electrophysiology
生物学专业英语词汇(字母E)
eagle 鹫ear 耳ear bone 听小骨ear capsule 听囊ear conch 耳廓ear drum 鼓膜ear emergence 穗头出现ear selection 穗选拔ear vesicle 听泡early development 早期发生early embryo 早期胚early flowering plant 初期开花植物类early gene 早期基因early maturing variety 早熟品种early wood 早材earth almona 莎草earthworm 蚯蚓earwax 耵聍耳垢eary maturity 早熟eating habits 饮食习惯ebb 退潮ebb tide 退潮ebola virus evola病毒ecad 环境形态eccentric cell 离心细胞eccentric visual cell 离心细胞eccrine gland 外分泌腺eccrinology 泌泄学eccrisiology 泌泄学ecdysial fluid 蜕皮液ecdysis 蜕皮ecdysone 蜕皮激素ecdysteroid 蜕化类固醇ecesis 定居ecg 心电图echinate 多刺的echinochrome 海胆色素echinococcus 棘球蚴echinoderms 棘皮动物echinoids 海胆类echinopluteus 长腕幼虫echo virus 道细胞病变孤儿病毒echolocation 回波定位eclipse period 隐蔽期eclipse phase 隐蔽期eclosion hormo 羽化激素eco catastropie 生态灾害ecochronology 生态年代学ecoclimate 生态气候ecoclimatic adaptation 生态气候适应ecocline 生态差型ecocrisis 环境危机ecogenetics 生态遗传学ecogeographic 生态地理的ecogeographical divergence 生态地理扩散ecogeography 生态地理学ecological 生态的ecological amplitude 生态幅度ecological distribution 生态分布ecological dominant 生态忧势种ecological factor 生态因素ecological genetics 生态遗传学ecological group 生态群ecological indicator 生态指示物ecological isolation 生态隔离ecological niche 生态位ecological optimum 生态最适度ecological race 生态品种ecological sere 生态系列ecological series 生态系列ecological system 生态系ecology 生态学ecomorphosis 生态形态形成economic age 经济年龄ecophene 环境形态ecophenotype 生态表型ecophysiology 生态生理学ecospecies 生态种ecosphere 生态圈ecosystem 生态系ecotelemeter 生态遥测仪ecotelemetry 生态遥测学ecotone 过渡带ecotope 生态环境ecotoxicology 生态毒物学ecotropic virus 同向性病毒ecotype 生态型ectoblast 外胚层ectocrine 外分泌物ectocyst 外包ectoderm 外胚层ectodermization 外胚层化ectodesm 胞外连丝ectoenzyme 细胞外酶ectogenesis 体外发生ectohormone 外激素ectomesoderm 中外层ectomyrrhiza 外菌根ectoparasite 体外寄生物ectophyte 外皮寄生植物ectopic expression 异位表达ectopic pregnancy 子宫外孕ectopic protein 异位蛋白质ectoplasm 外质ectoplast 外质膜ectoproctous polyzoa 苔藓虫类ectosarc 外质ectosite 体外寄生物ectosome 核外颗粒体ectospore 外生孢子ectosymbiont 外共生生物ectosymbiosis 外共生ectothermy 外温性ectotoxin 外毒素ectotrophic mycorrhiza 外菌根ectozoon 体外寄生物edafology 植物土壤学edaphic climax 土壤演替顶极edaphic factor 土壤因素edaphogenic succession 土壤发生演替edaphology 土壤学edapholoy 土壤生态学edaphon 土壤群落edatope 土壤环境eddyworms 涡虫类edeology 生殖僻edestin 麻仁球蛋白edible mushrooms 食用菌edible plant 可食植物edman degradation method 埃德曼降解法eeg 脑电图effect of stimulation 刺激效果effective absorption coefficient 有效吸收系数effective accumulative temperature 有效温度总和effective half life 有效半排出期effective value 有效值effectiveness 效能effector 效应器效应物efferent canal 输出管efferent duct 输出管efferent nerve 离心神经efferent neuron 离心神经元effervescence 起泡efficacy 效能efficiency 效率efficiency of infection 感染效率efficiency test 能力检查efflorescence 开花effluent 瘤物egf 上表皮生长因素egg 卵egg albumin 卵清蛋白egg apparatus 卵器egg axis 卵轴egg capsule 卵囊egg cell 卵细胞egg deposition 产卵egg division 卵分裂egg envelope 卵膜egg killer 杀卵剂egg laying 产卵egg membrane 卵膜egg membrane lysin 卵膜溶素egg nucleus 卵核egg parasite 卵寄生虫egg production capacity 产卵能力egg raft 卵筏egg shell 卵壳egg tube 卵巢管egg white 卵清egg yolk 卵黄egg yolk index 卵黄指标eggplant 茄子ehrlich's ascite cell 艾氏腹水癌细胞eia 酶免疫测定ejaculation 射精ejaculatory duct 射精管ejection 放出elaidic acid 反油酸elaioplast 造油体elaiosome 造油体elastase 弹性蛋白酶elastic cartilage 弹性软骨elastic fiber 弹性纤维elastic tissue 弹性组织elasticity 弹性elastin 弹性蛋白elater 弹丝elbow 肘elecampane 木香electric constant 电常数electric dipole moment 电偶极矩electric fish 电鱼electric incubator 电孵卵器electric organ 电瀑electric titration 电滴定electrical coductivity 电传导性electrical excitation 电兴奋electrical synapse 电突触electrical transmission 电传递electrobiology 生物电学electrobiophysics 电生物物理学electrocardiogram 心电图electrochromatography 电层析electrocyte 发电细胞electrode 电极electrodialysis 电渗析electroelution 电洗脱electroencephalogram 脑电图electroencephalography 脑电图法electrogenesis 电生成electrogenic ion pump 电致离子泵electrogram 电记录图electrokinetic potential 界面动电势electrolyte 电解质electrolyte metabolism 电解质代谢electromagnetic wave 电磁波electromyogram 肌电图electron 电子electron acceptor 电子受体electron carrier 电子载体electron coupling 电子偶联electron donor 电子给体electron envelope 电子壳层electron image 电子像electron microscope 电镜electron spin 电子自旋electron spin resonance 电子自旋共振electron transfer 电子传递electron transfer chain 电子传递键electron transport 电子传递electron transport chain 电子传递键electronarcosis 电性麻醉electronasty 倾电性electronic data processing 电子数据处理electroosmosis 电渗electrophoregram 电泳图electrophoresis 电泳electrophoretic mobility 电泳迁移率electrophysiology 电生理学electroplate 电板electroplax 电板electroporation 电穿孔electroreceptoe 电感受器electrostatic interaction 静电相互酌electrotaxis 晴性electrotonic potential 电紧张电位electrotonus 电紧张electrotropism 向电性eleidin 角母蛋白element 元素elementary body 原粒体elementary chromosome fibril 基本染色体原纤维elementary organism 基本生物体elementary particle 基本粒子elementary species 基本种elemi 榄香脂elephant 象elimination 消失elisa 酶联免疫吸附测定elite 原种ellipsoid joint 椭圆关节ellipsoidal conidium 椭圆形分生孢子elliptocyte 椭圆红细胞elongation 伸长elongation cycle 伸长循环elongation factor 延长因子elongation zone 伸长区eluant 洗脱液eluate 洗脱液eluent 洗脱液elution 洗脱elution chromatography 洗脱层析法eluvial horizon a 层eluviation 淋洗elytron 背鳞elytrum 鞘翅emasculation 去势emb agar 伊红美蓝琼脂embden meyerhof pathway 糖酵解途径embedding 包埋embedding medium 包埋剂emboitement theory 嵌入说emboly 内陷embryo 胚embryo axis 胚轴embryo culture 胚胎培养embryo sac 胚囊embryo sac mother cell 大孢子母细胞embryo splitting 胚分裂embryo transfer 胚胎移植embryochemistry 胚胎化学embryogenesis 胚形成embryogeny 胚形成embryoid 胚状体embryological genetics 发育遗传学embryology 胚胎学embryonal 胚的embryonal tissue 胚组织embryonal tube 胚管embryonic 胚的embryonic axis 胚轴embryonic development 胚长生embryonic ecdysis 胚蜕皮embryonic growth factor 胚成长因子embryonic induction 胚胎诱导embryonic membrane 胎膜embryonic shield 胚盾embryonic spot 胚斑embryonic stage 胚期embryonic tissue 胚组织embryonic wall 胚壁embryophytes 有胚植物emergence 突出体;种子膨胀emergency hormone 应急激素emergent evolution 突生进化emersed layer 沼生植物层emetine 吐碱emigration 迁出emission 放射emission spectrum 发射光谱emmer 双粒小麦emmetropia 正视眼emotion 情绪情感emotional reaction 情写应empirical formula 实验式empodium 爪间突empty capsid 空虚衣壳empty particle 空粒子empty seed 不结实种子emulsification 乳化emulsin 苦杏仁酶emulsion 乳浊液emulsoid 乳胶体enamel 牙釉质enamel organ 釉器enantiomorph 对映体enantiotrophy 互变性enation 突起生长enbiogenesis 原始生物发生encephalization 脑形成encephalology 脑学encephalon 脑髓encephalovirus 脑病毒encrustment 皮层encystation 包囊形成encystment 包囊形成end brain 端脑end cell 端细胞end group analysis 末端分析end group determination 末端决定end organ 终末瀑end plate 终板end plate potential 终板电位end point mutation 终点突变end product 最后产物endangered breed 濒危品种endemic 特有种endemic center 特有种中心endemic species 特有种endemisme 风土性endemy 地方病endergonic reaction 吸能反应endite 肢节内叶endobiosis 内生现象endoblast 内胚层endocardium 心内膜endocarp 内果皮endocoelome 胚体腔endoconidium 内分生孢子endocranium 内颅endocrine 内分泌的endocrine correlation 内分泌相关endocrine gland 内分泌腺endocrine organ 内分泌瀑endocrine secretion 内分泌endocrinology 内分泌学endocyst 内包endocytosis 内吞endoderm 内胚层endodermal lamella 内胚层板endodermal plate 内胚层板endodermis 内皮层endodermization 内胚层化endodynamic succession 内因动态演替endoenergetic process 吸能过程endoenzyme 胞内酶endogamy 同系交配endogenic factor 内源因素endogenote 内基因子endogenous budding 内出芽endogenous metabolism 内源代谢endogenous pigment 内生色素endogenous protective system 内生保护系统endogenous rhythm 内源节律endogenous spore 内生孢子endogenous virus 内生病毒endogeny 内生endoglucanase 内切葡聚糖酶endoglycosidase 糖类内切酶endolymph 内淋巴endolysin 细胞内溶素endolysis 胞浆溶解酌endomesoderm 内中胚层endometrium 子宫内膜endomitosis 核内有丝分裂endomixis 内融合endomysium 肌内膜endonasal 鼻内的endoneural sheath 神经内膜endoneurium 神经内膜endonuclease 核酸内切酶endoparasite 体内寄生物endopeptidase 肽键内切酶endophyte 内生植物endoplasm 内质endoplasmic reticulum 内质网endopleura 内种皮endopodite 内肢endopolyploidy 内多倍性endopterygota 全变态类endoreduplication 核内复制endosarc 内质endoskeleton 内骨endosmose 内渗endosmosis 内渗endosome 核内体endosperm 内胚乳endosperm assay 内胚乳鉴定endosperm nucleus 内胚乳核endospore 内生孢子endosporium 内孢壁endosteum 骨内膜endostome 内珠孔endostyle 内柱endosymbiont 内共生体endosymbiosis 内共生endosymbiotic infection 内共生感染endosymbiotic theory 共生说endothecium 蒴内层endothelial cell 内皮细胞endothelium 内皮endothermic process 吸热过程endothermy 内温性endotoxin 内毒素endotrophic mycorrhiza 内菌根endozoochores 动物体内植物enemy plant 敌对植物energetics 能量学energid 活质体energy 能energy balance 能量平衡energy barrier 能障energy coupling 能量耦合energy flow 能流energy metabolism 能代射energy rich compound 高能量化合物energy saving 能量节约engram 记忆印迹enhancement 增强enhancement of metabolism 代谢增加enkephalin 脑啡肽enol phosphate 烯醇磷酸enolase 烯醇化酶enology 葡萄学enriched food 强化营养食品enrichment 富集enrichment culture 加富培养enrichment medium 富集培养基ensilage 青贮饲料entelechy 生机enteral digestion 消化道消化enteramine 5 羟色胺enteric canal 肠道enteritis 肠炎enterococcus 肠道球菌enterocoel 肠体腔enterocoelic pouch 肠体腔囊enterocrinin 促肠液激素enterogastrone 肠抑胃素enterokinase 肠激酶enteropeptidase 肠激酶enteropneusta 肠鳃类enterosite 肠寄生虫enterotoxin 肠毒素enterozoon 肠寄生虫enterozooparasite 肠寄生虫enthalpy 焓entoblast 内胚层entocoel 内腔entoderm 内胚层entoenzyme 胞内酶entomochory 昆虫传播entomogamy 虫媒entomogeography 昆虫地理学entomological 昆虫学的entomology 昆虫学entomophagous 食虫的entomophilous flower 虫媒花entomophilous plants 虫媒植物entomophilous pollination 虫媒传粉entomophily 虫媒entomotomy 昆虫解剖学entoparasite 体内寄生物entosomatic fertilization 体内受精entozoon 内寄生动物entrails 脏entropy 熵enucleation 去核enumeration district 甸区域envelope 外壳envelope antigen 包被抗原envelope protein gene 外套蛋白基因environment 环境environment indicators 栖所指示environmental adaptation 环境适应environmental conditions 环境条件environmental contamination 环境污染environmental disaster 生态灾害environmental factor 环境因子environmental pollution 环境污染environmental resistance 环境阻力environmental temperature 环境温度environmental variance 环境方差environmental variation 环境变异enzymatic adaptation 酶的适应enzymatic defect 酶缺乏enzymatic property 酶性质enzyme 酶enzyme activity 酶活性enzyme chemistry 酶化学enzyme engineering 酶工程学enzyme immunoassay 酶免疫测定enzyme kinetics 酶动力学enzyme linked immunosorbent assay 酶联免疫吸附测定enzyme nomenclature 酶命名法enzyme precursor 酶原enzyme protein 酶类蛋白质enzyme repression 酶抑制;酵素阻遏enzyme specificity 酶的特异性enzyme substrate complex 酶基质复合传enzyme system 酶系统enzyme technology 酶工程学enzyme unit 酶单位enzymology 酶学enzymolysis 酶解eobiogenesis 原始生命起源eobiont 原始生命体eocene 始新世eocene epoch 始新世eosin methylene blue agar 伊红美蓝琼脂eosinocyte 嗜酸性白血球eosinophil 嗜曙红的eosinophilic 嗜曙红的eosome 曙核蛋白体ependyma 脑室膜ependymal cell 室管膜细胞ependymal lager 脑室膜ephapse 神经元间接触epharmony 新环境适应性epharmosis 新环境适应性ephedrine 麻黄素ephemer 短生植物ephemera 蜉蝣ephemeral plant 短生植物ephippium 卵鞍ephyra 碟状幼体epibenthos 上底栖生物epibiosis 上底栖生物epiblast 上胚层epiblema 根被皮epibole 外包epiboly 外包epicardium 心外膜epicarp 外果皮epicarpium 外果皮epicondyle 上epicotyl 上胚轴epicranium 头盖epicranius 头顶肌epidemiology 疫学epidermal cell 上皮细胞epidermal growth factor 上表皮生长因素epidermal melanin unit 表皮黑色素单位epidermal melanophore 表皮黑素细胞epidermal sheath 根鞘epidermis 表皮epidermization 表皮形成epididymis 附睾epifauna 底上动物epigastrium 腹上部epigeal 地面上的epigenesis 后生说epigenetics 发育遗传学epigeous 地面上的epiglottic cartilage 会厌软骨epiglottis 会厌epigyny 上位式epilation 脱毛epilimnion 湖上层epilithophyte 石面植物epimatium 肉盾鳞被epimer 差向异构体epimerase 差向酶epimere 上段epimerite 先节epimerization 差向异构化epimeron 后侧片epimerum 后侧片epimetabolism 微变态性epimorphosis 新建再生epimysium 肌外膜epinasty 偏上性epinephrine 肾上腺素epineurium 神经外膜epiontology 植物地理分布学epiparasitism 复寄生epipelagic community 表海面层群落epipharynx 上咽epiphragma 冬盖epiphylls 叶附生植物epiphysal eye 颅顶眼epiphyseal cartilage 骨端软骨epiphysial cartilage 骨端软骨epiphysis 骨端epiphyte 附生植物epiphytic bacterium 皮上寄生细菌epiphytology 植物列病学epiploon 网膜epipodite 副肢epipodium 上足episome 附加体episperm 种皮epispore 孢子外壁epistasis 上位epistasy 上位epistatic factor 上位因子episternum 前侧片epistoma 口上突epistome 口上突epistropheus 枢椎epithalamus 丘脑上部epithecium 囊层被epithelial cell 上皮细胞epithelial muscle cell 上皮肌细胞epithelial potential 上皮电位epithelial tissue 上皮组织epithelium 上皮epithem 通水组织epitoky 婚前现象epitope 抗原决定部位epizoon 外寄生物epizootic disease 动物列病epoophoron 卵巢冠epoxide 环氧化物equal cleavage 均等卵裂equation division 均等分裂equation of state 状态方程equatorial plane 赤道面equatorial plate 赤道板equifacial leaf 等面叶equilibrium centrifugation 平衡离心equilibrium concentration 平衡浓度equilibrium constant 平衡常数equilibrium organ 平衡器equilibrium potential 平衡电位equilin 马烯雌酮equivalent 当量era 代eradication 根除erect cell 直立细胞erectile tissue 勃起组织erection 勃起eremium 沙漠群落eremophyte 沙漠植物erepsin 肠液酶ereptase 肠液酶ergastoplasm 动质ergine 麦角酰胺ergogram 测力图ergograph 测力器肌力描记器ergometer 测力计ergone 麦角酰胺ergonomics 人体工程学ergosine 麦角辛ergosterin 麦角固醇ergosterol 麦角固醇ergot 麦角菌ergot alkaloid 麦角生物碱eriostachyous 绵毛穗的erose 缺刻状的erosion 侵蚀erostrate 缺嘴的error 误差error correction 错误校正error curve 误差曲线error limit 误差范围eruption 喷火erythroblast 成红血细胞erythrocruorin 无脊椎动物血红蛋白;无脊血红蛋白erythrocyte 红细胞erythrocyte membrane 红细胞膜erythrocytolysis 红细胞溶解erythrocytopoiesis 红细胞生成erythrodextrin 显红糊精erythrolysis 红细胞溶解erythromycin 红霉素erythrophore 红色素胞erythropoiesis 红细胞生成erythropoietin 促红细胞生成素erythrose 赤藓糖erythrosin 赤藓红es complex 酶基质复合传escape behavior 逃避行为esculin 七叶甙eserine 依色林esophageal 食管的essential amino acid 必需氨基酸essential fatty acid 必需脂肪酸essential nutrients 必需营养素essential oil 香精油essential plants 芳香植物established cell line 确立细胞株ester 酯esterase 酯酶esterification 酯化esterolytic protease 酯水解蛋白酶esthesiometer 触觉计estimation 评价estimation of breeding value 育种值鲸estival 夏季的estivation 夏眠estrane 素雄烃estrin 雌酮estriol 雌二醇estrogen 雌激素estrogenic hormone 动情激素estron 雌酮estrone 雌酮estrus cycle 发情周期estrus hormone 动情激素estrus synchronization 发情同步化etap 发育阶段etching 蚀刻ethanol 乙醇ether 乙醚ether reflex 乙醚反射ethereal oil 香精油ethidium bromide 溴化乙锭ethiopian subregion 埃塞俄比亚区ethmoid 筛骨ethmoidal bone 筛骨ethnic group 民族ethnobotanical 民族植物学的ethnobotany 民族植物学ethnology 人种学ethnomycology 人种真菌学ethogram 行为一览表ethological 行为学的ethology 行为学ethyl alcohol 乙醇ethylene 乙烯ethylene biosynthesis 乙烯生物合成ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid 乙二胺四乙酸ethyleneimine 乙撑亚胺etiolation 黄化现象etiology 病原学etioplast 白色体euapogamy 双倍无配生殖euaster 真星型eubacterium 真细菌eucalyptus 按树eucaryotic cells 真核细胞euchromatin 常染色质euchromatization 常染色质形成euchromosome 常染色体euclimax 真顶极eucolloid 真胶体eucone eye 晶锥眼eugenol 丁子香酚euglobulin 优球蛋白euheterosis 真杂种优势eukaryon 真核eukaryote 真核生物eumedusoid 真水母eumycetes 真菌eumyophyta 真菌euparasitism 专性寄生euphotic zone 光亮带euploid 整倍体euploidy 整倍性eurybaric bacterium 广压性细菌euryhaline 广盐性的euryhaline animal 广盐性动物euryhalinity 广盐性euryhydric species 广湿种euryhygrobionts 广温性生物euryoxybionts 广酸性生物euryphagous 广食性的euryphagous animal 广食性动物euryphotic organism 广光性生物eurythermic organism 广温性生物eurythermobionts 广温性生物eurytopic plant 广幅植物eurytopobionts 广生生物euryvalent 广幅植物euspore 真孢子eustachian tube 咽鼓管eustatic movement 海面升降运动eustele 真中柱eutrophic lake 富营养湖eutrophic plant 富养植物eutrophication 富化酌evaporation 蒸发evaporation rate 蒸发量evaporimeter 蒸发计evapotranspiration 蒸发蒸腾酌even toed ungulates 偶蹄类evening primrose 月目草evergreen forest 常绿林evergreen plant 常绿植物evergreen tree 常绿树everlasting 常绿的evisceration 腹脏除法evocation 唤起evocator 启发物evolution 进化evolution cycle 进化周期evolution theory 进化论evolutionary load 进化负荷evolutionary retardation 进化阻滞evolutionary stage 进化期evolutionary tree 进化树evolutionsim 进化论evolutive 发展的exaggeration gene 夸张基因exalbuminose 无胚乳的exalbuminous 无胚乳的exalbuminous seed 无胚乳种子examination of living tissue 活组织检查exanthem 疹exanthema 疹exarate pupa 裸蛹excess 过剩excess metabolism 过量代谢excess moisture 过湿气exchange 交换exchange capacity 交换能力exchange of material 物质交换exchange of substance 物质交换exciple 囊盘被excipulum 囊盘被excision 截除excision repair 切补修复excisionase 截除酶excitability 兴奋性excitable tissue 兴奋性组织excitant 刺激剂excitation 激励excitation contraction coupling 兴奋收缩连接excitation threshold 兴奋阈excitation transfer 激发移动excitatory neuron 兴奋性神经元excitatory postsynaptic potential 兴奋性突触后电位excitatory substance 兴奋性物质excited condition 激发态excited state 激发态exciting electrode 刺激电极exciton 激子exclusion chromatography 排阻色谱法exclusiveness 确限度exconjugant 接合后体excrement 粪便excrescence 瘤excreta 排泄物excreting duct 排泄管excretion 排泄excretory 排泄的excretory bladder 排泄囊excretory organ 排泄器excretory pore 排泄孔excrisis 分必excurrent canal 出水沟excurrent siphon 出水管exemplar 标本exergonic 放能的exergonic reaction 放能反应exfetation 子宫外孕exhalent canal 出水沟exhaust gases 废气exhaustion 枯竭exin 外膜exite 肢节外叶exobiology 地外生物学exocarp 外果皮exocoel 外腔exocoelom 胚外体腔exocrine 外分泌exocrine gland 外分泌腺exocrine secretion 外分泌exocuticle 外角皮exocuticula 外角皮exocytosis 胞吐酌exoderm 外皮层exodermis 外皮层exodynamic succession 外因动力演替exoenzyme 细胞外酶exogamy 异系交配exogastrula 外凸原肠胚exogenote 外基因子exogenous budding 外生出芽exogenous dna 外源dna exogenous pigment 外源性色素exogenous rhythm 外源性节律exon 外显子exopeptidase 肽键端解酶exoperidium 外包被exoplasm 外质exopodite 外肢exopterygota 不全变态类exoskeleton 外骨exosmose 外渗exosmosis 外渗exosome 外来体exospore 外生孢子exosporium 外膜exostome 外珠孔exothecium 药室外壁exotic plant 外来植物exotoxin 外毒素expansion 膨胀experiment 实验experimental animal 实验动物experimental biology 实验生物学experimental embryology 实验发生学experimental error 实验误差experimental plan 实验计划experimental plant 实验植物experimental plot 实验区experimental population 实验群体experimentation on animals 动物实验expiration 呼expired air 呼气explant 外植体explant culture 外植体培养explantation 外植exploratory behavior 探查行为explosive evolution 爆发式进化exponential density gradient 指数密度梯度exponential phase 对数生长期exponential survival curve 指数存活曲线exposure 曝光express analysis 迅速分析express method 快速法expression 表达expression cloning phenotype cloning 表达克隆化expression vector 表达载体expressive movement 表达运动expressivity 表现度expulsion reaction 反发反应exsciccation 枯死exsiccate 蜡叶标本exsuccate 无汁的exsuccous 无汁的exsudation 渗出extension gene 扩张基因extension reflex 伸展反射extensor 伸肌extensor muscle 伸肌extensor reflex 伸肌反射extent of dilution 稀释度exterior 外的extermal secretion 外分泌extermination 扑灭external 外的external branchia 外鳃external budding 外生出芽external ear 外耳external fertilization 体外受精external gill 外鳃external inhibition 外抑制external ligament 外韧带external parsite 体外寄生物external respiration 外呼吸external secretion 外分泌external suppression 外抑制external temperature 外部温度exteroceptive reflex 外感反射exteroceptive sense 外感受性感觉exteroceptor 外感受器exteroreceptor 外感受器extinction 吸收度extinction coefficient 消光系数extine 外膜extracellular 胞外的extracellular digestion 细胞外消化extracellular enzyme 细胞外酶extracellular fluid 胞外液extracellular freezing 细胞外冻结extracellular matrix 细胞外基质extrachromosomal 染色体外的extrachromosomal dna 染色体外dna extrachromosomal inheritance 染色体外遗传extrachromosome 超数染色体extrachromosomic 染色体外的extracistronic suppression 顺反子外抑制extracorporeal circulation 体外循环extract 提取液extractant 提取剂extraction 提取extractive agent 提取剂extraembryonic blastoderm 胚外胚盘extraembryonic coelom 胚外体腔extraembryonic endoderm 胚外内胚层extragenic suppression 基因外抑制extragenous pigment 外源性色素extramitochondrial 线粒体外的extranuclear dna 核外dnaextranuclear gene 核外基因extranuclear inheritance 核外遗传extrapolation 外推法extrapolation method 外推法extrapyramidal tract 锥体外束extrasystole 期外收缩extreme halophile 极度嗜盐菌extreme thermophile bacterium 极度嗜热菌extremites 肢extrinsic factor 维生素b12 extrocardiography 心电图法exuberance 繁茂exudate 渗出液exudation 伤流溢泌exumbrella 上伞面exuvial gland 蜕腺exuviation 蜕壳exuvium 蜕皮eye 芽眼;眼eye cup 视杯eye cutting 芽插条eye nystagmus 眼球震颤eye piece 目镜eye spot 眼点eye stalk 眼柄eye stalk hormone 眼柄激素eye vesicle 视泡eyeball 眼球eyebrow 眉eyelashes 睫毛eyelid 睑eyepiece micrometer 目镜测微计。
硫脲类可作为甲状腺过氧化物酶(TPO)的底物被碘化,使氧化碘不能结合
偶总结的药理，病生答疑情况，都是在大家询问过程中老师比较强调过的, so会有偏差~便看看吧,希望有点帮助,~bless:-)药理:每个老师2道大题,2*3=6马俊江老师：1甲状腺:强调合成释放两种机制的药互补使用:(TPO)的底物被碘化，使氧化碘不能结合到甲状腺球蛋上；还可抑制TPO。
不能对抗已合成的T3,T4，显效慢•甲亢术前准备目的是使甲状腺功能控制在正常水平，以减少麻醉或手术合并症及甲状腺危象，但用药后腺体增生，手术易出血，须在术前加服碘剂。
甲状腺危象辅助治疗:大量T3 、T4突然释放入血，→高热、心衰、肺水肿、水和电解质紊乱，甚至死亡，称为甲状腺危象。
2.β-内酰胺类抗生素G+菌细胞壁粘肽含量高，外层为磷壁酸, 青霉素易透过, 且胞浆渗透压高, 故青霉素对其作用强；G-菌细胞壁仅含10%粘肽, 其外层为脂蛋白、磷脂和脂多糖，青霉素不易透过，胞浆渗透压较低，故对青霉素敏感性低；人的细胞无细胞壁，故青霉素对人细胞毒性小。
细菌产生β-内酰胺酶 (青霉素酶, 头孢菌素酶) →抗生素水解灭活；抗生素与β-内酰胺酶结合而停留在胞膜外间隙中, 因而不能进入靶位（PBP S）产生抗菌作用；PBP S靶蛋白与抗生素亲合力降低,PBP S生成增多或细菌产生新的PBP S；细菌细胞壁或外膜通透性改变使抗生素不能或很少进入菌体到达靶位；细菌缺少自溶酶, 使抗生素杀菌作用减弱。
PG不良反应过敏性体克，首选Adr抢救；PG-K大剂量可致高血钾，造成心脏骤停。
氨苄西林(Ampicillin)阿莫西林(Amoxicillin易透过细菌外壁脂多糖及磷脂进入细胞膜，破坏粘肽合成，故对G-菌作用较强,对绿脓杆菌、耐药金萄菌无效。
羧苄西林(carbennicillin)对G+菌的作用与氨苄西林相似，有抗绿脓杆菌作用，单用易产生耐药，常与庆大霉素合用半合成青霉素抗绿脓杆菌广谱类磺苄西林（Sulbenicillin)第一代头孢菌素抗菌谱与PG相似，对G+菌（包括耐药金葡菌）作用较二、三代强，对螺旋体有效，对G-菌作用较弱，对绿脓杆菌无效，对金葡菌产生的β-内酰胺酶较稳定，但可被G-菌产生的β-内酰胺酶破坏，有肾毒性。
心血管常用英文缩写
心血管常用缩写AA2 aortic second sound 主动脉区第二音AA amino acid 氨基酸AAA abdominal aortic aneurysm 腹主动脉瘤Ab antibody 抗体ABE acute bacterial endocarditis 急性细菌性心内膜炎ABG arterial blood gases 动脉血气ABI ankle brachial index 踝肱指数ABP arterial blood pressure 动脉血压ABPM ambulatory blood pressure monitoring 动态血压监测AC alternating current 交流电AC aortic closure 动脉闭锁ACAT acyl CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase 胆固醇酰基转移酶ACE angiotensin converting enzyme 血管紧张素转化酶ACEI angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors 血管紧张素转化酶抑制剂ACG angiocardiography 心血管造影术ACh acetylcholine 乙酰胆碱ACS acute coronary syndromes 急性冠状动脉综合症ACTH adrenocorticotropic hormone 促肾上腺皮质激素ADH antidiuretic hormone 抗利尿激素ADP adenosine diphosphate 二磷酸腺苷AECG ambulatory electrocardiography 动态心电图AEDs automatic external defibrillators 自动体外除颤器AF atrial fibrillation 房颤AFL atrial flutter 心房扑动AG atrial gallop 心房性奔马律AHA American Heart Association 美国心脏协会AHP apical hypertrophy 心尖部肥厚AI aortic incompetence 主动脉瓣关闭不全AI aortic insufficiency 主动脉瓣功能不全AI apical impulse 心尖搏动AICD automatic implantable cardioverter-defibrillator 埋藏式自动心脏复律除颤器AICDS automatic implanted cardioverter defibrillators 自动植入式心脏复律除颤器AIDS acquired immunodeficiency syndrome 爱滋病AIVR Accelerated idioventricular rhythm 加速性心室自主节律ALT alanine aminotransferase 丙氨酸氨基转移酶AMI acute myocardial imfarction 急性心肌梗塞AML anterior mitral valve leaflet 二尖瓣前叶ANA antinuclear antibody 抗核抗体ANCA antineutrophilic cytoplasmic antibodies 抗中性粒细胞胞浆抗体ANGII angiotensin II 血管紧张素IIANOVA analysis of variance 方差分析ANP atrial natriuretic hormone 心房利钠激素ANP atrial natriuretic peptide 心房利钠肽ANS autonomic nervous system 自主神经系统Ao aorta 主动脉AO opening of the atrioventricular valves 房室瓣张开AoP aortic pressure 主动脉压力AP accessory pathway 旁路AP action potential 动作电位AP angina pectoris 心绞痛AP arterial pressure 动脉压APB atrial premature beat 房性早搏APC atrial premature complex 房性早搏APH apical hypertrophy 心尖部肥厚APA action potential amplitude 动作电位幅度APC activated protein C 活化的蛋白CAPD action potential duration 动作电位时间apoA apolipoprotein A 载脂蛋白AapoB apolipoprotein B 载脂蛋白BaPPT actived partial thromboplastin time 激活的部分凝血活酶时间APSAC anisolysated plasminogen streptokinase activated complex 苯甲氧酰纤溶酶原链激酶活化复合物AR aortic regurgitation 主动脉瓣关闭不全AR alarm reaction 应激反应AR artificial respiration 人工呼吸ARDS adult respiratory distress syndrome 成人呼吸窘迫综合症Arg arginine 精氨酸ARP atrial refractory period 心房不应期ARVD arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia 致心律失常性右心室发育不良AS aortic stenosis 主动脉瓣狭窄AS arteriosclerosis 动脉硬化ASCVD arteriosclerotic cardiovascular disease 动脉粥样硬化性心血管病ASD atrial septal defect 房间隔缺损ASH asymmetric septal hypertrophy 非对称性心室间隔肥厚ASHD arteriosclerotic heart disease 动脉硬化性心脏病ASO anti-streptolysin "O" 抗链球菌溶血素OASO arteriosclerosis obliterans 闭塞性动脉硬化AST aspartate aminotransferase 天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶AT angiotensin Ⅱ receptor 血管紧张素Ⅱ受体AT atrial tachycardia 房性心动过速AT-Ⅲ：A antithrombin Ⅲ activity 抗凝血酶Ⅲ活性ATP adenosine triphosphate 三磷酸腺苷ATP antitachycardia pacing 抗心动过速起搏ATPase adenosinetriphosphatase 三磷酸腺苷酶AVA-V atrioventricular 房室性的AVN atrioventricular node 房室结AVNRT atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia 房室结折返性心动过速AVO atrioventricular orifice 房室口AVP arginine vasopressin 精氨酸加压素AVR aortic valve replacement 主动脉瓣置换术AVRT atrioventricular reciprocating tachycardia 房室交互性心动过速BBBB blood-brain barrier 血脑屏障BBB bundle branch block 束支传导阻滞BBBB bilateral bundle branch block 双侧束支传导阻滞BBT basal body temperature 基础体温BDS biodegradable stents 生物可降解支架BFP biologic false-positive 生物学假阳性BLS basic life support 基础生命支持BMI body mass index 体质指数BMR basal metabolic rate 基础代谢率BNP brain natriuretic peptide 脑钠肽BUN blood urea nitrogen 尿素氮BP blood pressure 血压BPV blood pressure variability 血压波动性BRF renal blood flow 肾血流B.S. breath sounds 呼吸音B.S. blood sugar 血糖BSA body surface area 体表面积BUN blood urea nitrogen 血尿素氮BVAD biventricular assist device 两心室辅助装置CCA cardiac arrest 心脏停搏CA coronary artery 冠状动脉CA catecholamine 儿茶酚胺C.A. circumflex coronary artery 左回旋支冠状动脉CABG coronary artery bypass grafting 冠状动脉旁路移植术CABS coronary artery bypass surgery 冠状动脉分流术CAD coronary artery disease 冠状动脉疾病CAMP cyclic adenosine monophosphate 环磷酸腺苷CAVB complete atrioventricular block 完全房室传导阻滞CBC complete blood count 全血细胞计数CBF cerebral blood flow 脑血流量CC chief complaint 主诉CCPR cardiopulmonary-cerebral resuscitation 心肺脑复苏CCU coronary care unit 冠心病监护病房CCU critical care unit 危症监护病房CD curative dose 有效量治疗量CDC Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 疾病预防控制中心CEA carcinoembryonic antigen 癌胚抗原CEI cardiac effort index 心脏负荷指数CETP cholesteryl ester transfer protein 胆固醇酯转移蛋白CF cardiac failure 心力衰竭CFR coronary flow reserve 冠状动脉血流储备cGMP cyclic guanosine monophosphate 环-磷酸鸟苷CHD coronary heart disease 冠心病CHF congestive heart failure 充血性心力衰竭CHO Chinese hamster ovary (cell) 中国仓鼠卵巢细胞CI cardiac index 心脏指数CIC circulating immune complex 循环免疫复合物CIE counterimmunoelectrophoresis 对流免疫电泳CK creatine kinase 肌酸激酶CK-BB creatine kinase with brain subunits 肌酸激酶BB亚单位CK-MB creatine kinase-MB 肌酸激酶MB亚单位CK-MM creatine kinase with muscle subunits 肌酸激酶MM亚单位CM chylomicron 乳糜微粒CMLC cardiac myosin light chains 心脏肌凝蛋白轻链CMT circus movement tachycardia 环形运动性心动过速CNS central nervous system 中枢神经系统CO cardiac output 心输出量CoA coenzyme A 辅酶 ACOPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 慢性阻塞性肺病CPB cardiopulmonary bypass 体外循环CPAP continuous positive airway pressure 持续气道正压呼吸CPC clinicopathological conference 临床病历讨论会CPK creatine phosphokinase 磷酸肌酸激酶CPK-MB MB fraction of creatine phosphokinase 磷酸肌酸激酶同功酶MBCPR cardiopulmonary resuscitation 心肺复苏CRH corticotropin-releasing hormone 促肾上腺皮质激素释放激素CRP C-reactive protein C反应蛋白CRT cardiac resynchronization therapy 心脏再同步治疗CS coronary sinus 冠状窦CSF colony-stimulating factor 集落刺激因子CSF cerebrospinal fluid 脑脊液CSM carotid sinus massage 颈动脉窦按摩CSNRT corrected SNRT 校正的窦房结恢复时间CT clotting time 凝血时间CT computed Tomography 计算机体层Ｘ线摄影CTA CT angiography CT血管造影cTnI cardiac troponin I 心肌肌钙蛋白IcTnT cardiac troponin T 心肌肌钙蛋白TCTO chronic total occlusion 慢性闭塞病变CV cardiovascular 心血管的CVA cerebrovascular accident 脑血管意外CVD cardiovascular disease 心血管疾病CVP central venous pressure 中心静脉压CVS cardiovascular system 心血管系统DDAD delayed afterdepolarization 延迟后去极化D.A.H disordered action of heart 心功能失调DBP diastolic blood pressure 舒张压DC direct-current 直流电DCM dilated cardiomyopathy 扩张性心脏病DHEA-S dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate 硫酸脱氢异雄酮DHF diastolic heart failure 舒张性心力衰竭DIC disseminated intravascular coagulation 弥漫性血管内凝血DL diffusion capacity 弥散量DM diabetes mellitus 糖尿病DM diastolic murmur 舒张期杂音DNA deoxyribonucleic acid 脱氧核糖核酸DNR do not resuscitate 不复苏DOA dead on arrival 到达时已死亡DOC deoxycorticosterone 脱氧皮质酮DSA digital subtraction angiography 数字减影血管造影术dsDNA double-stranded DNA 双链脱氧核糖核酸DTPA diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid 二乙烯三胺五乙酸DVT deep venous thrombosis 深静脉血栓形成EEAD early afterdepolarization 早期后除极EAVNC enhanced A-V nodal conduction 房室结加速传导EBV Epstein-Barr virus EB病毒ECC external chest compression 胸外心脏按压ECG electrocardiogram 心电图ECMO extracorporeal membrane oxygenation 体外循环膜氧合ECS electrocerebral silence 脑电静止ECS endocannabinoid system 内分泌大麻系统ED emergency department 急诊室ED effective dose 有效剂量EDCFs endothelium-derived constricting factor 内皮衍生的收缩因子EDHF endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor 内皮衍生超极化因子EDRF endothelium-derived relaxing factor 内皮衍生的松弛因子EDV end-diastolic volume 舒张末期容积EERP extended endocardial resection procedure 心内膜伸展切除法EEV encircling endocardial ventriculotomy 心内膜面心室环切术EF ejection fraction 射血分数EKG electrocardiogram 心电图ELISA enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay 酶联免疫吸附试验EMD electromechanical dissociation 电机械分离EMS emergency medical service 急救医疗服务ERBF effective renal blood flow 有效肾血流量EPS electrophysiology study 电生理检查EPSP excitatory postsynaptic potential 兴奋性突触后电位ER endoplasmic reticulum 内质网ERBF effective renal blood flow 有效肾血流量ERP effective refractory period 有效适应期ERP endocardial resection procedure 心内膜切除术ERT estrogen replacement therapy 雌激素替代疗法ERV expiratory reserve volume 补呼气容积ES cells Embryonic stem cells 胚胎干细胞ESR erythrocyte sedimentation rate 血细胞沉降率ESRD end-stage renal disease 终末期肾脏疾病ESV end-systolic volume 收缩末期容积ET excitability threshold 兴奋性阈值ET endothelin 内皮素FFab fragmentantigen-binding 抗原结合片断FABP fatty acid binding protein 脂肪酸结合蛋白FBG fasting blood glucose 空腹血糖FDP fibrinogen degradation products 纤维蛋白原降解产物FEV1.0 forced expiratory volume in one second 第1秒用力呼气容积FFA free fatty acid 游离脂肪酸FGF fibroblast growth factor 纤维母细胞生长因子FH familial hypercholesterolemia 家族性高胆固醇血症FHC familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy 家族性肥厚型心肌病FIO2 fraction of inspired oxygen 吸入气氧分数FML flail mitral leaflet 连枷样瓣叶FRC functional residual capacity 功能残气量FT3 free triiodothyronine 游离型T3FT4 free thyroxine 游离型甲状腺素FUO fever of undetermined origin 不明原因发热FVC forced vital capacity 用力肺活量GGAD glutamic acid decarboxylase 谷氨酸脱羧酶GAP GTPase-activating protein GTP酶活化蛋白GBM glomerular basement membrane 肾小球基底膜G-CSF granulocyte colony-stimulating factor 粒细胞集落刺激因子GFR glomerular filtration rate 肾小球滤过率GHb glycosylated hemoglobin 糖化血红蛋白GI gastrointestinal 胃肠的GIK glucose_insulin_potassium 葡萄糖－胰岛素－钾（极化液）GITS the gastrointestinal therapeutic system 胃肠道治疗系统GMP guanosine monophosphate 一磷酸鸟苷GPBB glycogen phosphorylase isoenzyme 糖原磷酸化酶同工酶BBGPT glutamic-pyruvic transaminase 谷丙转氨酶GTP guanosine triphosphate 三磷酸鸟苷GTT glucose tolerance test 葡萄糖耐量试验HHAV hepatitis A virus 甲肝病毒Hb hemoglobin 血红蛋白HbA1c Hemoglobin A1c 糖化血红蛋白 A1cHBcAg hepatitis B core antigen 乙肝核心抗原HBeAg hepatitis B e antigen 乙肝e抗原HBsAg hepatitis B surface antigen 乙肝e抗原HBE His bundle electrogram 希氏束电图HBV hepatitis B virus 乙肝病毒HbO2 oxyhemoglobin 氧合血红蛋白HCM hypertrophic cardiomyopathy 肥厚型心肌病HCT hematocrit 血细胞比容，红细胞压积HDL-C high-density lipoprotein cholesterol 高密度脂蛋白胆固醇HERG Human Ether-a-go-go-Related Gene 人类eag相关基因HF heart failure 心力衰竭hFABP heart fatty acid binding protein 心脏脂肪酸结合蛋白HIT heparin-induced thrombocytopenia 肝素导致的血小板减少症HIV human immunodeficiency virus 人类免疫缺陷病毒HLHS hypoplastic left heart syndrome 左心发育不良综合征HMG-COA 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A ３羟甲基戊二酰辅酶ＡHMWK high molecular weight kininogen 高分子量激肽原HOCM hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy 肥厚梗阻性心肌病HOP high oxygen pressure 高压氧HP haptoglobin 结合珠蛋白，触珠蛋白HPI history of the present illness 现病史HPS His-Purkinje system 希氏束-浦肯野系统HR heart rate 心率HRV heart rate variability 心率变异性HuIFN human interferon 人体干扰素IIAB intraaortic balloon 主动脉内气囊IABP intraaortic balloon pump 主动脉内气囊泵IC inspiratory capacity 深吸气量 ICD implantable cardioverter-defibrillator 埋藏式心脏复律－除颤器ICU intensive care unit 重症监护病房IDD insulin-dependent diabetes 胰岛素依赖性糖尿病IDL intermediate-density lipoprotein 中间密度脂蛋白IE infective endocarditis 感染性心内膜IFG impaired fasting glucose 空腹血糖调节受损IFN interferon 干扰素IGF-1 insulin-like growth factor-1 胰岛素样生长因子-1IGT impaired glucose tolerance 葡萄糖耐量降低IHD ischemic heart disease 缺血性心脏病IHR intrinsic heart rate 固有心率IHSS idiopathic hypertrophy subaortic stenosis 特发性肥厚型主动脉瓣下狭窄IHUT isoproterenol-head-up tilt testing 异丙肾上腺素-倾斜试验IMA internal mammary artery 内乳动脉INR international normalized ratio 国际标准化比值IPG impedance plethysmography 阻抗容积描记法IPPB intermittent positive pressure breathing 间歇性正压呼吸IR insulin resistance 胰岛素抵抗IRMS insulin resistance metabolic syndrome 胰岛素抵抗代谢综合征IRS insulin resistance syndrome 胰岛素抵抗综合征IRV inspiratory reserve volume 补吸气容积ISA intrinsic sympathomimetic activity 内源性拟交感活性IU international unit 国际单位IV intravenously 静脉注射IVC inferior vena cava 下腔静脉IVP intravenous pyelography 静脉肾盂造影IVRT isovolumic relaxation time 等容舒张时间IVS interventricular septum 室间隔IVST interventricular septal thickness 室间隔厚度IVUS intravascular ultrasound 血管内超声JJ joule 焦耳KKD Keshan disease 克山病LLA left arm 左臂LA left atrium 左心房LAD left anterior descending (coronary artery) 冠状动脉左前降支LAD left axis deviation 电轴左偏]LADA latent autoimmune diabetes in adult 成人隐匿自身免疫糖尿病LAE left atrial enlargement 左心房扩大LAFB left anterior fascicular block 左前分支阻滞LAH left anterior hemiblock 左前分支阻滞LAO left anterior oblique 左前斜位LAP left atrial pressure 左心房压力LAPB left anterior parietal block 左前分支末梢阻滞LATS long-acting thyroid stimulator 长效甲状腺刺激素LBBB left bundle branch block 左束支传导阻滞LCA left coronary artery 左冠状动脉LCAT lecithin ：cholesterol acyltransferase 卵磷脂胆固醇酰基转移酶LCX left circumflex artery 左冠状动脉回旋支LDH lactate dehydrogenase 乳酸脱氢酶LDL-C low-density lipoprotein cholesterol 低密度脂蛋白胆固醇LF left leg 左腿LP(α)α-lipoproteinα脂蛋白LPFB left posterior fascicular block 左后分支阻滞LPH left posterior hemiblock 左后半阻滞LPL lipoprotein lipase 脂蛋白酯酶LQ-T1 long Q-T locus 1 长Q－T位点1LQTS long QT syndrome 长QT综合症LRL lower rate limit 下限频率LV left ventricle 左心室LVAD left ventricular assist device 左室辅助装置LVEDP left ventricular end-diastolic pressure 左室舒张末压LVEDV left ventricular end-diastolic volume 左室舒张末容积LVET left ventricular ejection time 左心室射血时间LVH left ventricular hypertrophy 左室肥厚LVMI left ventricular mass index 左室重量指数MMAF macrophage activating factor 巨噬细胞活化因子MAG3 mercaptoacetyltriglycine 巯基乙酰三甘氨酸MAO monoamine oxidase 单胺氧化酶MAOI monoamine oxidase inhibitor 单胺氧化酶抑制剂MAP mean arterial pressure 平均动脉压MAPK mitogen-actived protein kinase 有丝分裂激活的蛋白激酶MAT multifocal atrial tachycardia 多源性房性心动过速MBC minimum bactericidal concentration 最小杀菌浓度MB-CK MB creatine kinase 肌酸磷酸激酶MB亚单位MCE myocardial contrast echocardiography 心肌造影超声心动图MCF macrophage chemotactic factor 巨噬细胞趋化因子MCH mean corpuscular hemoglobin 红细胞平均血红蛋白量MCHC mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration 红细胞平均血红蛋白浓度MCT mean circulation time 平均循环时间MCV mean corpuscular volume 平均红细胞容积MDF myocardial depressant factor 心肌抑制因子MDP maximum diastolic potential 最大舒张电位MEN multiple endocrine neoplasia 多发性内分泌肿瘤METS multiple of basal metabolic oxygen consumption 基础代谢氧消耗倍数MHC myosin heavy chain 肌球蛋白重链MI myocardial imfarction 心肌梗塞MIC minimum inhibitory concentration 最小抑菌浓度MLC myosin light chain 肌凝蛋白轻链MMD minor myocardial damage 微小心肌损伤MODS multiple organ dysfunction syndrome 多脏器功能障碍综合征MPD maximum permissible dose 最大允许剂量MPS mononuclear phagocyte system 单核巨噬细胞系统MPS mucopolysaccharidosis 粘多糖（贮积）病MR mitral regurgitation 二尖瓣关闭不全MRA magnetic resonance angiography 核磁共振血管造影MRI magnetic resonance imaging 核磁共振显像mRNA messenger RNA 信使核糖核酸MS metabolic syndrome 代谢综合征MS mitral stenosis 二尖瓣狭窄MSCT multi-slice computed tomography 多层螺旋CT MSCTCA MSCT coronary angiography 多层螺旋CT冠状动脉造影MSL midsternal line 胸骨中线MV mitral valve 二尖瓣MVO2 myocardial oxygen requirements 心肌需氧量MVP mitral valve prolapse 二尖瓣脱垂MVV maximal voluntary ventilation 最大自主通气量NNBTE nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis 非细菌性血栓性心内膜炎NED no evidence of disease 无疾病证据NEFA nonesterified fatty acids 非酯型脂肪酸游离脂肪酸NEP neutral endopeptidase 中性内肽酶NIDD non-insulin-dependent diabetes 非胰岛素依赖性糖尿病NMR nuclear magnetic resonance 核磁共振NO nitric oxide 一氧化氮NPN nonprotein nitrogenNQWMI non-Q-wave myocardial infarction 非Ｑ波心肌梗塞NSAIA nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory analgesic 非类固醇消炎止痛药NSAIDs nonsteriodal anti-inflammatory drugs 非甾族抗炎药物NSR normal sinus rhythm 正常窦律NTP normal temperature and pressure 正常体温与血压NVE native valve endocarditis 自身瓣膜心内膜炎NYHA New York Heart Association 纽约心脏协会OOMB obtuse marginal branch 钝缘支OR operating room 手术室OS opening snap 开放拍击音OSAS obstructive sleep apnea syndrome 阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征OTC over the counter 非处方药物OTD organ tolerance dose 器官耐受剂量(X线)PP2 pulmonic second sound 肺动脉第二心音PA posteroanterior 后前位的PA pulmonary artery 肺动脉PAC premature atrial complex 期前心房复合波PAF platelet-activating factor 血小板激活因子PAI-1 plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 纤维蛋白酶原激活物抑制剂-1PAP plasmin-antiplasmin complex 纤溶酶抗纤溶酶复合物PAT paroxysmal atrial tachycardia 阵发性房性心动过速PAWP pulmonary artery wedge pressure 肺动脉楔压力PBAV percutaneous balloon aortic valvuloplasty 经皮球囊主动脉瓣成形术PBMV percutaneous balloon mitral valvuloplasty 经皮球囊二尖瓣成形术PBPV percutaneous balloon pulmonary valvuloplasty 经皮球囊肺动脉瓣成形术PC:A protein C activity 蛋白C活性PCG phonocardiogram 心音图PCI percutaneous coronary intervention 经皮冠状动脉介入干预Pco2 carbon dioxide partial pressure 二氧化碳分压力Pco2 carbon dioxide partial tension 二氧化碳分张力PCR polymerase chain reaction 聚合酶链反应PCV packed cell volume 血细胞压积PCWP pulmonary capillary wedge pressure 肺毛细血管楔压PDA patent ductus arteriosus 动脉导管未闭PDA posterior descending coronary artery 冠脉后降支PDE phosphodiesterase 磷酸二酯酶PDIs Phosphodiesterase inhibitors 磷酸二酯酶抑制剂PDGF platelet derived growth factor 血小板源生长因子PEA pulseless electrical activity 无脉性电活动PEEP positive endexpiratory pressure 呼气末正压呼吸PES programmed electrical stimulation 程控电刺激PET positron emission-computed tomography 正电子发射型计算机断层显像PF4 platelet factor 4 血小板第4因子PG prostaglandin 前列腺素PGI2 prostacyclin 前列环素PICVI Percutaneous in situ coronary venousarterialization 经皮原位冠状静脉动脉化PJRT permanent junctional repciprocating tachycardia 持久性交界性交互心动过速PJT paroxysmal junctional tachycardia 阵发性交界性心动过速PKC protein kinase C 蛋白激酶CPLAATO Percutaneous Left Atrial Appendage Transcatheter Occluder 经皮导管左心耳闭塞器PLS prolonged life support 延续生命支持PMI point of maximal impulse 最强心尖搏动点PMVL posterior mitral valve leaflet 二尖瓣后叶PMT pacemaker mediated tachycardia 起搏器介入性心动过速PO2 oxygen partial pressure 氧分压力PO2 oxygen partial tension 氧分张力POCT point of care test 床旁检查PPAR peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor 过氧化物酶体增生物活化受体PPD purified protein derivative (tuberculin) 精制蛋白衍化物（结核菌素）PR peripheral resistance 外周阻力PR pulmonic regurgitation 肺动脉瓣关闭不全PRA plasma renin activity 血浆肾素活性PRG phleborheography 静脉血流描记法PS protein S 蛋白SPS pulmonic stenosis 肺动脉瓣狭窄PS pulmonary stenosis 肺动脉瓣狭窄PSM presystolic murmur 收缩前杂音PSVT paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia 阵发性室上性心动过速PT prothrombin time 凝血酶原时间PT pulmonary trunk 肺动脉干PTA plasma thromboplastin 血浆凝血致活酶前质PTC plasma thromboplastin component 血浆凝血致活酶成分PTCA percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty 经皮冠状动脉血管成形术Ptf P- wave terminal force 心房终末电压PTT partial thromboplastin time 部分凝血活酶时间PUO pyrexia of unknown origin 原因不明的发热，无名热PVCs premature ventricular contractions 室性早搏PVE prosthetic valve endocarditis 人工瓣膜性心内膜炎PVR pulmonary vascular resistance 肺血管阻力PVT polymorphic ventricular tachycardia 多形性室性心动过速PWT posterior wall thickness 后壁厚度QQMI Q_wave myocardial infarction Q波型心肌梗塞QTd Q-T dispersion Q－T离散度QTc corrected QT interval 校正的QT间期RRA right arm 右臂RA right atrium 右心房RAD right axis deviation 电轴右偏RAAS renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system 肾素－血管紧张素－醛固酮系统RAE right atrial enlargement 右心房扩大RAO right anterior oblique 右前斜位RAS renin-angiotensin system 肾素-血管紧张素系统RBBB right bundle branch block 右束支传导阻滞RBC red blood cell 红细胞RBC red blood (cell) count 红细胞计数RCA right coronary artery 右冠状动脉RCM restrictive cardiomyopathy 限制性心肌病RCTs randomized controlled trials 随机对照研究RES reticuloendothelial system 网状内皮系统RF rheumatoid factor 类风湿因子RFCA radiofrequency catheter ablation 射频消融术RFLP restriction fragment length polymorphism 限制性片段长度多态性PHC Right-sided heart catheterization 右心导管检查RIST radioimmunosorbent test 放射免疫吸附试验RKY roentgenkymography X线记波照相术RNA ribonucleic acid 核糖核酸RNP ribonucleoprotein 核糖核酸蛋白ROM passive range of motion 被动活动ROSC return of spontaneous circulation 自主循环恢复RPF renal plasma flow 肾血浆流量RPS renal pressor substance 肾加压物质RQ respiratory quotient 呼吸商rT3 reverse triiodothyronine 反三碘甲状腺原氨酸r-TPA recombinant tissue plasminogen activator 重组的组织型纤溶酶原激活物RV residual capacity 残气量RV right ventricle 右心室RVAD right ventricular assist device 右心室辅助装置RVH right ventricular hypertrophy 右心室肥大RVI right ventricle infarction 右心室梗塞RVOT right ventricular outflow Tract 右室流出道SS1 first heart sound 第一心音S2 second heart sound 第二心音S3 third heart sound 第三心音S4 fourth heart sound 第四心音SA sinoatrial 窦房的SACT sinoatrial conduction time 窦房传导时间SAB sinoatrial block 窦房阻滞SAECG signal averaged electrocardiogram 信号叠加心电图SAH systemic arterial hypertension 体循环动脉高压SAH subarachnoid hemorrhage 蛛网膜下腔出血SAM systolic anterior motion （二尖瓣前叶）在收缩期前移SB sinus bradycardia 窦性心动过缓SBE subacute bacterial endocarditis 亚急性细菌性心内膜炎SBP systolic blood pressure 收缩压SBT serum bactericidal titer 血清杀菌剂滴度SC closure of the semilunar valves 半月瓣关闭SC subcutaneous 皮下SCD sudden cardiac death 心脏性猝死scu-PA single chain urokinase-type plasminogen activator 单链尿激酶型纤溶酶原激活物SD standard deviation 标准差SE stress echocardiography 负荷超声心动图SE standard error 标准误差SEC spontaneous echo contrast 自发性声学显影SFMC soluble fibrin monomer complex 可溶性纤维蛋白单体复合物SGOT glutamic oxaloacetic acid transferase 血清谷草转氨酶SH sulfhydryl 巯基SHR spontaneously hypertensive rat 自发性高血压大鼠SHRSP strok-prone SHR 具有中风倾向的自发性高血压大鼠SIRS systemic inflammatory response syndrome 全身炎症反应综合征SK streptokinase 链激酶SL sublingual 舌下SLE systemic lupus erythematosus 系统性红斑狼疮SM systolic murmur 收缩期杂音SMBG self-monitoring blood glucose 自我监测血糖SMCS smooth muscle cells 平滑肌细胞SMI silent myocardial ischemia 无症状性心肌缺血SNRT sinus node recovery time 窦房结恢复时间SNS sympathetic nervous system 交感神经系统SOB shortness of breath 呼吸短促SPECT single photon emission computed tomography 单光子发射型计算机断层显像SQTS short Q-T syndrome 短 Q-T 间期综合征SR sarcoplasmic reticulum 肌浆内质网ssDNA single-stranded DNA 单链DNASSS sick sinus syndrome 病态窦房结综合症ST sinus tachycardia 窦性心动过速STI systolic time intervals 心室收缩时间间期SUDS sudden unexplained death syndrome 不明原因猝死综合症SUNDS sudden unexplained nocturnal death syndrome 不明原因的夜间猝死综合症SV stroke volume 每搏心输出量SVC superior vena cava 上腔静脉SVI stroke volume index 每搏量指数SVT supraventricular tachycardia 室上性心动过速SWI stroke work index 每搏作功指数TTa atrial repolarization 心房复极TABD triple acid-base disorders 三重性酸碱失衡TAT thrombin -antithrombin complex 凝血酶-抗凝血酶复合物TC total cholesterol 总胆固醇Tc technetium 锝TDI tissue doppler imaging 组织多普勒成像TDP torsades de pointes 尖端扭转性室性心动过速TEE transesophageal echocardiography 经食道超声心动图TET treadmill exercise test 踏车运动试验TFPI tissue factor pathway inhibitor 组织因子途径抑制物TGA transposition of the great arteries 大动脉转位TGB thyroxine-binding globulin 甲状腺素结合球蛋白TGF-β transforming growth factor-beta 转化生长因子βTHAM tromethamine 三羟甲基氨基甲烷TIA transient ischemic attack 短暂性脑缺血发作TIMI thrombolysis in myocardial infarction 心肌梗塞溶栓TLC total lung capacity 肺总量TM thrombomodulin 血栓调节蛋白TMLR transmyocardial laser revascularization 心肌再血管化TMST treadmill exercise test 踏车运动试验TNF tumor necrosis factor 肿瘤坏死因子T-PA tissue-type plasminogen activator 组织型纤溶酶原激活物TPP thrombus precussor protein 血栓前体蛋白TR tricuspid regurgitation 三尖瓣返流TRH thyrotropin-releasing hormone 促甲状腺素释放激素TS tricuspid stenosis 三尖瓣狭窄TSH thyroid-stimulating hormone 促甲状腺素TT thrombin time 凝血酶时间TT thrombolytic therapy 溶栓治疗TTE transthoracic echocardiography 经胸超声心动图TV tricuspid valve 三尖瓣TXA2 thromboxane A2 血栓烷A2TXB2 thromboxane B2 血栓烷B2UUA unstable angina 不稳定性心绞痛UCG ultrasound cardiogram 超声心动图UCM unclassified cardiomyopathies 不定型的心肌病UK urokinase 尿激酶u-PA urokinase type plasminogen activator 尿激酶型纤溶酶原激活物URL upper rate limit 上限频率URTI upper respiratory tract infection 上呼吸道感染US ultrasound 超声VV4R right precordial lead in V4 position 右胸导联V4的位置VAD ventricular assist device 心室辅助装置VC vital capacity 肺活量VCAM vascular cell adhesion molecule 血管细胞粘附分子VCG vectorcardiogram 心电向量图Vco2 carbon dioxide 二氧化碳产量VDH valvular disease of the heart 心瓣膜病VE minute ventilation 每分钟通气量VEDP ventricular end-diastolic pressure 心室舒张末压力VEGF vascular endothelial growth factor 血管内皮细胞生长因子VF ventricular fibrillation 室颤VFT ventricular fibrillation threshold 室颤阈值VLDL very-low-density lipoprotein 极低密度脂蛋白VLP ventricular late potential 心室晚电位VMA vanillylmandelic acid 香草扁桃酸Vo2 peak oxygen consumption 峰值氧耗Vo2 respiratory oxygen uptake 呼吸摄氧量VMA vanillylmandelic acid 3-甲氧基－4羟基苦杏仁酸VPBs ventricular premature beats 室性早搏VPC ventricular premature complex 心室早搏复合波VPD ventricular premature depolarization 心室过早去极化VRP ventricular refractory period 心室不应期VSD ventricular septal defect 室间隔缺损VT ventricular tachycardia 室性心动过速VTE venous thromboembolism 静脉血栓栓塞VW vessel wall 血管壁vWF von willebrand factor 血管性血友病因子WWBC white blood cell 白细胞WBC white blood (cell) count 白细胞计数WHO world health organization 世界卫生组织α-MHC alpha-myosin heavy chain α－肌凝蛋白重链β-TGβ-thromboglobulinβ-血小板球蛋白23-DPG 23-diphosphoglycerate 23-二磷酸甘油酸5-HT 5-hydroxytryptamine ５－羟色胺123I MIBG iodine-123 metaiodobenzylguanidine I123标记的间碘苄胍17-KS 17-ketosteroids 17-酮皮质类固醇17-OHCS 17-hydroxycorticosteroid 17-羟皮质类固醇18-OHD 18-hydroxycorticosterone 18-羟皮质酮24hUFC 24h urine free cortisol 24小时尿液游离皮质醇。
八年制《生理学》第三版---绪论
2. 反射——神经系统活动的基本形式
反射(reflex)分为条件反射(conditioned reflex)和非条件反 射(unconditioned reflex)。
3. 反射弧—— 神经系统活动的结构基础
二、体液调节是一种较为原始的调节方式
成熟的个体通过无性或有性繁殖方式产生或形成与 本身相似的子代个体。
2. 辅助生殖技术： 体外受精-胚胎移植
(in vitro fertilization and embyo transfer,IVF-ET) 卵泡浆内单精子显微注射
(intra-cytoplasmic sperm injection,ICSI) 胚胎植入前遗传学诊断
第一篇 绪 论
Chapter 1 Introduction
掌握:
学习要点
1. 内环境、稳态和生物节律的定义 2. 体液调节、神经调节、自身调节的概念、特点和意义及其相互
之间的关系 3. 人体自动控制系统的类别、功能意义及它们之间的的异同
熟悉：
1. 生理学的研究对象和任务 2. 生理学的研究层次，立足局部把握整体
(Basic properties of the living body)
❖ 新 陈 代 谢(metabolism)
❖ 兴 奋 性(excitability)
❖ 适 应 性(adaptability)
❖生
殖(reproduction)
一、新陈代谢是生命活动最基本的特征
新陈代谢(Metabolism) 生物体不断与环境进行物质和能量交换，摄取营养物
❖ 神经调节(nervous regulation)
❖ 体液调节(humoral regulation) ❖ 自身调节(autoregulation)
如何用你的大脑控制他人的手臂TED英语演讲
如何用你的大脑控制他人的手臂TED英语演讲大脑是个很神奇又复杂的器官。
尽管很多人都对大脑十分着迷，他们却讲不出太多关于大脑的特征，以及它是怎样工作的，因为学校没有神经科学的课。
And one of the reasons why is that the equipment is so complex and so expensive that it's really only done at major universities and large institutions. And so in order to be able to access the brain, you really need to dedicate your life and spend six and a half years as a graduate student just to become a neuroscientist to get access to these tools.其中一个原因就是相应的设备太复杂又太昂贵，这些研究只有在高等学府和大型研究机构才能进行。
所以为了能够接触到大脑，你几乎需要奉献终生，花六年半的时间在研究生院学习，只为了成为神经科学家好能够使用那些设备。
And that's a shame because one out of five of us, that's 20 percent of the entire world, will have a neurological disorder. And there are zero cures forthese diseases. And so it seems that what we should be doing is reaching back earlier in the eduction process and teaching students about neuroscience so that in the future, they may be thinking about possibly becoming a brain scientist.很遗憾的是，我们每五个人当中就有一个，也就是全球人口的20%会受神经性失调的困扰。
基础医学英语翻译
基础医学英语翻译医学英语是与大学英语相延续的专业英语的学习内容。
下面小编为大家分享基础医学英语翻译，希望对大家有用。
基础医学英语翻译如下：electronic scanner 电子扫描仪electronic screen 电子显示荧光屏electronic sector ultrasonic cardiotomograph 扇型扫描式超声心动断层检查仪electronic sensor 电子传感器electronic shutter 电动快门electronic simulation 电子模拟electronic simulator 电子模拟器electronic skin tester 电子皮试仪electronic sphygmomanometer 电子血压计electronic spiro-analyzer 呼吸功能自动分析仪，电子肺量分析仪electronic sterilization 电子灭菌法electronic stethoscope 电子听诊器electronic stimulator 电刺激器electronic test instrument 电子测试仪器electronic thermometer 电子测温计electronic thermostat 电子恒温器electronic timer 电子定时器electronic tracer 电子描绘器electronic universal dilatometer 电子通用膨胀计electron interferometer 电子干扰仪electron micrograph 电子显微镜检查，电子显微照片electron microscope 电子显微镜，电镜electron microscope with a magnification of , times 八十万倍电子显微镜electron microscopic autoradiography 电镜自动射线照像术electron multiplier 电子倍增器electronogram 电子衍射图electronograph 电子显微照片electron pair 电子对，电子偶electron paramagnetic resonance (abbr. EPR) 电子顺磁共振electron radiography 电子放射照像术electron scanning micrograph 电子扫描显微照片electron tube 电子管electronystagmogram (abgr. ENG) 眼震电流描记图electronystagmograph 眼震电流描记器electronystagmogroaphy 眼震图描记术electro-oculogram(abgr. EOG) 眼电（流）图electro-oculography 眼电（流）描记法electro-osmosis 电渗electro-osmotic 电渗的electropathy 电疗法，电疗学electrophone 电助听器electrophonocardiograph 电心音描记器electrophonoide 电助听器训练器（治慢性耳聋）electrophore ①电泳②电离子透入法electrophoregram 电泳图electrophoresis ①电泳②电离子透入法electrophresis apparatus 电泳仪electrophoresis chamber 电泳槽electrophoresis gel 电泳凝胶electrophoresis method 电泳法electrophoresis scanner 电泳扫描仪electrophoretic display 电泳显示器electrophoretic pattern 电泳图型electrophoretogram 电泳图electrophorogram 电泳图eoectrophorus 起电盘electrophotography 电照像术electrophotometer 光电比色计electrophysiological amplifier 电生理放大器electrophysiology 电生理学electroplexy 电休克electropneumograph 电呼吸描记器electropositive 阳电性的，正电性的electropsychrometer 电测湿度计electropuncture 电针术electropradiology 电放射学electroradiometer 电放射性测量仪electroreceptor 电感受器electroresction 电切除术electro-respirator 电动呼吸机electroretinogram(abbr. ERG) 视网膜电（流）图electroretinograph 视网膜电（流）描记器，视网膜电图仪electroretinography 视网膜电圈学electrosalivogram 涎腺电（流）图electroscope 验电器，静电测量器electrosection 电切除术electroshock 电休克electrosinogram 心窦电（流）图electroskiagraphy X 射线照像术electro-sleep appatatus 电睡眠机electrosol 金属电胶液electrospectrogram 电光谱图electrospectrography 电光谱描记术electrosphygmobarometer 电子眼底血压计electro-sphygmomanometer 电子血压计electro-spinal stimulation instrument 脊骨也刺激仪electrospinogram 脊髓电（流）图electrostatic accelerator 静电加速器electrostatic attraction 静电吸引electrostatic diathermy unit 静电电疗机electrostatic equipment 静电装置electrostatic generator 静电发电机electrostatic precipitator 静电除尘器electrostatics 静电学electrostatic voltmeter 静电伏特计electro-sternum saw 电动胸骨锯electrostethograph 电心音描记器electrostethophone 电扩音听诊器electro-stimulation analyzer 电刺激分析仪electro-stimulation therapy unit 电兴奋治疗机electro-stimulator 电刺激器electro-stomach irrigator 电动洗胃机electro-striatogram 纹状体电（流）图electrosurgery 电外科electrosurgical knife 手术用电刀electrosurgical unit 电灼器，电手术器械electro-thalamogram 丘脑电（流）图electro-therapeutic apparatus 电疗仪electrotherapy 电疗法electrotherapy apparatus 电疗设备electrotherapy room 电疗室electrotherm 电热器electrothermic laryngoscope 电热喉镜electothermometer 电子体温计electrotome 电刀electrotomy 电切除术electro-tonometer 电眼压计electrotonus 电紧张electro-traction massage bed 电动牵引按摩床electrotrephine 电圆锯，脑用电动圆锯electroureterogram 输尿管电（流）图electrovacuum extractor 电动真空吸引器electrovagogram 迷走神经电（流）图electrovection 电导入法electrovectrocardioscope 心电向量检查仪electroventriculogram 心室电（流）图electro-vibrator ①电按摩器②电振动器element （化学）元素，单元，成分elemental analyser 元素分析仪elementary 元素的，基础的，初级的eleometer 油度计，油比重计elevation 上升，隆凸，挺起elevator ①骨撬，牙挺，起子②升降机eliminator 消除器，抑制器ellipse 椭圆形ellipsometer 椭圆率计eluant 洗提液，洗脱剂elutriating apparatus 淘析器，洗提器elutriator 淘析器，洗提器eluxation 脱位elytreurynter 阴道扩张袋elytro- 阴道elytrorrhaphy 阴道缝术EM (electron microscope) 电子显微镜emanation 射气，放出物emanator 射气投置emanometer 氡射线计，射气计emanotherapy 射气疗法emasculator 去睾器embed 包埋，植入embedded electrode 埋入电极embedded type 埋入式embedding 包埋，埋植emboli 栓子emboliform 楔形的，栓子状的embolism 栓塞embrasure hook 楔形隙钩embryo 胚，胚胎embryoctony 碎胎术embryograph 胚胎描记器embryography 胚胎描记法embryoscope 胚胎发育观察器embryotome 碎胎刀embryotomy 碎胎术embryotomy forceps 碎胎钳embryotomy knife 碎胎刀embryotomy scissors 碎胎剪embryulcus 牵胎钩，牵胎术用钳子emergency ①急症②意外，紧急emergency alarm bell 报警铃emergency cart 急诊用推车emergency case 急救盒，急救箱emergency light 故障信号灯emergency resuscitator 急救用复苏器emergency room 争诊室emergent light 出射光emery paper 砂纸emery wheel 砂轮EMF; e. m. f.(electromotive force) 电动势EMG (①electromyogram ②electromyograph) 肌（动）电（流）图，肌电图机EMG electronic stimulator 肌电图电子刺激器emission 放射，发射，传播emission electron 发射电子emission spectrum 发射光谱emissivity 发射率emitron 光电摄象管emitter 发射器，放射体Emmet's needle 埃梅特氏（弯）针，有柄粗弯针Emmet's retractor 埃梅特氏牵开器，自留阴道牵开器emphraxis 闭塞，阻塞emplastic bougie 铸型探条empyema 脓胸，积脓empyema apparatus 抽脓器empyema trocar 脓胸套针empyema tube 脓胸引流管EMS (electron microscope) 电子显微镜emulgator 乳化器，乳化剂emulsification 乳化（作用）emulsifier 乳化器，乳化剂emulsifying agent 乳化剂emulsion 乳胶，感光乳剂emgloves 乳胶手套emulsor 乳化器，乳化剂EMXA (electron microprobe X-ray analyzer) 电子微探针X 射线分析仪enamel bur 牙釉质钻enamel chisel 牙釉质凿enamel cleaver 牙釉质凿刀enamel cutter 牙釉凿羡刀enamel needle 釉质电烙针enamel square tray 搪瓷方盘enantiomorph 镜像体，对映体encephalion 小脑encephalo- 脑encephalo-arteriography 脑动脉造影术encephalogram 脑造影片，脑X 射线照片encephalograph 脑造影片encephalography 脑造影术encephalometer 脑搏动计，脑域测定器encephalon 脑encephaloscope 脑镜，窥脑器encephaloscopy 脑镜检查法encephalotome 脑刀encephalotomy 脑切开术enclose 包装，密封，附入enclosure ①附件②外壳，套encoder 编码器end-; endo- 内腔，内部endarterectomy 动脉内膜切除术endarterectomy instument 动脉内膜切除器械endarterectomy scissors 动脉内膜切除剪endarterectomy set 动脉内膜切除器endaural retractor 耳内牵开器enb cut dur 端切钻endo- 内腔，内部endobronchial airway 支气管内导气管endorbonchial suction catheter 支气管内吸引导管endo-camera 内窥镜照像机endocardiac mapping 心内膜电位图endocardial 心内膜的，心内的endocardiography 心内心（动）电（流）描记法endocardium 心内膜endocurlar probe 眼内探头（激光仪用）endodiascope 体腔X 线管endodiascopy 体腔X 线检查endogenous 内生的，内源的endometrial biopsy curette 子宫内膜活检刮匙endometrial curette 子宫内膜刮匙endometrial implants 子宫内膜植入片endometry 内腔容积测定法endomyocardiol bioptome 心肌活检钳endoradiography 体腔X 射线照像术，体腔造影术endoradiosonde 体腔无线电测压器（如测肠腔内压）endoscope 内窥镜，内腔镜endoscope adapter 内窥镜摄像接头endoscope cabinet 内窥镜柜endoscope for anaethesia 麻醉用窥镜endoscope washer 内窥镜自动洗净器endoscopic examining chair 内窥镜检查椅endoscopic film projector 内窥镜照片投影仪endoscopic injector 内窥镜注射器endoscopic screen viewer 内窥镜屏幕观察器endoscopic suction pump 内窥镜吸引泵endoscopy 内窥镜检查endosmometer 内渗压测定器endostethoscope 食管内听心器endo-stroboscope 喉动态镜endothelium 内皮endothermal 吸热的，收热的endotherm knife 电热刀endothermy 透热法，高频电透热法endotome 胎儿断头剪endotoscope 耳（内）镜endotracheal airway 气管内导气管endotracheal connector 气管内接管endotracheal intubator 气管内插管器endotracheal tube 气管内导管end-point titrator 终点滴定器enduser 用户end-window counter 钟罩型计数器enema 灌肠法，灌肠剂enema bag 灌肠袋enema can 灌肠罐enemal ware 搪瓷器皿enema syringe 灌肠注射器enemator 灌肠器energetics 能量学energometer 脉能测量器，脉能计energometry 能量测定法energy 能（量）energy meter 能量计，功率计energy regulator 能量调整器energy scale 能量标准energy source 能源energy spectrum 能谱energy transducer 换能器ENG (electronystagmogram) 眼震颤电（流描记）图engagement ①衔接②约定，契约engine （牙）钻机，发动机engine arm 牙机臂engine bit 牙钻engineer ①工程师，技师②设计，计划engineering 工程学，工程（技术）engine mallet 牙机锤engine speed indicator 转速指示器enlarge forceps 扩大钳enlargement 扩大，放大enlarge needle 扩大针enlarger 放大机，放像机enlarging bur 扩大钻enquiry 询价，查询E. N. T.(ear, nose, throat) 耳鼻喉E. N. T. drill 耳鼻喉科用钻enteral 肠的，肠内的entero- 肠enterocleaner 肠冲洗器enterocoelia 腹腔enterogram 肠动描记图enterograph 肠动描记器enterography 肠动描记法enterometer 小肠腔测量器enteron 肠enteroscope 肠（窥）镜，肠内视镜enteroscopy 肠镜检查enterotome 肠刀enterotomy scissors 肠切开剪enterotribe 夹肠器enterotriptor 夹肠器enterprise 事业（单位），企业（单位）entity 实在，本质，实体entogenous 内生的，内源的entome 尿道刀entopic 正常位置的，正位的entoptoscope 眼内媒质镜，眼内视镜entoptoscopy 眼内镜检查entrainment 输送，传输，引开entrance ①入口，进入②引入线entropion 睑内翻entropion knife 睑内翻刀entropium forceps 睑内翻镊，翻眼镊entropy ①熵②平均信息量entrust 委托，信任entry ①项目，条款②输入，入口E. N. T. treatment chair 耳鼻喉科治疗椅E. N. T. treatment unit 耳鼻喉科综合治疗台enucleate 剜出，摘除enucleation hook 剜出钩（眼）enucleation knife 剜出刀enucleation snare 眼球摘除圈套器enucleator 剜出器，摘除器enumerable 可数的enumerator 计数器envelope 封皮，外壳，套envelope for dental X-ray film 牙科X 射线胶片套environment ①环境，外界②包围，围绕environmental hygiene 环境卫生enzyme 酶enzyme analyser 酶分析仪enzyme electrode 酶电极enzyme reaction velocity measuring device 酶反应速度测定器EOG (electro-oculogram) 眼电（流）图eolipyle 烧灼酒精灯eosin 伊红，曙红EP (electrophoresis) 电泳EPC (echophonocardiograph) 心音回声描记器epicardial mapping 心表面电位图epicardium 心外膜epidemic prerention vehicle 防疫车epiderm 表皮epidiascope 反射幻灯机epidural canula 硬膜外套管epidural needle 硬膜外针epidurography 硬膜外腔造影术epiglottis retractor 会厌牵开器epilating forceps 拔毛钳epilation 拔毛，除毛法epiphysiometer （骨）骺测量器episcope ①反射投影灯②物面检查器episiotomy 外阴切开术episiotomy scissors 会阴剪，外阴切开剪epistaxis canula 鼻衄套管epithelia 上皮epithelial peg 上皮钉epithesis ①矫正术②夹板epoxide 环氧化物epoxy resin 环氧树脂EPR (electron paramagnetic resonance) 电子顺磁共振EPSP (excitatory post-synaptic potential) 兴奋性突触后电位equalizer 均值器，均衡器，补偿器equation 方程，等式equator 赤道，中纬线equatorial 赤道仪equatoriat plane 赤道面equi- 相等equilibration 平衡，均势equilibrator 平衡器equilibrium 平衡equilibrium constant 平衡常数equipment (abbr. Eq.; equip.) 设备，装置，仪器equipotentiality 等位性，等势性equivalence 等值，等量equivalent ①等效，等值（的）②当量equivocal 两可的，双关的Er(erbium) 铒eraser 抹音器，消磁器erasion ①刮术②抹掉erbium (abbr. Er) 铒erbium laser 铒激光器ERD(evoked response detector) 诱发应测定器erect image 正像ERG(electroretinogram) 视网膜电流图ergo- 工作，力，动力ergocardiogram 心电动力图ergocardiography 心电动力描记术ergodynamograph 肌动力描记器ergoesthesiograph 肌动感觉描记器ergogram 肌力描记波，测力图ergograph 肌动力描记器，测力器ergography 测力法，肌力描记法ergometer 测力计，肌力计ergostat 练肌器eriometer 微粒直径测量器（检红细胞直径）erisiphake 晶状体吸盘erisophake 晶状体吸盘ERPF (effective renal plasma flow) 有效肾血浆流量erratic 游走的，移动的error 误差，错误error counter 误差计数器error detector 误差检测器ERT(electrical resistance thermometer) 电阻体温计ERV (expiratory reserve volume) 呼气储气量erysiphake 晶状体吸盘erythro- 红erythrocyte 红细胞，红血球erythrocyte sedimentation 红细胞沉降，血沉erythrocytometer 红细胞计数器erythrogram 红细胞图像erythrometer 红细胞计数器erythrometry 红细胞计数法Es(einsteinium) 锿Es(①electric stimulation ②electron spectrometer) ①电刺激②电子分光计ESO(esophagoscopy) 食管内窥镜检查eso- 在内，向内esophageal 食管的esophageal bougie 食管探条esophageal cardiogram 食管心动图esophageal dilator 食道扩张器esophageal forceps 食管钳esophageal foreign body forceps 食物异物镊esophageal nasogastric tube 食道鼻胃管esophageal probe 食管探子esophageal retractor 食管牵开器esophageal scissors 食管剪esophageal sound 食管探子esophageal stethoscope 食管听诊器esophageal tube 食道导管esophago- 食道，食管esophagofiberscope 食管纤维内窥镜esophagogastroscopy 食客胃镜检查esophagogram 食管X 射线（照）片esophagography 食管X 射线照像术esophagometer 食管长度计esophagoscope 食管镜，食道镜esophagoscopy 食管镜检查esophagotome 食管刀esophagram 食管X 射线照片esophagus biopsy forceps 食管活体取样钳esophagus cell adopter 食道细胞寻取器esophagus foreign forceps 食道异物钳ESR (①erythrocyte sedimentation rate ②electron spinresonance) ①红细胞沉降率（血沉）②电子自旋共振essential 必需的，特有的，基本的essential accessory 必需附件ester 酯esthesia 感觉esthesio- 感觉esthesiography 感觉描记法esthesiometer 触觉测量器，触觉计esthesiometry 触觉测量法estimate ①估价单②估算estimated time of arrival (abbr. ETA) 预计抵达日期estimate sheet 估价单esu.(electrostatic unit) 静电单位ETA (electrothermal analyzer) 电热分析器ethanol 乙醇，醇，酒精ether 醚，乙醚ether air anesthesia unit 空气麻醉机ether anesthetic mouth gag 全麻开口器ether bag 乙醚袋ether bed 乙醚苏醒床ether bubbler 乙醚扩散器ether cone 乙醚罩ether drop bottle 乙醚滴瓶ether inhaler 乙醚吸入面罩etherioscope 测醚镜ether mask 乙醚面罩etherometer 乙醚滴定器ether spray 乙醚喷雾ethmoid 筛骨ethmoid curette 筛骨刮匙ethmoid forceps 筛窦钳ethylene 乙烯ethylene oxide sterilizer 环氧乙烷消毒器Eu (europium) 铕eudiometer ①空气纯度测定仪②量气管eugenics 优生学eugenol cement 丁香油粘固粉eupatheoscope 空气温度测量仪（测综合气象因素）eupathescope 空气温度测量仪（测综合气象因素）europium(abbr. Eu) 铕eurynter 扩张器euscope 映像显微镜，显微映像器Eustachian catheter 欧氏管导管（咽鼓管导管）Eustachian catheter nozzle 咽鼓管导管嘴eutectic ice 共融泳，盐泳euthyscope 直视镜EV (evoked response) 诱发反应eV (electron volt) 电子伏特evacuate 排除，排空，排泄evacuating catheter 排尿管evacuator 排泄器，排出器evaluation 评价，估价，鉴定evaluator 鉴定机，识别器evaporate 蒸发evaporating basin 干燥盆，蒸发盆evaporating dish 蒸发皿evaporator 蒸发器evaporometer 蒸发计evaporoscope 蒸发镜eventration treatment 露脏X 射线治疗EVG (electrovaginogram) 阴道电（流）图evil （疾）病E-viton 紫外线单位（紫外线照射有效生物剂量）evoke 诱发，唤起evoked potential measuring system 脑干电位测量系统evoked potential system 激发电位系统evoked response recorder 诱发反应记录仪evolution 进化，演化evolutionism 进化论ex- 出，离，除，从ex (free out of) 交货（船边，码头），无（线利）exact dentimeter 精确牙测量器exactolfactometer 精密嗅觉计examinating couch 检查床examinating light 检查灯examination 检查，诊察examination gloves 检查用手套examination lamp 检眼灯examiner 检查者examining chair 诊查椅examining table 检查台examining telescope 检查窥镜excavating bur 牙挖钻excavation ①陷凹②挖除excavator 挖匙，剜器excerpt 摘录，选择exchange key 交换键exchanger ①交换器②交换剂exchange syringe 互换注射器exchange transfusion tray 输血盘excipient 赋形剂excising forceps 切断钳excision 切除术exciftability 应激性，兴奋性excitation 刺激，兴奋excitation filter 感光滤光片exciting electrode 刺激电极excochleation 刮除术excrement 粪便excrement collector 粪便收集器excretion 排泄，分泌excretion urography 排泄性尿路造影术exercise 练习，操练，运动Ex dock 码头交货价。
第3章-神经元的兴奋和传导
细胞兴奋后的膜电位恢复
细胞产生动作电位，标志着细胞的兴奋。 细胞兴奋后，细胞内外的离子分布与兴奋之前 大不一样了——细胞外钾离子浓度升高了、细 胞内钠离子浓度升高了，这种状态就激活了细 胞膜上的钠-钾泵，通过钠-钾泵的耗能转运， 很快就使细胞的离子分布恢复正常，这就为下 一次受到刺激再次产生兴奋做好了准备。 动作电位的负后电位时期，反映了离子浓度恢 复正常时的电位波动。
动作电位
当细胞受到一个较强的刺激后，细胞膜将产生一 个能够沿着细胞膜快速传导的、快速而短暂的电 位变化，称为动作电位（action potential）。
去 极 化
复极化
超极化
由图可见，动作电位是 由快速的去极化过程和 快速的复极化过程构成。 复极化 （ repolarization ）:是 指膜电位向着静息电位 方向恢复的过程。
反应
答。 反应的类型： A、快反应： B、慢反应： 没有刺激就没有反应。反应是机体对有效刺激的必然应 如神经冲动，在数ms之内就发生。 如缺氧刺激骨髓造血，则需要数天。
兴奋
兴奋是活组织对有效刺激的产生的反应。譬如肌肉的收缩、 腺体的分泌等。 冲动：在神经和肌肉，受到有效刺激以后，可以产生一种快速的、 可以沿着细胞膜传导的电脉冲，称为冲动（即后面要讨论的 动作电位）。 能够对刺激产生电脉冲的组织，叫做可兴奋组织。 生理学上把活组织对刺激产生电冲动的反应表现，叫做兴奋。
兴奋性
兴奋性：可兴奋组织对刺激发生兴奋、产生动作电位的能力。
（二）分级电位和动作电位
当细胞受到刺激后，细胞膜对某些离子的通透性将发 生变化，必然要产生跨膜的离子流动，破坏原来的静 息电位。 分级电位 去极化（ depolarization；也称为除极化）：是指膜内 电位迅速上升，静息电位减小并倾向于取消的过程。 它是由于细胞外液的正离子内流形成的。 超极化（hyperpolarization）：是指细胞的膜电位比 静息电位还加大的状态。它是由于细胞外液的负离子 内流或者是正离子外流形成的。 去极化和超极化产生的电位都是局部的不能传播，因 此属于局部反应电位。其大小与受到的刺激强度成正 比，因此也称之为分级电位（graded potential）。
心血管常用英文缩写
心血管常用缩写AA2 aortic second sound 主动脉区第二音AA amino acid 氨基酸AAA abdominal aortic aneurysm 腹主动脉瘤Ab antibody 抗体ABE acute bacterial endocarditis 急性细菌性心膜炎ABG arterial blood gases 动脉血气ABI ankle brachial inde* 踝肱指数ABP arterial blood pressure 动脉血压ABPM ambulatory blood pressure monitoring 动态血压监测AC alternating current 交流电AC aortic closure 动脉闭锁ACAT acyl CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase 胆固醇酰基转移酶ACE angiotensin converting enzyme 血管紧素转化酶ACEI angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors 血管紧素转化酶抑制剂ACG angiocardiography 心血管造影术ACh acetylcholine 乙酰胆碱ACS acute coronary syndromes 急性冠状动脉综合症ACTH adrenocorticotropic hormone 促肾上腺皮质激素ADH antidiuretic hormone 抗利尿激素ADP adenosine diphosphate 二磷酸腺苷AECG ambulatory electrocardiography 动态心电图AEDs automatic e*ternal defibrillators 自动体外除颤器AF atrial fibrillation 房颤AFL atrial flutter 心房扑动AG atrial gallop 心房性奔马律AHA American Heart Association 美国心脏协会AHP apical hypertrophy 心尖部肥厚AI aortic inpetence 主动脉瓣关闭不全AI aortic insufficiency 主动脉瓣功能不全AI apical impulse 心尖搏动AICD automatic implantable cardioverter-defibrillator 埋藏式自动心脏复律除颤器AICDS automatic implanted cardioverter defibrillators 自动植入式心脏复律除颤器AIDS acquired immunodeficiency syndrome 爱滋病AIVR Accelerated idioventricular rhythm 加速性心室自主节律ALT alanine aminotransferase 丙氨酸氨基转移酶AMI acute myocardial imfarction 急性心肌堵塞AML anterior mitral valve leaflet 二尖瓣前叶ANA antinuclear antibody 抗核抗体ANCA antineutrophilic cytoplasmic antibodies 抗中性粒细胞胞浆抗体ANGII angiotensin II 血管紧素IIANOVA analysis of variance 方差分析ANP atrial natriuretic hormone 心房利钠激素ANP atrial natriuretic peptide 心房利钠肽ANS autonomic nervous system 自主神经系统Ao aorta 主动脉AO opening of the atrioventricular valves 房室瓣开AoP aortic pressure 主动脉压力AP accessory pathway 旁路AP action potential 动作电位AP angina pectoris 心绞痛AP arterial pressure 动脉压APB atrial premature beat 房性早搏APC atrial premature ple* 房性早搏APH apical hypertrophy 心尖部肥厚APA action potential amplitude 动作电位幅度APC activated protein C 活化的蛋白CAPD action potential duration 动作电位时间apoA apolipoprotein A 载脂蛋白AapoB apolipoprotein B 载脂蛋白BaPPT actived partial thromboplastin time 激活的局部凝血活酶时间APSAC anisolysated plasminogen streptokinase activated ple* 苯甲氧酰纤溶酶原链激酶活化复合物AR aortic regurgitation 主动脉瓣关闭不全AR alarm reaction 应激反响AR artificial respiration 人工呼吸ARDS adult respiratory distress syndrome 成人呼吸窘迫综合症Arg arginine 精氨酸ARP atrial refractory period 心房不应期ARVD arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia 致心律失常性右心室发育不良AS aortic stenosis 主动脉瓣狭窄AS arteriosclerosis 动脉硬化ASCVD arteriosclerotic cardiovascular disease 动脉粥样硬化性心血管病ASD atrial septal defect 房间隔缺损ASH asymmetric septal hypertrophy 非对称性心室间隔肥厚ASHD arteriosclerotic heart disease 动脉硬化性心脏病ASO anti-streptolysin "O" 抗链球菌溶血素OASO arteriosclerosis obliterans 闭塞性动脉硬化AST aspartate aminotransferase 天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶AT angiotensin Ⅱ receptor 血管紧素Ⅱ受体AT atrial tachycardia 房性心动过速AT-Ⅲ：A antithrombin Ⅲ activity 抗凝血酶Ⅲ活性ATP adenosine triphosphate 三磷酸腺苷ATP antitachycardia pacing 抗心动过速起搏ATPase adenosinetriphosphatase 三磷酸腺苷酶AVA-V atrioventricular 房室性的AVN atrioventricular node 房室结AVNRT atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia 房室结折返性心动过速AVO atrioventricular orifice 房室口AVP arginine vasopressin 精氨酸加压素AVR aortic valve replacement 主动脉瓣置换术AVRT atrioventricular reciprocating tachycardia 房室交互性心动过速BBBB blood-brain barrier 血脑屏障BBB bundle branch block 束支传导阻滞BBBB bilateral bundle branch block 双侧束支传导阻滞BBT basal body temperature 根底体温BDS biodegradable stents 生物可降解支架BFP biologic false-positive 生物学假阳性BLS basic life support 根底生命支持BMI body mass inde* 体质指数BMR basal metabolic rate 根底代率BNP brain natriuretic peptide 脑钠肽BUN blood urea nitrogen 尿素氮BP blood pressure 血压BPV blood pressure variability 血压波动性BRF renal blood flow 肾血流B.S. breath sounds 呼吸音B.S. blood sugar 血糖BSA body surface area 体外表积BUN blood urea nitrogen 血尿素氮BVAD biventricular assist device 两心室辅助装置CCA cardiac arrest 心脏停搏CA coronary artery 冠状动脉CA catecholamine 儿茶酚胺C.A. circumfle* coronary artery 左盘旋支冠状动脉CABG coronary artery bypass grafting 冠状动脉旁路移植术CABS coronary artery bypass surgery 冠状动脉分流术CAD coronary artery disease 冠状动脉疾病CAMP cyclic adenosine monophosphate 环磷酸腺苷CAVB plete atrioventricular block 完全房室传导阻滞CBC plete blood count 全血细胞计数CBF cerebral blood flow 脑血流量CC chief plaint 主诉CCPR cardiopulmonary-cerebral resuscitation 心肺脑复CCU coronary care unit 冠心病监护病房CCU critical care unit 危症监护病房CD curative dose 有效量治疗量CDC Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 疾病预防控制中心CEA carcinoembryonic antigen 癌胚抗原CEI cardiac effort inde* 心脏负荷指数CETP cholesteryl ester transfer protein 胆固醇酯转移蛋白CF cardiac failure 心力衰竭CFR coronary flow reserve 冠状动脉血流储藏cGMP cyclic guanosine monophosphate 环-磷酸鸟苷CHD coronary heart disease 冠心病CHF congestive heart failure 充血性心力衰竭CHO Chinese hamster ovary (cell) 中国仓鼠卵巢细胞CI cardiac inde* 心脏指数CIC circulating immune ple* 循环免疫复合物CIE counterimmunoelectrophoresis 对流免疫电泳CK creatine kinase 肌酸激酶CK-BB creatine kinase with brain subunits 肌酸激酶BB亚单位CK-MB creatine kinase-MB 肌酸激酶MB亚单位CK-MM creatine kinase with muscle subunits 肌酸激酶MM亚单位CM chylomicron 乳糜微粒CMLC cardiac myosin light chains 心脏肌凝蛋白轻链CMT circus movement tachycardia 环形运动性心动过速S central nervous system 中枢神经系统CO cardiac output 心输出量CoA coenzyme A 辅酶ACOPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 慢性阻塞性肺病CPB cardiopulmonary bypass 体外循环CPAP continuous positive airway pressure 持续气道正压呼吸CPC clinicopathological conference 临床病历讨论会CPK creatine phosphokinase 磷酸肌酸激酶CPK-MB MB fraction of creatine phosphokinase 磷酸肌酸激酶同功酶MBCPR cardiopulmonary resuscitation 心肺复CRH corticotropin-releasing hormone 促肾上腺皮质激素释放激素CRP C-reactive protein C反响蛋白CRT cardiac resynchronization therapy 心脏再同步治疗CS coronary sinus 冠状窦CSF colony-stimulating factor 集落刺激因子CSF cerebrospinal fluid 脑脊液CSM carotid sinus massage 颈动脉窦按摩CSNRT corrected SNRT 校正的窦房结恢复时间CT clotting time 凝血时间CT puted Tomography 计算机体层Ｘ线摄影CTA CT angiography CT血管造影cTnI cardiac troponin I 心肌肌钙蛋白IcTnT cardiac troponin T 心肌肌钙蛋白TCTO chronic total occlusion 慢性闭塞病变CV cardiovascular 心血管的CVA cerebrovascular accident 脑血管意外CVD cardiovascular disease 心血管疾病CVP central venous pressure 中心静脉压CVS cardiovascular system 心血管系统DDAD delayed afterdepolarization 延迟后去极化D.A.H disordered action of heart 心功能失调DBP diastolic blood pressure 舒压DC direct-current 直流电DCM dilated cardiomyopathy 扩性心脏病DHEA-S dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate 硫酸脱氢异雄酮DHF diastolic heart failure 舒性心力衰竭DIC disseminated intravascular coagulation 弥漫性血管凝血DL diffusion capacity 弥散量DM diabetes mellitus 糖尿病DM diastolic murmur 舒期杂音DNA deo*yribonucleic acid 脱氧核糖核酸DNR do not resuscitate 不复DOA dead on arrival 到达时已死亡DOC deo*ycorticosterone 脱氧皮质酮DSA digital subtraction angiography 数字减影血管造影术dsDNA double-stranded DNA 双链脱氧核糖核酸DTPA diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid 二乙烯三胺五乙酸DVT deep venous thrombosis 深静脉血栓形成EEAD early afterdepolarization 早期后除极EAVNC enhanced A-V nodal conduction 房室结加速传导EBV Epstein-Barr virus EB病毒ECC e*ternal chest pression 胸外心脏按压ECG electrocardiogram 心电图ECMO e*tracorporeal membrane o*ygenation 体外循环膜氧合ECS electrocerebral silence 脑电静止ECS endocannabinoid system 分泌大麻系统ED emergency department 急诊室ED effective dose 有效剂量EDCFs endothelium-derived constricting factor 皮衍生的收缩因子EDHF endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor 皮衍生超极化因子EDRF endothelium-derived rela*ing factor 皮衍生的松弛因子EDV end-diastolic volume 舒末期容积EERP e*tended endocardial resection procedure 心膜伸展切除法EEV encircling endocardial ventriculotomy 心膜面心室环切术EF ejection fraction 射血分数EKG electrocardiogram 心电图ELISA enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay 酶联免疫吸附试验EMD electromechanical dissociation 电机械别离EMS emergency medical service 急救医疗效劳ERBF effective renal blood flow 有效肾血流量EPS electrophysiology study 电生理检查EPSP e*citatory postsynaptic potential 兴奋性突触后电位ER endoplasmic reticulum 质网ERBF effective renal blood flow 有效肾血流量ERP effective refractory period 有效适应期ERP endocardial resection procedure 心膜切除术ERT estrogen replacement therapy 雌激素替代疗法ERV e*piratory reserve volume 补呼气容积ES cells Embryonic stem cells 胚胎干细胞ESR erythrocyte sedimentation rate 血细胞沉降率ESRD end-stage renal disease 终末期肾脏疾病ESV end-systolic volume 收缩末期容积ET e*citability threshold 兴奋性阈值ET endothelin 皮素FFab fragmentantigen-binding 抗原结合片断FABP fatty acid binding protein 脂肪酸结合蛋白FBG fasting blood glucose 空腹血糖FDP fibrinogen degradation products 纤维蛋白原降解产物FEV1.0 forced e*piratory volume in one second 第1秒用力呼气容积FFA free fatty acid 游离脂肪酸FGF fibroblast growth factor 纤维母细胞生长因子FH familial hypercholesterolemia 家族性高胆固醇血症FHC familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy 家族性肥厚型心肌病FIO2 fraction of inspired o*ygen 吸入气氧分数FML flail mitral leaflet 连枷样瓣叶FRC functional residual capacity 功能残气量FT3 free triiodothyronine 游离型T3FT4 free thyro*ine 游离型甲状腺素FUO fever of undetermined origin 不明原因发热FVC forced vital capacity 用力肺活量GGAD glutamic acid decarbo*ylase 谷氨酸脱羧酶GAP GTPase-activating protein GTP酶活化蛋白GBM glomerular basement membrane 肾小球基底膜G-CSF granulocyte colony-stimulating factor 粒细胞集落刺激因子GFR glomerular filtration rate 肾小球滤过率GHb glycosylated hemoglobin 糖化血红蛋白GI gastrointestinal 胃肠的GIK glucose_insulin_potassium 葡萄糖－胰岛素－钾〔极化液〕GITS the gastrointestinal therapeutic system 胃肠道治疗系统GMP guanosine monophosphate 一磷酸鸟苷GPBB glycogen phosphorylase isoenzyme 糖原磷酸化酶同工酶BB GPT glutamic-pyruvic transaminase 谷丙转氨酶GTP guanosine triphosphate 三磷酸鸟苷GTT glucose tolerance test 葡萄糖耐量试验HHAV hepatitis A virus 甲肝病毒Hb hemoglobin 血红蛋白HbA1c Hemoglobin A1c 糖化血红蛋白A1cHBcAg hepatitis B core antigen 乙肝核心抗原HBeAg hepatitis B e antigen 乙肝e抗原HBsAg hepatitis B surface antigen 乙肝e抗原HBE His bundle electrogram 希氏束电图HBV hepatitis B virus 乙肝病毒HbO2 o*yhemoglobin 氧合血红蛋白HCM hypertrophic cardiomyopathy 肥厚型心肌病HCT hematocrit 血细胞比容，红细胞压积HDL-C high-density lipoprotein cholesterol 高密度脂蛋白胆固醇HERG Human Ether-a-go-go-Related Gene 人类eag相关基因HF heart failure 心力衰竭hFABP heart fatty acid binding protein 心脏脂肪酸结合蛋白HIT heparin-induced thrombocytopenia 肝素导致的血小板减少症HIV human immunodeficiency virus 人类免疫缺陷病毒HLHS hypoplastic left heart syndrome 左心发育不良综合征HMG-COA 3-hydro*y-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A ３羟甲基戊二酰辅酶ＡHMWK high molecular weight kininogen 高分子量激肽原HOCM hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy 肥厚梗阻性心肌病HOP high o*ygen pressure 高压氧HP haptoglobin 结合珠蛋白，触珠蛋白HPI history of the present illness 现病史HPS His-Purkinje system 希氏束-浦肯野系统HR heart rate 心率HRV heart rate variability 心率变异性HuIFN human interferon 人体干扰素IIAB intraaortic balloon 主动脉气囊IABP intraaortic balloon pump 主动脉气囊泵IC inspiratory capacity 深吸气量ICD implantable cardioverter-defibrillator 埋藏式心脏复律－除颤器ICU intensive care unit 重症监护病房IDD insulin-dependent diabetes 胰岛素依赖性糖尿病IDL intermediate-density lipoprotein 中间密度脂蛋白IE infective endocarditis 感染性心膜IFG impaired fasting glucose 空腹血糖调节受损IFN interferon 干扰素IGF-1 insulin-like growth factor-1 胰岛素样生长因子-1IGT impaired glucose tolerance 葡萄糖耐量降低IHD ischemic heart disease 缺血性心脏病IHR intrinsic heart rate 固有心率IHSS idiopathic hypertrophy subaortic stenosis 特发性肥厚型主动脉瓣下狭窄IHUT isoproterenol-head-up tilt testing 异丙肾上腺素-倾斜试验IMA internal mammary artery 乳动脉INR international normalized ratio 国际标准化比值IPG impedance plethysmography 阻抗容积描记法IPPB intermittent positive pressure breathing 间歇性正压呼吸IR insulin resistance 胰岛素抵抗IRMS insulin resistance metabolic syndrome 胰岛素抵抗代综合征IRS insulin resistance syndrome 胰岛素抵抗综合征IRV inspiratory reserve volume 补吸气容积ISA intrinsic sympathomimetic activity 源性拟交感活性IU international unit 国际单位IV intravenously 静脉注射IVC inferior vena cava 下腔静脉IVP intravenous pyelography 静脉肾盂造影IVRT isovolumic rela*ation time 等容舒时间IVS interventricular septum 室间隔IVST interventricular septal thickness 室间隔厚度IVUS intravascular ultrasound 血管超声JJ joule 焦耳KKD Keshan disease 克山病LLA left arm 左臂LA left atrium 左心房LAD left anterior descending (coronary artery) 冠状动脉左前降支LAD left a*is deviation 电轴左偏]LADA latent autoimmune diabetes in adult 成人隐匿自身免疫糖尿病LAE left atrial enlargement 左心房扩大LAFB left anterior fascicular block 左前分支阻滞LAH left anterior hemiblock 左前分支阻滞LAO left anterior oblique 左前斜位LAP left atrial pressure 左心房压力LAPB left anterior parietal block 左前分支末梢阻滞LATS long-acting thyroid stimulator 长效甲状腺刺激素LBBB left bundle branch block 左束支传导阻滞LCA left coronary artery 左冠状动脉LCAT lecithin ：cholesterol acyltransferase 卵磷脂胆固醇酰基转移酶LC* left circumfle* artery 左冠状动脉盘旋支LDH lactate dehydrogenase 乳酸脱氢酶LDL-C low-density lipoprotein cholesterol 低密度脂蛋白胆固醇LF left leg 左腿LP(α) α-lipoprotein α脂蛋白LPFB left posterior fascicular block 左后分支阻滞LPH left posterior hemiblock 左后半阻滞LPL lipoprotein lipase 脂蛋白酯酶LQ-T1 long Q-T locus 1 长Q－T位点1LQTS long QT syndrome 长QT综合症LRL lower rate limit 下限频率LV left ventricle 左心室LVAD left ventricular assist device 左室辅助装置LVEDP left ventricular end-diastolic pressure 左室舒末压LVEDV left ventricular end-diastolic volume 左室舒末容积LVET left ventricular ejection time 左心室射血时间LVH left ventricular hypertrophy 左室肥厚LVMI left ventricular mass inde* 左室重量指数MMAF macrophage activating factor 巨噬细胞活化因子MAG3 mercaptoacetyltriglycine 巯基乙酰三甘氨酸MAO monoamine o*idase 单胺氧化酶MAOI monoamine o*idase inhibitor 单胺氧化酶抑制剂MAP mean arterial pressure 平均动脉压MAPK mitogen-actived protein kinase 有丝分裂激活的蛋白激酶MAT multifocal atrial tachycardia 多源性房性心动过速MBC minimum bactericidal concentration 最小杀菌浓度MB-CK MB creatine kinase 肌酸磷酸激酶MB亚单位MCE myocardial contrast echocardiography 心肌造影超声心动图MCF macrophage chemotactic factor 巨噬细胞趋化因子MCH mean corpuscular hemoglobin 红细胞平均血红蛋白量MCHC mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration 红细胞平均血红蛋白浓度MCT mean circulation time 平均循环时间MCV mean corpuscular volume 平均红细胞容积MDF myocardial depressant factor 心肌抑制因子MDP ma*imum diastolic potential 最大舒电位MEN multiple endocrine neoplasia 多发性分泌肿瘤METS multiple of basal metabolic o*ygen consumption 根底代氧消耗倍数MHC myosin heavy chain 肌球蛋白重链MI myocardial imfarction 心肌堵塞MIC minimum inhibitory concentration 最小抑菌浓度MLC myosin light chain 肌凝蛋白轻链MMD minor myocardial damage 微小心肌损伤MODS multiple organ dysfunction syndrome 多脏器功能障碍综合征MPD ma*imum permissible dose 最大允许剂量MPS mononuclear phagocyte system 单核巨噬细胞系统MPS mucopolysaccharidosis 粘多糖〔贮积〕病MR mitral regurgitation 二尖瓣关闭不全MRA magnetic resonance angiography 核磁共振血管造影MRI magnetic resonance imaging 核磁共振显像mRNA messenger RNA 信使核糖核酸MS metabolic syndrome 代综合征MS mitral stenosis 二尖瓣狭窄MSCT multi-slice puted tomography 多层螺旋CTMSCTCA MSCT coronary angiography 多层螺旋CT冠状动脉造影MSL midsternal line 胸骨中线MV mitral valve 二尖瓣MVO2 myocardial o*ygen requirements 心肌需氧量MVP mitral valve prolapse 二尖瓣脱垂MVV ma*imal voluntary ventilation 最大自主通气量NNBTE nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis 非细菌性血栓性心膜炎NED no evidence of disease 无疾病证据NEFA nonesterified fatty acids 非酯型脂肪酸游离脂肪酸NEP neutral endopeptidase 中性肽酶NIDD non-insulin-dependent diabetes 非胰岛素依赖性糖尿病NMR nuclear magnetic resonance 核磁共振NO nitric o*ide 一氧化氮NPN nonprotein nitrogenNQWMI non-Q-wave myocardial infarction 非Ｑ波心肌堵塞NSAIA nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory analgesic 非类固醇消炎止痛药NSAIDs nonsteriodal anti-inflammatory drugs 非甾族抗炎药物NSR normal sinus rhythm 正常窦律NTP normal temperature and pressure 正常体温与血压NVE native valve endocarditis 自身瓣膜心膜炎NYHA New York Heart Association 纽约心脏协会OOMB obtuse marginal branch 钝缘支OR operating room 手术室OS opening snap 开放拍击音OSAS obstructive sleep apnea syndrome 阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征OTC over the counter 非处方药物OTD organ tolerance dose 器官耐受剂量(*线)PP2 pulmonic second sound 肺动脉第二心音PA posteroanterior 后前位的PA pulmonary artery 肺动脉PAC premature atrial ple* 期前心房复合波PAF platelet-activating factor 血小板激活因子PAI-1 plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 纤维蛋白酶原激活物抑制剂-1PAP plasmin-antiplasmin ple* 纤溶酶抗纤溶酶复合物PAT paro*ysmal atrial tachycardia 阵发性房性心动过速PAWP pulmonary artery wedge pressure 肺动脉楔压力PBAV percutaneous balloon aortic valvuloplasty 经皮球囊主动脉瓣成形术PBMV percutaneous balloon mitral valvuloplasty 经皮球囊二尖瓣成形术PBPV percutaneous balloon pulmonary valvuloplasty 经皮球囊肺动脉瓣成形术PC:A protein C activity 蛋白C活性PCG phonocardiogram 心音图PCI percutaneous coronary intervention 经皮冠状动脉介入干预Pco2 carbon dio*ide partial pressure 二氧化碳分压力Pco2 carbon dio*ide partial tension 二氧化碳分力PCR polymerase chain reaction 聚合酶链反响PCV packed cell volume 血细胞压积PCWP pulmonary capillary wedge pressure 肺毛细血管楔压PDA patent ductus arteriosus 动脉导管未闭PDA posterior descending coronary artery 冠脉后降支PDE phosphodiesterase 磷酸二酯酶PDIs Phosphodiesterase inhibitors 磷酸二酯酶抑制剂PDGF platelet derived growth factor 血小板源生长因子PEA pulseless electrical activity 无脉性电活动PEEP positive ende*piratory pressure 呼气末正压呼吸PES programmed electrical stimulation 程控电刺激PET positron emission-puted tomography 正电子发射型计算机断层显像PF4 platelet factor 4 血小板第4因子PG prostaglandin 前列腺素PGI2 prostacyclin 前列环素PICVI Percutaneous in situ coronary venous arterialization 经皮原位冠状静脉动脉化PJRT permanent junctional repciprocating tachycardia 持久性交界性交互心动过速PJT paro*ysmal junctional tachycardia 阵发性交界性心动过速PKC protein kinase C 蛋白激酶CPLAATO Percutaneous Left Atrial Appendage Transcatheter Occluder 经皮导管左心耳闭塞器PLS prolonged life support 延续生命支持PMI point of ma*imal impulse 最强心尖搏动点PMVL posterior mitral valve leaflet 二尖瓣后叶PMT pacemaker mediated tachycardia 起搏器介入性心动过速PO2 o*ygen partial pressure 氧分压力PO2 o*ygen partial tension 氧分力POCT point of care test 床旁检查PPAR pero*isome proliferator-activated receptor 过氧化物酶体增生物活化受体PPD purified protein derivative (tuberculin) 精制蛋白衍化物〔结核菌素〕PR peripheral resistance 外周阻力PR pulmonic regurgitation 肺动脉瓣关闭不全PRA plasma renin activity 血浆肾素活性PRG phleborheography 静脉血流描记法PS protein S 蛋白SPS pulmonic stenosis 肺动脉瓣狭窄PS pulmonary stenosis 肺动脉瓣狭窄PSM presystolic murmur 收缩前杂音PSVT paro*ysmal supraventricular tachycardia 阵发性室上性心动过速PT prothrombin time 凝血酶原时间PT pulmonary trunk 肺动脉干PTA plasma thromboplastin 血浆凝血致活酶前质PTC plasma thromboplastin ponent 血浆凝血致活酶成分PTCA percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty 经皮冠状动脉血管成形术Ptf P- wave terminal force 心房终末电压PTT partial thromboplastin time 局部凝血活酶时间PUO pyre*ia of unknown origin 原因不明的发热，无名热PVCs premature ventricular contractions 室性早搏PVE prosthetic valve endocarditis 人工瓣膜性心膜炎PVR pulmonary vascular resistance 肺血管阻力PVT polymorphic ventricular tachycardia 多形性室性心动过速PWT posterior wall thickness 后壁厚度QQMI Q_wave myocardial infarction Q波型心肌堵塞QTd Q-T dispersion Q－T离散度QTc corrected QT interval 校正的QT间期RRA right arm 右臂RA right atrium 右心房RAD right a*is deviation 电轴右偏RAAS renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system 肾素－血管紧素－醛固酮系统RAE right atrial enlargement 右心房扩大RAO right anterior oblique 右前斜位RAS renin-angiotensin system 肾素-血管紧素系统RBBB right bundle branch block 右束支传导阻滞RBC red blood cell 红细胞RBC red blood (cell) count 红细胞计数RCA right coronary artery 右冠状动脉RCM restrictive cardiomyopathy 限制性心肌病RCTs randomized controlled trials 随机对照研究RES reticuloendothelial system 网状皮系统RF rheumatoid factor 类风湿因子RFCA radiofrequency catheter ablation 射频消融术RFLP restriction fragment length polymorphism 限制性片段长度多态性PHC Right-sided heart catheterization 右心导管检查RIST radioimmunosorbent test 放射免疫吸附试验RKY roentgenkymography *线记波照相术RNA ribonucleic acid 核糖核酸RNP ribonucleoprotein 核糖核酸蛋白ROM passive range of motion 被动活动ROSC return of spontaneous circulation 自主循环恢复RPF renal plasma flow 肾血浆流量RPS renal pressor substance 肾加压物质RQ respiratory quotient 呼吸商rT3 reverse triiodothyronine 反三碘甲状腺原氨酸r-TPA rebinant tissue plasminogen activator 重组的组织型纤溶酶原激活物RV residual capacity 残气量RV right ventricle 右心室RVAD right ventricular assist device 右心室辅助装置RVH right ventricular hypertrophy 右心室肥大RVI right ventricle infarction 右心室堵塞RVOT right ventricular outflow Tract 右室流出道SS1 first heart sound 第一心音S2 second heart sound 第二心音S3 third heart sound 第三心音S4 fourth heart sound 第四心音SA sinoatrial 窦房的SACT sinoatrial conduction time 窦房传导时间SAB sinoatrial block 窦房阻滞SAECG signal averaged electrocardiogram 信号叠加心电图SAH systemic arterial hypertension 体循环动脉高压SAH subarachnoid hemorrhage 蛛网膜下腔出血SAM systolic anterior motion 〔二尖瓣前叶〕在收缩期前移SB sinus bradycardia 窦性心动过缓SBE subacute bacterial endocarditis 亚急性细菌性心膜炎SBP systolic blood pressure 收缩压SBT serum bactericidal titer 血清杀菌剂滴度SC closure of the semilunar valves 半月瓣关闭SC subcutaneous 皮下SCD sudden cardiac death 心脏性猝死scu-PA single chain urokinase-type plasminogen activator 单链尿激酶型纤溶酶原激活物SD standard deviation 标准差SE stress echocardiography 负荷超声心动图SE standard error 标准误差SEC spontaneous echo contrast 自发性声学显影SFMC soluble fibrin monomer ple* 可溶性纤维蛋白单体复合物SGOT glutamic o*aloacetic acid transferase 血清谷草转氨酶SH sulfhydryl 巯基SHR spontaneously hypertensive rat 自发性高血压大鼠SHRSP strok-prone SHR 具有中风倾向的自发性高血压大鼠SIRS systemic inflammatory response syndrome 全身炎症反响综合征SK streptokinase 链激酶SL sublingual 舌下SLE systemic lupus erythematosus 系统性红斑狼疮SM systolic murmur 收缩期杂音SMBG self-monitoring blood glucose 自我监测血糖SMCS smooth muscle cells 平滑肌细胞SMI silent myocardial ischemia 无病症性心肌缺血SNRT sinus node recovery time 窦房结恢复时间SNS sympathetic nervous system 交感神经系统SOB shortness of breath 呼吸短促SPECT single photon emission puted tomography 单光子发射型计算机断层显像SQTS short Q-T syndrome 短Q-T 间期综合征SR sarcoplasmic reticulum 肌浆质网ssDNA single-stranded DNA 单链DNASSS sick sinus syndrome 病态窦房结综合症ST sinus tachycardia 窦性心动过速STI systolic time intervals 心室收缩时间间期SUDS sudden une*plained death syndrome 不明原因猝死综合症SUNDS sudden une*plained nocturnal death syndrome 不明原因的夜间猝死综合症SV stroke volume 每搏心输出量SVC superior vena cava 上腔静脉SVI stroke volume inde* 每搏量指数SVT supraventricular tachycardia 室上性心动过速SWI stroke work inde* 每搏作功指数TTa atrial repolarization 心房复极TABD triple acid-base disorders 三重性酸碱失衡TAT thrombin -antithrombin ple* 凝血酶-抗凝血酶复合物TC total cholesterol 总胆固醇Tc technetium 锝TDI tissue doppler imaging 组织多普勒成像TDP torsades de pointes 尖端扭转性室性心动过速TEE transesophageal echocardiography 经食道超声心动图TET treadmill e*ercise test 踏车运动试验TFPI tissue factor pathway inhibitor 组织因子途径抑制物TGA transposition of the great arteries 大动脉转位TGB thyro*ine-binding globulin 甲状腺素结合球蛋白TGF-β transforming growth factor-beta 转化生长因子βTHAM tromethamine 三羟甲基氨基甲烷TIA transient ischemic attack 短暂性脑缺血发作TIMI thrombolysis in myocardial infarction 心肌堵塞溶栓TLC total lung capacity 肺总量TM thrombomodulin 血栓调节蛋白TMLR transmyocardial laser revascularization 心肌再血管化TMST treadmill e*ercise test 踏车运动试验TNF tumor necrosis factor 肿瘤坏死因子T-PA tissue-type plasminogen activator 组织型纤溶酶原激活物TPP thrombus precussor protein 血栓前体蛋白TR tricuspid regurgitation 三尖瓣返流TRH thyrotropin-releasing hormone 促甲状腺素释放激素TS tricuspid stenosis 三尖瓣狭窄TSH thyroid-stimulating hormone 促甲状腺素TT thrombin time 凝血酶时间TT thrombolytic therapy 溶栓治疗TTE transthoracic echocardiography 经胸超声心动图TV tricuspid valve 三尖瓣T*A2 thrombo*ane A2 血栓烷A2T*B2 thrombo*ane B2 血栓烷B2UUA unstable angina 不稳定性心绞痛UCG ultrasound cardiogram 超声心动图UCM unclassified cardiomyopathies 不定型的心肌病UK urokinase 尿激酶u-PA urokinase type plasminogen activator 尿激酶型纤溶酶原激活物URL upper rate limit 上限频率URTI upper respiratory tract infection 上呼吸道感染US ultrasound 超声VV4R right precordial lead in V4 position 右胸导联V4的位置VAD ventricular assist device 心室辅助装置VC vital capacity 肺活量VCAM vascular cell adhesion molecule 血管细胞粘附分子VCG vectorcardiogram 心电向量图Vco2 carbon dio*ide 二氧化碳产量VDH valvular disease of the heart 心瓣膜病VE minute ventilation 每分钟通气量VEDP ventricular end-diastolic pressure 心室舒末压力VEGF vascular endothelial growth factor 血管皮细胞生长因子VF ventricular fibrillation 室颤VFT ventricular fibrillation threshold 室颤阈值VLDL very-low-density lipoprotein 极低密度脂蛋白VLP ventricular late potential 心室晚电位VMA vanillylmandelic acid 香草扁桃酸Vo2 peak o*ygen consumption 峰值氧耗Vo2 respiratory o*ygen uptake 呼吸摄氧量VMA vanillylmandelic acid 3-甲氧基－4羟基苦杏仁酸VPBs ventricular premature beats 室性早搏VPC ventricular premature ple* 心室早搏复合波VPD ventricular premature depolarization 心室过早去极化VRP ventricular refractory period 心室不应期VSD ventricular septal defect 室间隔缺损VT ventricular tachycardia 室性心动过速VTE venous thromboembolism 静脉血栓栓塞VW vessel wall 血管壁vWF von willebrand factor 血管性血友病因子WWBC white blood cell 白细胞WBC white blood (cell) count 白细胞计数WHO world health organization 世界卫生组织α-MHC alpha-myosin heavy chain α－肌凝蛋白重链β-TG β-th romboglobulin β-血小板球蛋白23-DPG 23-diphosphoglycerate 23-二磷酸甘油酸5-HT 5-hydro*ytryptamine ５－羟色胺123I MIBG iodine-123 metaiodobenzylguanidine I123标记的间碘苄胍17-KS 17-ketosteroids 17-酮皮质类固醇17-OHCS 17-hydro*ycorticosteroid 17-羟皮质类固醇18-OHD 18-hydro*ycorticosterone 18-羟皮质酮24hUFC 24h urine free cortisol 24小时尿液游离皮质醇。
电生理检查
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HRA
HIS CS
RVA
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Standard Catheter Placement 标准的导管位置
• High Right Atrium 高右房
– A shaped quadripolar catheter (“Josephson” type) 塑 形 四 极 （ Josephson弯）
置鞘及扩张鞘
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Seldinger Technique 静脉穿刺技术
• Sheaths are used for access 鞘管作为血管通路
• Sheath is advanced • Sheaths are rotated
旋转并推送鞘管及扩张鞘 • Position
移除扩张鞘及导丝，固定鞘管
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Catheter Positions and their Relationship 导 管位置和相对关系
SVC
HRA
CS OS IVC
SVC
Ao MV
TV
IVC
RAO
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LAO
Fluoroscopic Catheter Positions
HRA
CS HIS
HRA
HIS
CS
RVA
RAO
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RVA
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EP Lab Overview
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Staff 人员
• Electrophysiologist (1 or more) 电生理医生（1人或以上） • EP technician (1 or more) 电生理技师（ 1人或以上） • Nurses 护士 • Clinical Support 临床技术支持
医学-胡优敏电生理学技术及临床应用-电生理技术2015
上海交通大学 医学院 王成
电生理学
以作用于生物体的电作用和生物体所发生 的电现象为主要对象的生理学的一个分支 领域。
细胞电生理 神经电生理 视觉电生理 心脏/心肌电生理
电生理技术
electrophysiological techniques
测量、记录和分析生物体发生的电现象 （生物电）的技术
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+-
导联
体表电极安放在不同位置所测得的 波形是不同的。
按某一标准规定安放体表电极并连 线——导联
心电图导联
12个标准 导联（10 个电极）
记录两个电极之间的电位差
差分放大器Differential Amplifier
要考虑最大电极电位差和直流飘移
心电标准导联
找到中心电位测量“绝对篇数
cardiovascular system每年出版文献数
cell biology每年出版文献数
参考书
F. Bretschneider和J.R.deWeille著，封洲 燕译：《电生理学方法与仪器入门》，机 械工业出版社，2019.9
张日晖：《实用电生理基础》。北京师范 大学出版社，2019.1
施瓦茨和雷迪根著，丁光宏和顾全保译： 《电生理学基础（第二版）》，复旦大学 出版社，2019.8
一、生物电测量的技术基础
常见的生物电信号
心电图（ECG） 脑电图（EEG） 肌电图（EMG） 视网膜电图（ERG）/眼震电图 神经电活动记录 单细胞电活动记录/离子通道电活动记录
EEG/ERP记录系统
Neuroscan 128导 EEG/ERP记录系 统为脑科学的研究 提供了很好的技术 和研究平台，而且 还有和磁共振结合 研究的工具。
临床视觉电生理学
超常型：b波振幅超过正常平均值的30%以上，见 于体液成分改变、视神经的急性病变时 低常型：表现为a、b波的振幅降低，其范围应低于 正常平均值的30%以上，见于视网膜普遍退行性变 的疾病 负波型：外形显示深而宽的a波，b波显示很小或消 失，见于视网膜中央动脉阻塞 延迟型：a、b波的振幅正常，在标准闪光记录时， 峰时延长 平坦型：各成分均淹没在基线的噪声中，见于视网 膜神经炎广泛受损
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明适应
概念：从暗处初来到亮处时，最初感到一片耀 眼的光亮，不能看清物体，只有稍带片刻才能 恢复视觉，这称为明适应。 机制：明适应出现较快，约需一分钟即可完成。 耀眼的光感主要是由于在暗处蓄积起来的合成 状态的视紫红质在进入亮处时先迅速分解，之 后，对光较不敏感的视锥细胞色素才能在亮光 环境中感光。
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视觉眼电图(EOG)
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视觉眼电图(EOG)
定义：
记录眼的静息电位的一种客观定量检查法。起源于 视网膜色素上皮和光感受器的外节部分，反映视网 膜色素上皮感受器复合体的功能。 被检查眼在暗适应情况下静息电位逐渐下降，降至 最低值后出现轻度回升；在明适应下该静息电位逐 渐上升达最高值又缓慢下降。记录该静息电位的变 化过程。
波形参数
a波振幅和潜伏期 b波振幅和潜伏期
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视网膜电图（ERG）---P-ERG
图形视网膜电图（P-ERG）
定义:是通过光栅条纹或棋盘方格等图像刺 激所诱发的后极部视网膜的综合反应
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视网膜电图（ERG）---P-ERG
刺激参数：
平均亮度：明暗方格或光栅条纹亮度的平均值(LMAX +LMIN)/2 对比度：明暗方格或光栅条纹的相对亮度比(LMAX-LMIN)/ (LMAX +LMIN) 空间频率：即单位视角所对应的的黑白方格或光栅的组数 时间频率：每秒内图形翻转的次数 刺激野：图形对视网膜的刺激范围 观察距离：可直接影响空间频率和刺激野 环境亮度：即检查室的亮度 记录参数：频带宽度为：0.5-100HZ
射频消融术介绍ppt课件
– 窦性心电图中Discrete P 波能够诊断部分病例
• 症状
– 心悸, 头昏眼花, 忧心
• 男性患者更多，与女性患者比例是, 更多是年轻时候发病
房室折返型心动过速: 12-导联心电图
AV- AP的解剖分布
A-WPW
B-WPW
房室折返型心动过速的机制
Premature Beat
三维AVRT
, 冠状窦口CS os, 三尖瓣（TA） , 和右心耳（RAA）；左房: 肺 静脉（PV）, 二尖瓣（MA）和 左心耳（UCCESS
THANK YOU
2019/5/20
房速的诊断：12导联心电图
• 箭头处的P波清晰可辨 • PR 间期典型的正常 • P 波形态取决于房速的起源部位
•1968年——外科手术阻断旁道 治疗预激综合征伴顽固性室上性心动过速
•1979年——EPS中直流电复律意外阻断病人的房室传导 •1982年——Scheinman和Gallagher首先使用高能直流电消融房室结 •1985年——Huang等报道了射频电流能源消融房室结的实验方法 •1987年——成功应用临床，国际上多用于治疗各种快速性心律失常 •1991年——国内普遍开展 •2001年——三维标测系统CARTO XP在国内开始应用于射频消融手术，进一步推动了射频消 融术的发展。 •2011年——最新一代三维标测系统CARTO3登陆中国，得到广大术者的认可
3. 快径路比慢径路 的不应期
长。 HIS 束
AVNRT发病机制
来自心房适时的早搏，刚 好处于快径路的不应期， 激动无法下传，激动沿着 慢径路缓慢传导。
心房 早搏
因激动沿着慢径路传导时间 较长，快径路有足够时间恢 复激动能力，激动又沿着快 径路逆传，之后再次激动慢 径路，形成折返
英语的各种学(ology)结尾单词速记
* caliology n. 鸟巢学;【cali+ology ，卡利=快学，鸟巢学得飞快】
* carcinology
carcin：：abbr. (Latin prefix—cancer) （拉丁语前缀）癌，毒瘤; 车芯=>毒瘤啊
* cardiology n. 心（脏）病学;
cardi： abbr. (Latin prefix=heart) （拉丁语前缀）心脏;【cardi 卡地在心脏】
*acarology n. 蜱螨学，螨学; 【a+car+ology，一车的螨虫，学】，
acarid，acarus ：螨虫， 【一车ID，一小车我们，都是螨虫啊】
mite ：n. 小虫; 极小量; 小孩子; 微小的东西;
* aerobiology n. 空气生物学，高空生物学;【aero+bi+ology，空气生物学】
* biopsychology n. 生物心理学，精神生物学;
* biotechnology n. [生物] 生物工艺学; [生物] 生物技术;
* bryology n. 苔藓学;【blue red yellow 学问，蓝红黄的苔藓学】
* bumpology
bump：：撞击
* cacology n. 措词不当; 用词不当; 读音不准; 发音不准;【卡壳学，cac】
* aerolithology n. 陨星学;
lithology:: n. 岩石学，岩性;
abbr. lithograph 平版（指石版或金属板）印刷; 平版画;
lithography 平版印刷术;
* aerology n. 高空气象学;
细胞电生理学与膜片钳技术
膜片钳技术的优点
• 膜片钳技术实现了小片膜的孤立和高阻封 接的形成，由于高阻封接使背景噪声水平 大大降低，相对地增宽了记录频带范围， 提高了分辨率。另外,它还具有良好的机械 稳定性和化学绝缘性。而小片膜的孤立使 对单个离子通道进行研究成为可能。
• Voltage clamp （ 电 压 钳 技 术 ） 由 Cole 和 Marmont 发明，并很快由Hodgkin和Huxley完 善，真正开始了定量研究，建立了H－H模型 （膜离子学说),是近代兴奋学说的基石。
• 1948年，Katz利用细胞内微电极技术记录到了 终 板 电 位 ； 1969 年 ， 又 证 实 N － M 接 触 后 的 Ach以“量子式”释放，获1976年Nobel奖。
• 1992 年 ， 在 脑 片 膜 片 钳 技 术 上 ， 美 国 Ferster 实验室首次报道在在体猫的视皮层 用膜片钳全细胞记录研究了视刺激诱发的兴 奋性和抑制性突触后电位相互影响及节律性 膜电位的变化规律。
• 1993年，德国的Dodt和Sakmann合作，利 用红外电视显微镜监视，使得膜片钳记录 不但能够在神经元胞体及其树突上进行， 而且可同时在这两个不同的部位作膜片钳 记录。
膜片钳技术
• 膜片钳技术：从一小片(约几平方微米) 膜 获取电子学方面信息的技术，即保持跨膜 电压恒定——电压钳位，从而测量通过膜 离子电流大小的技术。通过研究离子通道 的离子流， 从而了解离子运输、信号传递 等信息。
基本原理
• 利用负反馈电子线路, 将微电极尖端所吸附 的一个至几个平方微 米的细胞膜的电位固 定在一定水平上,对通 过通道的微小离子电 流作动态或静态观察, 从而研究其功能。
电气及半导体词汇词典-E2
1023. electronic ==> 电⼦的1024. electronic analog computer ==> 电⼦模拟计算机1025. electronic analogue to digital converter ==> 电⼦模/数转[变]换器1026. electronic automatic compensator ==> 电⼦⾃动补偿仪1027. electronic balance ==> 电⼦天平1028. electronic batching scale ==> 电⼦配料秤1029. electronic bathythermograph(EBT) ==> 电⼦深温计1030. electronic belt conveyor scale ==> 电⼦⽪带秤1031. electronic bionics ==> 电⼦仿⽣学1032. electronic component ==> 电⼦线路元件1033. electronic computer ==> 电⼦计算机1034. electronic conduction ==> 电⼦传导1035. electronic conductivity ==> 电⼦电导率1036. electronic control ==> 电⼦控制1037. electronic controller ==> 电⼦调节器1038. electronic counter ==> 电⼦计数器1039. electronic counting scale ==> 电⼦计数秤1040. electronic current ==> 电⼦电流1041. electronic data processing ==> 电⼦数据处理1042. electronic data processing machine ==> 电⼦数据处理机1043. electronic data processing system ==> 电⼦数据处理系统1044. electronic device ==> 电⼦装置1045. electronic digital computer ==> 电⼦数字计算机1046. electronic display ==> 电⼦显⽰1047. electronic distance meter theodolite ==> 电⼦测距光学经纬仪1048. electronic efficiency ==> 电⼦效率1049. electronic engineering ==> 电⼦⼯程学1050. electronic fluxmeter ==> 电⼦磁通表1051. electronic grade chemical ==> 电⼦⼯业纯度级化学试剂1052. electronic grade gas ==> 电⼦⼯业纯度级⽓体1053. electronic grade solvent ==> 电⼦⼯业纯度级溶剂1054. electronic grade water ==> 电⼦⼯业纯度级⽔1055. electronic hoist[hanging] scale ==> 电⼦吊秤1056. electronic instrument ==> 电⼦系仪表1057. electronic integrating fluxmeter ==> 电⼦积分式磁通表1058. electronic level ==> 电⼦⽔准仪1059. electronic mail ==> 电⼦函政1060. electronic measuring instrument ==> 电⼦测量仪器,电⼦测量仪器仪表1061. electronic microwave tube ==> 微波电⼦管1062. electronic musical instrument ==> 电⼦乐器1063. electronic organ ==> 电⼦琴1064. electronic plane table equipment ==> 电⼦平板仪1065. electronic platform scale ==> 电⼦平台秤1066. electronic potentiometer ==> 电⼦电位计1067. electronic printer ==> 电⼦印刷机1068. electronic railway scale ==> 电⼦轨道衡1069. electronic rectifier ==> 电⼦整流1070. electronic relay ==> 电⼦继电器1071. electronic sampling switch ==> 电⼦采样开关1072. electronic scanning ==> 电⼦扫描1073. electronic self balancing instrument ==> 电⼦式⾃动平衡仪表1074. electronic semiconductor ==> 电⼦半导体1075. electronic serial computer ==> 电⼦串⾏计算机1076. electronic shutter ==> 电⼦快门1077. electronic spectroscope ==> 电⼦分光镜1078. electronic structure ==> 电⼦结构1079. electronic switch ==> 电⼦开关1080. electronic switching ==> 电⼦开关1081. electronic tacheometer ==> 电⼦速测仪1082. electronic tesing machine ==> 电⼦式试验机1083. electronic theodolite ==> 电⼦经经纬仪1084. electronic top loading balance ==> 电⼦上⽫天平1085. electronic trunk scale ==> 电⼦汽车秤1086. electronic tuning ==> 电⼦调谐1087. electronic voltage regulator ==> 电⼦电压调节器1088. electronics ==> 电⼦学1089. electronimage ==> 电⼦图象1090. electronmirror ==> 电⼦镜1091. electronoptical transducer ==> 电⼦光换能器1092. electrooptical deflector ==> 电光偏转器1093. electrooptical effect ==> 电光效应1094. electrooptical modulator ==> 电光调制器1095. electrooptical q switch ==> 电光q开关1096. electrooptical shutter ==> 电光快门1097. electrooptical technology ==> 光电技术1098. electrooptics ==> 电光学1099. electroosmosis ==> 电渗1100. electrophoresis ==> 电泳,电泳法1101. electrophoresis meter ==> 电泳仪1102. electrophorus ==> 起电盘1103. electrophysics ==> 电物理学1104. electrophysiology ==> 电⽓⽣理学1105. electroplating ==> 电解沉积,电镀1106. electropneumatic ==> 电空⽓压的1107. electropneumatic brake ==> 电动⽓动制动器1108. electropneumatic controller ==> 电动⽓动控制器1109. electropneumatic interlocking device ==> 电动⽓动联锁装置1110. electropneumatic switch ==> 电动⽓动开关1111. electropneumatic switch machine ==> 电动⽓动转接机1112. electropneumatic transducer ==> 电动⽓动变换器电⽓转换器1113. electropneumatic valve ==> 电动⽓动阀1114. electropolisher ==> 电解抛光机1115. electropolishing ==> 电解抛光1116. electrorefining ==> 电解精炼1117. electrorheograph ==> 电流1118. electroscope ==> 验电器1119. electroscopy ==> 验电法1120. electrosensitive printer ==> 电⽕化式印刷机1121. electrosonde ==> 电位探空仪1122. electrospark machining ==> 电⽕花加⼯1123. electrostatic ==> 静电的1124. electrostatic accelerater ==> 静电加速器1125. electrostatic actuator ==> 静电激发器1126. electrostatic analyzer ==> 静电分析器1127. electrostatic attraction ==> 静电吸引1128. electrostatic capacity ==> 静电电容1129. electrostatic charge ==> 静电电荷,静电荷1130. electrostatic coating ==> 静电喷涂1131. electrostatic coupling ==> 静电耦合1132. electrostatic deflection ==> 静电偏转1133. electrostatic discharge susceptibility symbol ==> 静电放电敏感性标志,为了识别静电放电敏感性产品，放置在硬件、部件和⽂件上的图形。
心血管常用英文词汇
1 基本词根:词根或词干是复合词的核心，主要来源于希腊语和拉丁语。
当词根或词干之间相连接或后接后缀时，若连接处无元音字母，需加上连接元音字母0或icardio；heart心脏(electrocardiogram 心电图，cardiology心脏病学) corono；crown，the heart冠，心脏(coronary bypass冠状动脉搭桥术) aorto：aorta主动脉(aortosclerosis主动脉硬化)atrio：cavity，atrium 心房(atrioseptoplasty房间隔修补术)ventrio：ventricle心室(intraventricular block室内传导阻滞)angio；vessel血管(angiogram血管造影术)vaso l a vessel血管(vasoconstrictor血管收缩剂)artero；artery动脉(arteri0stenosis动脉狭窄)veno；vein静脉(venostasis静脉淤滞)phlebo；vein静脉(thrombophlebitis血栓性静脉炎)stetho：chest胸(stethoscope听诊器stethalgia胸痛)thoraco：chest胸(thoracomyodynia胸肌痛)sphygmo：pulse脉搏(sphygmomanometer血压计，sphygmopalpation切脉) hemo；blood血(hemorrhage出血)hemato：blood血(hematuria血尿)plasmo：plasma血浆(plasmapheresis血浆除去法)thrombo；clot血块(thrombosis血栓形成)fibro\fiber，fiberous tissue纤维(组织)(myocardial fibrosis心肌纤维化) agglutino；clumping凝块(agglutinogen凝集原)globo:round，globe圆的，球(globin球蛋白)sero:serum 血清(seroenzyme血清酶)lympho:lymph淋巴(1ym phadenitis淋巴结炎)athero：fatty buildup脂肪堆积(atherosc1erosis动脉粥样硬化)myo：muscle肌肉(cardiomyopathy心肌病；myocardium 心肌)cyto；cell细胞(cytotoxic细胞毒的)angino；choking阻塞(anginal心绞痛的)tacho；quick快速(tachycardia心动过速)brachy: short短的(brachycardia心动过缓)2 常用后缀: 后缀加于词根／词干之后，不仅改变其意义，还决定该词的词性.2．1 名词后缀加在词干之后，变成名词。
04-电生理总结
Part 1：Why do I care about Electrophysiology anyway【略】Part2：What is the history of Electrophysiology?➢1849 年E•H•杜布瓦-雷蒙发表了?动物电的研究?，他所开展的刺激技术〔感应圈〕和记录技术是电生理技术的先导。
电子管的创造使从不同组织引导出来的微弱的生物电讯号得以放大以便于观测，1922 年J．厄兰格开始使用阴极射线示波器来记录生物电，标志着现代电生理技术的开始。
早期的电生理技术只能记录大量细胞的同步的电活动，以后逐渐向微观和整体两个方面开展。
在微观方面，➢1949 年，G•凌宁等开始用微电极插入细胞内记录其电活动，使电生理技术到达细胞水平。
1976 年德国马普生物物理化学研究所Neher 和Sakmann 首次在青蛙肌细胞上用双电极钳制膜电位的同时，记录到ACh 激活的单通道离子电流，从而产生了膜片钳技术。
➢1980 年Sigworth 等在记录电极内施加5-50 cmH2O 的负压吸引，得到10-100GΩ的高阻封接〔Giga-seal〕，大大降低了记录时的噪声实现了单根电极既钳制膜片电位又记录单通道电流的突破。
➢1981 年Hamill 和Neher 等对该技术进行了改良，引进了膜片游离技术和全细胞记录技术，从而使该技术更趋完善，具有1pA 的电流灵敏度、1μm 的空间分辨率和10μs 的时间分辨率。
1983 年10 月，?Single-Channel Recording?一书问世，奠定了膜片钳技术的里程碑。
Sakmann 和Neher 也因其杰出的工作和突出奉献，荣获1991 年诺贝尔医学和生理学奖。
Part3: How many types of Electrophysiology?根据检测对象分类:体外，表达系统(Zenopus oocyte, HEX293 cell, IPS / trans-differentiated neuron) 体外，原代培养的神经元，培养的植物细胞、肌细胞Ex vivo, acute brain slice , cultured brain sliceEx vivo, 别离的组织(isolated plant tissue, heart muscle, retina, isolated muscle, turtle brain, thick cortical slice)In vivo, 完整个体(C. elegans, fly, bee, fish, frog, turtle, lizard, bird, mouse, rat,Guinea pig, tree shrew, cat, monkey, human)电生理常用方法Single channel recordingInside-outOutside-outOn-cellIntracellular / whole cell recordingCurrent clampVoltage clampExtracellular recording; ensemble / multichannel recordingSingle tungsten 钨electrodeGlass pipette electrodeTetrode 四极管: microwire / silicon probeCalcium imagingVoltage sensitive dye imaging (VSDI)OptogeneticsPart4：How to do Electrophysiology根本知识电生理测量技术包括生物电测量技术和生物体电特性测量技术等方面。
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Inward current is current that flows across the membrane, from the outside surface to the inside surface.
Outward current is current that flows across the membrane, from the inside surface to the outside surface. positive potential means a positive voltage at the headstage input with respect to ground. The transmembrane potential (Vm) is the potential at the inside of the cell minus the potential at the outside. This term is applied equally to the whole-cell membrane and to a membrane patch. In whole-cell voltage clamp, the command potential controls the voltage at the tip of the intracellular voltage-recording micropipette. The transmembrane potential is thus equivalent to the command potential.
Recording mode
Cell-attached Recording
Pulse of suction rupture the membrane patch
Pipette Cytomembrane
Suction
Gigaseal (GΩ) Pull cytoplasmic bridge collapses
Membrane resistance (Rm) is the resistance across the cell membrane. Total resistance (Rt) is the sum of Rm and Ra. When an electrode seals against the membrane, if the seal is successful, for example a gigaohm seal, Ra is a negligible component of the total resistance, so the total resistance is effectively equal to the seal resistance. Seal resistance is the resistance afforded by the seal between the electrode tip and the cell membrane.
Conduction
• Do not require energy
• Driving force is provided by electrochemical potential and the
concentration gradient • Channels are usually highly selective: only specific ions can go
Voltage can be applied through the microelectrode, forming a voltage clamp, and membrane current is measured. Current clamp can also be used to measure changes in membrane voltage called membrane potential
Patch clamp technique
Definitions
Electrode resistance (Re), also called pipette resistance (Rp), is the resistance due to the electrode.
Access resistance (Ra) is the sum of the Re and resistance due to current-impeding factors near the electrode tip, e.g. cellular debris, etc. Access resistance is sometimes called series resistance (Rs).
Electrophysiology
—patch clamp technique
Shan Lab
Outlines
• Electrophysiology fundamentals • Patch clamp technique
What is Electrophysiology ?
Ion、Ion channel
Types of ion channels
Voltage-gated channels Ligand-gated channels
Mechanosensitive channels
Neurotransmitter
Amino acids: Monoamines: Peptides: Purines:
Cells or organ excited record
bio-electricity signal
Electrophysiology
Electrophysiology is the study of the electrical properties of biological cells and tissues.
glutamate (Glu), γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), glycine (Gly), aspartate (Asp), D-serine (Ser)
serotonin (5-HT), dopamine (DA), norepinephrine (NE, NA), epinephrine, histamine oxytocin, somatostatin, substance P adenosine triphosphate (ATP), adenosine nitric oxide (NO), carbon monoxide (CO), hydrogen sulfide (H2S) acetylcholine (ACh), anandamide, etc.
Gating can involve conformational changes along the channel walls
Gating can result from plugging by cytoplasmic or extracellular gating particles
Distribution and transport of ions
[K+]o << [K+]i [Na+]o >> [Na+]i ++ ++ [Ca ]o >>> [Ca ]i [Cl ]o >> [Cl ]i
ion channel
electrogenic pump
co-transporter
Ion channel
Pull cytoplasmic bridge collapses Pull in low Ca++ medium
Pull air exposure breaks out the cell patch
Whole Cell Recording
Outside-out Recording
Ion channels are pore-forming membrane proteins that allow ions to pass through the channel pore.
Characteristic of Ion Channels
• Ion Channels Conduct Up to 108 Ions/sec
GABA receptor is the major inhibitory receptor in the central nervous system. − Upon activation, the GABAA receptor selectively ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱonducts Cl through its pore. inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) Cl
Outlines
• Electrophysiology fundamentals • Patch clamp technique
Patch clamp technique
The Patch-clamp technique is a versatile electrophysiological tool for understanding ion channel behavior. The patch-clamp technique involves a glass micropipette forming a tight gigaohm (GΩ) seal with the cell membrane. The micropipette contains a wire bathed in an electrolytic solution to conduct ions.
Glycine receptors: GlyR is an ionotropic receptor that produces its effects through Cl− current.