1)S g y y dy =--⎡⎤⎣⎦⎰ ()224024241t t y y x y -+==±-=±-+解出t 得由于（2，3）在L 上，由()232241()y x x y g y ===--+=得可知()30944(1)S y y y dy ⎡⎤=-----⎣⎦⎰ 3300(102)44y dy ydy =---⎰⎰3333220002(10)44(4)214(4)3y y yd y y =-+--=+⨯⨯-⎰8642213333=+-=- (22)已知非齐次线性方程组 x 1+x 2+x 3+x 4=-1,4x 1+3x 2+5x 3-x 4=-1，a x 1+x 2+3x 3+bx 4=1有3个线性无关的解.① 证明此方程组的系数矩阵A 的秩为2.② 求a,b 的值和方程组的通解.解:① 设α1,α2,α3是方程组的3个线性无关的解,则α2-α1,α3-α1是AX =0的两个线性无关的解.于是AX =0的基础解系中解的个数不少于2,即4-r(A )≥2,从而r(A )≤2.又因为A 的行向量是两两线性无关的,所以r(A )≥2.两个不等式说明r(A )=2.② 对方程组的增广矩阵作初等行变换:1 1 1 1 -1 1 1 1 1 -1(A |β)= 4 3 5 -1 -1 → 0 –1 1 –5 3 ,a 1 3b 1 0 0 4-2a 4a+b-5 4-2a由r(A )=2,得出a=2,b=-3.代入后继续作初等行变换:1 02 -4 2→ 0 1 -1 5 -3 .0 0 0 0 0得同解方程组x 1=2-2x 3+4x 4，x 2=-3+x 3-5x 4，求出一个特解(2,-3,0,0)T 和AX =0的基础解系(-2,1,1,0)T ,(4,-5,0,1) T.得到方程组的通解: (2,-3,0,0)T +c 1(-2,1,1,0)T +c 2(4,-5,0,1)T , c 1,c 2任意.(23) 设3阶实对称矩阵A 的各行元素之和都为3,向量α1=(-1,2,-1)T , α2=(0,-1,1)T 都是齐次线性方程组AX =0的解.① 求A 的特征值和特征向量.② 求作正交矩阵Q 和对角矩阵Λ,使得 Q T AQ =Λ.解:① 条件说明A (1,1,1)T =(3,3,3)T ,即 α0=(1,1,1)T 是A 的特征向量,特征值为3.又α1,α2都是AX =0的解说明它们也都是A 的特征向量,特征值为0.由于α1,α2线性无关, 特征值0的重数大于1.于是A 的特征值为3,0,0.属于3的特征向量:c α0, c ≠0.属于0的特征向量:c 1α1+c 2α2, c 1,c 2不都为0.② 将α0单位化,得η0=(33,33,33)T . 对α1,α2作施密特正交化,的η1=(0,-22,22)T , η2=(-36,66,66)T . 作Q =(η0,η1,η2),则Q 是正交矩阵,并且 3 0 0Q T AQ =Q -1AQ = 0 0 0 .0 0 0。
2006年6月北京地区研究生学位英语真题及答案
2006年６月１８日（A）Part II Vocabulary ( 10 minutes, 10 points)Section A ( 0.5 point each)21. The girl was fortune enough to live under the care of an involved father and a loving mother.A sympatheticB convictedC concernedD separated22. There is compelling evidence that pollution is responsible for many deadly diseases, such as cancer.A convincingB controversialC consistentD contradictory23. The advantage of the latest model will manifest itself in improved efficiency and protection of eye-sight.A investB concentrateC plungeD exhibit24. All the recommendations and advice will be considered in earnest before any action is taken.A beforehandB seriouslyC unanimouslyD enthusiastically25. Somet imes you have to take what is said on line with a grain of salt, otherwise there would be too much news.A completelyB willinglyC theoreticallyD skeptically26. Industrialized countries are on the cutting-edge of the trend of globalization that is spreading worldwide.A extreme frontB effective qualityC underlying forceD fierce opponent.27. The huge profit from patent rights forces many companies to develop new products on their own.A secretlyB independentlyC jointlyD readily28. In spite of his diminishing influence, this senior scientists has a say in some important issues.A expandingB piercingC decreasingD lasting29. It has been scientifically proved that man does have some inherent abilities that other species don’t possess.A geneticB internalC peculiarD inborn30. The young Galileo carried on his experiments, turning a deaf ear to his father’s plea.A suspendedB continuedC fulfilledD completed.Section B (0.5 point each)31. Too much time has ____since we worked on this project.A circulatedB elapsedC occupiedD detached32. The girl fresh from college finally received a job ___ she had been expecting.A requestB pleaC suggestionD offer33. However busy we are, we’ll try to get back home ___ the dinner on the eve of the Lunar New Year.A in time forB in exchange forC in store forD in return for34. Some difficult choices involving life and death are simply outside the ___ of economic analysis.A dimensionB scaleC domainD space35. China’s economy, which was now on the brink of collapse, was beginning to ___after the implementation of reform and opening-up .A pay offB take offC leave offD drop off36. After a month or so, she came to dislike the subject and wished she had not ___it ____.A put..upB given ..upC taken …upD made …up37. It is considered a crime to ___ an election of any kind by bribing voters.A fabricateB launchC populateD manipulate38. Visitors to this plateau are likely to have a ___ headache for the first five years.A splittingB slappingC slicingD sprawling39. The central government is intensifying efforts to popularize ___education in rural localities.A voluntaryB impulsiveC instinctiveD compulsory40. They are studying what kind of preferences might ___ this surging demand for home-made TV sets.A take a fancy toB bring into playC give rise toD grow out ofPart III Cloze Test ( 10 minutes, 10 points, 1 point each)Nobody likes taking exams; exams in your own language can be stressful enough but somehow exams in a foreign language always seem to cause more worry and anxiety. Well, the good news is that, if you 41 some simple steps, taking English language exams can be really quite 42 . It won’t exactly be fun, but it certainly shouldn’t give you too many headaches or sleepless nights.If you are planning to 43 one of the well-known exams such as Cambridge First Certificate, you will probably find that there’s a preparation course 44 at a school near you. Check that the school has a good 45 of exam success and that the teacher is 46 . It is a good idea to ask if you will be given homework and 47 your written work will be marked by a teacher who knows the level of English 48 by the exam.If you take an exam preparation course your teacher will give you all the information you need and you will find that 49 in a class helps you to study more effectively. But you will still need to 50 in a lot of work yourself (after all, the teacher can’t take the exam for you.)41. A mind B walk C follow D keep42. A fascinating B painless C enjoyable D marvelous43. A have B prepare C participate D take44. A possible B available C offering D existing45. A management B foundation C expectation D record46. A experience B experiencing C experienced D experiences47. A how B that C what D whether48. A required B determined C corresponded D accorded49. A going B coming C being D getting50. A put B act C sit D give41. [C] follow 42. [B] painless 43. [D] take 44. [B] available 45. [D] record46. [C] experienced 47. [D] whether 48. [A] required 49. [C] being 50. [A] putPart IV Reading Comprehension ( 45 minutes, 30 points, 1 point each)Passage 1There are over 6,000 different computer and online games in the world now. A segment of them are considered to be both educational and harmlessly entertaining. One such game teaches geography, and another trains pilots. Others train the player in the logical thinking and problem solving. Some games may also help young people to become more computer literate, which is more important in this technology-driven era.But the dark side of the computer games has become more and more obvious. “A segment of games features anti-social themes of violence, sex and crude language,” says David Walsh,president of the National Institute on Media and Family. “Unfortunately, it’s a segment that seems particularly popular with kids aged eight to fifteen.”One study showed that almost 80 percent of the computer and online games young people preferred contained violence. The investigators said “These are not just gam es anymore. These are learning machines. We’re teaching kids in the most incredible manner what it’s like to pull the trigger. What they are not learning are the real-life consequences.”They also said “The new and more sophisticated games are even worse, because they have better graphics and allow the player to participate in even more realistic violent acts.” In the game Carmageddon, for example, the player will have driven over and killed up to 33,000 people by the time all levels are completed. A desc ription of the outcome of the game says: “Your victims not only squish under your tires and splatter blood on the windshield, they also get on their knee and beg for mercy, or commit suicide. If you like, you can also dismember them.”Is all this simulated violence harmful? Approximately 3,000 different studies have been conducted on this subject. Many have suggested that there is a connection between violence in games and increased aggressiveness in the players.Some specialists downplay the influence of the games, saying that other factors must be taken into consideration, such as the possibility that kids who already have violent tendencies are choosing such games. But could it be that violent games still play a contributing role? It seems unrealistic to insist that people are not influenced by what they see. If that were true, why would the commercial world spend billions of dollars annually for television advertising?51. Which of the following computer games is NOT mentioned as educational and harmlessly entertaining?A Those that help people learn more about computers.B Those that teach the features of the earth.C Those that provide special training for writers online.C Those that provide special training for pilots.52. According to one study, most computer and online games_________A allow the players to take part in killing acts.B teach the players to be antisocial.C make the players forget the real life results.D that young people liked contain violence53. What do es the underlined word “dismember” in Paragraph 4 mean?A To kick somebody out.B To cut somebody into pieces.C To dismiss somebodyD To stab a knife into somebody54. Many studies have suggested that ___________A more and more young people enjoy cruel computer games.B violence in computer games makes their players more aggressive.C there are now far more incidents of violence due to computer games.D simulated violence in computer games is different from real violence.55. The autho r uses “ television advertising” as an example to show that __________A other factors must be considered as possible causes of violence in real life.B computer and online games are not the only cause of increased violence in real life.C the commercial world is contributing to the increased violence in real lifeD there is a close link between computer games and increased violence in real life.56. The best title for the passage is _____________A The Dark Side of Computer Games.B Computer Games ----- Advantages and DisadvantagesC The Development of Violent Computer Games.D A Study on the Influence of ComputerGamesPassage TwoThe collapse of the Earth’s magnetic field----which guards the planet and guides many of its creatures----appears to have started seriously about 150 years ago, the New York Times reported last week.The field’s strength has decreased by 10 or 15 percent so far and this has increased the debate over whether it signals a reversal of the planet’s lines of magnetic force.During a reversal, the main field weakens, almost vanishes, and reappears with opposite polarity. The transition would take thousands of years. Once completed, compass needles that had pointed north would point south. A reversal could cause problems for both man and animals. Astronauts and satellites would have difficulties. Birds, fish and animals that rely on the magnetic field for navigation would find migration confusing. But experts said the effects would not be a big disaster; despite claims of doom and vague evidence of links between past field reversals and species extinctions.Although a total transition may be hundreds or thousands of years away, the rapid decline in magnetic strength is already affecting satellites. Last month, the European Space Agency approved the world’s largest effort at tracking the field’s shifts. A group of new satellites, called Swarm, is to monitor the collapsing field with far greater precision. “We want to get some idea of how this would e volve in the near future, just like people trying to predict the weather,” said Gauthier Hulot, a French geophysicist working on the satellite plan. “I’m personally quite convinced we should be able to work out the first predictions by the end of the missi on.”No matter what the new findings, the public has no reason to panic. Even if a transition is coming on its way, it might take 2,000 years to mature. The last one took place 780,000 years ago, when early humans were learning how to make stone tools. Deep inside the Earth flow hot currents of melted iron. This mechanical energy creates electromagnetism. The process is known as the geophysical generator. In a car’s generator, the same principle turns mechanical energy into electricity.No one knows precisely why the field periodically reversals. But scientists say the responsibility probably lies with changes in the disorderly flows of melted iron, which they see as similar to the gases that make up the clouds of Jupiter.57. According to the passage, the Earth’s magnetic field has _________A begun to change in the opposite direction.B been weakening in strength for a long time.C caused the changes on the polarities.D misguided many a man and animal58. During the tr ansition of the Earth’s magnetic field__________A the compass will become useless.B man and animals will be confused as to directions.C the magnetic strength of the Earth will disappear.D the magnetic strength of the Earth will be stronger.59. According to the experts, the reversal of the Earth’s magnetic field would ____A destroy almost all the creatures on the EarthB cause some species extinctions on the Earth.C not be as disastrous as the previous one.D cause no big trouble for man and animals.60. According to the passage, ________________A we should not worry about the transition of the Earth’s magnetic field.B the Earth’s magnetic field will not change for at least 2,000 years.C the Earth’s magnetic field has decreased its strength rapidly.D the transition of the Earth’s magnetic field can be controlled by modern science.61. The author says “…the public has no reason to panic” because ___________A the transition is still thousands of years away.B the new transition will come 780,000 years from now.C the transition can be precisely predicted by scientists.D the process of the transition will take a very long time to finish.62. The transition of the Earth’s magnetic field is possible caused by _________A the flows of melted iron inside the EarthB the periodical movement of the Earth.C the mechanical energy of the solar systemD the force coming from outer space. Passage ThreeThe terror ist attacks in London Thursday served as a stunning reminder that in today’s world, you never know what you might see when you pick up the newspaper or turn on the TV. Disturbing images of terror can trigger an instinctive response no matter how close or far away from home the vent happened.Throughout history, every military conflict has involved psychological warfare in one way or another as the enemy sought to break the morals of their opponent. But thanks to advances in technology, the popularity of the Internet, and proliferation of news coverage, the rules of engagement in this type of mental battle have changed.Whether it’s a massive attack or a single horrific act, the effects of psychological warfare aren’t limited to the physical damage inflicted. Instead, the goal of these attacks is to instill a sense of fear that is much greater than the actual threat itself.Therefore, the impact of psychological terror depends largely on how the acts are publicized and interpreted. But that also means there are ways to defend yourself and your loved ones by putting these fears into perspective and protecting your children from horrific images.What Is Psychological Terror? “The use of terrorism as a tactic is based upon inducing a climate of fear th at is disproportionate with the actual threat,” says Middle Eastern historian Richard Bulliet of Columbia University. “Every time you have an act of violence, publicizing that violent becomes an important part of the act itself.”“There are various ways to have your impact. You can have your impact by the magnitude of what you do, by the symbolic character of target, or the horrific quality of what you do to a single person,” Bulliet tells WebMD. “The point is that it isn’t what you do, but it’s how it’s covered that determines the effect.” For example, Bulliet says the Iranian hostage crisis, which began in 1979 and lasted for 444 days, was actually one of the most harmless things that happened in the Middle East in the last 25 years. All of the U.S. hostages were eventually released unharmed, but the event remains a psychological scar for many Americans who watched helplessly as each evening’s newscast counted the days the hostages were being held captive.Bulliet says terrorists frequently exploit images of a group of masked individuals exerting total power over their captives to send the message that the act is a collective demonstration of the group’s power rather than an individual criminal act. “You don’t have the notion that a certain person has t aken a hostage. It’s an image of group power, and the force becomes generalized rather than personalized,” says Bulliet. “The randomness and the ubiquity （无处不在）of the threat give the impression of vastly greater capacities.”Psychiatrist Ansar Haroun, who served in the U.S. Army Reserves in the first Gulf War and more recently in Afghanistan, says that terrorist groups often resort to psychological warfare because it’sthe only tactic they have available to them. “They don’t have M-16s, and we have M-16s. They don’t have the mighty military power that we have, and they only have access to things like kidnapping,” says Haroun, who is also a clinical professor of psychiatry at the University of California, San Diego.“In psychological warfare, even one be heading （斩首）can have the psychological impact that might be associated with killing 1,000 of the enemy,” Haroun tells WebMD. “You haven’t really harmed the enemy very much by killing one person on the other side. But in terms of inspiring fear, anxiety, te rror, and making us all feel bad, you’ve achieved a lot of demoralization.”63. What has changed the rules of psychological warfare?A Terrorist attacks.B The increase of military conflicts.C Advances in nuclear weapons.D Prosperity of the media.64. The goal of psychological warfare is to __________A change the ideology of the opponent.B win a battle without military attacks.C generate a greater sense of fear.D bring about more physical damage.65. According to Richard Bulliet, publicizing an act of violence becomes an important part of terrorism itself because ________A psychological terrorism is a tactic.B terrorism depends on a climate of fear rather than on the actual threat.C the use of terrorism is to inspire fear that is more destructive than the actual threat.D publicizing the violence can make more people know the actual threat.66. The Iranian hostage crisis shows that ___________A means determines effectsB hostage crises are prevalentC psychological terrors remain harmlessD the American media is effective67. Terrorists hold an individual as a hostage to ___________A scare the publicB demonstrate their crueltyC manipulate the government concernedD show their group power68. In this passage the author __________A emphasizes the great impact of psychological warfare.B criticizes the violence of terrorism.C calls for an end to psychological warfare.D opposes the hostage crisis. Passage FourIn a year marked by uncertainty and upheaval, officials at New Orleans universities that draw applicants nationwide are not following the usual rules of thumb when it comes to college admissions. The only sure bet, they say, is that this fall’s entering classes---- the first since Katrina----will be smaller than usual.In typical years, most college admissions officials can predict fairly accurately by this point in the admissions cycle how many high school seniors will commit to enrolling in their situations. Many of the most selective schools require students----who increasingly are applying to multiply institutions---to make their choices by May1. Loyola University, whose trustees will vote May 19 on whether to drop several degree programs and eliminate 17 faculty positions, received fewer applications---about 2,900 to date, compared with 3,500 in recent years. The school hopes to enroll 700 freshmen, down from 850 in the past few years. Historically black Dillard University, which is operating out of a hotel and was forced to cancel its annual March open house, also saw drops, as did Xavier University, a historically black Catholic institution that fell inside its recruitment schedule. Dillard won’t release numbers, but spokeswoman Naureen Larkins says applications weredown and enrollments are expected to be lower than in the past. Xavier admissions dean Winston Brown says its applicant pool fell by about half of las t year’s record 1,014; he hopes to enroll 500 freshmen.In contrast, Tulane Univ ersity, which is the most selective of the four and developed an aggressive recruitment schedule after the hurricane, enjoyed an 11% increase in applications this year, to a record 20,715. Even so, officials predict that fewer admitted students will enroll and are projecting a smaller-than-usual freshman class---- 1,400, compared with a more typical 1,600. Tulane officials announced in December that they would eliminate some departments and faculty positions.Like Tulane, other schools are taking extra steps this year to please admitted students, often by enlisting help from alumni （校友会）around the country and reaching out to students with more e-mail, phone calls or Web-based interactions such as blogs. In addition, Loyola is relaxing deadlines, sweetening the pot with larger scholarships and freezing tuition at last year’s level. Dillard, to o, is freezing tuition. It’s also hosting town meetings in target cities and region s nationwide, and moved its academic calendar back from August to mid-September “to turn away from the majority of the hurricane season,” Larkins says. Xavier extended its application deadline and stepped up its one-on-one contact with accepted students. And Tulane , among other things, has doubled the number of on-campus programs for accepted students and hosted a community service weekend program.While the schools expect applicants to be apprehensive, the admission officials also see encouraging signs of purposefulness among applicants. “A lot of students who are choosing to come to this city are saying, ‘I want to be a part of the action,” says Stieffel, noting that Loyola’s transfer applications were up 30%. And while applications to Xavier are down, Brown is betting that students who do apply are serious. “The ones who are applying, we feel, are more likely to come,” he says.69. The word “Katrina” in Para. 1 probably refers to ____________A a hurricaneB an admission officialC a universityD a student70. It can be learned from the passage that __________A most colleges require students to apply and commit to their institutions.B more students are applying to multiple institutions.C all students are required to make their institution choices by May, 1.D university trustees make decisions on enrollment.71. The following statements are all true EXCEPT______A Tulane University also saw drops in applications this year.B Xavier University fell behind its recruitment schedule.C applicants to Xavier university fell by about half of last year’s record.D Loyola University will vote on whether to eliminate 17 faculty positions.72. In order to attract applicants, Loyola University and Dillard University are both ____A freezing tuitionsB extending applications deadlines.C hosting meetingsD increasing scholarships73. Tulane University enjoyed an increase in applicants due to its ______________A new enrollment policies.B aggressive recruitment scheduleC academic positionD financial situation74. The passage is mainly concerned with ___________A the drops of the applicants of universities.B the dilemma of the admission officials.C the usual rules of college admissions.D the effects of the hurricane.Passage FiveA store exposure to crime does not diminish when the store is closed. On the contrary, as night falls, criminals are on the move looking for the best crime opportunity. This period of time is, in fact, critical. Owners generally rely only on the presence of physical barriers and electronic security. But they do not seem to be able to stop a determined effort by a group of professional criminals.When closes, commercial stores can be attacked in many different ways such as :Three-minute burglary. It involves attacking a glass front door or a window at night, smashing a display case, and stealing merchandise left out of safes. This type of criminals has little concern about the alarm system: They intend to be gone before any reaction is made to the alarm signal. In the United States, this type of burglary represents nearly 75% of all the burglary events n the jewelry industry.Ramming. It means driving into a store by smashing the front windows or doors. It has also been a practice used by criminals to gain access to valuable merchandise.Safecracking. It involves attacking a safe and stealing its contents. It should not be left out as a risk for store owners, but it makes up for a very small percentage of closed store crimes. This type of crime is decreasing as a result of the high security safes and alarm systems.Robbery is not frequent during closing time, but always represents a threat to store owners. Criminals may in fact decide to take them (or family members) hostage when at home and force them back to the store.To reduce the risks for a closed store crime to occur, the following reduction strategies are recommended:Safes. Time locks on safes, which allow opening only at specified times, can be considered as an added source of protection. Making use of different safes for high value merchandise can also reduce potentially heavy losses.Exterior and interior lighting. This is essential, as it remains one of the most effective weapons against burglary, theft and armed robbery. Lights should be positioned at strategic points and exterior lights should be protected against damage.Security systems. Detection and security systems are extremely important. Another interesting device is the smoke screen system. Once activated, this system, within seconds, fills a small area with a thick but harmless smoke, thus preventing criminals from seeing and forcing them to flee.75. A store exposed to crime at day time __________A is less likely to be attacked with the presence of physical barriers at night.B seems to invite a group of professional criminals at night.C creates the best crime opportunity at night.D is more likely to be broken into at night.76. Three-minute burglars do not worry much about the alarm system because _________A they know how to destroy the alarm system.B they know how to stay away from the alarm system.C they can finish their work within a short period of time.D they have made sure that no policeman is around at that time.77. Which of the following crimes is most commonly found in the jewelry industry?A RammingB RobberyC SafecrackingD Three-minute burglary.78. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a way of reducing safecracking?A Bigger safesB Alarm systemsC High security safesD Time locks on safes.79. The smoke screen system is mainly used to ___________A prevent criminals from running out of stores.B prevent criminals from opening the safes.C force the criminals to give in to the police.D force the criminals to run out of the stores.80. The passage is mainly about _____A a comparison of different alarm systems.B various store crimes and strategies against them.C the relations between store locations and crime rates.D the importance of security systems in preventing crimes.Paper TwoPart V Translation (30 minutes, 20 points)Section A (15 minutes, 10 points)Social progress has done away with the need for backbreaking work and has provided time and leisure for personality development. With it, indeed because of it, today the middle-class family expects each of its members to develop his unique personality, and so does each individual, more or less, himself. This new obligation of the family to provide a setting for the development of a unique personality makes family consensus extremely difficult, if not impossible. Nothing is more problematic for a small group of quite different, unique individuals than to live in close quarters, in close harmony with each other. Besides, the necessity of cultivating teenagers’ moral character adds to the difficulty in parenting.Section B ( 15 minutes, 10 points)人们经常抱怨“就医难，学费难”，可另一个值得注意的问题是大学毕业生就业难。
2006版考研英语模拟考场10套第二套答案2
2006版考研英语模拟考场10套第二套答案2 Part B (二)答案解析及参考译文Sample One思路解析41【答案】[F]【解析】空格前面的句子说“From these sources it became apparent that the character of myths varied widely， not only by geographical region but also by historical period.”，空格后面的句子说“He argued that the relatively simple Greek myth of Persephone reflects the economics of a basic agricultural community，whereas the more involved and complex myths found later in Homer are the product of a more developed society.”，由此可知：所填的句子应该是在讲神话的特点，并且会提到某位学者。
选项F中说“German scholar Karl Offried Muller followed this line of inquiry in his Prolegomena to a Scientific Mythology，1825.”，这与前后句子的意思连贯，所以应该选F。
虽然选项[A]、[C]、[D]中也都提到了学者，但是，其意思与前后句子不连贯，所以不能选用。
42【答案】[A]【解析】空格前面的句子说“These languages，scholarsconcluded，belonged to an Indo-European language family...”,空格后面的句子说“For example，an expression like ‘maiden dawn’for‘sunrise’resulted first in personification of the dawn，and then in myths about her。
考研2006年英语大作文
考研2006年英语大作文题目，2006年英语考研大作文题目为"Science and Culture"。
范文参考：Science and Culture。
In today's world, the dynamic interplay between science and culture has become increasingly significant. Science, with its constant pursuit of knowledge and understanding, often intersects with culture, influencing and shaping itin myriad ways. This essay aims to explore the intricate relationship between science and culture, examining howthey both influence and are influenced by each other.Firstly, science plays a crucial role in shapingcultural attitudes and beliefs. The discoveries and advancements made in various scientific fields often challenge traditional cultural norms and ideologies. For example, the theory of evolution put forth by CharlesDarwin in the 19th century revolutionized the way humans perceive their origins, contradicting religious creation myths prevalent in many cultures. Similarly, breakthroughsin medical science have altered societal perceptions of health, illness, and well-being, leading to changes in cultural practices surrounding healthcare and hygiene.Conversely, culture also exerts a profound influence on the direction and focus of scientific research. Societal values, beliefs, and priorities often shape the funding, scope, and relevance of scientific endeavors. For instance, in cultures that prioritize environmental conservation, scientific research may be directed towards finding sustainable solutions to pressing ecological challenges. Likewise, cultural attitudes towards gender, race, and ethnicity can influence the diversity and inclusivity of scientific research communities, impacting the range of perspectives and insights brought to bear on scientific questions.Furthermore, the intersection of science and culture gives rise to innovative forms of expression and creativity.Science fiction literature, for example, draws inspiration from scientific concepts and speculation, envisioning possible futures shaped by technological advancements. Likewise, art, music, and film often incorporate scientific themes and imagery, reflecting the cultural fascinationwith scientific progress and exploration. These interdisciplinary collaborations enrich both scientific and cultural discourse, fostering a deeper appreciation for the interconnectedness of human knowledge and creativity.However, despite the symbiotic relationship between science and culture, tensions and conflicts can also arise. Cultural biases and prejudices may impede scientific progress, inhibiting the acceptance of new ideas or technologies that challenge existing power structures or belief systems. Conversely, scientific developments perceived as ethically or culturally controversial may provoke backlash or resistance from certain cultural groups, leading to debates over the ethical boundaries ofscientific inquiry.In conclusion, the relationship between science andculture is complex and multifaceted, characterized bymutual influence and interaction. While science shapes cultural beliefs and practices, culture also shapes the trajectory of scientific inquiry and innovation. By recognizing and embracing the interplay between science and culture, we can foster greater understanding, collaboration, and creativity, enriching both our scientific endeavors and cultural expressions.仿写：Technology and Society。
2006年考研数学二真题答案解析
2006年全国硕士研究生入学考试数学（二）解析一、填空题 （1）曲线4sin 52cos x xy x x+=-的水平渐近线方程为15y =4sin 11lim lim55x x xx y x→∞→∞+==-（2）设函数2301sin ,0(),0xt dt x f x x a x ⎧≠⎪=⎨⎪=⎩⎰ 在x =0处连续，则a =132200()1lim ()lim 33x x sm x f x x →→== （3）广义积分22(1)xdxx +∞=+⎰1222222201(1)11110(1)2(1)2(1)22xdx d x x x x +∞+∞+∞+==-⋅=+=+++⎰⎰（4）微分方程(1)y x y x-'=的通解是xy cxe -=)0(≠x（5）设函数()y y x =由方程1yy xe =-确定，则0x dy dx==e-当x =0时，y =1，又把方程每一项对x 求导，y yy e xe y ''=--01(1)1x x y yyyye y xe ey e xe ===''+=-=-=-+(6) 设A = 2 1 ,2B 满足BA =B +2E ,则|B |= .-1 2解:由BA =B +2E 化得B (A -E )=2E ,两边取行列式,得|B ||A -E |=|2E |=4, 计算出|A -E |=2,因此|B |=2. 二、选择题（7）设函数()y f x =具有二阶导数，且()0,()0,f x f x x '''>>∆为自变量x 在点x 0处的增量，0()y dy f x x ∆与分别为在点处对应增量与微分,若0x ∆>，则[A]（A ）0dy y <<∆（B ）0y dy <∆<（C ）0y dy ∆<<（D ）0dy y <∆<由()0()f x f x '>可知严格单调增加()0()f x f x ''>可知是凹的即知（8）设()f x 是奇函数，除0x =外处处连续，0x =是其第一类间断点，则()xf t dt ⎰是[B]（A ）连续的奇函数 （B ）连续的偶函数（C ）在x =0间断的奇函数 （D ）在x =0间断的偶函数（9）设函数()g x 可微,1()(),(1)1,(1)2,g x h x e h g +''===则g (1)等于[C] （A ）ln 31- （B ）ln 31--（C ）ln 21--（D ）ln 21- ∵ 1()()()g x h x g x e +''=，1(1)12g e+= g (1)= ln 21--（10）函数212x x x y c e c xe -=++满足的一个微分方程是[D] （A ）23x y y y xe '''--= （B ）23x y y y e '''--=（C ）23xy y y xe '''+-=（D ）23xy y y e '''+-=将函数212x x x y c e c xe -=++代入答案中验证即可.（11）设(,)f x y 为连续函数，则14(cos ,sin )d f r r rd πθθθγ⎰⎰等于[C]（A ）(,)xf x y dy ⎰（B ）(,)f x y dy ⎰（C ）(,)yf x y dx ⎰（D ）(,)f x y dx ⎰（12）设(,)(,)f x y x y ϕ与均为可微函数，且(,)0,y x y ϕ'≠已知00(,)(,)x y f x y 是在约束条件(,)0x y ϕ=下的一个极值点，下列选项正确的是[D]（A ）若0000(,)0,(,)0x y f x y f x y ''==则（B ）若0000(,)0,(,)0x y f x y f x y ''=≠则 （C ）若0000(,)0,(,)0x y f x y f x y ''≠=则 （D ）若0000(,)0,(,)0x y f x y f x y ''≠≠则(,)(,)(,)(,)0(1)(,)(,)0(2)(,)0x x xy y y F f x y x y F f x y x y F f x y x y F x y λλϕλϕλϕϕ=+'''=+=⎧⎪'''=+=⎨⎪'==⎩令今000000(,)(,)0,(,)y y y f x y x y x y ϕλϕ''≠∴=-'代入(1) 得 00000000(,)(,)(,)(,)y xx y f x y x y f x y x y ϕϕ'''='今 00000000(,)0,(,)(,)0(,)0x y xy f x y f x y x y f x y ϕ''''≠∴≠≠则 故选[D] (13)设α1,α2,…,αs 都是n 维向量，A 是m ⨯n 矩阵，则（ ）成立.(A) 若α1,α2,…,αs 线性相关,则A α1,A α2,…,A αs 线性相关. (B) 若α1,α2,…,αs 线性相关,则A α1,A α2,…,A αs 线性无关. (C) 若α1,α2,…,αs 线性无关,则A α1,A α2,…,A αs 线性相关. (D) 若α1,α2,…,αs 线性无关,则A α1,A α2,…,A αs 线性无关. 解: (A)本题考的是线性相关性的判断问题,可以用定义解.若α1,α2,…,αs 线性相关,则存在不全为0的数c 1,c 2,…,c s 使得c 1α1+c 2α2+…+c s αs =0,用A 左乘等式两边,得c 1A α1+c 2A α2+…+c s A αs =0,于是A α1,A α2,…,A αs 线性相关.如果用秩来解,则更加简单明了.只要熟悉两个基本性质,它们是: 1. α1,α2,…,αs ↵∍◊σ⇔ r(α1,α2,…,αs )=s. 2. r(AB )≤ r(B ).矩阵(A α1,A α2,…,A αs )=A ( α1, α2,…,αs ),因此r(A α1,A α2,…,A αs )≤ r(α1, α2,…,αs ).由此马上可判断答案应该为(A).(14)设A 是3阶矩阵,将A 的第2列加到第1列上得B ,将B 的第1列的-1倍加到第2列上得C .记 1 1 0P = 0 1 0 ,则 0 0 1(A) C =P -1AP . (B) C =PAP -1. (C) C =P TAP . (D) C =PAP T. 解: (B)用初等矩阵在乘法中的作用得出B =PA , 1 -1 0C =B 0 1 0 =BP -1= PAP -1. 0 0 1三、解答题（15）试确定A ，B ，C 的常数值，使23(1)1()x e Bx Cx Ax o x ++=++其中3()o x 是当30x x →时比的高阶无穷小.解：泰勒公式2331()26xx x e x o x =++++代入已知等式得 23323[1()][1]1()26x x x o x Bx Cx Ax o x ++++++=++整理得233111(1)()()1()226BB xC B x C o x Ax o x ⎛⎫+++++++++=++ ⎪⎝⎭比较两边同次幂函数得B +1=A ①C +B +12=0 ② 1026B C ++= ③ 式②-③得120233B B +==-则 代入①得13A = 代入②得16C = （16）求arcsin xxe dx e ⎰.解：原式=22arcsin arcsin ()x x xx e t de e t dt e t =⎰⎰令1arcsin arcsin ()t td t t =-=-+⎰2arcsin arcsin 1(2)2(1)t t udu t t u u -=-+=-+-⎰2arcsin 1t dut u =-+-⎰arcsin 11ln 21t u C t u -=-+++arcsin arcsin 12x x x x e e dx C e e ∴=-++⎰. （17）设区域22{(,)||,0}D x y x y x =+≤≥，计算二重积分2211DxyI dxdy x y +=++⎰⎰.解：用极坐标系2201D xydxdy x y ⎛⎫=⎪++⎝⎭⎰⎰11222002ln(1)ln 2122r I d dr r r ππππθ-==+=+⎰⎰. （18）设数列{}n x 满足10x π<<，1sin (1,2,3,)n n x x n +==证明：（1）1lim n n x +→∞存在，并求极限；（2）计算11lim n x n n n x x +→∞⎛⎫ ⎪⎝⎭. 证：（1）212sin ,01,2x x x n =∴<≤≥因此 1sin ,{}n n n n x x x x +=≤单调减少有下界()0n x ≥根据准则1，lim n n x A →∞=存在在1sin n n x x +=两边取极限得sin 0A A A =∴=因此1lim 0n n x +→∞=（2）原式21sin lim "1"n x n n n x x ∞→∞⎛⎫= ⎪⎝⎭为型离散型不能直接用洛必达法则先考虑 2011s i n l i m l n 0s i n l i m t t t t t t t e t →⎡⎤⎢⎥⎣⎦→⎛⎫= ⎪⎝⎭用洛必达法则2011(cos sin )limsin 2t t t t t tt te→-=23233310()0()26cos sin limlim22t t t t t t t t t t tt t ee →→⎡⎤⎡⎤-+--+⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥-⎣⎦⎣⎦==33110()261lim26t t t t ee →⎛⎫-++ ⎪⎝⎭-==.（19）证明：当0a b π<<<时，1sin 2cos sin 2cos b b b b a a a aππ++>++. 证：令()sin 2cos f x x x x x π=++ 只需证明0a x π<<<时,()f x 严格单调增加()sin cos 2sin f x x x x x π'=+-+cos sin x x x π=-+()cos sin cos sin 0f x x x x x x x ''=--=-< ()f x '∴严格单调减少又()cos 0f ππππ'=+=故0()0()a x f x f x π'<<<>时则单调增加（严格）()()b a f b f a >>由则得证（20）设函数()(0,)f u +∞在内具有二阶导数，且Z f=满足等式22220z zx y∂∂+=∂∂. （I ）验证()()0f u f u u'''+=； （II ）若(1)0,(1)1f f '== 求函数()f u 的表达式.证：（I）zzf f xy∂∂''==∂∂()()2223222222zx y f f x x y x y ∂'''=+∂++()()2223222222zy x f f yx y x y ∂'''=+∂++22220()()0z zf x y f u f u u∂∂''+=+=∂∂'''∴+=代入方程得成立（II ）令(),;,dp p dp du c f u p c p du u p u u'==-=-+=⎰⎰则22(1)1,1,()ln ||,(1)0,0()ln ||f c f u u c f c f u u '===+==∴=由（21）已知曲线L 的方程221(0)4x t t y t t ⎧=+≥⎨=-⎩（I ）讨论L 的凹凸性；（II ）过点(1,0)-引L 的切线，求切点00(,)x y ，并写出切线的方程； （III ）求此切线与L （对应0x x ≤部分）及x 轴所围的平面图形的面积.解：（I ）4222,42,12dx dy dy t t t dt dt dx t t-==-==-222312110(0)2dy d d y dx t dx dx dt t t t dt ⎛⎫⎪⎛⎫⎝⎭=⋅=-⋅=-<> ⎪⎝⎭处(0L t ∴>曲线在处)是凸（II ）切线方程为201(1)y x t ⎛⎫-=-+⎪⎝⎭，设2001x t =+，20004y t t =-，则2223200000000241(2),4(2)(2)t t t t t t t t ⎛⎫-=-+-=-+ ⎪⎝⎭得200000020,(1)(2)001t t t t t t +-=-+=>∴=点为（2，3），切线方程为1y x =+（III ）设L 的方程()x g y =则()3()(1)S g y y dy =--⎡⎤⎣⎦⎰(2240221t t y x -+===+解出t 得由于（2，3）在L上，由(23221()y x x g y ===+=得可知(309(1)S y y dy ⎡⎤=----⎣⎦⎰33(102)4y dy =--⎰33332202(10)4(4)214(4)3y y y y =-+-=+⨯⨯-8642213333=+-=-(22)已知非齐次线性方程组x 1+x 2+x 3+x 4=-1, 4x 1+3x 2+5x 3-x 4=-1，a x 1+x 2+3x 3+bx 4=1 有3个线性无关的解.① 证明此方程组的系数矩阵A 的秩为2. ② 求a,b 的值和方程组的通解.解:① 设α1,α2,α3是方程组的3个线性无关的解,则α2-α1,α3-α1是AX =0的两个线性无关的解.于是AX =0的基础解系中解的个数不少于2,即4-r(A )≥2,从而r(A )≤2.又因为A 的行向量是两两线性无关的,所以r(A )≥2. 两个不等式说明r(A )=2.② 对方程组的增广矩阵作初等行变换:1 1 1 1 -1 1 1 1 1 -1(A |β)= 4 3 5 -1 -1 → 0 –1 1 –5 3 ,a 1 3b 1 0 0 4-2a 4a+b-5 4-2a 由r(A )=2,得出a=2,b=-3.代入后继续作初等行变换:1 02 -4 2 → 0 1 -1 5 -3 .0 0 0 0 0 得同解方程组x 1=2-2x 3+4x 4， x 2=-3+x 3-5x 4，求出一个特解(2,-3,0,0)T和AX =0的基础解系(-2,1,1,0)T,(4,-5,0,1) T.得到方程组的通解: (2,-3,0,0)T+c 1(-2,1,1,0)T+c 2(4,-5,0,1)T, c 1,c 2任意.(23) 设3阶实对称矩阵A 的各行元素之和都为3,向量α1=(-1,2,-1)T, α2=(0,-1,1)T都是齐次线性方程组AX =0的解. ① 求A 的特征值和特征向量.② 求作正交矩阵Q 和对角矩阵Λ,使得 Q TAQ =Λ.解:① 条件说明A (1,1,1)T=(3,3,3)T,即 α0=(1,1,1)T是A 的特征向量,特征值为3.又α1,α2都是AX =0的解说明它们也都是A 的特征向量,特征值为0.由于α1,α2线性无关, 特征值0的重数大于1.于是A 的特征值为3,0,0.属于3的特征向量:c α0, c ≠0.属于0的特征向量:c 1α1+c 2α2, c 1,c 2不都为0. ② 将α0单位化,得η0=(33,33,33)T. 对α1,α2作施密特正交化,的η1=(0,-22,22)T , η2=(-36,66,66)T. 作Q =(η0,η1,η2),则Q 是正交矩阵,并且3 0 0Q T AQ =Q -1AQ = 0 0 0 . 0 0 0。
CAD2006入门基础教程(课件PPT)
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⒉动态缩放显示：使图形在光标的移动中被拉大或缩小。 这组命令包括“缩放”工具栏“动态” 和“标准” 工具栏中的“实时” 。在绘图中比较实用的是“实 时”缩放。
单击“实时”按钮后，屏幕上的光标会变成放大镜 式图标，此时按住鼠标左键移动图标，即可完成图形的 缩、放。缩放结束后，按【Enter】键退出，或点击鼠标 右键调出快捷菜单，点击退出即成。
21下右图)→根据需求修改对话框中的选项内容(如对图形
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的说明、添加新图等)→点击“确 定”→出现“指定Zip文件”对话框 (见图1-22右图)→指定保存地址 和文件名→点“保存”，即完成创 建过程。Zip文件的图标见图 1-22‘名称’窗口。 3)将该文件上网发电子邮件。
1.5 基本操作命令
1.5.1 “放弃”命令
1.2.5 命令窗口
命令窗口位于绘图区的下面。作用是：①供用户输入命令 和数据，并提示后面的操作步骤；②查询前面使用过的命令。
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命令窗口分为两个部分，上边为历史命令行，可用本行 右侧的滚动条察看过去使用的命令；下边一行为当前命 令行，实现人机对话的位置。
1.2.6 状态栏
状态栏在整个工作界面的最下面。在状态栏里显示的是： ⑴当前光标位置的动态坐标，随光标的移动而变化； ⑵绘图辅助工具的开关状态(共九个)，按键凹陷为打开状态， 凸起则为关闭状态。
方法: 编辑 →放弃─┒ 工具栏按钮 → 即可。
命令行： Undo ↓┚
用于撤销上一次操作的命令，连续使用可逐步顺序撤销
有关的操作，但不能跳跃撤销某次操作。用于及时修改某
次操作。
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2006年考研英语真题完整版
2006年考研英语真题完整版Section IUse of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)The homeless make up a growing percentage of America’s population. __1__ homelessness has reached such proportions that local government can’t possibly __2__. To help homeless people __3__ independence, the federal government must support job training programs, __4__ the minimum wage, and fund more low-cost housing.__5__ everyone agrees on the numbers of Americans who are homeless. Estimates __6__ anywhere from 600,000 to 3 million. __7__ the figure may vary, analysts do agree on another matter: that the number of the homeless is __8__. One of the federal government’s studies __9__ that the number of the homeless will reach nearly 19 million by the end of this decade.Finding ways to __10__ this growing homeless population has become increasingly difficult. __11__ when homeless individuals manage to find a __12__ that will give them three meals a day and a place to sleep at night, a good number still spend the bulk of each day __13__ the street. Part of the problem is that many homeless adults are addicted to alcohol or drugs. And a significant number of the homeless have serious mental disorders. Many others, __14__ not addicted or mentally ill, simply lack the everyday __15__ skills need to turn their lives __16__. Boston Globe reporter Chris Reidy notes that the situation will improve only when there are __17__ programs that address the many needs of the homeless. __18__ Edward Blotkowsk, director of community service at Bentley College in Massachusetts, __19__ it, “There has to be __20__ of programs. What we need is a package deal.”1.[A] Indeed [B] Likewise [C] Therefore [D] Furthermore2.[A] stand [B] cope [C] approve [D] retain3.[A] in [B] for [C] with [D] toward4.[A] raise [B] add [C] take [D] keep5.[A] generally [B] almost [C] hardly [D] not6.[A] cover [B] change [C] range [D] differ7.[A] Now that [B] Although [C] Provided [D] Except that8.[A] inflating [B] expanding [C] increasing [D] extending9.[A] predicts [B] displays [C] proves [D] discovers10.[A] assist [B] track [C] sustain [D] dismiss11.[A] Hence [B] But [C] Even [D] Only12.[A] lodging [B] shelter [C] dwelling [D] house13.[A] searching [B] strolling [C] crowding [D] wandering14.[A] when [B] once [C] while [D] whereas15.[A] life [B] existence [C] survival [D] maintenance16.[A] around [B] over [C] on [D] up17.[A] complex [B] comprehensive [C] complementary [D] compensating18.[A] So [B] Since [C] As [D] Thus19.[A] puts [B] interprets [C] assumes [D] makes20.[A] supervision [B] manipulation [C] regulation [D] coordinationSection IIReading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C], or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1In spite of “endless talk of difference,” American society is an amazing machine for homogenizing people. There is “the democratizing uniformity of dress and discourse, and the casualness and absence of deference” characteristic of popular culture. People are absorbed into “a culture of consumption” launched by the19th-century department stores that offered “vast arrays of goods in an elegant atmosphere. Instead of intimate shops catering to a knowledgeable elite,”these were stores “anyone could enter, regardless of class or background. This turned shopping into a public and democratic act.”The mass media, advertising and sports are other forces for homogenization.Immigrants are quickly fitting into this common culture, which may not be altogether elevating but is hardly poisonous. Writing for the National Immigration Forum, Gregory Rodriguez reports that today’s immigration is neither at unprecedented levels nor resistant to assimilation. In 1998 immigrants were 9.8 percent of population; in 1900, 13.6 percent. In the 10 years prior to 1990, 3.1 immigrants arrived for every 1,000 residents; in the 10 years prior to 1890, 9.2 for every 1,000. Now, consider three indices of assimilation -- language, home ownership and intermarriage.The 1990 Census revealed that “a majority of immigrants from each of the fifteen most common countries of origin spoke English ‘well’ or ‘very well’ after ten years of residence.” The children of immigrants tend to be bilingual and proficient in English. “By the third generation, the original language is lost in the majority of immigrant families.” Hence the description of America as a “graveyard” for languages. By 1996 foreign-born immigrants who had arrived before 1970 had a home ownership rate of 75.6 percent, higher than the 69.8 percent rate among native-born Americans.Foreign-born Asians and Hispanics “have higher rates of intermarriage than do U.S.-born whites and blacks.” By the third generation, one third of Hispanic women are married to non-Hispanics, and 41 percent of Asian-American women are married to non-Asians.Rodriguez notes that children in remote villages around the world are fans of superstars like Arnold Schwarzenegger and Garth Brooks, yet “some Americans fear that immigrants living within the United States remain somehow immune to the nation’s assimilative power.”Are there divisive issues and pockets of seething anger in America? Indeed. It is big enough to have a bit of everything. But particularly when viewed against America’s turbulent past, today’s social indices hardly suggest a dark and deteriorating social environment.21.The word “homogenizing” (Line 2, Paragraph 1) most probably means ________.[A] identifying[B] associating[C] assimilating[D] monopolizing22.According to the author, the department stores of the 19th century ________.[A] played a role in the spread of popular culture[B] became intimate shops for common consumers[C] satisfied the needs of a knowledgeable elite[D] owed its emergence to the culture of consumption23.The text suggests that immigrants now in the U.S. ________.[A] are resistant to homogenization[B] exert a great influence on American culture[C] are hardly a threat to the common culture[D] constitute the majority of the population24.Why are Arnold Schwarzenegger and Garth Brooks mentioned in Paragraph 5?[A] To prove their popularity around the world.[B] To reveal the public’s fear of immigrants.[C] To give examples of successful immigrants.[D] To show the powerful influence of American culture.25.In the author’s opinion, the absorption of immigrants into American societyis ________.[A] rewarding[B] successful[C] fruitless[D] harmfulText 2Stratford-on-Avon, as we all know, has only one industry -- William Shakespeare -- but there are two distinctly separate and increasingly hostile branches. There is the Royal Shakespeare Company (RSC), which presents superb productions of the plays at the Shakespeare Memorial Theatre on the Avon. And there are the townsfolk who largely live off the tourists who come, not to see the plays, but to look at Anne Hathaway’s Cottage, Shakespeare’s birthplace and the other sights.The worthy residents of Stratford doubt that the theatre adds a penny to their revenue. They frankly dislike the RSC’s actors, them with their long hair and beards and sandals and noisiness. It’s all deliciously ironic when you consider that Shakespeare, who earns their living, was himself an actor (with a beard) and did his share of noise-making.The tourist streams are not entirely separate. The sightseers who come by bus -- and often take in Warwick Castle and Blenheim Palace on the side -- don’t usually see the plays, and some of them are even surprised to find a theatre in Stratford. However, the playgoers do manage a little sight-seeing along with their playgoing. It is the playgoers, the RSC contends, who bring in much of the town’s revenue because they spend the night (some of them four or five nights) pouring cash into the hotels and restaurants. The sightseers can take in everything and get out of town by nightfall.The townsfolk don’t see it this way and local council does not contribute directly to the subsidy of the Royal Shakespeare Company. Stratford cries poor traditionally. Nevertheless every hotel in town seems to be adding a new wing or cocktail lounge. Hilton is building its own hotel there, which you may be sure will be decorated with Hamlet Hamburger Bars, the Lear Lounge, the Banquo Banqueting Room, and so forth, and will be very expensive.Anyway, the townsfolk can’t understand why the Royal Shakespeare Company needsa subsidy. (The theatre has broken attendance records for three years in a row. Last year its 1,431 seats were 94 percent occupied all year long and this year they’ll do better.) The reason, of course, is that costs have rocketed and ticket prices have stayed low.It would be a shame to raise prices too much because it would drive away the young people who are Stratford’s most attractive clientele. They come entirely for the plays, not the sights. They all seem to look alike (though they come from all over) -- lean, pointed, dedicated faces, wearing jeans and sandals, eating their buns and bedding down for the night on the flagstones outside the theatre to buy the 20 seats and 80 standing-room tickets held for the sleepers and sold to them when the box office opens at 10:30 a.m.26.From the first two paragraphs, we learn that ________.[A] the townsfolk deny the RSC’s contribution to the town’s revenue[B] the actors of the RSC imitate Shakespeare on and off stage[C] the two branches of the RSC are not on good terms[D] the townsfolk earn little from tourism27.It can be inferred from Paragraph 3 that ________.[A] the sightseers cannot visit the Castle and the Palace separately[B] the playgoers spend more money than the sightseers[C] the sightseers do more shopping than the playgoers[D] the playgoers go to no other places in town than the theater28.By saying “Stratford cries poor traditionally” (Line 2-3, Paragraph 4), the author implies that ________.[A] Stratford cannot afford the expansion projects[B] Stratford has long been in financial difficulties[C] the town is not really short of money[D] the townsfolk used to be poorly paid29.According to the townsfolk, the RSC deserves no subsidy because ________.[A] ticket prices can be raised to cover the spending[B] the company is financially ill-managed[C] the behavior of the actors is not socially acceptable[D] the theatre attendance is on the rise30.From the text we can conclude that the author ________.[A] is supportive of both sides[B] favors the townsfolk’s view[C] takes a detached attitude[D] is sympathetic to the RSCText 3When prehistoric man arrived in new parts of the world, something strange happened to the large animals. They suddenly became extinct. Smaller species survived. The large, slow-growing animals were easy game, and were quickly hunted to extinction. Now something similar could be happening in the oceans.That the seas are being overfished has been known for years. What researchers such as Ransom Myers and Boris Worm have shown is just how fast things are changing. They have looked at half a century of data from fisheries around the world. Their methods do not attempt to estimate the actual biomass (the amount of living biological matter) of fish species in particular parts of the ocean, but rather changes in that biomass over time. According to their latest paper published in Nature, the biomass of large predators (animals that kill and eat other animals) in a new fishery is reduced on average by 80% within 15 years of the start of exploitation. In some long-fished areas, it has halved again since then.Dr. Worm acknowledges that these figures are conservative. One reason for this is that fishing technology has improved. Today’s vessels can find their prey using satellites and sonar, which were not available 50 years ago. That means a higherproportion of what is in the sea is being caught, so the real difference between present and past is likely to be worse than the one recorded by changes in catch sizes. In the early days, too, longlines would have been more saturated with fish. Some individuals would therefore not have been caught, since no baited hooks would have been available to trap them, leading to an underestimate of fish stocks in the past. Furthermore, in the early days of longline fishing, a lot of fish were lost to sharks after they had been hooked. That is no longer a problem, because there are fewer sharks around now.Dr. Myers and Dr. Worm argue that their work gives a correct baseline, which future management efforts must take into account. They believe the data support an idea current among marine biologists, that of the “shifting baseline.” The notion is that people have failed to detect the massive changes which have happened in the ocean because they have been looking back only a relatively short time into the past. That matters because theory suggests that the maximum sustainable yield that can be cropped from a fishery comes when the biomass of a target species is about 50% of its original levels. Most fisheries are well below that, which is a bad way to do business.31.The extinction of large prehistoric animals is noted to suggest that________.[A] large animal were vulnerable to the changing environment[B] small species survived as large animals disappeared[C] large sea animals may face the same threat today[D] slow-growing fish outlive fast-growing ones32.We can infer from Dr. Myers and Dr. Worm’s paper that ________.[A] the stock of large predators in some old fisheries has reduced by 90%[B] there are only half as many fisheries as there were 15 years ago[C] the catch sizes in new fisheries are only 20% of the original amount[D] the number of larger predators dropped faster in new fisheries than in the old33.By saying "these figures are conservative" (Line 1, paragraph 3), Dr. Wormmeans that ________.[A] fishing technology has improved rapidly[B] the catch-sizes are actually smaller than recorded[C] the marine biomass has suffered a greater loss[D] the data collected so far are out of date34.Dr. Myers and other researchers hold that ________.[A] people should look for a baseline that can work for a longer time[B] fisheries should keep their yields below 50% of the biomass[C] the ocean biomass should be restored to its original level[D] people should adjust the fishing baseline to the changing situation35.The author seems to be mainly concerned with most fisheries’ ________.[A] management efficiency[B] biomass level[C] catch-size limits[D] technological applicationText 4Many things make people think artists are weird. But the weirdest may be this: artists’ only job is to explore emotions, and yet they choose to focus on the ones that feel bad.This wasn’t always so. The earliest forms of art, like painting and music, are those best suited for expressing joy. But somewhere from the 19th century onward, more artists began seeing happiness as meaningless, phony or, worst of all, boring, as we went from Wordsworth’s daffodils to Baudelaire’s flowers of evil.You could argue that art became more skeptical of happiness because modern times have seen so much misery. But it’s not as if earlier times didn’t know perpetualwar, disaster and the massacre of innocents. The reason, in fact, may be just the opposite: there is too much damn happiness in the world today.After all, what is the one modern form of expression almost completely dedicated to depicting happiness? Advertising. The rise of anti-happy art almost exactly tracks the emergence of mass media, and with it, a commercial culture in which happiness is not just an ideal but an ideology.People in earlier eras were surrounded by reminders of misery. They worked until exhausted, lived with few protections and died young. In the West, before mass communication and literacy, the most powerful mass medium was the church, which reminded worshippers that their souls were in danger and that they would someday be meat for worms. Given all this, they did not exactly need their art to be a bummer too.Today the messages the average Westerner is surrounded with are not religious but commercial, and forever happy. Fast-food eaters, news anchors, text messengers, all smiling, smiling, smiling. Our magazines feature beaming celebrities and happy families in perfect homes. And since these messages have an agenda -- to lure us to open our wallets -- they make the very idea of happiness seem unreliable. “Celebrate!”commanded the ads for the arthritis drug Celebrex, before we found out it could increase the risk of heart attacks.But what we forget -- what our economy depends on us forgetting -- is that happiness is more than pleasure without pain. The things that bring the greatest joy carry the greatest potential for loss and disappointment. Today, surrounded by promises of easy happiness, we need art to tell us, as religion once did, Memento mori: remember that you will die, that everything ends, and that happiness comes not in denying this but in living with it. It’s a message even more bitter than a clove cigarette, yet, somehow, a breath of fresh air.36.By citing the examples of poets Wordsworth and Baudelaire, the author intends to show that ________.[A] poetry is not as expressive of joy as painting or music[B] art grows out of both positive and negative feelings[C] poets today are less skeptical of happiness[D] artists have changed their focus of interest37.The word “bummer” (Line 5, paragraph 5) most probably means something ________.[A] religious[B] unpleasant[C] entertaining[D] commercial38.In the author’s opinion, advertising ________.[A] emerges in the wake of the anti-happy art[B] is a cause of disappointment for the general public[C] replaces the church as a major source of information[D] creates an illusion of happiness rather than happiness itself39.We can learn from the last paragraph that the author believes ________.[A] happiness more often than not ends in sadness[B] the anti-happy art is distasteful but refreshing[C] misery should be enjoyed rather than denied[D] the anti-happy art flourishes when economy booms40.Which of the following is true of the text?[A] Religion once functioned as a reminder of misery.[B] Art provides a balance between expectation and reality.[C] People feel disappointed at the realities of modern society.[D] Mass media are inclined to cover disasters and deaths.Section IIIWritingPart A51.DirectionsYou want to contribute to Project Hope by offering financial aid to a child in a remote area. Write a letter to the department concerned, asking them to help find a candidate. You should specify what kind of child you want to help and how you will carry out your plan.Write your letter in no less than 100 words. Write it neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter; use “Li Ming” instead.Do not write the address.。
2006年第三届研究生数学建模竞赛B题优秀论文(5)
一、问题的提出
包括“神舟六号”载人航天宇宙飞船、人造地球卫星等航天器围绕地球在轨 运行的过程中，要受到很多力的作用，其中主要的是地球万有引力和航天器发动 机作用力。 一：考虑航天器在仅受到地球万有引力、 航天器自身发动机作用力的作用下作平 面运动，将地球和航天器视为质点，试建立航天器运动的数学模型（只要列出模 型，不要求解） 。 显然这样的数学模型在精度上是远远不能满足实际需要的， 在其他要求精确 制导等有关高科技的实际问题中，我们都面临着类似的问题：我们必须建立高精 度的数学模型，必须高精度地估计模型中的大批参数，因为只有这样的数学模型 才能解决实际问题，而不会出现差之毫厘，结果却失之千里的情况。这时所建立 数学模型的精度就成了数学模型的生命线。 例如上述问题中的航天器还要受到地 球质量分布不均匀所引起的摄动力，大气阻力，日、月及其它星球的摄动引力的 影响，以及航天器发动机为调整航天器自身姿态运作时作用力的影响。这样不但 数学模型十分复杂，而且在这些数学模型中还要涉及到许多重要的参数，如地球 的引力场模型就有许多待定参数。不仅如此，在对航天器进行测量时，还涉及到 观测站的地理位置以及设备的系统误差等参数。 为此人们要设法利用长期积累的 丰富的观测资料，高精度确定这些重要的参数。 由于航天器的问题太复杂，下面本题仅考虑较简单的确定高精度参数问题。 假设有一个生态系统，其中含有两种生物，即： A 生物和 B 生物，其中 A 生物是捕食者，B 生物是被捕食者。假设 t 时刻捕食者 A 的数目为 x t ，被捕食 者 B 数目为 y t ，它们之间满................................................................................................................1 二
Auto CAD入门基础PPT课件
Auto CAD 2006
1. 平面绘图功能 用户可以通过输入命令、参数、工具 按钮、执行菜单命令等方法绘制出各种基本图形来设计 出各种复杂的工程图。AUTOCD提供了点、直线段、圆、 圆弧、多段线、多边形等基本的绘图工具。
2. 图形编辑功能 CAD向用户提供了非常丰富而强大的 图形编辑功能，这正是CAD强大功能的具体体现，它几 乎可以做你想做的任何事情，“只有你想不到，没有它 做不到”。
2. 自动标注尺寸功能 人工作图中尺寸标注是一件非 常麻烦的事，但在CAD中确变得异常轻松，它能实 现自动标注尺寸。
3. 正等轴测图功能 在工程制图中，人工绘制正等轴 测图是非常困难的事，CAD提供了正等轴测图绘图 环境，用CAD能高速、准确的完成各类复杂正等轴 测图的绘制。
山东理工大学
Auto CAD 2006
山东理工大学
Auto CAD 2006
通过本章的理论学习和上机实训，读者应了解和掌握以 下内容:
❖了解AutoCAD的基本功能 ❖掌握AutoCAD 2006的界面组成 ❖掌握AutoCAD文本窗口的使用方法 ❖了解图形文件的创建、打开、保存方法 ❖了解AutoCAD参数选项的设置方法 ❖掌握命令与系统变量的使用方法 ❖掌握图形单位和图形图限的设置方法
Auto CAD 2006
输出与打印图形
AutoCAD不仅允许将所绘图形以不同样式通过绘图仪 或打印机输出，还能够将不同格式的图形导入AutoCAD或 将AutoCAD图形以其他格式输出，增强了灵活性。因此， 当图形绘制完成之后可以使用多种方法将其输出。例如，可 以将图形打印在图纸上，或创建成文件以供其他应用程序使 用。
3. 高级扩展功能 AUTOCAD是一个全开放式软件，用 户可以在其基础上进行二次开发得到更专业的专业CAD， 比如现在市面上流行的建筑CAD、机械CAD、服装 CAD、电气电子CAD等。AUTOCAD提供了一种内嵌 式编程语言——AUTOLISP语言。也还可以使用当今流 行的开发工具C、C++、VC、VB等开发工具进行复杂 的二次开发。
2006年考研英语一大作文范文
2006年考研英语一大作文范文Title: The Impact of Technology on EducationIn recent years, advancements in technology have revolutionized various aspects of our lives, including the way we learn and educate. With the rapid development of the internet, mobile devices, and online platforms, traditional educational methods have been drastically altered. In this essay, we will explore the impact of technology on education, focusing on the positive changes it has brought about.One of the most significant effects of technology on education is the accessibility it provides. Online learning platforms and educational websites have made it possible for people from all walks of life to access high-quality education at their convenience. This has especially benefitted students in remote areas or those with limited resources, who can now access resources and courses that were previously unavailable to them.Furthermore, technology has revolutionized the way information is presented and accessed in the classroom. Interactive smartboards, educational apps, and multimedia tools have made learning more engaging and effective. Students cannow learn at their own pace, using a variety of resources that cater to their individual learning styles. This has greatly enhanced the learning experience and improved retention rates among students.Moreover, technology has also facilitated communication and collaboration among students and educators. Online forums, video conferencing, and social media platforms have made it easier for students to connect with their peers and teachers, share ideas, and collaborate on projects. This has fostered a sense of community and engagement in the learning process, leading to better outcomes and a more enriching educational experience.In addition, technology has made education more personalized and adaptive. With the help of artificial intelligence and machine learning, educational platforms can now analyze student data and provide personalized recommendations and feedback. This allows educators to tailor their teaching methods to individual students' needs, ensuring that each student receives the support and guidance they require to succeed.Overall, the impact of technology on education has been overwhelmingly positive. It has made education more accessible, engaging, and personalized, leading to better outcomes forstudents and educators alike. As technology continues to advance, we can expect even more exciting developments in the field of education, enriching the learning experience and empowering students to reach their full potential.。
06考研英语作文
06考研英语作文IntroductionIn the realm of graduate entrance examinations, the English composition section is a critical component that can significantly impact a candidate's overall score. The year 2006 saw a particular focus on societal issues and personal development, which were reflected in the essay prompts.Body Paragraph 1: Societal IssuesThe first essay prompt of the 2006 exam delved into the pressing societal issue of environmental conservation. Candidates were asked to discuss the importance of protecting the environment and propose feasible solutions to the growing problem of pollution. This required a deep understanding ofthe topic, as well as the ability to articulate a clear argument supported by relevant examples and data.Body Paragraph 2: Personal DevelopmentThe second essay prompt focused on personal development andthe role of education in shaping an individual's future. Students were expected to reflect on their educational experiences and how they contributed to their personal growth. This essay tested the ability to write a reflective piecethat is both introspective and analytical.Body Paragraph 3: Cultural ExchangeAnother topic that emerged in the 2006 exam was cultural exchange. Candidates were tasked with discussing the benefitsof cultural diversity and how it enriches society. This essay prompt encouraged students to think globally and consider the impact of different cultures on one another.Body Paragraph 4: Technology and SocietyThe final essay prompt of the 2006 exam addressed the impact of technology on society. It asked students to evaluate the positive and negative aspects of technological advancements and how they have transformed our daily lives. This essay required a balanced view and the ability to discuss complex technological concepts in a clear and concise manner.ConclusionThe 2006 graduate entrance English composition section was designed to test a range of skills, from critical thinking to the ability to write coherent and persuasive essays. It highlighted the importance of being well-informed about current issues and being able to express oneself effectively in English.Sample Essay Structure- Introduction: Brief overview of the topic and thesis statement.- Body Paragraphs: Each paragraph focusing on a different aspect of the topic, with clear topic sentences, supporting details, and examples.- Conclusion: Summarizing the main points and reiterating the thesis.Tips for Success- Practice writing essays on a variety of topics to improveversatility.- Develop a clear structure for your essays to ensure coherence.- Use a wide range of vocabulary and sentence structures to demonstrate language proficiency.- Proofread your work to minimize grammatical errors and improve clarity.By focusing on these areas, candidates can prepare effectively for the English composition section of the graduate entrance examination, increasing their chances of success in the competitive academic landscape.。
2006年考研英语真题及参考答案
2006年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)①The homeless make up a growing percentage of America’s population.② 1 , homelessness has reached such proportions that local governments can’t possibly 2 . ③To help homeless people 3 independence, the federal government must support job training programs,4 the minimum wage, and fund more low-cost housing.① 5 everyone agrees on the number of Americans who are homeless. ②Estimates 6 anywhere from 600, 000 to 3 million.③ 7 the figure may vary, analysts do agree on another matter: that the number of the homeless is 8 .④One of the federal government’s studies 9 that the number of the homeless will reach nearly 19 million by the end of this decade.①Finding ways to 10 this growing homeless population has become increasingly difficult.② 11 when homeless individuals manage to find a 12 that will give them three mealsa day and a place to sleep at night, a good number still spend the bulk of each day 13 the street.③Part of the problem is that many homeless adults are addicted to alcohol or drugs. ④Anda significant number of the homeless have serious mental disorders. ⑤Many others, 14 not addicted or mentally ill, simply lack the everyday 15 skills needed to turn their lives 16 .⑥Boston Globe reporter Chris Reidy notes that the situation will improve only when there are17 programs that address the many needs of the homeless.⑦ 18 Edward Zlotkowski, director of community service at Bentley College in Massachusetts, 19 it, ⑧“There has to be 20 of programs. ⑨What’s need is a package deal. ”1. [A] Indeed [B] Likewise [C] Therefore [D] Furthermore2. [A] stand [B] cope [C] approve [D] retain3. [A] in [B] for [C] with [D] toward4. [A] raise [B] add [C] take [D] keep5. [A] Generally [B] Almost [C] Hardly [D] Not6. [A] cover [B] change [C] range [D] differ7. [A] Now that [B] Although [C] Provided [D] Except that8. [A] inflating [B] expanding [C] increasing [D] extending9. [A] predicts [B] displays [C] proves [D] discovers10.[A] assist [B] track [C] sustain [D] dismiss11.[A] Hence [B] But [C] Even [D] Only12.[A] lodging [B] shelter [C] dwelling [D] house13.[A] searching [B] strolling [C] crowding [D] wandering14.[A] when [B] once [C] while [D] whereas15.[A] life [B] existence [C] survival [D] maintenance16.[A] around [B] over [C] on [D] up17.[A] complex [B] comprehensive[C] complementary [D] compensating18.[A] So [B] Since [C] As [D] Thus19.[A] puts [B] interprets [C] assumes [D] makes20.[A] supervision [B] manipulation [C] regulation [D] coordinationSection Ⅱ Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1①In spite of “endless talk of difference,” American society is an amazing machine for homogenizing people. ②There is “the democratizing uniformity of dress and discourse, and the casualness and absence of deference” characteristic of popular culture. ③People are absorbed into “a culture of consumption” launched by the 19th-century department stores that offered “vast arrays of goods in an elegant atmosphere. ④Instead of intimate shops catering to a knowledgeable elite” these were stores “anyone could enter, regardless of class or background. ⑤This turned shopping into a public and democratic act.”⑥The mass media, advertising and sports are other forces for homogenization.①Immigrants are quickly fitting into this common culture, which may not be altogether elevating but is hardly poisonous. ②Writing for the National Immigration Forum, Gregory Rodriguez reports that today’s immigration is neither at unprecedented levels nor resistant to assimilation. ③In 1998 immigrants were 9.8 percent of the population; in 1900, 13.6 percent.④In the 10 years prior to 1990, 3.1 immigrants arrived for every 1, 000 residents; in the 10 years prior to 1890, 9.2 for every 1, 000. ⑤Now, consider three indices of assimilation—language, home ownership and intermarriage.①The 1990 Census revealed that “a majority of immigrants from each of the fifteen most common countries of origin spoke English ‘well’ or ‘very well’ after ten years of residence.”②The children of immigrants tend to be bilingual and proficient in English.③“By the third generation, the original language is lost in the majority of immigrant families.”④Hence the description of America as a “graveyard” for languages.⑤By 1996 foreign-born immigrants who had arrived before 1970 had a home ownership rate of 75.6 percent, higher than the 69.8 percent rate among native-born Americans.①Foreign-born Asians and Hispanics “have higher rates of intermarriage than do U.S.-born whites and blacks.”②By the third generation, one third of Hispanic women are married to non-Hispanics, and 41 percent of Asian-American women are married to non-Asians.Rodriguez notes that children in remote villages around the world are fans of superstars like Arnold Schwarzenegger and Garth Brooks, yet “some Americans fear that immigrants living within the United States remain somehow immune to the nation’s assimilative power.”①Are there divisive issues and pockets of seething anger in America?②Indeed.③It is big enough to have a bit of everything. ④But particularly when viewed against America’s turbulent past, today’s social indices hardly suggest a dark and deteriorating social environment.21. The word “homogenizing” (Line 2, Paragraph 1) most probably means________.[A] identifying [B] associating[C] assimilating [D] monopolizing22. According to the author, the department stores of the 19th century_________.[A] played a role in the spread of popular culture[B] became intimate shops for common consumers[C] satisfied the needs of a knowledgeable elite[D] owed its emergence to the culture of consumption23. The text suggests that immigrants now in the U.S._________.[A] are resistant to homogenization[B] exert a great influence on American culture[C] are hardly a threat to the common culture[D] constitute the majority of the population24. Why are Arnold Schwarzenegger and Garth Brooks mentioned in Paragraph 5?[A] To prove their popularity around the world.[B] To reveal the public’s fear of immigrants.[C] To give examples of successful immigrants.[D] To show the powerful influence of American culture.25. In the author’s opinion, the absorption of immigrants into American society is_________.[A] rewarding [B] successful[C] fruitless [D] harmfulText 2①Stratford-on-Avon, as we all know, has only one industry—William Shakespeare—but there are two distinctly separate and increasingly hostile branches. ②There is the RoyalShakespeare Company (RSC), which presents superb productions of the plays at the Shakespeare Memorial Theatre on the Avon. ③And there are the townsfolk who largely live off the tourists who come, not to see the plays, but to look at Anne Hathaway’s Cottage, Shakespeare’s birthplace and the other sights.①The worthy residents of Stratford doubt that the theatre adds a penny to their revenue.②They frankly dislike the RSC’s actors, them with their long hair and beards and sandals and noisiness. ③It’s all deliciously ironic when you consider that Shakespeare, who earns their living, was himself an actor (with a beard) and did his share of noise-making.①The tourist streams are not entirely separate. ②The sightseers who come by bus—and often take in Warwick Castle and Blenheim Palace on the side—don’t usually see the plays, and some of them are even surprised to find a theatre in Stratford. ③However, the playgoers do manage a little sight-seeing along with their playgoing. ④It is the playgoers, the RSC contends, who bring in much of the town’s revenue because they spend the night (some of them four or five nights) pouring cash into the hotels and restaurants. ⑤The sightseers can take in everything and get out of town by nightfall.①The townsfolk don’t see it this way and the local council does not contribute directly to the subsidy of the Royal Shakespeare Company. ②Stratford cries poor traditionally.③Nevertheless every hotel in town seems to be adding a new wing or cocktail lounge. ④Hilton is building its own hotel there, which you may be sure will be decorated with Hamlet Hamburger Bars, the Lear Lounge, the Banquo Banqueting Room, and so forth, and will be very expensive.①Anyway, the townsfolk can’t understand why the Royal Shakespeare Company needs a subsidy. ②(The theatre has broken attendance records for three years in a row. Last year its 1,431 seats were 94 per cent occupied all year long and this year they’ll do better.) ③The reason, of course, is that costs have rocketed and ticket prices have stayed low.①It would be a shame to raise prices too much because it would drive away the young people who are Stratford’s most attractive clientele.②They come entirely for the plays, not the sights. ③They all seem to look alike (though they come from all over)—lean, pointed, dedicated faces, wearing jeans and sandals, eating their buns and bedding down for the night on the flagstones outside the theatre to buy the 20 seats and 80 standing-room tickets held for the sleepers and sold to them when the box office opens at 10:30 a. m.26.From the first two paragraphs, we learn that__________.[A] the townsfolk deny the RSC’s contribution to the town’s revenue[B] the actors of the RSC imitate Shakespeare on and off stage[C] the two branches of the RSC are not on good terms[D] the townsfolk earn little from tourism27. It can be inferred from Paragraph 3 that__________.[A] the sightseers cannot visit the Castle and the Palace separately[B] the playgoers spend more money than the sightseers[C] the sightseers do more shopping than the playgoers[D] the playgoers go to no other places in town than the theater28.By saying “Stratford cries poor traditionally” (Line 2, Paragraph 4), the author implies that__________.[A] Stratford cannot afford the expansion projects[B] Stratford has long been in financial difficulties[C] the town is not really short of money[D] the townsfolk used to be poorly paid29. According to the townsfolk, the RSC deserves no subsidy because___________.[A] ticket prices can be raised to cover the spending[B] the company is financially ill-managed[C] the behavior of the actors is not socially acceptable[D] the theatre attendance is on the rise30. From the text we can conclude that the author__________.[A] is supportive of both sides[B] favors the townsfolk’s view[C] takes a detached attitude[D] is sympathetic to the RSCText 3①When prehistoric man arrived in new parts of the world, something strange happened to the large animals: they suddenly became extinct. ②Smaller species survived. ③The large, slow-growing animals were easy game, and were quickly hunted to extinction. ④Now somethingsimilar could be happening in the oceans.①That the seas are being overfished has been known for years. ②What researchers such as Ransom Myers and Boris Worm have shown is just how fast things are changing. ③They have looked at half a century of data from fisheries around the world. ④Their methods do not attempt to estimate the actual biomass (the amount of living biological matter) of fish species in particular parts of the ocean, but rather changes in that biomass over time. ⑤According to their latest paper published in Nature, the biomass of large predators (animals that kill and eat other animals) in a new fishery is reduced on average by 80% within 15 years of the start of exploitation. ⑥In some long-fished areas, it has halved again since then.①Dr. Worm acknowledges that these figures are conservative. ②One reason for this is that fishing technology has improved. ③Today’s vessels can find their prey using satellites and sonar, which were not available 50 years ago. ④That means a higher proportion of what is in the sea is being caught, so the real difference between present and past is likely to be worse than the one recorded by changes in catch sizes. ⑤In the early days, too, longlines would have been more saturated with fish. ⑥Some individuals would therefore not have been caught, since no baited hooks would have been available to trap them, leading to an underestimate of fish stocks in the past. ⑦Furthermore, in the early days of longline fishing, a lot of fish were lost to sharks after they had been hooked. ⑧That is no longer a problem, because there are fewer sharks around now.①Dr. Myers and Dr. Worm argue that their work gives a correct baseline, which future management efforts must take into account. ②They believe the data support an idea current among marine biologists, that of the “shifting baseline”. ③The notion is that people have failed to detect the massive changes which have happened in the ocean because they have been looking back only a relatively short time into the past. ④That matters because theory suggests that the maximum sustainable yield that can be cropped from a fishery comes when the biomass of a target species is about 50% of its original levels. ⑤Most fisheries are well below that, which is a bad way to do business.31. The extinction of large prehistoric animals is noted to suggest that____________.[A] large animals were vulnerable to the changing environment[B] small species survived as large animals disappeared[C] large sea animals may face the same threat today[D] slow-growing fish outlive fast-growing ones32. We can infer from Dr. Myers and Dr. Worm’s paper that____________.[A] the stock of large predators in some old fisheries has reduced by 90%[B] there are only half as many fisheries as there were 15 years ago[C] the catch sizes in new fisheries are only 20% of the original amount[D] the number of larger predators dropped faster in new fisheries than in the old33. By saying “these figures are conservative” (Line 1, Paragraph 3), Dr. Worm means that__________.[A] fishing technology has improved rapidly[B] the catch-sizes are actually smaller than recorded[C] the marine biomass has suffered a greater loss[D] the data collected so far are out of date34. Dr. Myers and other researchers hold that__________.[A] people should look for a baseline that can work for a longer time[B] fisheries should keep the yields below 50% of the biomass[C] the ocean biomass should be restored to its original level[D] people should adjust the fishing baseline to the changing situation35. The author seems to be mainly concerned with most fisheries’___________.[A] management efficiency [B] biomass level[C] catch-size limits [D] technological applicationText 4①Many things make people think artists are weird. ②But the weirdest may be this: artists’only job is to explore emotions, and yet they choose to focus on the ones that feel bad.①This wasn’t always so. ②The earliest forms of art, like painting and music, are those best suited for expressing joy. ③But somewhere from the 19th century onward, more artists began seeing happiness as meaningless, phony or, worst of all, boring, as we went from Wordsworth’s daffodils to Baudelaire’s flowers of evil.①You could argue that art became more skeptical of happiness because modern times have seen so much misery. ②But it’s not as if earlier times didn’t know perpetual war, disaster and the massacre of innocents. ③The reason, in fact, may be just the opposite: there is too much damnhappiness in the world today.①After all, what is the one modern form of expression almost completely dedicated to depicting happiness? ②Advertising. ③The rise of anti-happy art almost exactly tracks the emergence of mass media, and with it, a commercial culture in which happiness is not just an ideal but an ideology.①People in earlier eras were surrounded by reminders of misery. ②They worked until exhausted, lived with few protections and died young. ③In the West, before mass communication and literacy, the most powerful mass medium was the church, which reminded worshippers that their souls were in danger and that they would someday be meat for worms.④Given all this, they did not exactly need their art to be a bummer too.①Today the messages the average Westerner is surrounded with are not religious but commercial, and forever happy. ②Fast-food eaters, news anchors, text messengers, all smiling, smiling, smiling. ③Our magazines feature beaming celebrities and happy families in perfect homes. ④And since these messages have an agenda—to lure us to open our wallets—they make the very idea of happiness seem unreliable. ⑤“Celebrate!” commanded the ads for the arthritis drug Celebrex, before we found out it could increase the risk of heart attacks.①But what we forget—what our economy depends on us forgetting—is that happiness is more than pleasure without pain. ②The things that bring the greatest joy carry the greatest potential for loss and disappointment. ③Today, surrounded by promises of easy happiness, we need art to tell us, as religion once did, Memento mori: remember that you will die, that everything ends, and that happiness comes not in denying this but in living with it. ④It’s a message even more bitter than a clove cigarette, yet, somehow, a breath of fresh air.36. By citing the example of poets Wordsworth and Baudelaire, the author intends to show that_________.[A] poetry is not as expressive of joy as painting or music[B] art grow out of both positive and negative feeling[C] poets today are less skeptical of happiness[D] artist have changed their focus of interest37. The word “bummer” (Line 5, Paragraph 5) most probably means something_________.[A] religious [B] unpleasant[C] entertaining [D] commercial38. In the author’s opinion, advertising_________.[A] emerges in the wake of the anti-happy art[B] is a cause of disappointment for the general public[C] replaces the church as a major source of information[D] creates an illusion of happiness rather than happiness itself39. We can learn from the last paragraph that the author believes_________.[A] happiness more often than not ends in sadness[B] the anti-happy art is distasteful but refreshing[C] misery should be enjoyed rather than denied[D] the anti-happy art flourishes when economy booms40. Which of the following is true of the text?[A] Religion once functioned as a reminder of misery.[B] Art provides a balance between expectation and reality.[C] People feel disappointed at the realities of modern society.[D] Mass media are inclined to cover disasters and deaths.Part BDirections:In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of numbered gaps. There are two extra choices, which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points) On the north bank of the Ohio river sits Evansville, Ind., home of David Williams, 52, and of a riverboat casino (a place where gambling games are played). During several years of gambling in that casino, Williams, a state auditor earning $35,000 a year, lost approximately $175,000. He had never gambled before the casino sent him a coupon for $20 worth of gambling.He visited the casino, lost the $20 and left. On his second visit he lost $800. The casino issued to him, as a good customer, a “Fun Card,” which when used in the casino earns points for meals and drinks, and enables the casino to track the user’s gambling activities. For Williams, those activities become what he calls “electronic heroin.”(41)____________ In 1997 he lost $21,000 to one slot machine in two days. In March 1997 he lost $72,186. He sometimes played two slot machines at a time, all night, until the boat dockedat 5 a.m., then went back aboard when the casino opened at 9 a.m. Now he is suing the casino, charging that it should have refused his patronage because it knew he was addicted. It did know he had a problem.In March 1998, a friend of Williams’ got him involuntarily confined to a treatment center for addictions, and wrote to inform the casino of Williams’ gambling problem. The casino included a photo of Williams among those of banned gamblers, and wrote to him a “cease admissions”letter. Noting the “medical/psychological” nature of problem gambling behavior, the letter said that before being readmitted to the casino he would have to present medical/psychological information demonstrating that patronizing the casino would pose no threat to his safety or well-being.(42)____________The Wall Street Journal reports that the casino has 20 signs warning:“Enjoy the fun... and always bet with your head, not over it.” Every entrance ticket lists a toll-free number for counseling from the Indiana Department of Mental Health. Nevertheless, Williams’ suit charges that the casino, knowing he was “helplessly addicted to gambling,” intentionally worked to “lure”him to “engage in conduct against his will.” Well.(43)____________The fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders says “pathological gambling” involves persistent, recurring and uncontrollable pursuit less of money than of the thrill of taking risks in quest of a windfall.(44)____________ Pushed by science, or what claims to be science, society is reclassifying what once were considered character flaws or moral failings as personality disorders akin to physical disabilities.(45)____________.Forty-four states have lotteries, 29 have casinos, and most of these states are to varying degrees dependent on—you might say addicted to—revenues from wagering. And since the first Internet gambling site was created in 1995, competition for gamblers’ dollars has become intense. The Oct. 28 issue of Newsweek reported that 2 million gamblers patronize 1,800 virtual casinos every week. With $3.5 billion being lost on Internet wagers this year, gambling has passed pornography as the Web’s most profitable business.[A] Although no such evidence was presented, the casino’s marketing department continued to pepper him with mailings. And he entered the casino and used his Fun Card without being detected.[B] It is unclear what luring was required, given his compulsive behavior. And in what sense was his will operative?[C] By the time he had lost $5,000 he said to himself that if he could get back to even, he would quit. One night he won $5,500, but he did not quit.[D] Gambling has been a common feature of American life forever, but for a long time it was broadly considered a sin, or a social disease. Now it is a social policy: the most important and aggressive promoter of gambling in America is the government.[E] David Williams’ suit should trouble this gambling nation. But don’t bet on it.[F] It is worrisome that society is medicalizing more and more behavioral problems, often defining as addictions what earlier, sterner generations explained as weakness of will.[G] The anonymous, lonely, undistracted nature of online gambling is especially conducive to compulsive behavior. But even if the government knew how to move against Internet gambling, what would be its grounds for doing so?Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points) Is it true that the American intellectual is rejected and considered of no account in his society?I am going to suggest that it is not true. Father Bruckberger told part of the story when he observed that it is the intellectuals who have rejected America. But they have done more than that. They have grown dissatisfied with the role of the intellectual. It is they, not America, who have become anti-intellectual.First, the object of our study pleads for definition. What is an intellectual? (46) I shall define him as an individual who has elected as his primary duty and pleasure in life the activity of thinking in Socratic (苏格拉底的) way about moral problems. He explores such problem consciously, articulately, and frankly, first by asking factual questions, then by asking moral questions, finally by suggesting action which seems appropriate in the light of the factual andmoral information which he has obtained. (47) His function is analogous to that of a judge, who must accept the obligation of revealing in as obvious a manner as possible the course of reasoning which led him to his decision.This definition excludes many individuals usually referred to as intellectuals—the average scientist, for one. (48) I have excluded him because, while his accomplishments may contribute to the solution of moral problems, he has not been charged with the task of approaching any but the factual aspects of those problems. Like other human beings, he encounters moral issues even in the everyday performance of his routine duties—he is not supposed to cook his experiments, manufacture evidence, or doctor his reports. (49) But his primary task is not to think about the moral code, which governs his activity, any more than a businessman is expected to dedicate his energies to an exploration of rules of conduct in business. During most of his waking life he will take his code for granted, as the businessman takes his ethics.The definition also excludes the majority of teachers, despite the fact that teaching has traditionally been the method whereby many intellectuals earn their living. (50) They may teach very well, and more than earn their salaries, but most of them make little or no independent reflections on human problems which involve moral judgment. This description even fits the majority of eminent scholars. Being learned in some branch of human knowledge is one thing; living in “public and illustrious thoughts,” as Emersion would say, is something else.Section Ⅲ WritingPart A51. Directions:You want to contribute to Project Hope by offering financial aid to a child in a remote area. Write a letter to the department concerned, asking them to help find a candidate. You should specify what kind of child you want to help and how you will carry out your plan.Write your letter in no less than 100 words. Write it neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter; use “Li Ming” instead.Do not write the address. (10 points)Part B52. Directions:Study the following photos carefully and write an essay in which you should1) describe the photos briefly,2) interpret the social phenomenon reflected by them, and3) give your point of view.You should write 160-200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)2006年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语试题参考答案Section I Use of English1. A. Indeed2. B. cope3. D. toward4. A. raise5. D. Not6. C. range7. B. Although8. C. increasing9. A. predicts 10. A. assist11. C. Even 12. B. shelter 13. D. wandering 14. C. while 15. C. survival 16. A. around 17. B. comprehensive 18. C. As 19. A. puts 20. D. coordinationSection Ⅱ Reading ComprehensionPart AText121. C. assimilating22. A. played a role in the spread of popular culture23. C. are hardly a threat to the common culture24. D. To show the powerful influence of American culture.25. B. successfulText226. A. the townsfolk deny the RSC’s contribution to the town’s revenue27. B. the playgoers spend more money than the sightseers28. C. the town is not really short of money29. D. the theatre attendance is on the rise30. D. is sympathetic to the RSCText331. C. large sea animals may face the same threat today32. A. the stock of large predators in some old fisheries has reduced by 90%33. C. the marine biomass has suffered a greater loss34. D. people should adjust the fishing baseline to the changing situation35. B. biomass levelText436. D. artist have changed their focus of interest。
2006年考研英语一真题阅读翻译
2006年考研英语一真题阅读翻译
在2006年的考研英语一真题中，阅读理解部分的翻译题目要求考生将
一段英文材料翻译成中文。
该段落主要讨论了关于教育和个人发展的
话题，强调了教育在个人成长过程中的重要性。
以下是该段落的翻译：
教育是个人发展的关键因素，它不仅提供了知识，还培养了批判性思
维和解决问题的能力。
通过教育，个人能够更好地理解周围的世界，
并为未来的挑战做好准备。
教育的这种力量是如此强大，以至于它能
够改变个人的命运，甚至影响整个社会的发展轨迹。
教育的普及化使得更多的人有机会接受教育，这不仅提高了整个社会
的文化水平，也促进了经济的发展。
随着教育水平的提高，人们对于
工作的要求也越来越高，这推动了各行各业的创新和进步。
此外，教
育还能够帮助人们更好地理解不同文化和价值观，从而促进社会的和
谐与稳定。
然而，教育也面临着许多挑战。
随着科技的快速发展，教育方式和内
容也需要不断更新以适应新的社会需求。
同时，教育资源的分配不均
也是一个亟待解决的问题。
为了确保每个人都有平等的教育机会，政
府和社会需要共同努力，提高教育的质量和可及性。
总之，教育是个人和社会进步的基石。
通过不断改进教育体系，我们
能够培养出更多有能力、有创造力的人才，为社会的发展做出贡献。
教育的力量是无穷的，它能够激发个人的潜能，推动社会的进步。
因此，我们应该重视教育，为每个人提供平等的教育机会，以实现更加
美好的未来。
考研英语06年4篇阅读
Text 1Inthe 2006 film version of The Devil Wears Prada, Miranda Priestly, played byMeryl Streep, scold her unattractive assistant for imagining that high fashiondoesn’t affect her. Priestly explains how the deep blue color of the assistant’ssweater descended over the years from fashion shows to department stores and tothe bargain bin in which the poor girl doubtless found her garment。
Thistop-down conception of the fashion business couldn’t be more out of date or atodds with feverish world described in Overdressed, Elizabeth Cline’s three-yearindictment of “fast fashion”. In the last decades or so, advances in technologyhave allowed mass-market labels such as Zara, H&M, and Uniqlo to react totrends more quickly and anticipate demand more precisely. Quckier turnroundsmean less wasted inventory, more frequent releases, and more profit. Thoselabels encourage style-conscious consumers to see clothes as disposal——meant to last only a wash or two, although they don’t advertisethat——and to renew their wardrobe every few weeks. Byoffering on-trend items at dirt-cheap prices, Cline argues, these brands havehijacked fashion cycles, shaking all industry long accustomed to a seasonalpace。
2006年研究生数学建模竞赛优秀论文选-《高速公路路面质量改进的分析》2-26页
1问题重述高速公路路面的寿命对降低高速公路的运行成本、保障运输安全有着极其重要的意义。
其建设工艺比较简单：以分别达到各自标准的沥青、矿粉、碎石做原料，按一定的比例组成为混合料，经过充分拌和后，比较均匀地铺在已经造好的基层上、再经多次碾压路面以达到设计的压实度，最后经过一段时间让沥青路面降温就可以交付使用。
题中首先给出了一些影响公路路面质量的指标：油石比、筛孔通过率、空隙率(VV)、矿料间隙率(VMA)、饱和度(VFA)、粉胶比(DP)、毛体积密度、最大理论密度、%Gmm(最初)和%Gmm (最大)。
然后又给出了高速公路路面质量的抗水损害性能、高温性能、低温性能的四个指标：冻融劈裂强度比(TSR(%))、浸水马歇尔稳定度比(S0(%))、车辙、弯拉应变。
现有一批关于原料和上述指标的数据，题中要我们对这些数据进行充分地分析、研究，以获取尽可能多的提高高速公路路面质量的有用信息，进而解决如下问题：一、描述高速公路路面质量的抗水损害性能、高温性能、低温性能的四个指标之间有没有数量关系？如果有，建立它们之间的数学模型。
二、建立描述高速公路路面的抗水损害性能、高温性能、低温性能的四个质量指标和影响高速公路路面质量的最重要和比较重要的因素之间比较精确的数学模型，并给出选择这些因素的理由，进而根据上述模型给出可以提高高速公路路面质量的方案。
三、从理论上探讨集料的筛孔通过率（即级配组成，指混合料中粗细不同集料的构成比例）与路面压实度的上界（数学意义下的上界）之间的数量关系。
四、判断沥青、碎石质量对高速公路路面抗水损害性能、高温性能、低温性能有没有影响，以及不同厂家、不同产地的但型号相同、类型相同的沥青、碎石质量对高速公路路面抗水损害性能、高温性能、低温性能有没有影响。
五、根据对数据分析的结果，判断现在测试高速公路路面质量的试验项目中是否有重要的遗漏，进而向高速公路建设部门给出我们的建议。
2问题分析1.1对附件中数据的分析从附件一中不难看出，表格中存在一些缺失数据，显然如何处理这些数据会直接影响到模型的优劣。
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点击“More Fields”
点击“Browse Journals” 按字母顺序浏览期刊
按学科主题浏览期刊
按字母顺序浏览期刊
New England Journal of Medicine Issue List /About this Journal
Full Text
点击“Issue List”
轮排索引
注释
扩展检索
副主题词
UI=MEDLINE 的唯一标识符
例2:检索2003-2005年有关淋巴瘤 遗传学方面的英文全文文献
例3:检索天津医科大学发表的文献
MEDLINE的“More Limits”
例1:检索2002-2005年有关艾滋病 治疗综述性英文全文文献。
主题词自动配对
aids
Explode
Focus
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
主题词分类目录 轮排索引 注释 扩展检索 副主题词
可进行多个主题词的联合检索
基本检索
hypertens$
点击“Display”
作者、题名、刊名、卷(期):起止页码，月份 年
可选择下载记录条数、显示字段及格式、 输出方式(显示、段
点击“Select Fields”
记录排序
点击“Display”
点击“Print Preview”
Ovid系统数据库平台
概 况 ： 1984 年 由 Mark Nelson 在 美 国 纽 约 创 立 的 Ovid Technologies,Inc是世界著名的数据库提供商。2001年与美 国银盘公司合并，组成全球最大的数据库出版公司。除提 供多种著名的生物医学数据库外，还包含人文、社科、科 技等多学科领域300多个数据库，临床各科专著及教科书 (Books@Ovid)等。
主要检索途径：Keyword（ti,ab,sh主题词,rw物 质名称）、Author、Title、Journal、More Fields、 Search Tools (主题词)。
关键词途径:如果只需使用MeSH检索，可勾选关 键词检索框右上(Map Term to subject Heading)，系 统将自动列出主题词及相关主题词，然后再组配副主 题词进行检索。
个人定制
检索被引用文献 检索相关文献
点击“Customize Display”
高级检索
sars and (treatment or therapy)
图形文献
Nield Linda S. ----姓前名后
作者索引列表
heart failure
new england journal of medicine
4.Explode(扩展检索)：可直接检索所检主题词所有 下位词的文献。
5.Subheadings(副主题词)：可显示所检主题词的全 部副主题词，根据需要进行勾选并获得相关文献。 Limit: Ovid提供多种类型的限制。点击More Limit图标。 不同的数据库提供的限制内容各异。MEDLINE 的限制包括循证医学不同类型、文献类型、研究对 象及出版时间等16项限制内容。此外，还可选择4个 子文档、4种循证医学文献来源、68个语种、14个年 龄段、53种出版类型、15个期刊子类及13种研究动 物的类型限制。
主题词检索
1.Tree(主题词分类目录)：即树状结构表，将全部 MeSH主题词分为15个大类，其下又分为若干细类(11 级)。勾选“Explode”选框，可检索所选主题词的所 有下位词，以扩大检索范围。勾选“Focus”选框，仅 检索重点或重要文献。使用“Combine selections with”右侧的逻辑算符，可进行同一类或不同类间多 个主题词的联合检索。 2.Permuted Index(轮排索引)：列出包含所检主题词 的全部主题词供用户选择。 3.Scope Note(注释)：显示所检主题词的注释、使用 方法，提供相关检索词等。
数据库：①全文数据库Journals@ Ovid Full Text，②循证 医学数据库EBM Reviews Full Text，③临床各科专著及教 科书Books@Ovid，④医学期刊文摘数据库：MEDLINE、 EMBASE、BIOSIS Previews等资源。
收录范围：Ovid在线全文期刊Journals@ Ovid Full Text收 录了60多个出版商提供的1000多种生物医学期刊，其中最 早可回溯至1993年。 可检索863种全文期刊(612种免费251 种购买，2005.8.15.)。
点击“About this Journal”
按学科主题浏览
临床医学、行为科学与社会科学、 生命科学、护理学、物理科学与工 程学、心理学
题录检索
new england journal of medicine
个人账户
存储检索内容/定题服务
每次付费索取全文服务
注册个人账户
个性化服务包括检索策略的 存储、检索结果的保存、设 置电子邮件定题服务(Auto Alert)等功能。
点击“Email”
点击“Save”
点击“Abstract”
点击“Complete Reference ”
全记录格式
点击“Table of Contents ”
点击“Full Text ”
保存、打印、E-mail
点击Bibliographic Links ”
选择格式
Full Text(PDF)
打开新选择的数据库并 回到以前的检索历史 打开新选择的数据库并 清除以前的检索历史 回到检索界面不更换数据库
MEDLINE是美国国立医学图书馆(NLM)编辑出版的最 具权威的大型医学数据库。收录1966年以来有关临床 医学、卫生管理、医学保健等方面的内容，是医务人 员最常用的检索数据库。 MEDLINE借助OVID检索平台 的优势，不仅使其检索更加快速、准确，还可直接链 接全文，为用户的使用提供极大的便利。
检索模式(默认高级检索)
选择数据库
Ovid可以提供的全文期刊 用户购买全文期刊 BP生物文摘 1966年至今更新的文献，MeSH标引。 1996年至今更新的文献，MeSH标引。 1950-1965没有使用MeSH标引过的数据库
注意Medline收录时间不同
截至目前正在处理、没有被MeSH标引的文献