矿床模型-勘探应用实例
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实例－VMS矿床勘探
• Volcanic massive sulfide deposits are a good example of how we use models in exploration VMS矿床是一类很好的例子，
来说明我们怎然在勘探过程中运用模型
– Model is well-developed 模型完善 – Examples are widespread 类型广
Fastest Cheapest Best MODELS
What about local conditions?
Modify approach
Choose OPTIMUM exploration strategy
GO DO IT!
Remember…
Geology is an observational science Geological truth is found in the rocks Laboratory studies help, but must illuminate what is in the field Good geological control in the field is essential for all sampling What we learn in the laboratory should help us to understand the field Develop and practice good field skills – field studies are the foundation of all geology
What is our exploration territory?
The world? A country? A province? A district?
What geology occurs in that territory? What types of deposits are known there? What types of deposits should occur in that geology? MODELS What types do we want to find? What controls where they occur? MODELS Identify those places EXPLORE THERE!
Deciding HOW to Explore
What are the characteristics of our target deposits?
Geological Geochemical Geophysical MODELS
What is the most effective way to explore?
泛分布
– Exploration uses diverse techniques勘探应用多种技术 – HOW you use the techniques can make the difference between success and failure
技术应用的方式决定了勘探的成败
Zn-Pb ore, Rosebery Mine, Tasmania
Ore Deposit Models:
Their Use in Exploration
矿床模型－勘探应用实例
Noel C White
Honorary Lecturer, Society of Economic Geologists 经济地质学家协会荣誉学者 Guest Professor, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 中国地质大学(北京)客座教授 Visiting Professor, Fuzhou University 福州大学客座教授 Distinguished Professor, Hefei university of Technology, Hefei 合肥工业大学杰出教授 Adjunct Professor, University of Queensland, Brisbane 昆士兰大学兼职教授,布理斯班 Research Professor, Centre of Excellence in Ore Deposits, University of Tasmania
NO:
What commodities would we like to find? What kinds of deposits do they form? MODELS What geology do those occur in? Do we have suitable geology?
Deciding WHERE to Explore
有利的含矿层，并集中勘探 海水环境（最好是深水）
该模型基于Kalamazoo斑岩铜矿床 的研究成果而建立，已经产生了很大 的影响。
History of a Model 模型应用历史
Mapping showed the alteration zones were truncated by the San Manuel fault. It was inferred that part of the deposit was faulted off.
In Canada deposits were seen that looked like this:
在加拿大矿床被认为看作是这样了
Massive sulfide body
块状矿体
Chlorite alteration zone
绿泥石蚀变带
This was interpreted as a mineralized shear zone
History of a Model 模型应用历史
Porphyry Copper Model of Lowell and Guilbert, 1970
年的模型
This hugely influential model developed from studies of the Kalamazoo porphyry copper mine
塔斯马尼亚大学矿床杰出研究中心研究教授
How do we Explore?
Explorers have a choice!
1. Opportunistic Exploration: look for anything they can dig up Where: anywhere! Who: anyone!
Exploring for VMS Deposits VMS矿床勘探
Noranda District
加拿大Noranda地区
Canada
Distribution model
分布Leabharlann Baidu型
THE IMPORTANT FEATURES: 1. Volcanic host rocks 2. Diverse lithologies 重要特征：1、火山岩为围岩； 3. One main ore horizon
2、岩性复杂多变；3、含矿层单一。
Exploring for VMS Deposits
山围岩层序：钙碱性或拉斑玄武岩
VMS矿床勘探
火
MUST HAVE 必须具备 1. Volcanic host sequence: calc-alkaline or tholeiitic 2. Submarine setting (deep water best) WANT TO FIND 要找到 Favorable horizon to focus exploration
Deciding WHAT to Explore For
Is there a particular commodity we must find? YES:
What kinds of deposits does it form? What geology do those occur in? Do we have suitable geology? MODELS
填图表明蚀变带被San Manuel断 裂切断，据此推断部分矿体也被 断掉。
Mapping and drilling subsequently located the missing part, which became the San Manuel mine. 随后填图和钻探
结果找到了断失的部分， 并被称为SM矿床。
The Role of Models in Exploration
Ore Deposit Models are important in exploration
• They allow us to convert commodities to geology – e.g., change “looking for gold” to “looking for an epithermal gold deposit” What will we explore for? • They allow us to select favorable geology to maximize chances of success – Because we know the geological setting and localizing controls on ore Where will we explore? • They help us to design effective exploration strategies using the most suitable techniques – Because we know the character of the ore and host rocks How will we explore?
这被解释为矿化煎切带。
Work on undeformed deposits in Cyprus in the early 1960s showed that they were syngenetic
60年代早期在塞浦路斯对变形矿床的研究表明，属同生成因。
An Example – Exploring for VMS Deposits
• 告知寻找什么 • 但不能确定到哪里去找
• 因此，对耙区内勘探帮助很大
Exploring for VMS Deposits VMS矿床勘探
GENETIC MODEL
成因模型
Tells us how the deposit got there, not where to find it
告知如何找到目标但不能确定到哪里去找
History of a Model 模型应用历史
History of a Model 模型应用历史
Early workers in Norway and Japan recognised the syngenetic origin of VMS deposits 在挪威及日本，人们早期就已
经识别出同生成因的VMS矿床。
Exploring for VMS Deposits
VMS矿床勘探
DESCRIPTIVE MODEL
• Tells us what to look for • Not where to look • Helpful when you have a prospect to explore 描述性模型
Why do we need geologists?
2. Strategic Exploration: look for specific targets with the best chance of success
Real success means finding a profitable mine Where: in suitable geology! Who: specialist explorers! This is smart exploration that needs educated people! This is where we need Ore Deposit Models!
• Volcanic massive sulfide deposits are a good example of how we use models in exploration VMS矿床是一类很好的例子，
来说明我们怎然在勘探过程中运用模型
– Model is well-developed 模型完善 – Examples are widespread 类型广
Fastest Cheapest Best MODELS
What about local conditions?
Modify approach
Choose OPTIMUM exploration strategy
GO DO IT!
Remember…
Geology is an observational science Geological truth is found in the rocks Laboratory studies help, but must illuminate what is in the field Good geological control in the field is essential for all sampling What we learn in the laboratory should help us to understand the field Develop and practice good field skills – field studies are the foundation of all geology
What is our exploration territory?
The world? A country? A province? A district?
What geology occurs in that territory? What types of deposits are known there? What types of deposits should occur in that geology? MODELS What types do we want to find? What controls where they occur? MODELS Identify those places EXPLORE THERE!
Deciding HOW to Explore
What are the characteristics of our target deposits?
Geological Geochemical Geophysical MODELS
What is the most effective way to explore?
泛分布
– Exploration uses diverse techniques勘探应用多种技术 – HOW you use the techniques can make the difference between success and failure
技术应用的方式决定了勘探的成败
Zn-Pb ore, Rosebery Mine, Tasmania
Ore Deposit Models:
Their Use in Exploration
矿床模型－勘探应用实例
Noel C White
Honorary Lecturer, Society of Economic Geologists 经济地质学家协会荣誉学者 Guest Professor, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 中国地质大学(北京)客座教授 Visiting Professor, Fuzhou University 福州大学客座教授 Distinguished Professor, Hefei university of Technology, Hefei 合肥工业大学杰出教授 Adjunct Professor, University of Queensland, Brisbane 昆士兰大学兼职教授,布理斯班 Research Professor, Centre of Excellence in Ore Deposits, University of Tasmania
NO:
What commodities would we like to find? What kinds of deposits do they form? MODELS What geology do those occur in? Do we have suitable geology?
Deciding WHERE to Explore
有利的含矿层，并集中勘探 海水环境（最好是深水）
该模型基于Kalamazoo斑岩铜矿床 的研究成果而建立，已经产生了很大 的影响。
History of a Model 模型应用历史
Mapping showed the alteration zones were truncated by the San Manuel fault. It was inferred that part of the deposit was faulted off.
In Canada deposits were seen that looked like this:
在加拿大矿床被认为看作是这样了
Massive sulfide body
块状矿体
Chlorite alteration zone
绿泥石蚀变带
This was interpreted as a mineralized shear zone
History of a Model 模型应用历史
Porphyry Copper Model of Lowell and Guilbert, 1970
年的模型
This hugely influential model developed from studies of the Kalamazoo porphyry copper mine
塔斯马尼亚大学矿床杰出研究中心研究教授
How do we Explore?
Explorers have a choice!
1. Opportunistic Exploration: look for anything they can dig up Where: anywhere! Who: anyone!
Exploring for VMS Deposits VMS矿床勘探
Noranda District
加拿大Noranda地区
Canada
Distribution model
分布Leabharlann Baidu型
THE IMPORTANT FEATURES: 1. Volcanic host rocks 2. Diverse lithologies 重要特征：1、火山岩为围岩； 3. One main ore horizon
2、岩性复杂多变；3、含矿层单一。
Exploring for VMS Deposits
山围岩层序：钙碱性或拉斑玄武岩
VMS矿床勘探
火
MUST HAVE 必须具备 1. Volcanic host sequence: calc-alkaline or tholeiitic 2. Submarine setting (deep water best) WANT TO FIND 要找到 Favorable horizon to focus exploration
Deciding WHAT to Explore For
Is there a particular commodity we must find? YES:
What kinds of deposits does it form? What geology do those occur in? Do we have suitable geology? MODELS
填图表明蚀变带被San Manuel断 裂切断，据此推断部分矿体也被 断掉。
Mapping and drilling subsequently located the missing part, which became the San Manuel mine. 随后填图和钻探
结果找到了断失的部分， 并被称为SM矿床。
The Role of Models in Exploration
Ore Deposit Models are important in exploration
• They allow us to convert commodities to geology – e.g., change “looking for gold” to “looking for an epithermal gold deposit” What will we explore for? • They allow us to select favorable geology to maximize chances of success – Because we know the geological setting and localizing controls on ore Where will we explore? • They help us to design effective exploration strategies using the most suitable techniques – Because we know the character of the ore and host rocks How will we explore?
这被解释为矿化煎切带。
Work on undeformed deposits in Cyprus in the early 1960s showed that they were syngenetic
60年代早期在塞浦路斯对变形矿床的研究表明，属同生成因。
An Example – Exploring for VMS Deposits
• 告知寻找什么 • 但不能确定到哪里去找
• 因此，对耙区内勘探帮助很大
Exploring for VMS Deposits VMS矿床勘探
GENETIC MODEL
成因模型
Tells us how the deposit got there, not where to find it
告知如何找到目标但不能确定到哪里去找
History of a Model 模型应用历史
History of a Model 模型应用历史
Early workers in Norway and Japan recognised the syngenetic origin of VMS deposits 在挪威及日本，人们早期就已
经识别出同生成因的VMS矿床。
Exploring for VMS Deposits
VMS矿床勘探
DESCRIPTIVE MODEL
• Tells us what to look for • Not where to look • Helpful when you have a prospect to explore 描述性模型
Why do we need geologists?
2. Strategic Exploration: look for specific targets with the best chance of success
Real success means finding a profitable mine Where: in suitable geology! Who: specialist explorers! This is smart exploration that needs educated people! This is where we need Ore Deposit Models!