elements of chemical reaction scott fogler (答案 chapter4)
小学上册D卷英语第4单元期末试卷
小学上册英语第4单元期末试卷英语试题一、综合题(本题有100小题，每小题1分，共100分.每小题不选、错误，均不给分)1.I want to _______ (学习) how to drive.2.I bring a towel to dry off after swimming in the ______ (河).3.The fish swims _____ (slowly/quickly) in the water.4.The __________ (火山) erupted last year.5.What is the color of snow?A. BlackB. WhiteC. BrownD. Blue6.Which ocean is the largest?A. AtlanticB. IndianC. ArcticD. PacificD7.The ________ (shoes) are on sale.8.I have a new ___. (friend)9.The anemonefish lives in a ____.10.The _______ (Arab Spring) was a series of protests in the Arab world.11.The chemical symbol for silver is ______.12.What is the name of the famous painting by Leonardo da Vinci?A. The Last SupperB. Mona LisaC. Starry NightD. The ScreamB13.The ______ (青蛙) croaks by the pond at night.14.What is the name of the superhero who wears a cape and flies?A. BatmanB. SupermanC. Spider-ManD. Iron Man15. A __________ is a natural phenomenon that can impact ecosystems.16.Which fruit is red and often used in pies?A. BananaB. CherryC. OrangeD. GrapesB17.Sand, silt, and clay are examples of different types of ______.18.My ________ (玩具名称) is a great partner in games.19.My favorite color is ___ (red).20. A ________ (植物遗传多样性) is crucial for resilience.21.I like to watch _______ (电影) with my family.22.I like to listen to ______ (音乐) while studying. It helps me focus better and feel ______ (放松).23. D.BerlinHow many legs does a spider have?A. SixB. EightC. Ten24.The __________ were ancient monuments built by the Mayans. (金字塔)25.The _______ of an object can be determined by its interaction with other objects.26.Many plants change color in ______ (秋天).27.My favorite fruit is a ______ (草莓). It is sweet and juicy.28.What is the primary color of a cherry?A. YellowB. GreenC. RedD. BlueC Red29.What animal is famous for its black and white stripes?A. LionB. ZebraC. PandaD. SkunkB30.What do you call the place where animals are kept for public display?A. ZooB. FarmC. ParkD. Sanctuary31.Which of these is a type of fish?A. SalmonB. ChickenC. PorkD. BeefA32.I watched a _______ (小鹦鹉) mimic sounds.33.The __________ (工业革命) changed the way people worked and lived in the 18th century.34.What do you call an animal that hunts for food?A. PredatorB. PreyC. ScavengerD. HerbivoreA Predator35.What is the name of the famous palace located in France?A. Buckingham PalaceB. Kensington PalaceC. Palace of VersaillesD. Neuschwanstein Castle36.What color is the sky on a clear day?A. GreenB. BlueC. RedD. YellowB37.During winter, we have snowball fights and make ________ (雪人). It’s a fun________ (活动).38.The pH scale ranges from to ______.39.The best time to see stars is when it's ______.40.The garden has many _______ that bloom in spring.41.How many teeth does a typical adult human have?A. 28B. 30C. 32D. 34C42.The _____ (公鸡) crows at dawn to wake everyone up. 公鸡在黎明时鸣叫，叫醒每个人。
化学反应工程绪论
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化学反应工程简介
1. 典型的化学加工过程
无论是化学工业还是冶金、石油炼制和能源加工等工业过 程，采用化学方法将原料加工成为有用的产品时，生产过 程一般包括如下三个组成部分：
第①和③两部分属于单元操作的研究范围；而②部分 是化学反应工程的研究对象，是生产过程的核心。
例如：催化裂化是一个石油炼厂的核心
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第五章 非理想流动 （10 学时）
反应器中的混合及对反应的影响
5.1 连续反应器中物料混合状态分布 5.2 停留时间分布的测量及其性质 5.3 非理想流动的流动模型 5.4 混合程度及其对反应结果的影响 5.5 非理想流动反应器的计算
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成绩评定
平时成绩 ：30%:作业,出勤等 期末考试：70%
化学反应工程 (Chemical Reaction Engineering)
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预备知识
高等数学：微积分，代数方程及微分方程的 求解
物理化学：动力学，热力学 化工原理：流体流动，传递过程
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《化学反应工
化学工业生产过程包括物理变化和化学反应的过程。
荷兰van Krevelen提出“化学反应工程”的概 念，意在系统深入地研究伴有物理过程即传递 现象的化学反应过程。
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从成书来看，1937年G．Dankohler（丹克 莱尔）在Der Chemie Ingeniem的第三卷中就 写了扩散、流动与传热对化学反应收率影 响的专章，堪称是这方面的先驱。
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化学反应工程学的内容
化工动力学：主要研究在工业条件下，化 学反应进行的机理和速率—“三传一反”
反应器的设计与分析：研究不同反应器内 传递过程，温度、浓度等因素对化学反应 动力学的影响规律，找出最优工况和最好 的反应器→获得最大的经济效益。
化工专业英语词汇
化工专业英语词汇reaction kinetics 反应动力学reactant 反应物purify 精制提纯recycle 循环回收unconverted reactant未转化的反应物chemical reactortransfer of heat，evaporation，crystallization结晶drying干燥screening筛选，浮选chemical reaction化学反应cracking of petroleum石油裂解catalyst催化剂，reaction zone反应区conservation of mass and energy能量与质量守衡定律technical advance 技术进步efficiency improvement 效率提高reaction 反应separation 分离heat exchange 热交换reactive distillation 反应精馏capital expenditure 基建投资setup 装置capital outlay 费用，成本,基建投资yield 产率，收率reaction byproduct 反应副产物equilibrium constant 平衡常数waste 废物feedstock 进料，原料product 产物,产品percent conversion百分比转化率ether 乙醚gasoline汽油oxygenate content 氧含量catalyst 催化剂reactant 反应物inert 惰性物,不参加反应的物质reactive distillation 反应精馏energy saving 节约能量energy efficiency 能量效率heat—sensitive material 热敏性物质pharmaceutical 制药foodstuff 食品gas diffusivity气体扩散性,气体扩散系数gas adsorption 吸收；absorption：吸附specialty chemical特殊化学品,特种化学品batch间歇的；continuous:连续的micro—reactor 微型反应器hydrogen and methane oxidation 氢气和甲烷氧化反应ethylene epoxidation 乙烯环氧化反应phosgene synthesis 光气合成。
科学探索者化学反应读后感
科学探索者化学反应读后感英文回答：After reading "The Scientific Explorer: Chemical Reactions," I was fascinated by the world of chemistry and the incredible reactions that occur all around us. The book provided a comprehensive overview of various chemical reactions and their applications in everyday life.One of the key takeaways from the book was the concept of chemical equations. I learned how to balance equations and understand the stoichiometry of reactions. This knowledge helped me understand the importance of precise measurements and the role they play in chemical reactions. For example, when baking a cake, it is crucial to measure the ingredients accurately to ensure the right chemical reactions occur and the cake turns out delicious.Another interesting aspect discussed in the book was the concept of exothermic and endothermic reactions.Exothermic reactions release heat, while endothermic reactions absorb heat. This reminded me of a common phrase we use in everyday life: "Hotter than a firecracker." It refers to something that is extremely hot, just like the heat released during an exothermic reaction. On the other hand, when we say "Cold as ice," we are referring to something that is extremely cold, similar to the heat absorbed during an endothermic reaction.Furthermore, the book delved into the various types of chemical reactions, such as synthesis, decomposition, combustion, and displacement reactions. These reactions occur all around us, and understanding them helps us make sense of the world. For instance, when iron rusts, it undergoes a chemical reaction called oxidation, which is a type of displacement reaction. This reaction occurs due to the presence of moisture and oxygen, and it is a common occurrence in our daily lives.Moreover, the book emphasized the importance of safety precautions when conducting chemical experiments. It highlighted the significance of wearing protective gear,such as gloves and goggles, to prevent any accidents or injuries. This reminded me of the saying "Better safe than sorry," which emphasizes the importance of taking precautions to avoid potential harm.In conclusion, "The Scientific Explorer: Chemical Reactions" opened my eyes to the fascinating world of chemistry. It taught me about chemical equations, exothermic and endothermic reactions, different types of chemical reactions, and the importance of safety. Through relatable examples and everyday phrases, the book made the subject more approachable and intriguing. I am now inspired to explore further and continue my journey as a scientific explorer.中文回答：阅读完《科学探索者，化学反应》后，我对化学世界和我们周围发生的令人惊叹的反应深感着迷。
Types of Chemical Reactions化学反应类型
Types of Chemical ReactionsIt is important that you know the basic types of chemical reactions for the SAT II Chemistry test since the test often refers to reactions as being of one type or another. Here’s a list of the different types of reactions, with examples of each type included. Synthesis reaction: This is a reaction in which two or more elements or compounds combine to form a single product. This type of reaction follows the general equationwhere A and B may be either elements or compounds. Here are some examples:Decomposition reaction: In this type of reaction, a single reactant, a compound, breaks into two or more parts. Often these are the most difficult to predict. Here is the general equation:AB→A + Bwhere A and B may be either elements or compounds. Here are some examples of decomposition reactions:Single replacement or displacement reaction: In this type of reaction, a more active element replaces a less active element in a compound. Among the halogens, F2 is the most active halogen, and the activity of the halogens decreases as you go down the group. For the metals, you will need to be given an activity series. General equation:A + BC→AC + Bwhere A is a metal.Here is an example of a displacement reaction in which a metal is involved:General equation:A + BC→BA + Cwhere A is a nonmetal. Here is an example of a displacement reaction where a nonmetal is involved:Double replacement or displacement reaction: In this type of reaction, two compounds react to form two new compounds. The formation of a molecular compound such as water, the formation of a gas, or the formation of a precipitate usually drives these reactions. Here’s the general equation:AB + CD→AD + CBAnd here are a couple of examples:Combustion reaction: In this type of reaction, often a hydrocarbon is burned in the presence of oxygen gas to form carbon dioxide (in a complete combustion) or carbon monoxide (in an incomplete combustion, due to a limited amount of oxygen). Here is the general equation in the presence of plenty of oxygen:An example of this is seen when methane gas is burned in the presence of excess oxygen (Bunsen burner reaction):Here is the general equation for when a hydrocarbon is burned in an incomplete combustion (oxygen is in limited supply):。
利用COMSOL Multiphysics设计化工过程
利用COMSOL Multiphysics设计化工过程化工中数学建模已经逐渐在优化新、老工艺和原型上显示出越来越重要的作用。
人们可能理解工艺的内部工作原理，但在确定最佳参数时却需要大量的工作――例如反应器及其单元的尺寸，各种物料的正确用量和配比，或者最佳流速。
过去人们常常通过反复试验，或依靠经验来解决这类问题，然而，如果要建立和测试大量原型装置，这种方法会花费大量的时间和金钱。
幸运的是，当今数学建模工具可以让人们建立虚拟的原型来揭示工艺过程中的内部机制。
使用软件可以方便地修改任意参数，并立即看到效果。
无论是多么地非常规，这种能力也鼓励着研究者开展创新工作，并提出完全崭新的尝试和方法，特别是在微流、药理、生物科技及新材料等领域。
仿真的实际应用化工工程师如何进行仿真？荷兰的阿姆斯特丹自来水公司采用臭氧替代氯净化剂，工程师希望能找到最优配置来分布这些物质。
COMSOL Multiphysics数学建模软件让工程师得以方便地测试各种可能的配置，以最低的成本净化最大数量的自来水。
Outokumpu Copper R&D (Västerås, Sweden)的工艺工程师Jonas Fjellstedt采用COMSOL Multiphysics来计算如何提高生产金属棒的效率。
通过模拟计算，对工艺进行了适当地改进后，他发现可以比原来的加工速度提高40％。
仿真也已成为工程师课程的一部分，教授们开始使用模拟软件来帮助学生们理解真实世界中一些关键公式的本质。
在传递现象课程中，华盛顿大学化学工程系的Bruce Finlayson教授让学生用模拟来解释课程中概念和公式。
这使得这些学生对计算流体动力学显示出极大的兴趣，并激发他们去深入研究。
另一个例子来自密歇根大学的Scott Folger教授，他在化工反应工程课程中引入了PDE 进行仿真，并编译了一套管式反应器的课堂练习，收录在《化工反应工程原理》（《Elements of Chemical Reaction Engineering》）一书的第四版中。
Chemical Reactions
Oxidation numbers are assigned by using the following general rules. The oxidation number is positive if an element has lost electrons or is sharing them with a more electronegative element. The oxidation number is negative if the element has gained electrons or is sharing them with a less electronegative element. The numerical value of the oxidation number usually, but not always, indicates the number of electrons transferred to another element or shared with another element. Thus the oxidation number of an atom of any free element is zero.
A typical example of this is the reaction of iron metal with aqueous hydrochloric acid, HCl, in which H2 gas bubbles off.
Fe (s) + 2HCl (aq) FeCl2 (aq) + H2 (g)
Decomposition In decomposition reactions a compound breaks down into two or more elements or new compounds.
中国石油大学(北京)2014年考博初试参考书目
中国石油大学(北京)2014年考博初试参考书目院系代码考试科目及参考书0012101沉积学及层序地层学：①《沉积学原理》，石油工业出版社，2001，赵澄林；②《层序地层学》，石油大学出版社，2000，朱筱敏著0012102油区构造解析及构造物理学：①《油区构造解析》石油工业出版社，2006，漆家福等②《构造物理学概论》北京：地震出版社，1987，马瑾0012103有机地球化学：①《生物标志物应用指南》，石油工业出版社，1996，姜乃煌等译；②《石油形成与分布》（第二版），石油工业出版社，1989，徐永元等译；③《石油地球化学进展》，石油工业出版社，1998，钟宁宁等0013101油气地质学进展①《石油地质学》，石油工业出版社，2009，柳广弟等；②《石油地质理论与方法进展》，石油工业出版社，2006，赵文智；③反映石油地质学及油气资源评价进展的有关专著和文献0013102油气田开发地质学：①《储层表征与建模》，石油工业出版社，2010，吴胜和；②《现代油藏地质学》，科学出版社，2010，熊琦华等（理论篇第1~6章）0013103含油气盆地分析：《含油气盆地分析》，石油大学出版社，2001，陆克政等0013104环境化学：《环境化学》（第二版），高等教育出版社，2006年，戴树桂001加试4101地质学综合：①《普通地质学》（第二版），夏邦栋，地质出版社，1995②《沉积岩石学》（第四版），朱筱敏，石油工业出版社，2008③《构造地质学》（第二版），徐开礼、朱志澄主编，地质出版社，1989（2006重印）001加试4102油区岩相古地理：任何版本的岩相古地理教材001加试4103地球化学：①Tissot B.,Welte D.H.,《石油形成与分布》.(胡伯良、郝石生译)，石油工业出版社②卢双舫等，《油气地球化学》，石油工业出版社001加试4104构造地质学：《构造地质学》（第二版），徐开礼、朱志澄主编，地质出版社，1989（2006重印）001加试4105天然气地质学：《天然气地质学》陈荣书主编，中国地质大学出版社，1991001加试4106石油地质综合研究方法：①《石油地质学》（第四版），柳广弟主编，石油工业出版社，2009（PS:The way to contact yumingkaobo TEL:si ling ling-liu liu ba-liu jiu qi ba QQ:77267853 7)②《石油与天然气运移(第3版)》，李明诚，石油工业出版社出版③《油气地球化学》，卢双舫，石油工业出版社，20080022201力学综合（I）连续介质力学：连续介质力学（第二卷）（第6版），俄罗斯）谢多夫著，李植译，高等教育出版社，2009；弹塑性力学：《弹塑性力学》，高等教育出版社，杨桂通0022202现代油气井工程综合：①《油气井工程》，中国石化出版社，2003，胡湘炯，高德利；②《复杂地质条件下深井超深井钻井技术》，石油工业出版社，2004，高德利；③《油气钻探新技术》（第九分册），石油工业出版社，高德利0022203油气田开发综合：高等油藏工程:①现代油藏工程，石油大学出版社，2001，陈元千；②油藏工程实践（修订版），石油工业出版社，2003，P.达克；提高采收率原理:《提高石油采收率基础》，石油工业出版社，2007，岳湘安；气液两相流理论:气液两相流理论：《两相流与沸腾传热》，清华大学出版社，2002，鲁钟琪0023201力学综合（II）高等流体力学：《高等工程流体力学》，西安交通大学出版社，2006，张鸣远，景思睿，李国君0023202高等工程力学综合：高等流体力学（适用钻井、开发、储运）：《流体力学》，石油工业出版社，2006，汪志明连续介质力学：①《连续介质力学引论》，辽宁科学技术出版社1986.1，戴天民刘风丽陈勉编著；②《连续介质力学讲义》中国石油大学（北京）阳光书店有售，2001.9，陈勉0023203高等渗流力学：《高等渗流力学》，石油工业出版社，2011，程林松0023204人工举升理论：①《石油开采系统》，石油工业出版社，1998，M.J.埃克诺米德斯；②《有杆抽油系统》，石油工业出版社，1996；③《人工升举法采油工艺》（第一卷），石油工业出版社，K.E.布朗等002加试:4201断裂力学：《断裂力学与断裂物理》，赵建生，华中科技大学出版社，2006 002加试：4202塑性力学：《塑性力学引论》，王仁，北京大学出版社，2009；002加试：4303现代完井工程：《现代完井工程》，万仁溥，石油工业出版社，2000002加试：4204油藏数值模拟：《油藏数值模拟基础》，石油工业版社，1995，韩大匡等002加试：4205现代钻井液技术：《钻井液工艺学》，中国石油大学出版社，2012年0032301催化原理：《①催化作用基础》（第三版），科学出版社，2005，甄开吉等；②《应用催化基础》，化学工业出版社，2009，吴越；③《催化化学导论》，科学出版社，2004，韩维屏等；④《催化化学》，科学出版社，1998，吴越；0032302化学反应工程：①《化学反应工程》，化学工业出版社，2005，李术元等；②《Reaction kinetics and reactor design》Prentice-Hall,1980，John B.Butt③《Elements of Chemical Reaction Engineeering”Prentice Hall PTR,H.Scott Fogler0032303高等有机化学：①《有机化学》（第二版），南开大学出版社，2003，王积涛等；②《基础有机化学》（第三版），高等教育出版社，2005，邢其毅等0033300物理化学（I）：《物理化学》（上、下册）（第五版），天津大学编，高等教育出版社，20090033301石油化学：①《石油化学》（第二版），石油大学出版社，2009，梁文杰；②《重质油化学》，石油大学出版社，2000，梁文杰0033302化工原理：《化工原理》（上、下册）（第三版），谭天恩，化学工业出版社，2006;《石油化学工程原理》（上、下册），李阳初，石化出版社，20080042401弹塑性力学：《弹塑性力学》，高等教育出版社，杨桂通0042402高等工程热力学：《高等工程热力学》，高等教育出版社，1985，苏长荪0042403机械参数测试技术：《测试技术》，高等教育出版社，2001，贾民平0042404信号分析与处理：《信号与系统》（第三版），电子工业出版社，吴湘淇0043401机械振动：①《机械振动》，张义民，清华大学出版社；②《振动理论及应用》方同，西北工业大学出版社0043402高等流体力学（适用钻井、开发、储运）：《流体力学》，石油工业出版社，2006，汪志明0043403机械综合：①《机械原理》（第7版）,孙桓，陈作模，葛文杰，高等教育出版社，2006②《机械设计》（第四版），邱宣怀，高等教育出版社，2007③《系统分析与控制》，孙增圻，清华大学出版社，19940043404安全综合：①《安全工程概论》，教育部高等学校安全学科教学指导委员会，中国劳动社会保障出版社②《油田生产安全技术》，中国石化出版社，王登文等0043405多相流动：《石油气液两相管流》，石油工业出版社，1989，陈家琅004加试4402安全检测与监测：①《安全检测原理与技术》，海洋出版社，董文庚等；②《过程设备安全管理与检测》，化学工业出版社，戴光等004加试4403事故调查与失效分析：《事故调查与分析技术》，化学工业出版社，蒋军成0052501地震勘探原理：《地震勘探原理》（第三版），中国石油大学出版社，2009，陆基孟0052502地球物理测井原理：《地球物理测井方法与原理》楚泽涵、高杰、黄隆基、肖立志，石油工业出版社，2007，0052503软件工程：《软件工程导论》，张海藩，清华大学出版社，20050052504最优控制：《最优控制理论与应用》，张洪钺，王青编著，北京：高等教育出版社，20060053501地震资料数字处理：《地震资料分析》（上、下册），石油工业出版社，2006，[美]伊尔马滋著，刘怀山等译0053502测井资料解释：《测井数据处理与资料解释》，石油大学出版社，2007，雍世和等0053503人工智能：《人工智能》，马少平，朱小燕，清华大学出版社，20040053504线性系统理论：《线性系统理论》，清华大学出版社，1990，郑大钟0053505数字信号处理：《数字信号处理——理论、算法与实现》，清华大学出版社（第二版），2003，胡广书005加试4501计算机网络体系结构：《高等计算机网络——体系结构、协议机制、算法设计与路由器技术》，机械工业出版社，2003，徐恪005加试4502面向对象方法：①《面向对象的方法学与C++语言》（第二版），西北大学出版社，王斌君等；②《计算机组成原理》（第三版，网络版），科学出版社，白中英主编005加试4503系统辨识:方崇智等《过程辨识》清华大学出版社，2003 005加试4504图像处理与识别冈萨雷斯《数字图像处理》第三版。
2-2. Elements of chemical Thermodynamics
evacuated
stopcock opened
0.5 atm
0.5 atm
Spontaneous Processes
• Often spontaneous processes are exothermic, but not always…. • Methane gas burns spontaneously and is exothermic • Ice melts spontaneously but this is an endothermic process… • There is another quantity!
Entropy Changes in the System
Entropy can be calculated from the table of standard values just as enthalpy change was calculated. DSrxn = nDS products mDS reactants
• Iron exposed to oxygen and water forms rust
spontaneous nonspontaneous
Spontaneous vs Nonspontaneous
Spontaneous expansion of a gas
stopcock closed
1 atm
Second Law of Thermodynamics
• Mathematically speaking: Spontaneous process: DSuniverse = DSsystem + DSsurroundings > 0
Equilibrium process: DSuniverse = DSsystem + DSsurroundings = 0
化学反应工程课件
The object of the course
▪ 课程目标：反应器分析与设计并重，结 合实际、结合工艺。
▪ 授课方法：讲课与讨论相结合。 ▪ 考试方式：考试与/或作业结合平时成绩
化学反应工程 (Chemical Reaction Engineering)
▪ 主要参考书 ▪ 《化学反应工程》，陈甘棠 主编，化学工业出版社 ▪ 《化学反应工程》，朱炳辰 主编，化学工业出版社
化学与化工是自然科学技术发展的基 础学科之一
化学是研究物质的组成、结构、性质及其变化规律和变化过程中能 量关系的学科
化工是运用化学原理和机械原理，将物质的组成、结构、性质变成目 标产品的过程工程学科
▪ 化学 (Chemistry)
▪ 无机化学 ▪ 分析化学
▪ 物理化学 ▪ 高分子化学与物理
▪ 化学工程与工艺 (Chemical Engineering and Technology)
特征：反应器高度为直径的数倍以至十几倍。 内部常设置能增加两相接触的构件，如填料，筛板等。 适用于两种流体相反应的过程。如气液反应、液液反应。
1.4 工业反应器的分类
第一章 绪 论
1.4.4 固定床反应器
▪ 特征：反应器内填充有固定不动的固体颗粒。 可以是催化剂，也可以是固体反应物。 适用于气固催化反应，固相加工反应，应用非常广泛。
第一章 绪 论
1.1 化学反应工程学的学科历史
第一章 绪 论
30年代，石油化学工业刚刚兴起。提出了“单
元操作”和“单元过程”等概念。
单元操作——流体输送，蒸馏，干燥等专管物
理工序。
单元过程——磺化，水解，加氢等专管化学反
应工序。
1937年，丹克莱尔较系统的阐述了“扩散，流
化学反应工程的前世_今生与未来_金涌_程易_颜彬航
2012-09-20 收到初稿，2012-00-00 收到修改稿。 联系人：程易。第一作者：金涌（1935—），男， 教授，中国工程院士。 基金项目：国家 973 计划（2012CB720301）;国家 自然科学基金项目（20976091）.
Received date: 2012-09-20. Corresponding author: Prof. CHENG Yi, yicheng@ Foundation item: National 973 Project of China (No. 2012CB720301); National Natural Science Foundation of China (20976091);.
USA
1970
ISCRE 2
Amsterdam
Netherlands
1972
ISCRE 3
Evanston
USA
1974
ISCRE 4
Heidelberg
Germany
1976
ISCRE 5
Houston
USA
1978
ISCRE 6
Nice
France
1980
ISCRE 7BostonFra bibliotekUSA
1982
关键词：化学反应工程；范式；多尺度方法论；极端条件；清洁煤利用
中图分类号：TQ039+.3
文献标志码：A
文章编号：
The Past, Present and Future of Chemical Reaction Engineering
JIN Yong，CHENG Yi，YAN Binhang (Department of Chemical Engineering，Tsinghua University，Beijing100084，China)
化学反应的历史读后感
化学反应的历史读后感英文回答：The History of Chemical Reactions: A Journey of Discovery.The history of chemical reactions is a fascinating one that spans centuries of human civilization. From the earliest alchemists to modern-day scientists, the study of chemical reactions has played a vital role in the development of our understanding of the natural world.One of the earliest known chemical reactions is the combustion of wood. This reaction, which occurs when woodis heated in the presence of oxygen, releases heat andlight energy. The ancient Egyptians used combustion to create fire, which was essential for cooking, heating, and lighting.Another early chemical reaction that was used by humansis the fermentation of grapes. This reaction, which is caused by the action of yeast, converts the sugars in grapes into alcohol. The ancient Greeks and Romans used fermentation to make wine, which was a popular beverage at the time.In the Middle Ages, alchemists began to experiment with chemical reactions in an attempt to turn base metals into gold. While they were never able to achieve this goal,their experiments did lead to the discovery of many new chemical substances and reactions.In the 18th century, Antoine Lavoisier developed the law of conservation of mass, which states that the total mass of the reactants in a chemical reaction is equal to the total mass of the products. This law was a major breakthrough in the understanding of chemical reactions, and it paved the way for the development of modern chemistry.In the 19th century, scientists began to study the kinetics of chemical reactions. This field of study focuseson the rates at which chemical reactions occur. The understanding of reaction kinetics has led to the development of new methods for controlling and optimizing chemical reactions.In the 20th century, the discovery of quantum mechanics led to a deeper understanding of the nature of chemical reactions. Quantum mechanics has helped to explain why chemical reactions occur and how they can be controlled.Today, the study of chemical reactions continues toplay a vital role in many different fields of science and industry. Chemical reactions are used to produce new materials, develop new drugs, and create new energy sources. The history of chemical reactions is a testament to the human spirit of discovery and innovation.中文回答：化学反应的历史，一次发现之旅。
化学物质的工业制法
化学物质的工业制法英文回答：Industrial Production of Chemicals.The industrial production of chemicals involves various processes used to manufacture chemicals on a large scalefor commercial and industrial applications. These processes are designed to efficiently convert raw materials into desired chemical products, often through complex chemical reactions and transformations.1. Chemical Reactions:Chemical reactions form the basis of industrial chemical production. These reactions are carefully controlled and optimized to achieve the desired product yield, selectivity, and purity. Different types of chemical reactions are employed, including:Redox reactions: Involve the transfer of electrons between species.Acid-base reactions: Neutralization reactions between acids and bases.Hydrolysis reactions: Reactions with water, often used to break down compounds.Polymerization reactions: Formation of long molecular chains from monomers.2. Unit Operations:Unit operations are specific physical processes used in chemical production to separate, purify, and transform materials. Examples include:Distillation: Separating liquids based on their boiling points.Extraction: Separating components of mixtures usingsolvents.Crystallization: Growing crystals from solutions.Filtration: Removing solids from liquids.Drying: Removing moisture from materials.3. Process Integration:Process integration involves combining unit operations and chemical reactions into a cohesive production system. This optimizes overall efficiency, minimizes waste, and reduces energy consumption. Factors considered in process integration include:Mass and energy balances: Tracking the flow of materials and energy throughout the process.Reactor design: Optimizing reaction conditions for maximum yield.Equipment selection: Choosing appropriate equipment for each unit operation.4. Safety and Environmental Considerations:Safety and environmental regulations must be strictly followed in chemical production. This includes:Hazard identification and assessment: Identifying potential hazards and implementing control measures.Waste management: Safe disposal and treatment of hazardous waste.Air pollution control: Minimizing emissions into the atmosphere.Water treatment: Preventing water contamination.5. Automation and Control:Automation and control systems are widely used inindustrial chemical production to ensure consistent quality, safety, and efficiency. This involves:Programmable logic controllers (PLCs): Controlling process equipment and sequencing operations.Distributed control systems (DCSs): Monitoring and controlling complex processes in real-time.Advanced process control (APC): Optimizing process performance through data analysis and feedback control.中文回答：化学物质的工业制法。
Chapter 6 Chemical Reactions and Quantities
AgNO3(aq) + NaCl(aq) ZnS(s) + 2HCl(aq)
AgCl(s)+NaNO3(aq) ZnCl2(aq) + H2S(g)
21
Chapter 6 Chemical Reactions and Quantities
6.3 Oxidation–Reduction Reactions
Zn(s) + 2HCl(aq) Fe(s) + CuSO4(aq)
ZnCl2(aq) + H2(g) FeSO4(aq) + Cu(s)
20
Double Replacement Reaction
In a double replacement, two elements in the reactants exchange places
17
Combination Reaction
In a combination reaction, two or more elements (or simple compounds) combine to form one product
2Mg(s) + O2(g) 2Na(s) + Cl2(g) SO3(g) + H2O(l)
4
Chemical Reactions (continued)
In a chemical reaction, old bonds are broken and new bonds formed
atoms in the reactants are rearranged to form one or more different substances
15
1-化学反应速率.
改变温度T后,重覆上述 改变浓度的实验,求得
dni / dt f (T , Ci )
反应比速率 (简称反应速)
体积比速率
ri
1 V
dni
/ dt
均相反应应)
质量比速率 面积比速率
ri ri
1 W
1 S
dni
/
dt
(非均相反应)
dni / dt
化学计量学 Stoichiometry
发生
酵
理 活
动
多 煤喷火
孔 燃气箭
催 烧发发
化
动动
机机
双均 分相 子反 应
单一反应: v1B1 + v2B2 = v3B3 + v4B4
反应度 ξ
组分 i 的消长率
dni / dt i (d / dt)
反应式的反应度变率为
d / dt dni / dt i
同一温度T,同一体积V下改变浓度Ci 测得 dni / dt f (Ci )
1式 2式
CH4 : 1
0
CO : 0
1
= r1
r2
1000 CH4 : 20 CO :
然后求其余组分的反应速[10-10 mol/g.s]
解得 r1 1000 r2 20
H2: r3 4 -1
CO2: r4 = 1 -1 H2O: r5 -2 1
N2: r6 0 0
1000 20 =
-2 2 0
1 -1
0
I=7, J=4(线性独立的四个化学反应式,一般应有J=K=I-A)
(A为元素品种数)
反应速率:
单一反应速率:
v1B1 + v2B2 = v3B3 + v4B4
72EvidenceofaChemicalReaction：72个化学反应的证据
7.4 How to Write Balanced Chemical Equations
5. Check to make certain the equation is balanced by summing the total number of each type of atom on both sides of the equation.
7.4 How to Write Balanced Chemical Equations
3. If an element occurs as a free element on either side of the chemical equation, balance it last. Always balance free elements by adjusting the coefficient on the free element.
• Remember, change only the coefficients to balance a chemical equation; never change the subscripts.
Example: Write a balanced equation for the reaction of solid aluminum with aqueous sulfuric acid to form aqueous
• We often specify the state of each reactant or product in parentheses next to the formula.
7.3 The Chemical Equation: Combustion of Methane
Astrochemistry宇宙中化学反应条件分析
Astrochemistry宇宙中化学反应条件分析Astrochemistry: Understanding Chemical Reaction Conditions in the UniverseIntroductionAstrochemistry is a branch of science that explores the chemical processes occurring in the vast expanse of the universe. It seeks to understand the complex reactions that shape the evolution of stars, planets, and even life itself. By analyzing the chemical reaction conditions in the cosmos, scientists gain insights into the origins and development of the universe. This article aims to delve into the intriguing world of astrochemistry, analyzing the various factors that influence chemical reactions in space.Interstellar Medium: The Cradle of ChemistryThe interstellar medium (ISM) consists of vast clouds of gas and dust that exist between stars. This environment is rich in molecular species, such as hydrogen, helium, carbon dioxide, and water. These molecules play a crucial role in the chemical reactions occurring in the universe. Understanding the ISM is vital to unraveling the mysteries of astrochemistry.One of the primary challenges in studying the ISM is the extreme conditions it presents. Temperatures can range from a few degrees above absolute zero to several thousand degrees Celsius near a star. Additionally, the density of the ISM can vary significantly, affecting the probability of chemical reactions occurring. Scientists use sophisticated instruments and mathematical models to simulate and study these conditions.Chemistry in Star-Forming RegionsStar-forming regions, such as molecular clouds and protoplanetary disks, are hotbeds for chemical reactions. The birth of stars,accompanied by intense radiation and shock waves, triggers a cascade of molecular reactions and the formation of complex organic compounds. These regions provide a fertile ground for the origin oflife's building blocks.The conditions in star-forming regions are characterized by extremes of temperature, pressure, and radiation. The high densities of these regions promote molecule formation through collisions, while the intense radiation emitted by newborn stars affects the chemical composition of the surrounding gas and dust. Astrochemists analyze the abundance of certain molecules, such as water, methanol, and carbon monoxide, to gain insight into the conditions prevailing in these regions.Extremophiles in SpaceExtremophiles are organisms that thrive in extreme conditions on Earth, such as high temperatures, acidic environments, or extreme pressures. Exploring the possibilities of extremophiles existing in space opens up intriguing prospects for astrobiology, the study of life in the universe. Chemical reactions occurring in these extreme environments could pave the way for the emergence of life in the cosmos.Hydrothermal vents on the ocean floor are a prime example of extreme environments where life thrives. These sites, characterized by high temperatures and pressures, provide a habitat for unique microbial communities. Scientists speculate that similar conditions could exist in the subsurface oceans of icy moons like Europa and Enceladus, making them potential hotspots for extraterrestrial life.Exoplanets: Unraveling the Chemistry of Alien WorldsThe discovery of thousands of exoplanets (planets outside our solar system) has opened up new possibilities for astrochemistry. By analyzing the chemical compositions of exoplanet atmospheres, scientists can gain valuable insights into their formation, evolution, and potential habitability.Transiting exoplanets, which pass in front of their host star, offer a unique opportunity for chemical analysis. As the planet transits in front of the star, its atmosphere absorbs certain wavelengths of light, leavingbehind a spectral fingerprint. By analyzing this fingerprint, scientists can determine the presence of various molecules, including water, methane, and carbon dioxide.ConclusionAstrochemistry plays a crucial role in understanding the chemical reactions occurring in the vast expanse of the universe. By studying the interstellar medium, star-forming regions, extremophiles in space, and exoplanets, scientists gain valuable insights into the origins of the cosmos, the potential for life elsewhere, and the building blocks of matter itself.Advancements in technology and computational modeling have revolutionized the field of astrochemistry, allowing scientists to simulate and analyze complex chemical reactions occurring in extreme environments. As our understanding of astrochemistry deepens, we come closer to unraveling the mysteries of the cosmos and our place in it.。
小学下册K卷英语第6单元真题(含答案)
小学下册英语第6单元真题(含答案)英语试题一、综合题(本题有100小题，每小题1分，共100分.每小题不选、错误，均不给分)1.我的朋友喜欢 _______ (活动). 她觉得这很 _______ (形容词)2.The squirrel has sharp _______ (牙齿).3.Which animal is known as the "King of the Jungle"?A. ElephantB. LionC. TigerD. Bear答案: B4.What is 15 ÷ 3?A. 3B. 4C. 5D. 6答案:c5.What do we call the art of folding paper into shapes?A. OrigamiB. PaintingC. SculptingD. Drawing答案:A6.She is ___ (laughing/sobbing) at the joke.7.The _____ (生态系统服务) includes clean air and food production.8.My dad drives a ______ (车).9. A chemical reaction can create ______ substances.10.What is the opposite of 'big'?A. SmallB. LargeC. HugeD. Tall答案:A11.What is the name of the famous American author known for "Little Women"?A. Louisa May AlcottB. Mark TwainC. F. Scott FitzgeraldD. Ernest Hemingway答案: A. Louisa May Alcott12.What is the smallest continent?A. AsiaB. AntarcticaC. AustraliaD. Europe答案: C. Australia13.We had ________ (午餐) at noon.14.I found a ________ in the grass.15.The chemical formula for calcium chloride is ______.16.Which is a mode of transportation?A. TableB. CarC. PhoneD. Chair答案:B17.In _____ (印度尼西亚), Bali is a popular tourist destination.18.The __________ (历史的生活方式) provide context.19.The ______ (露台) is great for potted plants.20. A _____ (植物景观设计) can transform spaces.pass) helps us find directions. The ____22.The man drives a ________.23. (Natives) were the original inhabitants of the Americas. The ____24.The _______ of a surface affects how much friction there is.25.What is the capital of the Democratic Republic of the Congo?A. KinshasaB. LubumbashiC. KisanganiD. Mbuji-Mayi答案:A.Kinshasa26.I like to _______ (读新闻) online.27.The ancient Greeks held _____ to honor their gods.28.I think it’s fun to go ________ (参加聚会).29. A molecule is formed when two or more _____ (atoms) bond together.30.The _____ (pillow) is soft.31. A ______ is a natural barrier formed by the landscape.32.The _______ (青蛙) can leap great distances.33.The beach is _______ (沙滩上).34.The Oort Cloud is a theoretical cloud of icy bodies at the _______ of the solar system.35. A __________ is a famous archaeological site.36.The __________ (历史的理解) requires critical thinking.37.__________ is the process of separating a mixture into its components.38.The ancient Chinese built the Great Wall to prevent _____.39.Which animal says "woof"?A. CatB. DogC. CowD. Duck答案: B40.单项选择。
2023年化学专业英语模板
From Chemical Reactions to Chemical Reactions
2023
Logo/Company
从化学反应到化学反应
目录CONTENTS
01
从化学基础到化学反应
From Chemical Fundamentals to Chemical Reactions
《中国式化学》:基本概念sofchemistry
Products: The new substances formed as a result of a chemical reaction.
understandingchemicalproperties
Section: Understanding Chemical Properties
Definition of Chemical Properties: Chemical properties refer to the characteristics of a substance that can only be observed when it undergoes a chemical reaction or interaction with other substances.
2. 实验方法与技术：讨论在《中国式海洋》: Mechanism exploration 中用到的相关实验方法与技术。例如，有机化学反应中常用的方法如溶剂萃取、温度控制以及催化剂等等。此外，也可以介绍一些常用的实验装置和技术，如反应釜、分光光度计和质谱仪等。
《中国式海洋》பைடு நூலகம்Mechanismexploration
Interpreting Chemical Equations: Chemical equations are used to represent chemical reactions. They provide essential information about the reactants, products, and the stoichiometry of the reaction.