Development of New 2.0 L Gasoline Engine for Accord Hybrid

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启蒙运动（英文版）

启蒙运动（英⽂版）The EnlightenmentThe Enlightenment is mankind‘s final coming of age, the emancipation of the human consciousness from an immature state of ignorance and error.-Immanuel KantThe Enlightenment usually refers to a period between the early 18th century and the French Revolution in1789, in which new thougts were emerging . The Age of Enlightenment (or Age of Reason) was an elite cultural movement of intellectuals in 18th century Europe that sought to use the power of reason in order to reform society and advance knowledge. It promoted intellectual interchange and opposed intolerance and abuses in Church and state.EvolutionThe enlightenment originated in England in 17th century，it was sparked by philosophers such as John Locke (1632-1704), mathematician Newton (1643-1727) and others. The Enlightenment flourished in late 18th century. The enlightenment met its climax in France. After that, it extended to Germany, the Netherland and North America.1. Feudalism suppressed the bourgeois political rights, so they carry out anti-feudal and antichurch propaganda ideologically, to prepare for the struggle for power.2.With the Capitalist economic development, the bourgeoisie‘s economic s trength surges ，so they required their own interests ideologically.3. ①The Renaissance and religious reform promoted the people's ideological emancipation;②With the development of modern science, rationalism, as an asset Anti-feudal class provides the ideological and theoretical weapon.Representative figuresDenis DiderotHe was a French philosopher, art critic, and writer. He was a prominent person during the Enlightenment and is best known for serving as co-founder and chief editor of the Encyclopedie.EncyclopedieThe first Encyclopedia is considered to be the pinnacle of the Enlightenment period. It was compiled by Denis Diderot in 1751-1772.VoltaireHe was famous for his wit and for his advocacy of civil liberties , including freedom of religion, free trade, and separation of church and state. Voltaire was a prolific writer, producing works in almost every literary form, including plays, poetry, novels, essays, and historical and scientific works. He wrote more than 20,000 letters and more than 2,000 books and pamphlets. He was an outspoken supporter of social reform, despite strict censorship laws and harsh penalties for those who broke them. As a satirical polemicist , he frequently made use of his works to criticize intolerance, religious dogma and the French institutions of his day. His most famous work is Candide.RousseauJean-Jacques Rousseau was a philosopher, writer, and composer. His political philosophy heavily influenced the Fench Revolution,as well as the overall development of modern political,sociological,and educational thought.The Industrial Revolution in Great BritainThe ground was prepared by the voyages of discovery from Western Europe in the 15th and 16th cent., which led to a vast influx of precious metals from the New World, raising prices, stimulating industry, and fostering a money economy. Expansion of trade an d the money economy stimulated the development of new institutions of finance and credi t (see commercial revolution). In the 17th cent. the Dutch were in the forefront financially, but with the establishment (1694) of theBank of England, their supremacy was effectivel y challenged. Capitalism appeared on a large scale, and a new type of commercial entrepr eneur developed from the old class of merchant adventurers. Many machines were already known, and there were sizable factories using them, but these were the exceptions rather than the rule. Wood was the only fuel, water and wind the power of these early factorie s. As the 18th cent. began, an expanding and wealthier population demanded more and be tter goods. In the productive process, coal came to replace wood. Early-model steam engin es were introduced to drain water and raise coal from the mines. The crucial development of the Industrial Revolution was the use of steam for power, and the greatly improved e ngine (1769) of James Watt marked the high point in this development. Cotton textiles w as the key industry early in the Industrial Revolution. John Kay's fly shuttle (1733), Jame s Hargreaves's spinning jenny (patented 1770), Richard Arkwright's water frame (1769), Sa muel Crompton's mule (1779), which combined the features of the jenny and the frame, a nd Edmund Cartwright's power loom (patented 1783) facilitated a tremendous increase in output. The presence of large quantities of coal and iron in close proximity in Britain was a decisive factor in its rapid industrial growth. The use of coke in iron production had f ar-reaching effects. The coal mines from the early 1700s had become paramount in import ance, and the Black Country appeared in England at the same time that Lancashire and Y orkshire were being transformed into the greatest textile centers of the world. Factories an d industrial towns sprang up. Canals and roads were built, and the advent of the railroad and the steamship widened the market for manufactured goods. The Bessemer process mad e a gigantic contribution, for it was largely responsible for the extension of the use of ste am and steel that were the two chief features of industry in the middle of the 19th cent. Chemical innovations and, most important of all, perhaps, machines for making machinesplayed an important part in the vast changes. The Industrial Revolution did not in fact en d in Britain in the mid-1800s. New periods came in with electricity and the gasoline engi ne. By 1850, however, the transformation wrought by the revolution was accomplished, in that industry had become a dominant factor in the nation's life.。

英语资讯：中国将提升油品以对抗空气污染

Chinese Premier1 Li Keqiang has announced new government plans to increase the quality of fuel refining for both gasoline and diesel2.中国总理李克强宣布新的政府计划，提高汽油和柴油的精炼质量。

His statement through the State Council says all vehicles in eastern China will eventually use fuel from China's most stringent3 '5th-phase' standards starting next year.The policy will be carried out nationwide as early as 2017.Better fuel refining has been highlighted as one of the keys to helping4 reduce air pollution in China.Meanwhile, the Chinese Cabinet has also laid out new plans to increase the import volume of several commodities.The statement suggests this is going to be done by improving both import and export policies through a better tax system and a more competitive trading environment.New plans to cut import tariffs5 will also be put in-place by the end of June.1 premieradj.首要的；n.总理，首相参考例句：The Irish Premier is paying an official visit to Britain.爱尔兰总理正在对英国进行正式访问。

新发展英语学习指南2电子版

新发展英语学习指南2电子版The world we live in today is rapidly evolving, and with it, the way we approach learning and acquiring new skills. English, as a global language, has become an essential tool for personal and professional growth. In this digital age, the landscape of English language learning has undergone a significant transformation, paving the way for a new era of language acquisition. The "New Development English Learning Guide 2.0 (Digital Edition)" is a comprehensive resource that aims to empower learners and revolutionize the way they approach the English language.The digital revolution has had a profound impact on language learning. With the advent of technology, learners now have access to a vast array of resources and tools that were previously unavailable. The "New Development English Learning Guide 2.0 (Digital Edition)" recognizes this shift and provides a holistic approach to language learning that seamlessly integrates digital elements. This guide is designed to cater to the needs of learners from diverse backgrounds, catering to their individual learning styles and preferences.One of the key features of this digital guide is its emphasis on personalized learning. Through the use of advanced algorithms and data analytics, the guide can tailor the learning experience to each individual's strengths, weaknesses, and learning pace. This personalized approach ensures that learners are not only engaged but also making meaningful progress in their English language acquisition. The guide's interactive features, such as adaptive quizzes and personalized feedback, further enhance the learning experience, empowering learners to take control of their own progress.Another crucial aspect of the "New Development English Learning Guide 2.0 (Digital Edition)" is its integration of multimedia content. Instead of relying solely on traditional textbooks and workbooks, the guide incorporates a wide range of multimedia resources, including interactive videos, audio lessons, and virtual simulations. This multimedia-rich approach not only makes the learning process more engaging but also caters to different learning modalities, ensuring that learners can effectively absorb and retain the information.The guide's digital format also allows for seamless collaboration and social learning. Learners can connect with peers and language experts from around the world, engaging in virtual discussions, language exchange programs, and collaborative projects. This social aspect of the guide fosters a sense of community among learners, encouraging them to practice their language skills in a supportiveand interactive environment.One of the most significant advantages of the "New Development English Learning Guide 2.0 (Digital Edition)" is its accessibility. As a digital resource, the guide can be accessed from anywhere, at any time, using a variety of devices, including smartphones, tablets, and laptops. This flexibility allows learners to fit their language learning into their busy schedules, making it easier to maintain consistent practice and progress.Moreover, the guide's digital format enables constant updates and improvements. The development team behind the "New Development English Learning Guide 2.0 (Digital Edition)" is committed to staying ahead of the curve, continuously incorporating the latest research, pedagogical advancements, and technological innovations into the guide. This ensures that learners are always equipped with the most up-to-date and effective language learning strategies.The "New Development English Learning Guide 2.0 (Digital Edition)" also prioritizes the development of practical language skills. Rather than focusing solely on grammar and vocabulary, the guide emphasizes the application of language in real-world scenarios. Through interactive exercises, role-playing activities, and immersive simulations, learners can practice their communication skills, improvetheir fluency, and develop the confidence to use English effectively in various contexts.In addition to its comprehensive language learning content, the "New Development English Learning Guide 2.0 (Digital Edition)" also includes valuable resources for personal and professional development. The guide offers modules on intercultural communication, business English, and academic writing, equipping learners with the skills necessary to succeed in an increasingly globalized world.One of the unique aspects of this digital guide is its integration of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning. These technologies are leveraged to provide learners with real-time feedback, adaptive learning paths, and personalized recommendations. By harnessing the power of AI, the guide can identify areas of improvement, offer tailored guidance, and track learners' progress with unprecedented accuracy.The "New Development English Learning Guide 2.0 (Digital Edition)" also recognizes the importance of gamification in language learning. By incorporating game-like elements, such as points, badges, and leaderboards, the guide makes the learning process more engaging and motivating. Learners can earn rewards for their achievements, fostering a sense of accomplishment and driving them to continuetheir language learning journey.Furthermore, the guide's digital format allows for seamless integration with other language-learning tools and apps. Learners can easily connect the guide with their preferred vocabulary-building apps, grammar practice platforms, and language exchange communities, creating a comprehensive and personalized language learning ecosystem.In conclusion, the "New Development English Learning Guide 2.0 (Digital Edition)" represents a significant advancement in the field of English language learning. By leveraging the power of digital technology, personalized learning, and innovative pedagogical approaches, this guide empowers learners to achieve their language goals and thrive in an increasingly interconnected world. Whether you are a beginner, an intermediate learner, or an advanced English speaker, the "New Development English Learning Guide 2.0 (Digital Edition)" is a must-have resource that will revolutionize your language learning experience.。

新一代大学英语发展篇综合教程2答案

新一代大学英语发展篇综合教程2答案Unit 1 Philosophy and thoughtsiExplore 11-5 iExplore 1:Building your languageTASK 11. charisma2. brilliant3. uglyTASK 21. awkward /razor-sharp2. straightforward3. toughTASK 31. Using a counter-example2. debate their ideas3. begin a conversationTASK 41. question the assumption2. reveal the limits3. understand the natureTASK 5B B B A B BiExplore 21-7 iExplore 2:Building your languageTASK 11. been painted as2. is counted among3. known asTASK 21. reforms2. brought about3. laid down the rules4. formulate the creedTASK 31. under the impulsion of2. played a role of some importance3. grown in size and influenceTASK 4Reference:1. Many descendants of Confucius were identified and honored by successive imperial governments with titles of nobility and official posts.2. Sima Niu. one of Confucius' disciples, came of noble ancestry from the Song state.3. As a member of the craft or artisan class. Mozi lived in humble circumstances and his philosophy was distinctively anti-aristocratic.4. Jiang Taigong was more than 70 years old, but the ruler did not give him an office and people all referred to him as a mad fellow.5. After Confucius resigned his post in the state of Lu, he began a series of journeys around the small kingdoms of northeast and central China, including the states of Wei.Song, Chen, and Cai.6. By Confucius age, the Zhou kings had been reduced to mere figureheads, and real power was put into the hands of various local rulers.iProduce1-8 Unit project1-8 Unit project 1-3Reference:Great minds think alike?Good morning, ladies and gentlemen. Today I'm going to talk about two great thinkers. Socrates and Confucius. two men with great minds. Both English and Chinese have a saying about great minds,"Great minds think alike" and "英雄所见略同."Then do Socrates and Confucius think alike?I will try to compare the two great minds interms of their lives.thoughts and influence. Now let's get started.Both Socrates and Confucius seemed to lead a meaningful and colorful life. As a young man, Socrates had been a brave soldier fighting in a war. Confucius'early life seemed to be equally difficult, since he had to earn his living at menial tasks. After that, it seems that Socrates and Confucius followed different ways in their lives. In middle age.Socrates did nothing but ask people questions in the marketplace. By contrast, Confucius tried all possible ways to achieve his dream. For example, he had been a teacher.gathering young men to study his doctrines. He was also given an office in the government, although he did not have real power. When he saw that he could accomplish nothing.he resigned his post and set off on travels to advocate his Way in other states. After that, he resumed his teaching. Socrates and Confucius spent their lives in different ways.because they had different pursuits. Socrates spent his whole life pursuing wisdom by asking questions. For Socrates,wisdom meant understanding the true nature of our existence,including the limits of what we can know. He declared that if we do not think about what we are doing, then life is not worth living. Therefore. he kept asking questions to himself and to others. By doing this, he helped people understand such concepts as moral and courage and realize what they knew and what they didn't. Socrates would die rather than give up his pursuit of wisdom and truth.Confucius, however, pursued common welfare, that is, the well-being of all the common people. During his times, the common people lived a miserable and tragic life. Confucius could not tolerate these conditions and resolved to devote his life to trying to right them. According to Confucius, in a natural and normal stateof society men should Confucius and the rulers should aim to bring about the welfare and happiness of all the common people. As I have mentioned,he tried all possible methods to achieve this goal. He taught young men to promote his doctrines; he worked in the government to put his teachings into practice;he also travelled around many states to find a ruler who would use his Way.Socrates and Confucius pursued different things, but both had great influence. Socrates laid the foundation of Western philosophy. With him the subject really took off. However.the two thinkers have influenced the Western tradition and the Chinese tradition in different ways. Following Socrates'pursuit of truth and wisdom. Western thinkers seemed to be more interested in studying the physical world. After Confucius, Chinese thinkers paid more attention to interpersonal relationships. Then, do great minds think alike? Well, they may have different pursuits, but they have the same devotion to their pursuits. That is what I have learned about Socrates and Confucius. Thank you.iAssess1-10 Unit testPart I1. eccentric2. irritating3. enforce4. restore5. allegiance6. betrayed/betray7. strives8. intriguedPart ⅡB C A B B APart ⅢPart III 1-1Reference:和很多人一样，亚里士多德也因最好的论点并不总能赢得辩论而困扰。

高三英语社会问题解决方案评估指标确定单选题50道

高三英语社会问题解决方案评估指标确定单选题50道1.Which aspect is the most important when evaluating a solution to social problems?A.EfficiencyB.CostC.SustainabilityD.Popularity答案：C。

本题考查社会问题解决方案评估指标中的重要性判断。

选项A“Efficiency（效率）”很重要，但不是最重要的唯一标准。

选项B“Cost（成本）”也只是一个方面。

选项D“Popularity（受欢迎程度）”并非核心重要指标。

而选项C“Sustainability 可持续性）”对于长期解决社会问题至关重要，因为只有可持续的解决方案才能真正有效地解决问题而不会带来新的问题。

2.In assessing social problem solutions, what should be given top priority?A.Quick implementationB.Long-term effectivenessC.Low initial investmentD.High media attention答案：B。

选项A“Quick implementation（快速实施）”有一定好处，但如果不能长期有效也不行。

选项C“Low initial investment 低初始投资）”不是最重要的考量。

选项D“High media attention 高媒体关注度）”不是关键因素。

选项B“Long-term effectiveness（长期有效性）”在评估社会问题解决方案时应给予最高优先级，因为只有长期有效的方案才能真正解决社会问题。

3.Which factor is crucial in determining the importance of a social problem solution?A.Number of supportersB.Speed of resultsC.Impact on future generationsD.Immediate popularity答案：C。

九年级英语政治单选题60题

九年级英语政治单选题60题1.Which international organization is dedicated to promoting world peace and security?A.UNESCOB.WHOC.UND.WTO答案：C。

本题考查国际组织的职能。

UN（联合国）致力于促进世界和平与安全。

UNESCO 联合国教科文组织）主要致力于教育、科学和文化领域。

WHO（世界卫生组织）专注于全球卫生事务。

WTO 世界贸易组织）主要处理国际贸易问题。

2.The Belt and Road Initiative is a major example of ________.A.international cooperationB.domestic developmentC.regional conflictD.global isolation答案：A。

“一带一路”倡议是国际合作的重要范例。

B 选项国内发展不准确。

C 选项区域冲突与“一带一路”相悖。

D 选项全球孤立也不符合“一带一路”的理念。

3.Which of the following is NOT an international organization involved in economic cooperation?A.APECB.NATOC.OECDD.G20答案：B。

NATO（北大西洋公约组织）主要是军事联盟，不是经济合作组织。

APEC（亚太经合组织）、OECD（经济合作与发展组织）、G20 二十国集团）都涉及经济合作。

4.The purpose of the World Trade Organization is to ________.A.regulate international tradeB.provide medical assistanceC.promote cultural exchangesD.ensure national security答案：A。

2023年12月英语六级考试真题及答案

2023年12月英语六级考试真题及答案全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇12023年12月英语六级考试真题及答案Part I Writing (30 minutes)Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay on the following topic:Should the government invest more money in the exploration of outer space? You should write at least 150 words but no more than 200 words.参考范文:In recent years, space exploration has become a hot topic in the scientific community. Many people believe that the government should invest more money in exploring outer space. From my perspective, I agree with this point of view.First of all, investing in space exploration can bring about numerous benefits for humanity. By expanding our knowledge of the universe, we can better understand our place in the cosmos and potentially discover new planets that could supportlife. Furthermore, technological advancements made in the process of space exploration can have practical applications here on Earth, such as in the fields of medicine, environmental conservation, and communications.Secondly, investing in space exploration can inspire the next generation of scientists and engineers. When young people see the incredible achievements of space missions, they are motivated to pursue careers in STEM fields and contribute to the advancement of human knowledge.In conclusion, I believe that the government should invest more money in the exploration of outer space. Not only does this have the potential to benefit humanity as a whole, but it can also inspire future generations to pursue scientific endeavors.Part II Reading Comprehension (40 minutes)Section ADirections: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2 with asingle line through the centre. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.参考答案:26. D. opting27. H. playing28. J. silently29. B. describes30. G. move31. M. unavailable32. K. standards33. A. actively34. E. opposed35. F. potentialPart III Listening Comprehension (40 minutes)Section ADirections: In this test, you will hear two long conversations. At the end of each conversation, you will hear four questions. Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken onlyonce. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C), and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.Conversation 1参考答案:36. C) Taking care of her family.37. B) Enroll in a night school program.38. D) Move to a house with better schools.39. A) The possible setbacks in life.Conversation 2参考答案:40. D) It does not guarantee success.41. B) He was not born into a wealthy family.42. C) Stay motivated and work hard.43. D) Life is filled with unexpected challenges.Section BDirections: In this section, you will hear two passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear three or four questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C), and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.Passage 1参考答案:44. D) They are looking for a real relationship.45. C) A sports club they both belong to.46. B) Speak to the man first.Passage 2参考答案:47. B) It can help to prevent heart disease.48. D) They can be used as natural remedies.49. A) By studying their culinary history.Part IV Translation (30 minutes)Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to translate a passage from Chinese into English. You should write your answer on Answer Sheet 2.参考答案:今天的年轻人生活节奏快，压力大，普遍存在睡眠不足的问题。

新时代工业蓬勃发展英语作文

新时代工业蓬勃发展英语作文英文回答：In the modern era, industrialization has emerged as a dominant force, transforming societies around the world. It encompasses a broad spectrum of advancements andinnovations that have revolutionized various sectors, such as manufacturing, engineering, construction, and transportation.Technological Advancements:One of the hallmarks of new-age industrialization isthe rapid advancement of technologies that have increased efficiency, productivity, and precision in industrial processes. Automated machinery, including robots and computer-controlled systems, has replaced many manual tasks, enabling manufacturers to produce goods at a higher scale and lower cost.Data Analytics and Artificial Intelligence (AI):Data analytics and AI have become invaluable tools in modern industrial settings. By analyzing vast amounts of data, industries can identify trends, predict demand, optimize resource allocation, and enhance decision-making. AI-powered systems can also perform complex tasks, such as automated quality control, predictive maintenance, and supply chain management.Renewable Energy and Sustainability:Environmental concerns have prompted a shift towards renewable energy sources in industries. Solar, wind, and geothermal technologies are increasingly adopted to reduce carbon footprint and promote sustainability. Industrial processes are also being redesigned to minimize waste, conserve resources, and adhere to environmental regulations.Industry 4.0 and the Internet of Things (IoT):Industry 4.0 and the IoT have ushered in a new era ofinterconnectedness in industrial environments. Sensors, devices, and systems are seamlessly integrated, enabling real-time communication and coordination. This enablesdata-driven automation, predictive maintenance, and improved collaboration within and between industries.Globalization and Global Supply Chains:New-age industrialization has fostered increased globalization and the development of complex global supply chains. Multinational corporations and partnerships collaborate across borders to leverage resources, reduce costs, and access global markets. This has led to the emergence of specialized industrial hubs and a more interconnected global economy.Impact on Society:The rapid pace of industrialization has profound implications for society. It creates new employment opportunities in technology, engineering, and data analytics. However, it can also lead to job displacement inlabor-intensive industries. To mitigate these effects, investments in education and skills training are crucial to prepare the workforce for the changing landscape.Moreover, industrialization has significant environmental impacts. Balancing economic growth with environmental protection is a key challenge for society. Sustainable practices, such as reducing emissions, conserving resources, and adopting circular economy models, are essential for ensuring a sustainable future.中文回答：新时代工业蓬勃发展。

新一代大学英语发展篇综合教程2答案

新一代大学英语发展篇综合教程2答案Unit 1 Philosophy and thoughtsiExplore 11-5 iExplore 1:Building your languageTASK 11. charisma2. brilliant3. uglyTASK 21. awkward /razor-sharp2. straightforward3. toughTASK 31. Using a counter-example2. debate their ideas3. begin a conversationTASK 41. question the assumption2. reveal the limits3. understand the natureTASK 5B B B A B BiExplore 21-7 iExplore 2:Building your languageTASK 11. been painted as2. is counted among3. known asTASK 21. reforms2. brought about3. laid down the rules4. formulate the creedTASK 31. under the impulsion of2. played a role of some importance3. grown in size and influenceTASK 4Reference:1. Many descendants of Confucius were identified and honored by successive imperial governments with titles of nobility and official posts.2. Sima Niu. one of Confucius' disciples, came of noble ancestry from the Song state.3. As a member of the craft or artisan class. Mozi lived in humble circumstances and his philosophy was distinctively anti-aristocratic.4. Jiang Taigong was more than 70 years old, but the ruler did not give him an office and people all referred to him as a mad fellow.5. After Confucius resigned his post in the state of Lu, he began a series of journeys around the small kingdoms of northeast and central China, including the states of Wei.Song, Chen, and Cai.6. By Confucius age, the Zhou kings had been reduced to mere figureheads, and real power was put into the hands of various local rulers.iProduce1-8 Unit project1-8 Unit project 1-3Reference:Great minds think alike?Good morning, ladies and gentlemen. Today I'm going to talk about two great thinkers. Socrates and Confucius. two men with great minds. Both English and Chinese have a saying about great minds,"Great minds think alike" and "英雄所见略同."Then do Socrates and Confucius think alike?I will try to compare the two great minds interms of their lives.thoughts and influence. Now let's get started.Both Socrates and Confucius seemed to lead a meaningful and colorful life. As a young man, Socrates had been a brave soldier fighting in a war. Confucius'early life seemed to be equally difficult, since he had to earn his living at menial tasks. After that, it seems that Socrates and Confucius followed different ways in their lives. In middle age.Socrates did nothing but ask people questions in the marketplace. By contrast, Confucius tried all possible ways to achieve his dream. For example, he had been a teacher.gathering young men to study his doctrines. He was also given an office in the government, although he did not have real power. When he saw that he could accomplish nothing.he resigned his post and set off on travels to advocate his Way in other states. After that, he resumed his teaching. Socrates and Confucius spent their lives in different ways.because they had different pursuits. Socrates spent his whole life pursuing wisdom by asking questions. For Socrates,wisdom meant understanding the true nature of our existence,including the limits of what we can know. He declared that if we do not think about what we are doing, then life is not worth living. Therefore. he kept asking questions to himself and to others. By doing this, he helped people understand such concepts as moral and courage and realize what they knew and what they didn't. Socrates would die rather than give up his pursuit of wisdom and truth. Confucius, however, pursued common welfare, that is, the well-being of all the common people. During his times, the common people lived a miserable and tragic life. Confucius could not tolerate these conditions and resolved to devote his life to trying to right them. According to Confucius, in a natural and normal state of society men should Confucius and the rulers should aim to bring about thewelfare and happiness of all the common people. As I have mentioned,he tried all possible methods to achieve this goal. He taught young men to promote his doctrines; he worked in the government to put his teachings into practice;he also travelled around many states to find a ruler who would use his Way.Socrates and Confucius pursued different things, but both had great influence. Socrates laid the foundation of Western philosophy. With him the subject really took off. However.the two thinkers have influenced the Western tradition and the Chinese tradition in different ways. Following Socrates'pursuit of truth and wisdom. Western thinkers seemed to be more interested in studying the physical world. After Confucius, Chinese thinkers paid more attention to interpersonal relationships. Then, do great minds think alike? Well, they may have different pursuits, but they have the same devotion to their pursuits. That is what I have learned about Socrates and Confucius. Thank you.iAssess1-10 Unit testPart I1. eccentric2. irritating3. enforce4. restore5. allegiance6. betrayed/betray7. strives8. intriguedPart ⅡB C A B B APart ⅢPart III 1-1Reference:和很多人一样，亚里士多德也因最好的论点并不总能赢得辩论而困扰。

中考英语新能源的发展前景与应用案例分析单选题40题

中考英语新能源的发展前景与应用案例分析单选题40题1.New energy is energy that is _.A.renewableB.non-renewableC.pollutingD.expensive答案：A。

新能源是可再生的能源，选项A“renewable”意为“可再生的”符合题意。

选项B“non-renewable”意为“不可再生的”，与新能源的定义不符。

选项C“polluting”意为“有污染的”，新能源一般是比较环保的，所以该选项错误。

选项D“expensive”意为“昂贵的”，虽然有些新能源在初期可能成本较高，但这不是新能源的本质特点。

2.Which of the following is an example of new energy?A.coalB.oilC.solar powerD.natural gas答案：C。

太阳能是新能源的一种，选项C 正确。

选项A 煤炭、选项B 石油和选项D 天然气都是传统能源，不是新能源。

3.New energy is important because _.A.it is cheapB.it is easy to obtainC.it is environmentally friendlyD.it is always available答案：C。

新能源重要是因为它对环境友好，选项C 正确。

选项A 新能源不一定便宜。

选项B 新能源不一定容易获得。

选项D 新能源也不是总是可用的。

4.The main characteristic of new energy is that it _.A.can be used only in certain placesB.is always expensiveC.is renewable and cleanD.is difficult to store答案：C。

新能源的主要特点是可再生且清洁，选项C 正确。

新时代研究生学术英语综合教程2第四单元

新时代研究生学术英语综合教程2第四单元The field of academic English for graduate students has become increasingly important in the new era as the globalization of higher education and research has led to a greater need for effective communication and collaboration across linguistic and cultural boundaries. The fourth unit of the "New Era Graduate Academic English Integrated Course 2" aims to equip students with the necessary skills and strategies to navigate the complex landscape of academic writing and presentation in English.One of the key focuses of this unit is the development of critical thinking and analytical skills. Graduate students are expected to engage in in-depth research and analysis, and the ability to think critically and formulate well-reasoned arguments is essential for success in academic endeavors. The course materials in this unit provide students with a solid foundation in critical reading and writing, teaching them how to identify and evaluate the underlying assumptions and biases in academic texts, as well as how to construct their own persuasive and well-supported arguments.Another important aspect of this unit is the emphasis on academic writing conventions and styles. Graduate-level writing in the English language requires a high level of proficiency in areas such as grammar, syntax, and vocabulary, as well as a strong understanding of the specific rhetorical structures and formatting requirements of academic genres such as research papers, literature reviews, and dissertations. The course materials in this unit cover a range of writing strategies and techniques, including effective organization, coherence, and cohesion, as well as the appropriate use of citations and references.In addition to written communication, this unit also addresses the skills required for effective oral presentations in academic settings. Graduate students are often called upon to present their research findings and ideas to their peers and faculty members, and the ability to deliver clear, concise, and engaging presentations is crucial for success in these situations. The course materials in this unit provide students with guidance on topics such as presentation structure, visual aids, and delivery techniques, as well as strategies for handling questions and engaging with the audience.One of the unique features of this unit is its focus on the cultural and linguistic diversity of the graduate student population. Many graduate programs, particularly in the sciences and engineering fields, attract students from a wide range of cultural and linguisticbackgrounds, and navigating the academic landscape in a non-native language can present significant challenges. The course materials in this unit address these challenges by providing students with insights into the cultural norms and expectations of the English-speaking academic community, as well as strategies for overcoming language barriers and effectively communicating their ideas to an international audience.Throughout the unit, students are encouraged to engage in hands-on, collaborative learning activities that allow them to apply the concepts and strategies they have learned to real-world academic scenarios. This includes peer review exercises, group discussions, and simulated presentation scenarios, all of which are designed to help students develop the practical skills and confidence they need to succeed in their academic pursuits.Overall, the fourth unit of the "New Era Graduate Academic English Integrated Course 2" represents a comprehensive and multifaceted approach to preparing graduate students for the challenges and demands of academic communication in English. By fostering critical thinking, analytical skills, and proficiency in written and oral communication, this unit equips students with the tools they need to thrive in the increasingly globalized and competitive world of graduate-level research and scholarship.。

柳州螺蛳粉ppt课件英文

Popularization
In the 1990s, the city Began to promote the use of computers in education and business, laying a solid foundation for the development of information technology in the future
Social Development
Reflecting on the level of social development and people's living standards
Quality Analysis of Difference
01
Economic Development
The city's GDP and per capita GDP are used as important indicators to evaluate the economic development level
04
Social Development
The level of social development and people's living standards are important indicators to evaluate the quality of urban life
Consumption Trends and Market
03
02
Urban Infrastructure
The construction level of urban infrastructure and the availability of public services are important indicators to evaluate the quality of urban life

Development of HCCI natural gas engines

Development of HCCI natural gas enginesKazunobu Kobayashi a ,*,Takahiro Sako a ,Yoshimi Sakaguchi a ,Satoshi Morimoto b ,Sumihiro Kanematsu c ,Kiyoshi Suzuki d ,Tohru Nakazono e ,Hiroyuki Ohtsubo eaOsaka Gas Co.,Ltd,6-19-9,Torishima Konohana-Ku,Osaka 554-0051,Japan bTokyo Gas Co.,Ltd,Tokyo 105-8527,Japan cToho Gas Co.,Ltd,Aichi 476-8501,Japan dSaibu Gas Co.,Ltd,Fukuoka 819-0162,Japan eYanmar Co.,Ltd,Shiga 521-8511,Japana r t i c l e i n f oArticle history:Received 1July 2011Accepted 18July 2011Keywords:Gaseous fuel HCCIInternal combustion engine CHPNatural gasa b s t r a c tThe possibility of turbocharging into a natural gas homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI)engine is experimentally investigated.Experiments are performed using a naturally aspirated engine ﬁtted with an external supercharger and a butter ﬂy valve for back pressure control to simulate a turbocharger.The results indicate that the thermal ef ﬁciency can be improved by raising the engine compression ratio and lowering the boost pressure.At an engine compression ratio of 21and turbo-charging pressure of 0.19MPa,the brake thermal ef ﬁciency reaches 43%,with NOx emissions of only 10ppm or less.Finally,the performance of the engine ﬁtted with a newly developed turbocharger is demonstrated.As a result,43.3%brake thermal ef ﬁciency,0.98MPa brake mean effective pressure,and 13.8ppm NOx emission have been realized.This value shows the possibility that a power generating ef ﬁciency of 40%at a power output of 50kW could be achieved when applied to combined heat and power (CHP),even allowing for energy losses in the generator and the power inverter.For practical use,the ignition timing control,operation control,including how to start or load input and ensuring dura-bility,remain to be investigated.To clarify these issues,we have initiated the endurance test for a newly developed 25kW HCCI package,although the engine is not supercharged.Ó2011Elsevier B.V.All rights reserved.1.IntroductionFig.1shows the current gas engine CHP lineup.The range of power output is from 1kW for residential use to several MW for industrial use.The power generation ef ﬁciency of 40%(LHV)is the average at the receiving end by thermal power generation in Japan.Our aim is to develop a decentralized generating plant with an ef ﬁciency over 40%.The power generation ef ﬁciency of large-scale CHP is over 40%,higher than the average receiving end ef ﬁciency of thermal power generation.However,the ef ﬁciency of small-scale CHP (100kW or less)is less than 40%.Therefore,we have devel-oped small gas engines aiming at more than 40%.One way to improve the thermal ef ﬁciency is to increase the compression ratio.The Diesel engines can be operated at the high compression ratio.However,direct fuel injection is impossible for small gas engines in small-scale CHP due to low fuel supply pressure.On the other hand,it is dif ﬁcult to operate the conventional spark ignition engines atthe high compression ratio by the engine knock.Against this background,we have focused on homogeneous charge compres-sion ignition (HCCI)combustion as an innovative technology.In the HCCI engine,ultra-lean air-fuel mixture is highly compressed by the piston and ignited at the self-ignition temperature.Then,combustion occurs in the entire combustion chamber,and the combustion rate is very high.As a result of ultra-lean combustion under a high compression ratio,high thermal ef ﬁciency and extremely low NOx emission are achieved.HCCI combustion systems have the potential to reduce NOx emissions from diesel engines and improve the ef ﬁciency of gaso-line engines under low partial load.(Najt and Foster,1983;Thring,1989)As such systems are also suitable for handling a wide range of fuels,the use of alternative fuels such as natural gas (Christensen et al.,1998;Jun and Iida,2004;Sako et al.,2004;Morimoto et al.,2001)and biogas (Yamasaki et al.,2008)in HCCI systems is currently under consideration.Studies on HCCI engines have revealed that the load range over which HCCI engines can operate is limited,regardless of the fuel,by the risk of mis ﬁre,combustion instability,and engine knock.Studies have also revealed a dif ﬁculty in ensuring stable combustion over a wide range of operation,*Corresponding author.Tel.:þ81662052757;fax:þ81664623433.E-mail address:kazu-kobayashi@osakagas.co.jp (K.Kobayashi).Contents lists available at ScienceDirectJournal of Natural Gas Science and Engineeringjournal h omepage:ww /locate/jngse1875-5100/$e see front matter Ó2011Elsevier B.V.All rights reserved.doi:10.1016/j.jngse.2011.07.002Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering 3(2011)651e 656including full load.Stationary engines for combined heat and power (CHP)are required to have high thermal ef ﬁciency as well as clean emissions.On the other hand,they tend to be operated within a relatively narrow load range around rated load.Considering these circumstances,HCCI systems using natural gas may be a more fuel-and environmentally ef ﬁcient option compared to conventional diesel engines in the application to CHP.A number of attempts have been made to expand the operating range of natural gas HCCI engines,including ignition timing control by a chemical reaction-based method (Ohta et al.,2000),and the non-uniform (i.e.heterogeneous)distribution of fuel by in-cylinder direct injection (Ishiyama et al.,2002).Trials are also being con-ducted on combustion duration control techniques with exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) .While it has been shown that both the ignition timing and combustion duration are controllable,there remains much room for improvement in terms of the mean effective pressure.In this study,the application of a turbocharger to a small natural gas HCCI engine is examined through analysis of the performance and emission characteristics.This study reveals the strong potential of turbocharged HCCI engines.2.Performance and combustion characteristics in superchargingFirstly,experiments are performed with an external super-charger and a butter ﬂy valve for back pressure control to simulate a turbocharger.With this simulated turbocharger system,the engine performance and emission characteristics were tested by varying charging factors such as the compression ratio,intake air temperature,boost pressure and equivalence ratio in order to evaluate the potential of a turbocharged HCCI engine.Finally,the performance of the engine with a new developed turbocharger was demonstrated.2.1.Test system con ﬁguration and methodThe base engine used for this test was a naturally aspirated,water-cooled,4-cycle natural gas engine.For the supercharging trial,the engine was remodeled to allow a maximum operating in-cylinder pressure of 15MPa.The main elements of the test system are shown in Table 1.Fig.2provides an outline of the test equipment.An electric heater was ﬁtted to the intake system to maintain the intake temperature at a speci ﬁed constant value,which was measured by a J thermocouple,positioned 100mm upstream of the intake port.The intake air was pressurized to 0.8MPa by a screw compressor,dehu-midi ﬁed by a refrigeration-type air dehumidi ﬁer,and then adjusted to the speci ﬁed pressure by a regulator.By the dehumidi ﬁcation,the reproducibility of the experiment can be improved.A butter ﬂy valve was installed in order to apply back pressure in the exhaust system.The fuel used in the experiment was 13A natural gas (typical composition:CH 488%,C 2H 66%,C 3H 84%,C 4H 102%).After the pressure was reduced by the regulator from 0.8MPa to 0.5MPa,the main fuel was supplied continuously through a nozzle positioned in the intake line 1000mm upstream of the cylinder head.To eliminate dispersion of fuel among the cylinders,a very small quantity of fuel was supplied to each of the cylinders.The nitrogen oxides (NOx)in the exhaust gas were measured by chemiluminescence analysis,carbon monoxide (CO)and carbon dioxide (CO 2)were measured by infrared analysis,and oxygen (O 2)was measured using a magnetopenumatic.The upper limit of the equivalence ratio in operation was determined by the maximum in-cylinder pressure and engine knock.The upper limit of in-cylinder pressure was determined to be 15MPa.The knock inten-sity was de ﬁned as the amplitude of the signal wave obtained by processing the in-cylinder pressure through a band-pass ﬁlter (pass-band:4e 8kHz),and the knock limit was de ﬁned as the equivalence ratio at which the average maximum knock intensity exceeds 0.2MPa.In the experiment,the opening of the butter ﬂy valve in the exhaust system was adjusted to simulate back pressure induced by a turbocharger with ef ﬁciency of 64%.The turbocharger ef ﬁciency is de ﬁned as the ratio of compressor work to turbine work,as calculated using the speci ﬁc heat of the working ﬂuid for the measured values of intake and exhaust gas pressures,exhaust temperature,ambient temperature and air parison to conventional spark ignition engineFirst of all,preliminary test was conducted in order to identify the potential of a turbocharged HCCI natural gas engine byusingFig.1.Current gas engine CHP lineup.Table 1Engine speci ﬁcations.Engine typeSingle-cylinderFour-cylinderBore Âstroke 112Â115mm 98Â110mmDisplacement1132cm 33318cm 3Compression ratio 17:1,19:1,21:1Boost pressure0.19e 0.25MpaIntake air temperaturew 573KFig.2.Experimental setup.K.Kobayashi et al./Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering 3(2011)651e 656652the single-cylinder test engine.Fig.3shows the performance of the turbocharged HCCI operation compared with that of the conven-tional SI operation and naturally aspired HCCI operation.Brake thermal efﬁciency h e of the natural aspired HCCI operation is the same or higher than that of the conventional SI operation.However, brake mean effective pressure BMEP of natural aspired HCCI operation is decreases because of its ultra-lean operation.On the other hand,BMEP and h e of the turbocharged HCCI operation is much higher than that of a conventional SI operation.In particular,h e is about6%points higher than that of a conventional SI engine. At this time,NOx is extremely low.2.3.Performance and exhaust gas characteristics at a compression ratio of17In this section,the inﬂuence of parameters to mount a turbo-charger with a4-cylinder gas engine was investigated.With the compression ratioﬁxed atε¼17,engine speed at n e¼1800rpm,boost pressure at p b¼0.25MPa,and assumed turbocharging efﬁ-ciency at h T/C¼64%,the intake air temperature T in and equivalence ratio4were varied.Fig.4shows the combustion efﬁciency h c,h e and BMEP.The combustion efﬁciency h c was calculated from the measured values of the exhaust gas composition.The results are shown for different values of T in and4.However,the maximum value of h c does not depend on T in and4,as it is more or less constant at around94%.It can also be seen that h e improves as T in becomes lower,reaching a maximum value of40%.BMEP varies in the same way as h c,reaching a maximum value of0.85MPa.Fig.5shows the variation of CO and NOx in the exhaust gas with respect to T in and4.CO becomes lower as either T in or4is increased. NOx is extremely low regardless of the value of4.Fig.6(a)shows the variation of in-cylinder pressure p,and heat release rate d q/d q as the temperature T in of cylinder#2changes. The lower the value of T in,the later the heat release starting point and the higher the heat release peak.The later the heat release starting point,the lower the in-cylinder pressure.The increasing lateness of the heat release starting point as T in decreases can be explained as follows.The lower the temperature at the start of compression,the longer it takes to reach auto ignition temperature, which in the case of natural gas is1000e1100K(Jun and Iida,2004; Sako et al.,2004)(the crank angle at auto ignition is retarded). Fig.6(b)shows the variation of d q/d q for each cylinder at the knock limit of T in¼383K.As a result of fuel charge control for limiting dispersion among cylinders,there is little deviation in the heat release starting point and peak.As shown above,h e increases as T in decreases.This is thought to be due to the reduction in cooling loss resulting from the lag in heat release starting point,an increase in the fuel charge quantity,and a change in the temperature proﬁle due to the decrease of T in(Ishiyama et al.,2002).2.4.Performance and emission characteristics at a compression ratio of21A characteristic of the HCCI engine is that the brake thermal efﬁciency h e improves as the intake air temperature T in is reduced. At a compression ratioεof17,the lower operating limit for T inwas Fig.5.Inﬂuence of intake air temperature on emission characteristics under super-charging(engine speed1800rpm,compression ratio17,boost pressure0.25MPa). parison between turbocharged HCCI and a conventional SIoperation.Fig. 4.Inﬂuence of intake air temperature on engine performance under super-charging conditions(engine speed1800rpm,compression ratio17,and boost pressure0.25MPa).K.Kobayashi et al./Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering3(2011)651e656653relatively high (383K).In view of this,the authors attempted to improve h e by extending the lower operating limit of T in while increasing the compression ratio.With the system parameters ﬁxed at ε¼21,n e ¼1800rpm,T in ¼383K and h T/C ¼64%,the boost pressure p b and 4were varied.Fig.7shows the variation in h c ,h e and BMEP under these condi-tions.It can be seen that h c rises as p b is reduced,and that h e and BMEP both improve with decreasing p b ,with the former reaching a maximum value of 42%.Fig.8shows the emissions from this engine.It can be seen that as the intake air temperature decreases,the operating equivalence ratio increases,which in turn results in reduced levels of CO.The NOx emission concentration is also extremely low under all conditions.The maximum value of h c improves with decreasing p b ,due to the avoid of fuel charge reduction required at high boostpressure to limit in-cylinder pressure.This condition also reduces the maximum attainable temperature (Jun and Iida,2004).In the previous tests of performance and emission characteris-tics,T in was ﬁxed at 353K.Fig.9shows the upper limit of BMEP for all the test values of T in and p b .The ﬁne lines in the ﬁgure represent h e ,the light gray region shows dependence of the upper operating limit on peak ﬁring in-cylinder pressure,and the dark gray region shows the dependence of the upper operating limit on knock.From this ﬁgure,it appears to be possible to operate the engine over a relatively wide range of BMEP by suitably adjusting T in and p b .When p b is over 0.21MPa,the upper operating limit is determined by peak ﬁring in-cylinder pressure,regardless of T in .Below p b ¼0.19MPa and T in ¼373K,the upper operating limit is deter-mined by engine knock.The ﬁgure also shows that in the range of BMEP from 0.75MPa to 0.9MPa,it is possible to attain a brake thermal ef ﬁciency higher than42%.Fig.6.In-cylinder pressure and heat release rate over time (engine speed 1800rpm,compression ratio 17,boost pressure 0.25MPa).(a)Change in p and d q /d q with intake air temperature,and (b)change in p and d q /d q for each cylinder at knocklimits.Fig.7.Effect of boost pressure on engine performance (engine speed 1800rpm,compression ratio 21,intake air temperature 353K).Fig.8.Effect of boost pressure on emission characteristics (engine speed 1800rpm,compression ratio 21,intake air temperature 353K).K.Kobayashi et al./Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering 3(2011)651e 6566542.5.Potential of natural gas turbocharged HCCI enginesFig.10shows the upper operating limit values of BMEP and h e with variation in T in and 4at ﬁxed values of εand p b .At ε¼17and p b ¼0.25MPa,the maximum value of h e is approximately 40%.However,when εis increased to 19and p b ¼0.25MPa,h e decreases from the value at ε¼17.This is because the upper operating limit is limited by peak ﬁring in-cylinder pressure.By setting p b to 0.22MPa and changing the in-cylinder pressure pro ﬁle to reduce peak ﬁring in-cylinder pressure,h e can be improved to 41%.At ε¼21and p b ¼0.19MPa,the thermal ef ﬁciency can be improved even further (approximately 43%).Regardless of the values of εand p b ,the value of BMEP at the upper operating limit is around 0.8e 0.9MPa.Under high thermal ef ﬁciency operating conditions,the heat release process is extremely sensitive to the fuel charge.Even a tiny change in the fuel charge can lead to knock or accidental ﬁre,requiring a sophisticated control method to ensure continuous stable engine operation.The concentration of NOx in exhaust gas is below 10ppm under all operating conditions.From these results it can be concluded that when the maximum in-cylinder pressure is limited,increasing the engine compression ratio to minimize the lower operating limit temperature and reducing the boost pressure makes it possible to achieve high thermal ef ﬁciency and extremely low NOx emission concentration.2.6.Demonstration using a newly developed turbochargerThere has been no small gas engine with a turbocharger.In this study,a specialized turbocharger was newly pared with a conventional turbocharger,the size of the turbine scroll and diffuser was increased.Fig.11shows the test engine on which the newly developed turbocharger is mounted.Fig.12shows the performance of the HCCI engine with a newly developed turbocharger.As the result,43.3%brakethermalFig.9.Brake thermal ef ﬁciency and brake mean effective pressure with variation of boost pressure and intake air temperature at a compression ratio of21.Fig.10.Performance of natural gas HCCI engine with simulated turbocharger (engine speed 1800rpm,assumed turbocharging ef ﬁciency64%).Fig.11.Turbocharger mounted on HCCIengine.Fig.12.Performance of natural gas turbocharged HCCI engine (engine speed 1800rpm,compression ratio 21,boost pressure 0.20MPa).K.Kobayashi et al./Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering 3(2011)651e 656655efﬁciency,0.98MPa brake mean effective pressure,and13.8ppm NOx emission have been gained.This result reveals that turbo-charging into a natural gas-fueled HCCI engine has considerable potential.Due to the characteristics of natural gas as a fuel,a high intake air temperature is necessary to achieve auto ignition,but with the application of turbocharger,intake air heating becomes unnecessary,which is another advantage.3.ConclusionsFocused on the application to stationary engines for combined heat and power(CHP),the possibility of turbocharging into a natural gas homogeneous charge compression ignition(HCCI) engine is investigated experimentally.The results of the experi-ments using the simulated turbocharger indicate that when the peakﬁring in-cylinder pressure is limited,high thermal efﬁciency with extremely low NOx emission can be achieved by raising the engine compression ratio and lowering the boost pressure.The brake mean effective pressure(BMEP)of the turbocharged HCCI engine was much higher than that of the conventional SI engine.Furthermore,the performance of the engine with a newly developed turbocharger was demonstrated.As the result,43.3% brake thermal efﬁciency,0.98MPa brake mean effective pressure, and13.8ppm NOx emission have been gained.This value shows the possibility that the generating efﬁciency of40%at a power output of 50kW could be achieved when applied to CHP,even allowing for energy losses in the generator and the power inverter.These results reached our target range,and the HCCI engine demonstrated a high potential to improve dramatically the power generating efﬁciency of small-scale CHP(100kW or less).Its NOx emission factor was 0.096g/kWh.This value was extremely low,so that it was unnec-essary to install exhaust treatment equipment.The HCCI engine has a very high potential for CHP power sources.However,for practical use,the ignition timing control, operation control,including how to start or load input and ensuring durability,remain to be investigated.To clarify these issues,we have initiated the endurance test for a newly developed 25kW HCCI package,although the engine is not supercharged.The engine has been evaluated as to the durability,including the engine control unit.Future,we intend to reﬁne the product speciﬁcations;power output,power generating efﬁciency,cost, and so on.ReferencesChristensen,Magnus,Johansson,Bengt,Amnjus,Per,Mauss,Fabian,1998.Super-charged homogeous charge compression ignition.SAE980787.Ishiyama,T.,Shioji,M.,Tanaka,H.,Nakagawa,H.,Nakai,S.,2002.Performance and exhaust emissions of a premixed charge compression ignition engine fueled with natural gas employing direct injection.JSAE Lecture Proceedings236, 15e20(in Japanese).Jun,Deasu,Iida,Norimasa,2004.A study of high combustion efﬁciency and low Co emission in a natural gas HCCI engine.SAE Paper2004-01-1974.Morimoto,S.,Kawabata,Y.,Sakurai,T.,Amano,T.,2001.Operating characteristics ofa natural gas-ﬁred homogeneous charge compression ignition engine(perfor-mance improvement using EGR).SAE Paper2001-01-1034.Najt,P.M.,Foster,D.E.,pression-ignited charge combustion.SAE Paper 830264.Ohta,Y.,Furutani,M.,Kono,M.,Kojima,M.,2000.Premixed-compression-ignition natural-gas engine.JSAE Transactions31e32,39e43(in Japanese).Sako,T.,Nakai,S.,Moriya,K.,Iida,N.,2004.Performance and exhaust emission ina natural-gas fueled homogeneous charge compression ignition engine.Transactions of Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers,197e203.70-694,B(in Japanese).Thring,R.H.,1989.Homogeneous-charge compression ignition(HCCI)engine.SAE Paper892068.Yamasaki,Y.,Kanno,M.,Nishizawa,Y.,Nagata,Y.,Kaneko,S.,2008.Ignition and combustion characteristics of biomass gas in a HCCI engine.Trans-actions of Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers,482e484.75e751,B (in Japanese).K.Kobayashi et al./Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering3(2011)651e656 656。

英语新词发展的原因

Globalization
The process of globalization has led to an increase in trade, investment, and cultural exchange, resulting in the need for new words to describe these concepts and activities For example, the term "outsourcing" was cooked to describe the practice of sending work to external contractors
Network development also makes it easier for new words to spread quickly People can share and discuss new words on social media platforms, which helps to popularize them
Computer science and the internet
The growth of computer science and the internet has led to an exploration of new words related to technology and the digital world The terms "algorithm,"
The influence of internet language
Internet language is a mix of traditional English and abbreviations, acronyms, emojis, etc. This new form of communication has a significant impact on the development of English new words

版中石油职称英语新增20课

版中石油职称英语新增20课第一篇范文：2022年版中石油职称英语新增20课013新版选读目录（20篇新课文，考过大题的已标出）1，The Value of Time 时间的价值（新）2, English is a Crazy Language 英语是一种疯狂的语言3, All I Learned in Kindergarten 幼儿园所学的......4, How to Negotiate with Americans 如何与美国人谈判（新）5, Network Security 网络安全（新）6, Carbon-based Alternative 碳基替代燃料7，Automatic Auto: a Car That Drives Itself 无人驾驶汽车（新）8, Our Family Creed 家族的信条9, The Art of Public Speaking 公共演讲的艺术（06年阅读题）10, Sweep a Fuel Craft Invest Fever 清洁能源行业投资热潮（新）11, Smoking and Cancer 吸烟和癌（11年阅读题）12, The Positive Meanings of Love 爱的真谛（新）13, Does Exercise Have Unexpected Benefits?运动有奇效吗？(新）14, Taking chances,Making chances 抓住机遇，制造机遇15, The Province of Alberta 阿尔伯达省16, The American Way: Family 美国人的家庭观（新）17, Computers Give Big Boosts to Productivity 计算机技术极大提高生产效率(新）18, The Principles of International Trade国际贸易原理（新）19, A World without Oil假如世界上没有石油20, The Germanic Languages日耳曼语系21, How Americans Eat and Drink美国人的饮食22, The Delights of South Island南岛之乐23, A Sandpiper to Bring You Joy矶鹞带来快乐24, An Introduction to Distillation蒸馏概述25, Hints to Improve Spoken English提高英语口语须知26，The Moon---Riddle from the Past月球---来自远古之谜（08年阅读题）27，The Delight of Books书之乐趣28, The Magic of Energy能的魔力（07年阅读题）29, How to Reduce Employee Turnover如何减少员工流失（新）30, That “Other Woman" in My Life我生命中的“另一个女人”31, Geography of USA美国地理概况32, The Old Man and the Sea(Excerpt)老人与海（节选）33, Petroleum Geology and Other Sciences石油地质学与其他科学(12年翻译题）34, What do Parents Owe Their Children父母欠子女什么？35，Trends for 21st Century21世纪的趋势（新）36, You Bet Your Life以命相赌37，Radiation and Human Health辐射与人体健康（新）38，To Be Content with One's Lot乐天知命（新）39, I Didn't Know How to Teach until I Met You直到遇到你我才知道怎么教学40, An Introduction to Petrochemicals石油化工产品概述（05年翻译题）41，The Subject of Smiling微笑问题（新）42, A $210,000 Wallet价值21万美元的钱包43，What's Your Best Time of Day?何时是你一天中最佳的时间？（新）44, Fundamental Techniques in Handling People处理人际关系的基本技巧45，Happiness Index幸福指数（新）44, The Versatile Lead Pencil(07版，07年阅读题）46, Becoming Wealthy: It's Up to You致富取决于你自己（04年翻译题）47, Oil 油（06年阅读题）48，Ocean Plant Life in Decline海洋植物数量锐减（新）49，Cultural Taboos文化禁忌（新）50, Managing in a Global Environment在全球环境中进行管理51, Not Quite Ready to Retire退休为时尚早52, Sales Promotion产品促销53, Another Happiness另一种快乐54, Why to Mark a Book为什么要在书上做标记55, Earth's Last Frontier: the Sea海洋，地球最后的待开发疆域56, Why Antarctica is Being Explored为什么要勘探南极洲(11年阅读题）57, Listening Faults聆听的误区(12年阅读题）58, Your are What You Think你认为自己是什么样的人，就是什么样的人（10年翻译题）59, The Audacity of Hope有希望则无所畏惧60, Future of Energy能源的未来（新）1.The Value of Time 时间的价值【2022年新增加文章】1."Time" says the proverb "is money". This means that every moment well-spent may put some money into our pockets. If our time is usefully employed, it will either produce some useful and important piece of work which will fetch its price in the market, or it will add to our experience and increase our capacities so as to enable us to earn money when the proper opportunity comes. There can thus be no doubt that time is convertible into money. Let those who think nothing of wasting time remember this; let them remember that an hour misspent is equivalent to the loss of a banknote; and that an hour utilized is tantamount to so much silver or gold; and then they will probably think twice before they give their consent to the loss of any part of their time.1、谚语说：“时间就是金钱。

人们大力发展工业英文作文

人们大力发展工业英文作文1. Industrial development is crucial for the growth of any nation. It plays a significant role in boosting the economy and creating job opportunities for the people. Moreover, it helps in the advancement of technology and innovation, leading to improved living standards.2. The manufacturing sector, in particular, is an important aspect of industrial development. It involves the production of goods on a large scale, which not only caters to the domestic market but also contributes to exports. This not only brings in revenue but also enhances the country's reputation as a reliable source of quality products.3. With the rapid advancements in technology,industries are now able to automate their processes, resulting in increased efficiency and productivity. This not only reduces the cost of production but also ensures the timely delivery of goods and services. Additionally,automation also helps in minimizing human error, leading to better quality control.4. Industrial development also leads to urbanization. As industries grow, they attract people from rural areas to cities in search of job opportunities. This migration of people results in the expansion of urban areas, leading to the development of infrastructure such as roads, schools, hospitals, and housing facilities.5. The development of industries also has a positive impact on the environment. With the implementation of sustainable practices, industries can reduce their carbon footprint and minimize the negative effects on the ecosystem. This can be achieved through the use of renewable energy sources, waste management systems, and the adoption of eco-friendly manufacturing processes.6. Industrial development fosters innovation and creativity. As industries strive to stay competitive, they invest in research and development, leading to the discovery of new technologies and products. This not onlybenefits the industries themselves but also has a ripple effect on other sectors, resulting in overall growth and progress.7. The growth of industries also leads to the diversification of the economy. By having a wide range of industries, a nation becomes less dependent on a single sector for its economic stability. This reduces the risks associated with economic downturns and provides a more stable and resilient economy.8. Industrial development also promotes international trade and collaboration. As industries grow, they seek opportunities to expand their markets globally. This leads to the establishment of trade agreements, partnerships, and collaborations with other countries, resulting in increased economic cooperation and mutual benefits.9. Lastly, industrial development creates a sense of pride and national identity. When a nation is known for its thriving industries, it instills a sense of confidence and pride in its people. It showcases the nation's capabilitiesand potential, attracting investments and opportunities for further growth.In conclusion, industrial development is essential for the growth and progress of any nation. It brings economic stability, job opportunities, technological advancements, and environmental sustainability. It fosters innovation, urbanization, and international collaboration, while also creating a sense of national pride.。

中考英语新能源的技术创新与发展单选题40题

中考英语新能源的技术创新与发展单选题40题1. We can get clean energy from _____.A.coalB.oilC.solar powerD.wood答案：C。

本题考查新能源的类型。

选项A“coal（煤炭）”、选项B“oil（石油）”和选项D“wood（木材）”都不是新能源，而是传统能源。

选项C“solar power 太阳能）”是新能源之一，它具有清洁、可再生的特点。

2. Which one is a new energy source?A.natural gasB.hydroelectric powerC.gasolineD.diesel答案：B。

选项A“natural gas（天然气）”、选项C“gasoline（汽油）”和选项D“diesel（柴油）”都不是新能源。

选项B“hydroelectric power（水力发电）”是新能源的一种，它利用水流的能量转化为电能，是清洁、可再生的能源。

3. New energy is important because it is _____.A.pollutingB.expensiveC.clean and renewableD.rare答案：C。

新能源重要是因为它具有清洁和可再生的特点。

选项A“polluting（污染的）”不符合新能源的特点；选项B“expensive（昂贵的）”不是其重要的主要原因；选项D“rare 稀少的）”也不准确。

4. In daily life, we can see _____ used as new energy.A.wind turbinesB.fossil fuelsC.nuclear reactorsD.coal mines答案：A。

在日常生活中，我们可以看到风力涡轮机被用作新能源。

选项B“fossil fuels 化石燃料）”不是新能源；选项C“nuclear reactors 核反应堆）”虽然能产生能源，但不属于新能源范畴；选项D“coal mines 煤矿）”是传统能源的来源，不是新能源。

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2. Development Goals
The following aims were set for the development of an exclusive engine for a hybrid car.
(1) Low fuel consumption: Improved fuel efﬁciency in the hybrid operating range
1. Introduction
In the evolution of global motorization, providing products that are considerate of the environment is a responsibility of automobile companies. Each manufacturer performs various approaches for reduction of the CO2 discharged from a car, such as fuel cell electric vehicles (FCV), electric vehicles (EV), hybrid electric vehicles (HEV), and the use of downsized turbocharged engines. Honda has been selling HEV that have Integrated Motor Assist (IMA) systems. This system has the advantages of being simple, compact and lightweight, and suitable for small cars. At the end of 2012, Honda announced the Accord plug-in hybrid, a vehicle fitted with a new twomotor hybrid system. This system increases motor power, and can be applied in medium-sized vehicles. A new 2.0 L gasoline engine was developed simultaneously in order to improve fuel efﬁciency(1). This paper will discuss the main technologies employed in the new engine, in addition to weight-saving measures and electric VTC.
(2) Reduced weight: Weight equivalent to or less than a mass-production SOHC 2.0 L engine despite changing to DOHC
(3) Emission performance: Conformity with SULEV 20 standard of the plug-in hybrid (PHEV) speciﬁcation for the North American market
engine, and Table 1 compares its speciﬁcations with those of a mass-production 2.0 L engine. The new engine is DOHC, and has a VTEC system and electric valve timing control (EVTC) on the intake side. For the exhaust side, we adopted press-type rocker arms with Hydraulic Lash Adjusters (HLA). Since it is lightweight, it was possible to set high positive acceleration of the valve lift curve, thus reducing loss in the expansion stroke. A high-tumble port has been employed in order to realize stable EGR combustion, and the intake valves have been increased in diameter by 1 mm in order to make
up the decline in the ﬂow coefﬁcient. The cylinder offset has been modiﬁed, and the height of the cylinder block has been reduced in order to reduce weight. The diameter of the crank journal has been reduced in order to reduce friction and weight. The compression ratio was set to 13, and applied the Atkinson cycle and cooled EGR. The use of an electric water pump and the removal of the accessory belt have reduced friction loss. With consideration of a balance between cost and fuel efﬁciency, a port injection system was chosen.
Moreover, we also aggressively tackled engine weight saving. A lightweight forged crankshaft was adopted, and the piston design was optimized, and lightweight press-type rocker arms were applied to the exhaust valve-train. As a result, the newly developed DOHC engine attained 4.7% weight savings over the mass-production 2.0 L SOHC engine.
VTEC
Rocker arm (with rocker shaft)
4
33/26
32/26
6
12
50
55
13.0 Cooled Electric Port injection Regular 105 kW 165 Nm SULEV20
10.6 Hot Mechanical Port injection Regular 115 kW 192 Nm EURO5
* Automobile R&D Center
− 27 −
Honda R&D Technical Review
October 2013
Table 1
Engine Type Cylinder configuration
Bore x Stroke (mm) Displacement (cm3)
Valvetrain (intake)
(4) Quietness: Equivalent NV performance to an uppermid-class sedan
3. Main Speciﬁcations and Performance
3.1. Engine Speciﬁcations Figure 1 shows an external view of the newly developed
Introduction of new technoloDgevieeslopment of New 2.0 L Gasoline Engine for Accord Hybrid
Development of New 2.0 L Gasoline Engine for Accord Hybrid
Akiyuki YONEKAWA* Noritaka SEKIYA*
Valvetrain (exhaust)
Number of valves Valve diameter (mm)
Intake/exhaust Cylinder offset (mm)
Crank journal diameter (mm) Compression ratio EGR system
Water pump Fuel injection type
Fuel Maximum power Maximum torque Emission regulation
Engine speciﬁcations
Developed Inline 4 81 × 96.7 1993
VTEC and E-VTC
Finger rocker arm (with 81 × 96.9 1998
3.2. Power Performance Figure 2 shows the power performance of the engine.
Osamu WATANABE* Naohiro ISHIKAWA*
ABSTRACT
We developed a new 2.0 L gasoline engine for an Accord hybrid. This engine achieved remarkable fuel efﬁciency, and complied with the SULEV20 regulation for the ﬁrst time in the world for an Accord plug-in hybrid in North America. The mechanical compression ratio was set to 13 and improvement in thermal efﬁciency was aimed at by adopting the Atkinson cycle and cooled EGR. Applying a VTEC system to the intake valve-train, we set up the output cam and the fuel economy cam. The output cam has narrow duration and is used as needed at the time of starting and high-output. The fuel economy cam has wide duration and is used during normal driving. By controlling air-intake closed-valve timing in combination with VTC, the fuel economy cam can acquire the maximum effect of the Atkinson cycle. The minimum speciﬁc fuel consumption attained was 214 g/kWh, equaling a 10% improvement in fuel consumption compared to the mass-production 2.0 L engine.