Online group buying to be regulated
拓展创新学程第三册 Unit 4 What is life
拓展创新学程第三册Unit 4What is life?基础知识盘点Ⅰ.重点单词1．wayward adj.难以控制的，任性的，倔强的2．shiver v i.& n．颤抖，哆嗦(因寒冷、恐惧、激动等)3．abyss n．深渊4．echo v i.回响，回荡n．回响，回声，回音；映现，暗示，启示，反响；共鸣，附和，重复5．torture v t.使痛苦，使苦恼，使焦急，使受煎熬；拷打，拷问n．拷打，拷问，酷刑；(精神上或肉体上的)折磨，痛苦，折磨人的事物6．clarity n．清晰，清楚，明确；清晰的思维(或理解)能力；(画面、物质或声音的)清晰，清楚，清澈7．prologue n．序言，序幕，开场白8．magnet n．磁铁，磁石，吸铁石；有吸引力的人(或地方、事物)；磁体，磁性物体9．epic adj.具有史诗性质的，史诗般的；漫长而艰难的，艰苦卓绝的；宏大的，壮丽的，给人深刻印象的n．史诗；史诗般的作品；壮举，惊人之举10．heel n．脚跟，脚后跟11．grip n．理解，了解；紧握，紧抓；(对……的)控制，影响力v t.(gripped，gripped)紧握，紧抓；使感兴趣，使激动，吸引住(某人)的注意；对……产生强有力的影响12．neglect v t.忽略，忽视，不予重视；疏于照顾，未予看管；疏忽，疏漏n．忽略，忽视，未被重视13．faculty n．官能，天赋；才能，能力；(高等院校的)系，院；(高等院校中院、系的)全体教师14．gaze n．凝视，注视v i.凝视，注视，盯着15．imprint v t.产生重大影响，铭刻，使铭记；印，压印n．印记，压印，痕迹；持久影响16．listlessness n．无精打采，没有活力17．glimpse n．一瞥，一看18．inhabitant n．(某地的)居民，栖息动物19．overtone n．弦外之音，言外之意，暗示20．hint n．暗示，提示，示意；征兆，迹象v i.& v t.暗示，透露，示意21．petty adj.小的，琐碎的，次要的；小气的，狭隘的22．overwhelmingly ad v.压倒性地，不可抵抗地23．mockery n．嘲笑，愚弄；笑柄，被嘲笑的对象24．compassionate adj.有同情心的，表示怜悯的25．vigor (BrE vigour) n．精力，力量，活力，热情26．tenderness n．和善，温柔，亲切，慈爱27．hasty adj.匆忙的，仓促而就的，草率的28．long v．渴望→longing n．(对……的)渴望，热望adj.渴望的，热望的，表示渴望的29．union n．联合，结合，合并；工会；协会，联合会，会社，俱乐部→unite v．团结；统一；(为某事)联合，联手→united adj.联合的；统一的；和谐的；一致的30．latter n．(提及的两者中)后者adj.(提及的两者中)后者的；后半期的，后面的→(反义词)former adj.前任的；以前的；前者的31．glory n．荣誉，光荣，桂冠v i.因某事而喜悦，为某事而欣喜→glorious adj.值得称道的；光荣的；荣耀的32．hazy adj.朦胧的；薄雾蒙蒙的；记不清的→hazily ad v.记不清地，模糊地33．thrill v t.使非常兴奋；使非常激动n．激动；兴奋→thrilling adj.惊险的，紧张的，扣人心弦的，令人兴奋不已的→thrilled adj.非常兴奋；极为激动34．companion n．伙伴；同伴→companionship n．友情，交谊，友谊Ⅱ.核心短语1．get to grips with sth开始理解并着手处理难题2．hold sway占统治地位；具有重大影响力3．regard...as...把……视为……4．sum up总结5．Achilles heel致命弱点6．reflect upon/on反思Ⅲ.经典句型1．“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句And I have tried to understand the Pythagorean power by which number holds sway above the flux. 我试图理解毕达哥拉斯学派的理论，他们认为数字控制着万物流转。
淘宝case-study-(英文)
Universal Standard
Modules for searching, scanning and purchasing the goods is the same for all shops opened in Taobao
Easier to find desired goods and more convenient to buy things
More Internet Users will use Taobao to purchase things online
Universal Standard
Innovate its products with core business unchanged
Ubiquity
Promotion :
Micro blog Renren station Web portals EDM (Email Direct Marketing)
Ubiquity
A large number of advertisement outside : Underground Video Bus shelter
The problems Taobao faces
1. logistic issue (common for B2C & C2C) Logistics is the fundamental guarantee
to realize e-commerce. Although e-commerce rises up in China,
Source: /internet/inland/2012/0315/399872.html
2023年河南电子商务专升本英语考试真题
2023年河南电子商务专升本英语考试真题全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇12023 Henan E-commerce Specialist Upgrading Examination English Exam QuestionsPart I Listening Comprehension (20 points)Section A1. What is the main topic of the conversation?A. Traveling to Japan.B. Shopping for souvenirs.C. Learning Japanese culture.D. Trying Japanese cuisine.2. How does the man feel about the new marketing strategy?A. Confident.B. Skeptical.C. Excited.D. Indifferent.3. What does the woman suggest doing to increase sales?A. Launching a new product.B. Offering discounts.C. Organizing a promotion.D. Expanding the target market.Section B4. According to the speaker, what is the key to building a successful online store?A. Providing good customer service.B. Creating an eye-catching website.C. Posting on social media regularly.D. Offering competitive prices.5. How can small businesses compete with larger companies?A. By offering unique products.B. By investing in expensive advertising.C. By lowering prices.D. By focusing on a niche market.Part II Reading Comprehension (40 points)Section ARead the following passage and answer the questions.Online shopping has become increasingly popular in recent years, with more and more people opting to buy products online rather than in traditional brick-and-mortar stores. There are several reasons for this trend. Firstly, online shopping offers convenience and flexibility, allowing customers to browse, compare prices, and make purchases from the comfort of their own homes. Secondly, online stores are often able to offer a wider selection of products than physical stores, giving shoppers more options to choose from. Finally, online shopping can also be more cost-effective, with many online retailers offering discounts, promotions, and free shipping.6. What is the main reason why people prefer online shopping?A. The wide selection of products.B. The convenience and flexibility.C. The cost-effectiveness.D. The personalized customer service.7. How do online stores attract customers according to the passage?A. By offering online discounts.B. By providing personalized customer service.C. By limiting the selection of products.D. By increasing prices.Section BRead the following passage and answer the questions.E-commerce has revolutionized the way we do business, making it easier for companies to reach customers worldwide. However, with this increased reach comes increased competition. To stand out in the crowded online marketplace, companies must focus on providing exceptional customer service and building strong relationships with their customers. This can be achieved through personalized communication, quick response times, and a user-friendly website that makes it easy for customers to find what they are looking for.8. According to the passage, what is essential for companies to do in the online marketplace?A. To focus on providing exceptional customer service.B. To offer the lowest prices.C. To ignore customer feedback.D. To expand to physical stores.9. How can companies stand out in the crowded online marketplace?A. By ignoring customer needs.B. By providing exceptional customer service.C. By increasing prices.D. By limiting their product selection.Part III Vocabulary and Grammar (40 points)Choose the best answer to complete each sentence.10. Jack is ______ to go on a business trip next week.A. planningB. plannedC. plansD. plan11. The new smartphone has many ______ features.A. excitedB. excitementC. excitingD. excite12. We need to ______ the market before launching our new product.A. researchB. researchedC. researchingD. researches13. The company offers a ______ range of products to suit all tastes.A. wideB. widelyC. widenD. wideningPart IV Writing (60 points)Write an essay of 300-500 words on the following topic: "The Impact of E-commerce on Traditional Retailers."In recent years, e-commerce has seen significant growth, revolutionizing the way people shop and changing the retail landscape. Discuss the impact of e-commerce on traditional retailers, including the challenges they face and the strategies they can use to stay competitive in the digital age.考试须知：请在规定的时间内完成答题，不得抄袭或作弊。
on Online Group Buying in China
An empirical study of relationship about customer satisfaction, brand trust and customer loyalty based on Online Group Buying in ChinaLEI Hong-zhen, LU HuanInternational Business School of Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an Shaanxi Chinaluhuan@Abstract：Since 2008,the first Online Group Buying website was established in the U.S. ,which integrate online shopping and offline group purchasing in a new e-business model and began to spread all over the world. In china, however, most published researches on online group buying are made by qualitative analyze，Although there have been lots of papers on online shopping, these achievements still have not been fully applicable in this new e-commerce model—“Groupon”. This study use the structural equation model to explore the relationship between customer satisfactions, brand trust and customer loyalty. The result told us that at the present stage, customer satisfaction can not directly lead to customer loyalty，brand trust is needed as an intermediary variable which to link them. As while as online group buying websites want to elevate customer satisfactions, they requires lots of investment in brand marketing to delivering brand image to customers, and finally promote satisfactions convert to customer loyalty.Key words：online group buying; customer loyalty; brand trust; groupon1. IntroductionSince 2000, a few of Group Purchasing websites have emerged in China, just like Fence Net, China Group Purchasing Net and other websites, which organize customer groups to merchandise with business in low price. However, until 2008, the first Online Group Buying website was established in the U.S. which based on the model named Groupon, this business model integrate online shopping and offline group purchasing in a new e-business model which now began to spread all over the world. January 2010, China's first Online Group Buying website start operating, before the end of 2010, the number of Group Buying websites in China has reached 1664. By the end of 2013, there have been 6246 group buying websites, although many of them have closed. By taking the advantage of IM, SNS, MicroBlog and other social networking tools, Online Group Buying model creating a feeling of scarcity of goods, to boost the spending power of user participation. With the formatting of internet users’ habits, online group buying sites have been shift from the model copy to the phase of customer loyalty building.Customer loyalty is important for online retail business to gain competitive advantage and to increase their profit, but from Academic perspective, there is no common understanding on the factors which affecting online shopping customer loyalty [1-2].Some scholars believe that the perceived value, customer satisfaction, customer loyalty and trust are likely to have impact on customer loyalty[3].But from retail business practice, the relationship between customer values, customer satisfaction, customer trust and customer loyalty are very complex, and the relationship would be changed if there is any interference from outside[4]. Online Group Buying is a new e-commerce model, research achievement on online shopping can not be fully applied. In this paper, from industry research and documentation reading, we build up a conceptual model of customer loyalty at the beginning. Questionnaire survey on consumers, using structural equation modeling to test the relationship between customer satisfaction, brand trust and customer loyalty, we find out problems in China's online group buying sites, and offer related advice to China online group buying sites on how to making a marketing strategy.2. Literature review and conceptual model(1) Customer LoyaltyFrom the Traditional marketing view, pursuit for financial Maximize is the fundamental purpose of enterprises, which requires customers continue to buy their products or Service. Therefore, customer loyalty is always measured by customer behavior, such as the purchase ratio, the willingness to buy, and repeat purchasing behavior. Dick et al (1994) regard that when a customer with positive attitude and repeat patronage behavior to providers, that means they have a real and lasting loyalty[5]. Loyal customers not only prefer to use the service, but will also recommend the service to others. Hallowell (1996) puts the customer loyalty as a brand emotional to products or organizations[6]. Tucker (1999) defines customer loyalty as repeat purchases more than three times[7]. Loyalty can also be measured by customer's first choice of next time purchase, and this reflects the different attitude toward to different Online Group buying sites.(2) Customer satisfaction and customer loyaltyCustomer satisfaction is an evaluation of experience and judgments on a particular service, which is often considered as the antecedent of customer loyalty. Anderson and Sullivan (1993) believe that satisfaction is the basic factor of consumer behavior, if there are more retention, consumers will be more satisfied with it[8]. Ravald et al (1996) put that keep loyalty and get profits are closely related to create value for consumers. Cronin (2000) thought that satisfaction is an emotional response after experience a range of services[9]. Sirdeshmukh (2002) said that consumers will remain loyal if they can get more value from this shop than its competitors[10]. Harris et al (2004) research on the customer satisfaction and customer loyalty of online shopping, and believe that online purchasing satisfaction affects customer loyalty and behavioral loyalty apparently[11]. Therefore, we propose:Hypothesis 1: Customer satisfaction has a positive impact on customer loyalty.(3) Customer satisfaction and customer valueIn the concept of customer-oriented, customer satisfaction is most closely related to customer value, most researchers believe that they are complementary paradigms, not mutually exclusive. Jones et al (1995) believe that customer value drives customer satisfaction directly, and deliver superior value to customers is the only way to obtain customer satisfaction for organization[12]. Fornell et al (1996) on the basis of emotion cognitive, argue that value judgments will affect the satisfaction level and satisfaction is the result of customer value[13]. Stalk (1997) thought that customer value describes the relationship among organization, customer and services, customer satisfaction represents the customer reaction from a particular product[14]. Parasuraman et al (2000) presented the main driving factors of customer value is consist of product quality, service quality and price[15. Lam (2004) believe that customer value is a balance between obtain and expend, customer satisfaction is a positive emotion[16]. Holbrook (2006) defines customer value as an overall evaluation of the product or service[17]. Choosing goods and services from different online group buying sites, the standard is which one can bring them the optimal value. Therefore, we hypothesized:Hypothesis 2: customer value has a positive impact on customer satisfaction.(4) Brand trust and customer loyaltyIn online shopping, consumers rarely have the opportunity to view product before purchasing, if there is not enough trust, transactions between consumer and business will stay in the requirements phase. Weiying Zhang (2010) thought that in a globalized market, consumers don’t product, producers don’t consume, trust is the most important element in market economy. Moorman (1993) defined trust as a confidence on their trading partner and willingness to rely on[18]. Morgan et al (1994) believe that customers trust makes customers pay great attention to the trade relations with service providers, thereby creating a sense of commitment and loyalty[19]. For lack of effective constraint rules, online consumers will keep away from the web retailers which are not being trusted, and complexity will lead them to avoid from buying online[20]. Therefore, retailers strive to build customer trust can reduce consumer perceived risk, and enable consumers to have faith in retailers’futurebehavior [21].if Online Group Buying sites can create and maintained consumer trust, then they can reduce consumer perceived risk and enhance consumer loyalty [22]. Therefore, this study hypothesized: Hypothesis 3: brand trust has a positive impact on customer loyalty. (5) Brand trust and brand imageUnder the environment of e-commerce, the physical distance between buyers and sellers arising risks of uncertainty which makes trust particularly important. Lau (1994)thought that a good brand image, is conducive to format brand "rumors" among consumers which comes from corporate marketing strategy to please consumers, let consumers feel that business is real concern and focus on them , thus contributing to building consumer trust [23].Keller (1993) thought that brand image is an important component in brand equity, define brand image as brand association based on Customers memory , attributes, attitudes and interests constitute the brand association [24].Shaping the brand not only help consumers to identify the level of service quality, but also drive business to success [25]. Communications and advertising are seen as an important method which helps Corporate to reduce customer perceived risk [26]. Zeithaml (1988) believe that in an increasingly homogeneous product market, a good brand image can improve the quality of consumer awareness, and also reduce the cost of information gathering [27]. Joon (2002) thought there was lots of factors impact on improves online consumer confidence, including web interface design, corporate reputation, information quality, transaction security, etc [28]. Ways to enhance customer brand trust through deliver brand image are also useful in Online Group Buying sites. Therefore, this study hypothesized:Hypothesis 4: brand image has a positive impact on brand trust. (6) Intermediary effectiveness of brand trustOliver (1980) pointed out that satisfaction is an emotional status which was lead by expectations and perceptions, product and service satisfaction is the primary motivation for continue use [29].However, a survey from United States by Bain shows that nearly 65% to 85% customers will Shift to another sites despite they are satisfied with the initial company's products [30]. In virtual retail market, lack in trust is considered to be the biggest obstacles which restricted buyers and sellers online trading smoothly. Chaudhuri et al (2001) found that consumer satisfaction can format consumer brand trust, the higher customer satisfaction, the deeper customer trust. Ranaweera et al (2003) believe that between the satisfaction and loyalty, "customer trust” plays the intermediary role, and that means customer satisfaction impact on customer loyalty through customer trust [31]. Therefore, this study hypothesized:Hypothesis 5: customer satisfaction has a positive impact on brand trust.Hypothesis 6: customer satisfaction impact on customer loyalty through customer trust.Based on above Hypothesis, we construct a conceptual model for this paper, as shown in Figure 1:Customer Loyaltybrand imageCustomer valueBrand trustCustomer satisfactionH1H4H2H5H3Fig.1 conceptual model3. Study Design(1) Questionnaire development and designIn order to ensure questionnaire reliability and validity, we adopt mature Questionnaire relatively .Customer satisfaction and customer loyalty items are from Anderson, Srinivasan (2003). Trusted brand items mainly fromLee, Turban (2001), customer value is reference to Kotler's triangle customer value model, Include quality, service and value; brand image reference Lau’s (1994) study, measured in three areas from the brand personality, brand communication and brand reputation. To ensure the validity of questionnaire, we combine relevant theoretical concepts and interview 10 Graduate with rich experience on online group buying, finally modify the original items and development some new items. Questionnaire is using Likert 5-point scale method, there are 37 items being asked in questionnaire, 1 means totally disagree and 5 shows full agreement.(2)Data collectionBuying Online is completed on internet, participants are mostly young people and internet users, in order to obtain more universal sample, so we use online method to fill out all the questionnaire. in 220 questionnaires, there are 197 valid questionnaires, the recovery rate of valid questionnaire was 89.6% (invalid questionnaire selection criteria: those who have no experience on or fill out the answer with too short time). We surveyed Consumers from big city in China, like Beijing, Guangdong, Chongqing and Xi'an, et al. In samples collected, women account for 56.6%, male 43.4%, the Samples we collected conform to the characteristic of Online Group Buying industry development.4. Data AnalysisThis study adopt SPSS 17.0 and AMOS 7.O to analysis model. SPSS 17.0 analysis factors reliability and validity, AMOS 7.O testing model hypothesis.(1) Reliability and validity testReliability refers to the consistency of measurement results. Results show that Cronbach's α of each factor are greater than 0.7, indicating that these variables show good internal consistency. Validity refers to the validity of the measurement results. Using factor analysis to test validity of questionnaire, KMO of all factors are greater than 0.7, while Bartlett test results also reject the Original hypothesis (sig. = 0.000), illustrate the items are suitable to factor analysis.Tab.1 reliability and validity testingLatent variable Cronbach's αKMOCustomer Value 0.921 0.892Customer Satisfaction 0.948 0.749Brand Image 0.915 0.908Brand Trust 0.895 0.706Customer Loyalty 0.883 0.718(2) Model fittingIn this study, we use structural equation model to analyze the relationship between variables. If the ratio of Chi-square and degrees of freedom is small, that means matrix fit to observe data in the model assumed. In general if the ratio is less than 2, we can assume that the model has a good fit .The results showed that the ratio of chi-square and degrees of freedom is 2.58, model is in a poor fit. When the data is completely fit the model, three indicators CFI, TLI, IFI are equal to 1, in general it can be allowed if the indicators are greater than 0.9 .The results showed that the three indicators are 0.840,0.824,0.841, indicates that the model has a poor fit. RMSEA means Root Mean Square Error of Approximation. Generally, RMSEA less than 0.08 indicate a good model, but the result shows that RMSEA is 0.111. AIC and BCC is indicators to compare streamlining of two different models, the smaller the better. ECVI also used to compare fit goodness between different models, smaller value means higher consistency. For the fit index has not reached the ideal standard, model need to be amended.Amos provides Modification Indices for Model Building. By releasing some limited or adding some new path, can make model structure more reasonable, and improve the model fit goodness. Residuals which have not meetthe standard of Modification Indices should be free estimated, such as increasing the correlation path between Z1 and Z4, then you can reduce the chi-square value. After model revised, fit indices are all improved, as shown in Table 2:Tab.2 the results of commonly used fit indexFit index Chi (df) CFI TLI IFI RMSEA AIC BCC ECVI Before amendment 823.390 (319) .840 .824 .841 .111 941.390 974.430 7.355 After amendment535.013（311）.929.920.930.075669.013706.5335.227After model revised ，ratio of chi-square and degrees of freedom decreased to 1.72, which reflect the model has a good fitting, CFI, TLI, IFI were greater than 0.90, RMSEA less than 0.08. the value of AIC 、BCC and ECVI are all low down after amendment. Model has a good fitting, the revised structural equation model shown in Figure 2.Brand ImageBrand TrustCustomer SatisfactionCustomer ValueCustomer Loyaltya1.80e1 1.001a2.58e2 1.321a3.49e3 1.461a4.53e41.391a5.34e51.611a6.44e61.661a7.32e71.831a8.36e81.741a9.42e91.721a24.47e241.001a23.40e231.061a22.38e22.971a21.88e21.781a20.49e20.891a19.47e19.921a18.49e18.961a17.46e17.931a16.35e16.991a12.37e12 1.001a11.23e11 1.111a10.26e10 1.091a15.17e15 1.001a14.09e14 1.081a13.16e13 1.041a25.18e251.001a26.38e26.921a27.61e27.9011.04.96.25Z1.07Z2.16Z3.70Z4.03Z5111.1211.95.37.29.24.08.28-.08.09.11.23Fig.2 revised structural equation model(3) Hypothesis testingcoefficient estimates on optimal path model is shown in Table 3, path coefficient from customer satisfaction to customer loyalty is 0.115, CR is 1.267, P is 0.205, this indicate that the probability of path coefficient equal 0 amounts to 20.5%, larger than the significance level at 5%, H1 can not passed. In addition, other relationships between potential variables are all passed the test. From the test we know that Customer value has a positive influence on customer satisfaction, brand trust has a positive influence on customer loyalty ,brand image has a positive influence on brand trust, and customer satisfaction have a positive impact on brand trust. Therefore, the hypothesis H2, H3, H4 and H5 has confirmed. Hypothesis of Customer satisfaction to customer loyalty have not substantiated, but it does not influence the further test of H6. In AMOS, the mediation effect can be measured by direct and indirect effects. Standardized direct effects and indirect effects shown in Table 4:Tab.3 estimates the optimal model for the path coefficientHypothesis relationship Estimate S.E. C.R. P RESULT H1 CS→CL .115 .091 1.267 .205 NH2 CV→CS .954 .094 10.151 *** YH3 BT→CL .962 .119 8.063 *** YH4 BI→BT 1.041 .205 5.081 *** YH5 CS→BT .366 .056 6.549 *** YNote: "***" Indicates significant at 0.01 levelsTab.4 Standardized direct effects and Standardized indirect effectsCV CS BI BT CL CS .895（.000）.000（.000）.000（.000）.000（.000）.000（.000）BT .000（.362）.404（.000）.645（.000）.000（.000）.000（.000）CL .000（.425）.117（.358）.000（.571）.885（.000）.000（.000）Note: Figures in brackets is the indirect effectDirect effect is the direct impact from one variable to another, such as "customer satisfaction →customer loyalty", indirect effect is one variable affect the other variable through a mediating variable, such as " customer satisfaction→brand trust→customer loya lty.” If the direct effect is greater than the indirect effect, that means mediating variables has not working. If the direct effect less than indirect effect, means intermediate variables has play an intermediary role. In Table 4 , the direct effect from customer satisfaction to customer loyalty is 0.117, indirect effect is 0.358(0.358> 0.117), so H6 (customer satisfaction→brand trust→customer loyalty) is Confirmed, brand trust is the intermediate variables between customer satisfaction to customer loyalty.5. Conclusions and recommendationsAlthough hypothesis 1 has not been verified, but it is also meaningful, it shows that in china, Online Group Buying sites can not build customer loyalty easily if they just rely on enhance customer satisfaction. Meanwhile, the verification of brand trust mediating effect has a great practical significance, which indicates that only by establish brand trust first, customer satisfaction would be transform into customer loyalty effectively. From the path coefficient view of customer satisfaction on brand trust, each unit customer satisfaction increased, brand trust will increase 0.37 units. This means that in order to build brand trust through customer satisfaction, Online Group Buying sites should also take a lot of brand marketing investment at the same time. From path coefficient view, each unit brand trust increased, customer loyalty will increase 0.96 units. In china, Online Group Buying websites are all using similar interface and selling similar products, so it is hard for customers to choose commodity from thousands of providers. With incomplete information, consumers in the market just want to seek products in low price, this lead the online group buying industrial looks like perfectly competitive market. For the first choices have little impact on the second choice, c onsumer’s buying behavior will be single-game if sites haven’t build brand trust.Based on customer satisfaction perspective, Online Group Buying sites should established selection and monitoring mechanisms on supplier, and strengthen the relationships with them. Result shows that the factor loading of “Online Group Buying sites usually offer some super-value products" with "customer value" is larger than others, "will get the same service as full-price customers " with "I believe it has a consistent quality as what described online” is followed, factor loading of items on the “customer service” with" customer value " is lower. From factor loading we know that consumers are sensitive to price and quality, but they are not concerned about purchasing experience strongly. From the view of path coefficient, customer value increase one unit, customer satisfaction will increase 0.95 units. Price and product quality are both dependent on therelationship between product suppliers and online group buying sites. Online group buying sites would try their best to meet customer needs in the purchase process, but it is hard for them to monitor and guarantee during consumption process. Low price is the main features in online group buying, when price turn into supplier's marketing tools, it will greatly worsen the consumer experience. Products can not be consumed smoothly and customers would not be well treated, if there are potential services or products need to buy before consume. Only by establish good cooperation mechanism with suppliers, online group buying sites can enhance customer value, and make customer satisfied.Based on the perspective of brand trust, Online Group Buying sites should set up their own brand and creates brand trust among customers. Study shows that factor loading of "I have some knowledge and understanding on this website" with "brand image" is larger than others, "I think the site has a higher position in the market" with "I think the brand is well-known" followed by, items reflect the Brand personality such as " focus industry "with" focus on local”has a lower factor loading on "brand image”.From Factor loading we know that consumer are most concern about brand awareness and market position owned by Online Group Buying sites, but they have little attention to the differential positioning. From the view of path coefficient, brand image increased one unit; Brand trust will increase 1.04 units. Brand image establish is most based on market visibility and market position, which will not conflict with Brand personality. Online Group Buying sites which tends to be large and wide coverage, can attract all types of customers for the purpose of Mindless consumption. Sites focus on a certain field or a kind of product, the professional will let customers generate the sense of safe and trust. Sites targeted in regional are easier to cooperate with local businesses, it will be more efficient on services and goods realize. Different between perfectly competitive market and monopolistic competition market is that in monopolistic competition market, products are homogeneous but difference. Therefore, brand image establish is the only way to shifted Online Group Buying sites from perfect competition into monopolistic competition. Through diverse means to deliver brand image, build brand trust, and then online group buying sites can deliver consumer concept to actual and potential customers by their own Brand equity.[1] Anderson R E, Srinivasan S S．E-Satisfaction and E-Loyalty A Contingency Framework[J].Psychology and Marketing，2003，20(2)：123-138.[2] Luarn P, Lin H H．A Customer Loyalty Model for E-Service Context[J].Journal of Electronic Commerce Research，2003，4(4)：156-167.[3] Srinivasan S S，Anderson R，Ponnavolu K. Customer loyalty in e-commerce：an exploration of its antecedents and consequences [J]. Journal of Retailing ，2002 ，（78）：41-50.[4]WANG Xu-hui，XU Jian. Study on online customer loyalty under the moderating role of switching cost [J].China Industrial Economics，2008，（12）：113-123.[5] Dick A S，Basu K. Customer Loyalty：Toward an Integrated Conceptual Framework[J].Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 1994，22（2）：99-113.[6] Hallowell R. 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The Four Levels of Loyalty and the Pivotal Role of Trust A Study of Online Service Dynamics [J].Journal of Retailing，2004，80(2)：139-158.[12] Jones T O，Sasser W E. Why satisfied customer defect[J].Harvard business review，1995，73(6)：1-14.[13] Fornell C，Johnson M D，Anderson E W，Cha J，Bryant B E. The American Customer Satisfaction Index: Nature, Purpose and Findings[J]. Journal of Marketing, 1996,60(4):7-18.[14] Stalk G J. Customer Value：The next Source of Competitive Advantage [J].Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science，1997，25(2)：41-51.[15] Parasuraman A，Grewal D. The Impact of Technology on the Quality value loyalty Chain: A Research Agenda [J]. Journal of the academy of marketing science, 2000, 28(1): 156-174.[16] Lam S Y et al. Customer Value，Satisfaction，Loyalty and Switching Costs：An Illustration from a Business to Business Service Context[J].Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science，2004，32(3)：293-31.[17] Holbrook M B. Consumption Experience, Customer Value, and Subjective Personal Introspection: an illustrative photographic Essay[J].Journal of Business Research，2006，(59)：714–725.[18] Moorman C，Deshpande R，Zaltman G.Factors Affecting Trust in Market Research Relationships[J].Journal of Marketing，1993，57（1）87–101.[19] Morgan R M，Hunt S D.The Commitment-Trust Theory of Relationship Marketing[J]. Journal of Marketing，1994，58(3)：20-38.[20] Jarvenpaa S L，Todd P A. Consumer Reactions to Electronic shopping on the world wide web[J].International Journal of electronic commerce，1997，1(2)59-88.[21] Schoorman F D，Mayer R C，Davis J H. An integration Model of organizational trust[J].Academy of management review，1995，20(3)344–354.[22] Chaudhuri A，Holbrook M B. The Chain of Effects from Brand Trust and Brand Affect to Brand Performance：The Role of Brand Loyalty[J].Journal of Marketing，2001，65（2）81–93.[23] Lau G T，Lee S H. Consumers' Trust in a Brand and the Link to Brand Loyalty[J].Journal of Market Focused Management，1999，4（4）：341-370.[24] Keller K L. Conceptualizing，Measuring，and Managing Customer based Brand Equity[J]. Journal of Marketing，1993，57 (1)：1-22.[25] Berry L L. Cultivating Service Brand Equity [J].Journal of the A academy of Marketing Science，2000，28（1）：128-137.[26] Davies M. Image problems with financial services[J].Management Decisions，1996，34(2):64- 71[27] Zeithaml V A. Consumer Perceptions of price, Quality and Value: A Means-end Model and Synthesis of Evidence [J].Journal of marketing，1988，52：2-22.[28] Joon Y S.The Antecedents and Consequences of Trust in Online-purchase Decisions[J].Journal of Interactive Marketing，2002，16(2): 47-63.[29] Oliver R L.A cognitive model of the antecedents and consequence of satisfaction decisions[J].Journal of Marketing Research，1980，17 (4)：460-469.[30] Reichheld F F，Schefter P. E-Loyalty Your Secret Weapon on the Web[J]. 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希夫曼 《消费者行为学(第12版)》英文教学课件CH15
Societal Marketing Concept
Defined A premise that requires marketers to fulfill the needs of the target audience in ways that improve, preserve, and enhance society’s well-being, while also meeting their business objectives.
under federal or safe regulation
Copyright © 2019 Pearson Education, Ltd. All Rights Reserved.
Encouraging Overspending
• Cold grocery stores • Moving displays to encourage wandering • Targeting online shoppers who have been drinking • Designing foods that encourage overeating • Granting easy credit
Discussion Questions (1 of 2)
• Should online privacy by self-regulated or governed by legislation? Why or why not?
• Should stores btions and behavior using your smartphone? Why or why not?
ongroupbuying英语作文六级
ongroupbuying英语作文六级Group buying, also known as collective buying or buyer's clubs, is a purchasing strategy that leverages the collective buying power of a group of consumers to obtain discounts from sellers on selected goods and services. This model has become increasingly popular in recent years, particularly with the rise of online platforms that facilitate these group purchasing arrangements. Group buying offers a number of potential benefits to consumers, including access to discounted prices, the ability to try new products or services, and a sense of community and social interaction. However, it also carries some risks and drawbacks that consumers should be aware of before participating.One of the primary advantages of group buying is the potential to obtain significant discounts on products and services. By aggregating the purchasing power of a large number of consumers, group buying platforms are able to negotiate lower wholesale prices with merchants. These savings are then passed on to the group members in the form of discounted prices. This can be particularly beneficial for high-ticket items or services that may be out of reachfor individual consumers. For example, a group of consumers may be able to secure a significant discount on a luxury vacation package or an expensive piece of consumer electronics by banding together to make a bulk purchase.In addition to the financial benefits, group buying can also offer consumers the opportunity to try new products or services that they may not have otherwise considered. Merchants often use group buying platforms to introduce new offerings or to clear out excess inventory, providing consumers with a chance to experiment with something novel at a reduced cost. This can be especially appealing for consumers who are hesitant to take a risk on an unfamiliar product or service, as the group buying model allows them to share that risk with other participants.Furthermore, group buying can foster a sense of community and social interaction among participants. By coming together to make a collective purchase, consumers may have the opportunity to connect with like-minded individuals and engage in discussions about the products or services being offered. This can create a sense of camaraderie and shared experience that may not be present in more traditional purchasing scenarios.However, group buying is not without its drawbacks and risks. One of the primary concerns is the potential for disappointment ordissatisfaction with the purchased goods or services. Because group buying often involves discounted or limited-time offers, the quality or reliability of the products or services may be compromised. Consumers may also face challenges in terms of delivery, customer service, or product returns, which can be exacerbated by the collective nature of the purchase.Another potential risk associated with group buying is the potential for scams or fraudulent activities. Some group buying platforms may be operated by unscrupulous individuals or organizations that are more interested in extracting money from consumers than providing genuine value. Consumers should be cautious and thoroughly research the reputation and credibility of any group buying platform before participating.Additionally, group buying may not always result in the expected savings or discounts. In some cases, the discounted prices may not be as significant as advertised, or the group may not reach the minimum threshold required to trigger the discount. Consumers should carefully review the terms and conditions of any group buying offer to understand the specific requirements and potential limitations.Despite these drawbacks, group buying continues to be a popular purchasing strategy for many consumers. As the market for groupbuying platforms continues to evolve, it is likely that we will see new innovations and approaches that address some of the existing challenges. Consumers who are interested in participating in group buying should exercise caution, thoroughly research their options, and carefully weigh the potential benefits and risks before making a purchase.In conclusion, group buying offers a range of potential benefits to consumers, including access to discounted prices, the opportunity to try new products or services, and a sense of community and social interaction. However, it also carries some risks and drawbacks, such as the potential for disappointment or dissatisfaction, the risk of scams or fraudulent activities, and the possibility of not achieving the expected savings. Consumers who are interested in participating in group buying should carefully consider these factors and make informed decisions based on their individual needs and preferences.。
英语作文跳蚤市场
Flea markets,also known as brocantes in French,are a unique and vibrant part of the cultural landscape in many countries around the world.They offer a treasure trove of items,from vintage clothing to antique furniture,often at a fraction of the price you would find in a traditional store.Heres a detailed look at what makes a flea market experience so special.History and OriginFlea markets have a rich history,dating back to the17th century in France.The term flea market is believed to have originated from the French marchéaux puces,which refers to the market at the Place de la République in Paris,where secondhand goods were sold. The name is thought to have been inspired by the flealike nature of the goods being sold, or possibly by the actual fleas that might have infested some of the items.The Appeal of Flea Markets1.Bargain Hunting:One of the main attractions of flea markets is the opportunity to find great deals.Shoppers can often negotiate prices with sellers,making it a fun and interactive experience.2.Variety:The range of items available at flea markets is incredibly diverse,from old books and vinyl records to unique jewelry and handmade crafts.This variety caters to a wide array of tastes and interests.3.Cultural Experience:Flea markets are not just about shopping they are also a cultural experience.They often reflect the history and character of the local community,offering insights into the areas past and present.4.Sustainability:Buying secondhand items at flea markets is an ecofriendly choice,as it promotes recycling and reduces waste.How to Navigate a Flea Market1.Arrive Early:The best items are often sold early,so arriving at the start of the market can give you the best selection.2.Bring Cash:While some vendors may accept cards,many prefer cash.Its always a good idea to have some on hand.3.Inspect Items:Before making a purchase,check the condition of the item carefully. Look for any damage or signs of wear.4.Negotiate:Dont be afraid to haggle.Many sellers are open to negotiation,especially ifyoure buying multiple items.5.Enjoy the Atmosphere:Take the time to explore and enjoy the atmosphere.Listen to the stories of the sellers and the history behind the items.Popular Flea Markets Around the WorldParis,France:The Clignancourt market is one of the largest and most famous flea markets in the world.New York,USA:The Brooklyn Flea is a modern take on the traditional flea market, featuring a curated selection of vintage and handmade goods.London,UK:Portobello Road Market in Notting Hill is a historic market known for its antiques and secondhand goods.Tokyo,Japan:The Shimokitazawa Flea Market is a popular spot for vintage clothing and unique Japanese items.ConclusionFlea markets offer a unique shopping experience that combines the thrill of the hunt with the joy of discovery.They are not just places to buy things they are places to connect with history,culture,and the stories behind the items.Whether youre a collector,a bargain hunter,or simply someone looking for a unique experience,flea markets are well worth a visit.。
group buying英语作文
group buying英语作文The Phenomenon of Group Buying.In recent years, the concept of group buying has gained immense popularity, revolutionizing the way people shop and consume. It has become a powerful tool for both consumers and businesses, offering unparalleled convenience, cost-effectiveness, and access to a wide range of products and services.The essence of group buying lies in its ability to aggregate demand from a large number of individuals, leveraging collective bargaining power to negotiate better deals with suppliers. This model benefits both parties: consumers enjoy reduced prices and increased choice, while businesses gain access to a larger customer base and increased brand awareness.The rise of the internet and social media platforms has been crucial in the growth of group buying. These platformsprovide a seamless user experience, connecting buyers and sellers with ease. They allow individuals to share their interests, form groups, and collectively negotiate with sellers. The transparency and interactivity of these platforms foster trust among participants, ensuringfairness and accountability.One of the most significant advantages of group buying is its ability to drive down prices. By pooling demand, consumers can negotiate with suppliers for better terms and conditions. This not only leads to cost savings for consumers but also encourages suppliers to offer more competitive prices, ultimately leading to a more competitive market.Moreover, group buying offers access to a diverse range of products and services. Whether it's tickets to concerts or discounts on restaurant meals, group buying platforms provide a one-stop shop for all consumer needs. This diversity not only satisfies individual preferences but also encourages exploration and discovery of new products and services.For businesses, group buying offers a unique marketing opportunity. By partnering with group buying platforms, businesses can reach a targeted audience, increasing brand exposure and awareness. This not only leads to increased sales but also helps build brand loyalty and trust.However, the growth of group buying has also presented some challenges. One of the main concerns is the sustainability of discounts and deals. In order to maintain profitability, businesses need to strike a balance between attracting customers through discounts and ensuring profitability. This can be a delicate balancing act, requiring careful consideration of pricing strategies and cost structures.Another challenge lies in the management of group buying platforms. With a large number of participants and transactions, these platforms need to ensure smooth operations, data security, and compliance with various regulations. This requires significant investment in technology and infrastructure, as well as a robustgovernance framework.Despite these challenges, the future of group buying looks bright. With the continuous evolution of technology and consumer preferences, we can expect even more innovative and personalized group buying experiences. This will not only enhance consumer satisfaction but also open up new opportunities for businesses to connect with their target audience and grow their market share.In conclusion, group buying has emerged as a powerful force in the consumer landscape, driving down prices, increasing choice, and fostering trust among participants. Its growth and impact are likely to continue in the future, shaping the way we shop and consume.。
近3年上海市虹口区2021-2023年英语中考一模试题分类汇编：首字母填空
上海市虹口区2021-2023年中考英语一模试题分类汇编首字母填空2023年上海市虹口区中考一模英语试题十一、短文首字母填空Fill in the blanks with proper words（在短文的空格内填入适当的词，使其内容通顺。
每空格限填一词，首字母已给）Group Buying in ChinaIn recent years, group buying in China has gradually changed the consumer behavior of many Chinese people. Group buying is also called community buying. Several online buyers work together and purchase a product in bulk（大批量地）for a much l____51____ price per person. The activity takes place mainly on social media.What are the advantages of group buying in China?S____52____ the development of group buying is based on social networks, the cost is cut down. What’s more, the supply chain（供应链）in the group buying market in China is simple: there is no middleman and the price is more reasonable. The group leader serves as ab____53____ between the group buying platform and consumers.How does group buying i____54____ Chinese people?In the past, most people were not f____55____ with their neighbours, especially in cities. However, group buying has brought them closer to each other. People began to chat frequently to have a discussion about the quality and price of products. In this way, they have developed a close relationship with others.What is the future of China’s buying market?As the number of group buying consumers are likely to continue r____56____ in the following years, there may be some changes in the group buying industry. Perhaps different platforms will enter the market. A____57____, it is difficult for a single platform or brand（品牌）to cover the whole group buying market in China because consumers are always changing theirlikes.2022年上海市虹口区中考一模英语试题十、短文首字母填空Read the passage and fill in the blanks with proper words.Bruce Lee(1940-1973 ), the greatest action movie star of all time, should be given a lifetime achievement award for his work in the movies. U51．, Bruce died tragically in 1973, so he wouldn’t be able to receive the award himself, but his f52．all over the world would love to see him honored.Why was Bruce Lee so great? The fight scenes in his films are a53．and Bruce was always in top physical condition. His body was almost perfect. He was also a great actor. He s54．acting when he was just six years old. He was very comfortable and n55．in front of the camera. His face was very expressive. Therefore, he was able to communicate a lot of feeling with a simple look. Bruce Lee was a talented actor, a brilliant fighter, and an almost perfect example of physical fitness. His films brought traditional Hong Kong kung fu movies to a new l56．of popularity. His films also i57．kung fu to millions of people in the West. He should receive an award that recognizes his great contribution(贡献) to the art of film making.2021年上海市虹口区中考一模英语试题十四、短文汉语提示填空Scientific Ways to Improve Our MemoryExercise r___67___Research found that sitting for a long time every day can lead to memory loss.So put on your trainers, go o___68___ and start working up a good sweat. It’s healthy for both your mind and your body.Eat your vegetablesIt’s a well-known f___69___ that eating vegetables can help keep your body healthy, and that includes our brain. Various research p___70___ show that fruits and vegetables can help lower oxidative stress (氧化压力) in your brain as well as help healthy cognitive (认知) functions.R___71___ stress levelsResearch found stress at high levels have a bad influence on our memory and cognitive skills. So slow down and take a walk from time to time.Play video gamesYes, you heard us. Get on that controller and s___72___ a couple of hours playing your favorite video game. It’s good for your mind. According to a r___73___ study which came out last week, these pastimes can help improve the functioning of various memory-associated areas in the brain. But don’t go overboard, too much of a good thing can be bad for you.答案：2023年上海市虹口区中考一模英语试题51．(l)ower 52．(S)ince 53．(b)ridge 54．(i)nfluence 55．(f)amiliar 56．(r)ising 57．(A)ctually【导语】本文主要介绍了团购的相关信息。
QUOTES
brands and move up the technology and value-added scale so that they can f oster global competitiveness.Under the g uideline,China w ill further ref orm the yuan’s exchange rate f ormation mechanism to make the cur-rency more exible.It also vows to pro-mote the use of the yuan in cross-border trade settlement and investment. China to regulate onlinegroup buyingChina w ill regu late the t hriv ing online group buying market to protect customer interests and boost the sec-tor’s sound development,according to a circular issued on Mar.14,Xinhua reported.The State Administ ration of In-dustry and Commerce(SAIC)said in the posting on its website that problems like deceiving customers,selling fake products and arti cially raising original prices are arising frequently as the in-dustry becomes popular in China.“Disputes and complaints related to online group buying have seen a sharp rise,”the administration noted.The SAIC urged local authorities to examine the qualification of online group buying providers and supervise them to ful ll their liabilities.Local authorities should also inten-sify their work to crack down on illegal activities by service providers,it said.“7.5%GDP growth ta rge t not low”Premier Wen Jiab ao wasq uot ed as say ing b y Xi n huaon Mar.14that the7.5percentGDP growth target for2012is aresult of the government’s pro-active macro-control and cannot be viewed as low.China’s GDP has reached47trillion yuan($7.46trillion).On this basis,the growth rate of7.5percent can not be countedas low,not to mention the econ-omy would keep expanding at this pace,Wen told a press conference after the conclusion of the annual parliamentary session.Indeed,the Chinese economy faces slowing trend due to impacts from the European debt crisis and contracting overseas demands,Wen noted.Under such circumstances,to lower the growth mainly aims to facilitate economic restructuring,the premier said.“Y uan’s excha nge rate inc rea singly decided bym a rket”A trade de cit in the rst two months of this year,as well as its impact on the exchange rate of the renminbi in the foreign exchange market,is“a good thing”for China,the governor of China’s central bank was cited as saying by Xinhua on Mar.12.The supply-and-demand relation in the market is playing an increasing role in deciding the exchange rate of the Chinese currency,Zhou Xiaochuan, governor of the People’s Bank of China(PBOC),said at a press conference on the sidelines of the ongoing annual sessions of the National People’s Con-gress(NPC).“We need to take a longer period of time to see whether China’s foreign trade will be balanced or not this year,”Zhou said.13.1%China’s national fiscal revenue rose 13.1%year-on-year to2.09trillion yuan (330.27billion U.S.dollars)in the first two months,the Ministry of Finance said on Mar.12.3.2%’x(I),f,3of this year,NBS announced on Mar.9.$16,887T h e p er cap it a G D Pfor the residents of so uthChina’s Guangdong provinceis expected to reach$16,887in2020,according to a state-ment released by the Chinesey f S SM3percent year-on-year in February,theNational Bureau of Statistics(NBS)an-nounced on Mar.9.14.7%C h i na’s re t ai lsales rose14.7percentyear-on-year to3.37trillio n y uan(533.8U S)fChina s consumer price inde CP a main in lation indicator climbed.2Academ o ocial cienceson ar.1.billion..dollars inthe irst two monthsChina to further reform fisca l-ta x systemsFinance Minister Xie Xuren said on Mar.18China will further deepen the ref orms to its scal and tax systems to enhance transparency of fiscal budgets and improve tax policies,Xinhua re-ported.The nation will strive to promote budgetary policies to cover county-level areas this year and strengthen the re gu-lation and transparency of government funds,Xie said at the China Develop-ment F orum.Meanwhile,the country is mulling to increase the proportion of underly-ing tax,which is smaller compared with c irculation tax under the current Chinese taxation system,Xie said.The underlying tax includes income tax of individuals and corporate business income tax,while the circulation tax covers the V AT,turnover tax,and con-sumption tax.Further,China will expand trials of replac ing turnover tax with VAT in a bid to boost the development of the tertiary industry,according to the minister.“US trade bill brea ks W TO rules”Trade measures passed by t he USCongress v iolated bot h US l aws an dWorld Trade Organization rules,ChenDeming,min ister of commerce,wasquoted as saying by Xinhua on Mar.7.T he US House of Representativespassed a measure confirmi ng that theCommerce Department could imposehigher duties on goods from China for,they claimed,subsidizing exports.TheSenate passed it on Mar.5.At a press briefing during the National People’s Congress,Chen said that the government had been“abiding by”WTO rules in terms of subsidies.“The US always likes to point a nger at China and say‘China is not abiding by the rules’when its own economy is encountering problems,”Chen said.But it seldom elaborates exactly what rules are being broken,he added.“Chine se econom y is vita l for world”Spanish Minister for Economy and Competition Luis de Guindos says that the Chinese economy is vital for both the present and the future of the world economy.The minister made the remarks in a recent interview with Xinhua ahead of his visit to China on Mar.20to help forge closer economic and nancial relations between the two countries.“China is an element of stability for the world economy...the vitality and dynamism of the Chinese economy has been a fundamental contribution to the world economy and it is playing a very important role,”commented De Guindos.He assured that China will become the most important market in the world in the next10years and looked at the chance of commercial,nancial and investment cooperation.43%China’s government debt amounts to about17.5trillion yuan(2.78trillion U.S. dollars),about43percent of the country’s gross domestic product,Y ang Kaisheng, president of the Industrial and Com-mercial Bank of China,said on Mar.6. 50b’M y f F (MOF)announced on Mar.6that it willissue two batches of electronic savingsbonds worth up to50billion yuan(7.92billion U.S.dollars).6.5-7%China raisedfu el pri ces fo rthe second timey,and diesel by6.5percent to7percenteffective on Mar.20amid rising worldcrude oil prices and falling domesticin ation.11%Profit growth for Ch inese state-ow ned en terp rises(SO Es)slo wedduring t he first two months of2012,M y f FMChina s inistr o inance t hi s ear hi k-i n g g a s o l i n et he i ni s t r o i na nce sa id o nar.19.。
Online Group Buying to Be Regulated
Online Group Buying to Be Regulated作者：吴宁来源：《新高考·高一英语》2012年第10期本篇阅读材料的难度属偏难，全文约370词，因此建议阅读时间（含做题）为7分钟。
阅读要求：认真阅读短文，从短文后各题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。
In a major effort to protect customers’ interests， China has begun regulating online group buying， a growing market with increasing illegal（非法的） business activities in recent years. The State Administration for Industry and Commerce forced its local governments to examine the qualifications（资格） of online group buying providers and monitor them， according to the latest circular（通告）posted on the administration’s website.Problems such as cheating， fake（假冒的） products and price raising are becoming more frequent as online group buying grows in China，the circular said. “Complaints related to on line group buying have seen a sharp rise，” the administration said.According to a report made by China E⁃Commerce Research Center， an independent research institute， a total of 203 million people did online shopping in China in 2011， up 28.5 percent from a year earlier.The country’s online retail（零售） sales reached 801 billion yuan last year， a sharp increase from 514 billion yuan in 2010， the report said. Meanwhile， the number of group buying websites hit 3，909 in December， up from 2，630 in January last year，the institute’s statistics showed.The institute collected about 100，000 complaints related to e⁃commerce last year， 25 percent of which involved online group buying， the report said.“At present， online shopping gets so many complaints because the country now lacks strict regulations and supervision（监管） of such service providers，” said Wu Xuefei， a researcher at the institute.In May， ， a Chinese group buying website， fired a vice⁃president after discovering that some of its employees were found to have cheated in an iPhone lottery（摸彩）on weibo. The event drew online doubt about the credibility（可靠性）of the website when the “lucky winners” turned out to be gaopeng’s employees. “It is certain that consume rs will lose confidence in online group buying， if such events continue to hit them in future，” she said.Experts said the latest circular is timely and will benefit a sound development of the online group buying industry. Many complaints may be avoided if group buying websites are required to clarifydetails on delivery， payment， exchange and the return of goods and services before trading，according to the circular. It also stops unfair competitions.1. Why does the Chinese government want to regulate online group buying market？A. Because it wants to increase online group buying sales.B. Because the online buying group market has developed greatly.C. Because the group buying websites are cheating on tax.D. Because there is a rise in trading activities against the law recently.2. How many people did online shopping in China in 2010？A. About 158 million.B. About 58 million.C. About 203 million.D. About 514 billion.3. What did NOT cause customers to complain about online group buying？A. Some illegal websites selling fake products.B. Lack of strict control over the competitions in the market.C. Online group buying providers being dishonest with customers.D. Original prices of goods being raised on purpose.4. Why did the vice⁃president of get fired？A. Because he discovered his employees cheating in a lottery.B. Because he was found cheating the iPhone company.C. Because his employees were caught cheating in a lottery.D. Because he was caught cheating in a lottery.5. What is the attitude of experts towards the circular？A. Negative.B. Positive.C. Indifferent.D. Not mentioned.【答案与解析】1. D。
2023年上海市虹口区中考英语一模试题及答案
2023年上海市虹口区中考一模初三英语Part 1 Listening (第一部分听力)I Listening comprehension(听力理解) (本大题共20题，共25分)A. Listen and choose the right picture(根据你听到的内容，选出相应的图片) (共5分)1._________2. _________3. _________4. _________5. _________B. Listen to the dialogues and choose the best answer to each question you hear (根据你听到的对话和问题，选出最恰当的答案) (共5分)6. A) By bus. B) By ferry. C) By taxi. D) By underground.7. A) Mother and son. B) Patient and doctor.C) Teacher and student. D) Hotel clerk and customer.8. A) He thinks it was interesting. B) He thinks it was amazing.C) He thinks it was boring. D) He thinks it was too long.9.10. A) The woman agreed with the man. B) Jack used to sing best in the band.C) Michael didn't have a place in the band. D) Michael took Jack's place in the band. C. Listen to the passage and tell whether the following statements are true or false (判断下列句子是否符合你听到的短文内容,符合的用“T”表示，不符合的用“F”表示) (共5分)11. Mike and Sally always see a blind man walking with a black stick on a busy street.12. It is surprising that the blind man doesn't hit anything when he walks.13. Sally thinks it is amazing but dangerous for a blind man to walk on a busy street.14. The blind man has trained himself to do some sports by using his stick.15. The story has taught us that it is safer for blind people to stay indoors.D. Listen to the passage and complete the following sentences (听短文，用听到的单词完成下列句子。
网上购物英语作文（精选51篇）
网上购物英语作文网上购物英语作文（精选51篇）在日常学习、工作或生活中，大家或多或少都会接触过作文吧，根据写作命题的特点，作文可以分为命题作文和非命题作文。
怎么写作文才能避免踩雷呢？下面是小编整理的网上购物英语作文，仅供参考，希望能够帮助到大家。
网上购物英语作文篇1With the development of Interner. Shpping online is becoming more and more popular. It has become a part of our lives.On one hand, is it very safe and converient and it also provides us with morev chioces. Whats more, it can safe lots of time .On the other hand ,it cant make sure peomise, the quality。
In my view, exery coin has two sides.We should take it reasonably.网上购物英语作文篇2With the development of the internet and the popularization of puters, shopping on the internet has bee a monplace in our life. here consumers can buy almost everything they need.Shopping on the internet has a lot of advantages, of which the most important is perhaps its convenience. people dont have to waste a lot of their energy and precious time to go from one shop to another to choose the modities they like. this is especially desirable to the old, the sick and the busy people who cannot go to the shops in person. the goods e in all shapes, sizes and colors on the internet. all they need to do is to sit in front of their puters and click the mouses. the modities they order will be delivered to them promptly.However, shopping on the internet also has its disadvantages.the first disadvantage is that the consumers cant see the goods or try them on personally. sometimes, the real goods may not be the same as what they have seen on the puter. the second disadvantage is that some shops on the internet are not registered. they will never deliver anything to you after they get the money from you. once cheated, you will find that you have nowhere to go to plain.网上购物英语作文篇3Online shopping With the development of technology, online shopping has become popular in people’s life. As many of us might have witnessed, more people are buying products through the Internet. It tends to be a common phenomenon.Undoubtedly, online shopping has brought us many conveniences. Different people hold the different ideas according to this phenomenon. The majority of people believe that online shopping is not only convenient but also helpful for people as a new shopping way. On the one hand, online shopping doesn’t need you to pour a lot of time and energy into buying things. If you go shopping in this way, you will spend a few minutes choosing the things that you need online instead of going out.Moreover, online shopping doesn’t need us to get the things in person. On the other hand, online stores can provide various goods to satisfy our endless need. Besides, we can save much money by online shopping.From above, we can know that online shopping has good effect on our life, but every coin has two sides. Some people hold the opposite ideas. First, for example, we maybe buy something wrong online because we don’t take much notice of the quality of the goods. Second, there are many swindlers who cheat us outof money by opening a fake online store.As far as I am concerned, shopping online is an irreversible trend. More and more people will be accustomed to it. It will be much more popular in the near future. Although shopping online is a good way in shopping, we also need to reflect on when we buy things in this way.Online shopping can’t be trustedWith the development of the internet, online shopping is becoming more and more popular. However, people can ’t trust the online shopping, the reliability of products and information and which way can complain with of online shopping haven ’t been promised. People don ’t know whether the real goods which are different from what they have bought on net before. There are only picture on the web.people can’t expose the real before they get the goods. Thus, the quality of commodities bought online may not be ensured. My friend Brint who is a lazy student major in engineering, he wants to do everything on the internet, and he shopping online often. There was a time when his cell phone was broken. He bought a new cell phone instead of buying one from the shop by himself. When he received the phone, it wasn ’t the one which he had seen on the net, it was other brand, and the phone was broken. He said he regretted it very much, and he would buy one buy himself in the real shop. People would usually get the wrong even bad goods,. And people are very difficult to make a complaint. There is no law that asking the seller to pay for the responsibility after selling. If people want to get some change when they get the bad goods, they should pay for the fee of transportation by themselves. Huang is a roommate of me. Huang is a hapless man whose computer has broken last week.He bought a new one on the net one day ago, when he received the computer, the computer couldn’t run. He wanted to make a complaint with the seller, but seller said he had no responsibility after the good away his hands. And if Huang wanted to make a consultation that change another one, he must pay the extra money of the transportation. Huang said he wouldn’t buy anything online any more though the prices of goods were cheaper. It is obvious that online shopping is a bad way for people to buy things.However, most of people think online shopping is convenient and cheaper, they haven ’t found as the sa ying that what price what goods. In fact, there are much fake information on the net. Cheaper is the surface phenomenon, they would feel regretted when they get the commodities which aren’t they want. At that time, people will know that they are vulnerable to be cheated by the sellers. Real goods which people can see and touch are the best way for people to choose. In conclusion, online shopping just like gambling, online shopping can’t be trusted. There are too many detrimental factors on it. If people don’t know the real information and can’t make a complaint with sellers, they shouldn’t buy anything on Shopping online has no safe conduct, people should zero in on it.网上购物英语作文篇4In the current society， with the rapid development of the Internet， shopping on the internet has been a fashion especially among the youngsters？在当今社会，随着互联网的飞速发展，网上购物已经成为一种时尚，尤其是青少年。
购物经常问的问题英语作文
购物经常问的问题英语作文Title: Commonly Asked Questions About Shopping。
Shopping is an integral part of our daily lives. Whether it's buying groceries, clothes, electronics, or any other necessities, we often find ourselves engaging in the act of purchasing goods and services. With the rise of e-commerce and the increasing accessibility of shopping options, people are presented with numerous questions regarding their shopping experiences. In this essay, wewill explore some of the commonly asked questions about shopping and delve into their answers.1. What are the benefits of online shopping?Online shopping offers a myriad of benefits, including convenience, variety, and often competitive prices. With online shopping, consumers can browse through a wide range of products from the comfort of their homes, eliminating the need to travel to physical stores. Moreover, onlineplatforms often provide detailed product descriptions, customer reviews, and comparison tools, allowing shoppersto make informed decisions. Additionally, online shopping enables consumers to access products from around the world, expanding their choices beyond what is available locally.2. How can I ensure the security of online transactions?Ensuring the security of online transactions is paramount to protecting personal and financial information. To safeguard against potential risks, it is essential to shop from reputable websites that utilize secure payment gateways and encryption technologies. Look for websiteswith HTTPS protocols and padlock symbols in the address bar, indicating a secure connection. Furthermore, refrain from sharing sensitive information, such as passwords or credit card details, over unsecured networks or suspicious websites. Utilizing secure payment methods, such as credit cards or digital wallets, can also add an extra layer of protection against fraudulent activities.3. What are some strategies for saving money whileshopping?Saving money while shopping requires strategic planning and resourcefulness. One effective strategy is to compare prices across different retailers or platforms to identify the best deals and discounts. Additionally, signing up for loyalty programs, newsletters, or cashback offers can provide opportunities for additional savings. Another tipis to take advantage of seasonal sales, clearance events, and promotional offers, which often provide significant discounts on various products. Furthermore, consider purchasing generic or store-brand items instead of name brands, as they are typically more affordable without compromising quality.4. How can I avoid impulse buying?Impulse buying can lead to overspending and unnecessary clutter. To avoid succumbing to impulse purchases, it is essential to create a shopping list and stick to it diligently. Before making a purchase, take a moment to evaluate whether the item is a necessity or a want.Consider its utility, quality, and long-term value to determine whether it aligns with your needs and budget. Additionally, impose a waiting period before making non-essential purchases, allowing yourself time to reconsider the decision and assess whether it is truly worth it. Practicing mindfulness and self-discipline can also help curb impulsive shopping tendencies.5. What are the environmental impacts of shopping?Shopping can have significant environmental implications, including resource depletion, pollution, and waste generation. One of the primary environmental concerns associated with shopping is the production and disposal of single-use plastic packaging, which contributes to plastic pollution in oceans and landfills. Moreover, the transportation of goods, particularly through air and road freight, contributes to carbon emissions and air pollution. To mitigate these impacts, consumers can opt for eco-friendly and sustainable products, reduce packaging waste by choosing products with minimal or recyclable packaging, and support brands that prioritize environmentalstewardship and ethical practices.In conclusion, shopping is a complex and multifaceted activity that raises various questions and considerations. By understanding the benefits and challenges associated with shopping, consumers can make informed decisions, navigate potential risks, and adopt sustainable and responsible shopping practices. Whether shopping online or in-store, it is essential to prioritize convenience, security, affordability, and environmental consciousness to ensure a positive and fulfilling shopping experience.。
BSF European Absolute Return Fund Class D2 USD说明书
BSF European Absolute Return FundClass D2 USDBlackRock Strategic Funds November 2023 Performance, Portfolio Breakdowns and Net Assets information as at: 30/11/2023. All other data as at 11/12/2023.This document is marketing material. Investors should read the KIID/PRIIPs document and prospectus prior to investing, and should refer to the prospectus for the funds full list of risks. For professional clients and qualified investors only.FUND OVERVIEWThe investment strategy of the Fund is deemed by the Directors of the Fund to be capacity constrained. Buying Shares in the Fund (or converting shares from another fund) is capped at a daily limit of EUR 10 million (or the equivalent thereof) per investor until further notice except at the discretion of the Directors of the Fund (you can still sell your Shares daily without limit).The Fund aims to achieve positive absolute returns through a combination of capital growth and income on your investment regardless of market conditions.The Fund seeks to gain at least 70% of any market exposure to equity securities (e.g.shares) of companies domiciled in, or the main business of which is in, Europe. This is achieved by investing at least 70% of its assets in equity securities, other equity-related securities and when determined appropriate fixed income (FI) securities (such as bonds), money market instruments (MMIs) (i.e. debt securities with short-term maturities) deposits and cash.RISK INDICATORLower Risk Higher Risk Potentially Lower RewardsPotentially Higher RewardsCAPITAL AT RISK: The value of investments and the income from them can fall as well as rise and are not guaranteed. Investors may not get back the amount originally invested.KEY RISKS:The value of equities and equity-related securities can be affected by daily stock market movements. Other influential factors include political, economic news, company earnings and significant corporate events.Due to its investment strategy an 'Absolute Return' fund may not move in line with market trends or fully benefit from a positive market environment.Derivatives may be highly sensitive to changes in the value of the asset on which they are based and can increase the size of losses and gains, resulting in greater fluctuations in the value of the Fund. The impact to the Fund can be greater where derivatives are used in an extensive or complex way.Counterparty Risk: The insolvency of any institutions providing services such as safekeeping of assets or acting as counterparty to derivatives or other instruments, may expose the Fund to financial loss.KEY FACTSComparator 1: 3 Month Euribor (Industry Standard) IndexAsset Class: EquityFund Launch Date: 27/02/2009Share Class Launch Date: 26/08/2020Fund Base Currency: EURShare Class Currency: USDUse of Income: AccumulatingNet Assets of Fund (M): 939.20 EUR Morningstar Category: -SFDR Classification: OtherDomicile: LuxembourgISIN: LU2213651438Management Company: BlackRock (Luxembourg) S.A.FEES AND CHARGESAnnual Management Fee: 1.00%Ongoing Charge: 1.37%Performance Fee: 20.00%DEALING INFORMATIONMinimum Initial Investment: 100,000 USD * Settlement: Trade Date + 3 daysDealing Frequency: Daily, forward pricing basis * or currency equivalentPORTFOLIO CHARACTERISTICSPrice to Book Ratio: -2.71xPrice to Earnings Ratio: 185.33xStandard Deviation (3y): 6.353y Beta: 0.36Number of Holdings: 75PORTFOLIO MANAGER(S)Stephanie BothwellStefan GriesThe figures shown relate to past performance. Past performance is not a reliable indicator of current or future performance and should not be the sole factor of consideration when selecting a product or strategy. Share Class and Benchmark performance displayed in USD, hedged fund benchmark performance is displayed in EUR. Performance is shown on a Net Asset Value (NAV) basis, with gross income reinvested where applicable. The return of your investment may increase or decrease as a result of currency fluctuations if your investment is made in a currency other than that used in the past performance calculation. Refer to the Key Facts section for share class & benchmark information.Source: BlackRockShare Class BSF European Absolute Return FundClass D2 USDComparator 1 3 Month Euribor (Industry Standard) IndexTOP HOLDINGS (%)NOVO NORDISK A/S 4.31%RELX PLC 3.73%LINDE PLC 3.27%IMCD NV2.41%SCHNEIDER ELECTRIC SE 2.29%BE SEMICONDUCTOR IND. 2.25%BEIERSDORF AG2.19%ASR NEDERLAND NV 2.17%CRH PLC2.17%COMPAGNIE DE SAINT GOBAIN SA 2.14%Total of Portfolio26.93%Holdings subject to changeGLOSSARYSFDR Classification:Article 8: Products that promote environmental or social characteristics and promote good governance practices. Article 9: Products that have sustainable investments as an objective and follow good governance practices.Other: Products that do not meet the criteria to be classified as Article 8 or 9.Price to Earnings: A valuation ratio of a company's current share price compared to its per-share earnings in the current forecast year, calculated as current share price divided by current earnings per share.Price to Book Ratio: represents the ratio of the current closing price of the share to the latest quarter's book value per share.IMPORTANT INFORMATION:This material is for distribution to Professional Clients (as defined by the Financial Conduct Authority or MiFID Rules) only and should not be relied upon by any other persons.In the UK and Non-European Economic Area (EEA) countries: this is issued by BlackRock Investment Management (UK) Limited, authorised and regulated by the Financial Conduct Authority. Registered office: 12 Throgmorton Avenue, London, EC2N 2DL. Tel: + 44 (0)20 7743 3000. Registered in England and Wales No. 02020394. For your protection telephone calls are usually recorded. Please refer to the Financial Conduct Authority website for a list of authorised activities conducted by BlackRock.BSF Funds: This document is marketing material. BlackRock Strategic Funds (BSF) is an open-ended investment company established and domiciled in Luxembourg which is available for sale in certain jurisdictions only. BSF is not available for sale in the U.S. or to U.S. persons. Product information concerning BSF should not be published in the U.S. BlackRock Investment Management (UK) Limited is the Principal Distributor of BSF and may terminate marketing at any time. In the UK, subscriptions in BSF are valid only if made on the basis of the current Prospectus, the most recent financial reports and the Key Investor Information Document, and in EEA and Switzerland subscriptions in BSF are valid only if made on the basis of the current Prospectus, the most recent financial reports and the Packaged Retail and Insurance-based Investment Products Key Information Document (PRIIPs KID) which are available in registered jurisdictions and local language where they are registered, these can be found at on the relevant product pages. Prospectuses, Key Investor Information Documents, PRIIPs KID and application forms may not be available to investors in certain jurisdictions where the Fund in question has not been authorised. Investors should understand all characteristics of the funds objective before investing. For information on investor rights and how to raise complaints please go to https:// /corporate/compliance/investor-right available in in local language in registered jurisdictions.Any research in this document has been procured and may have been acted on by BlackRock for its own purpose. The results of such research are being made available only incidentally. The views expressed do not constitute investment or any other advice and are subject to change. They do not necessarily reflect the views of any company in the BlackRock Group or any part thereof and no assurances are made as to their accuracy.This document is for information purposes only and does not constitute an offer or invitation to anyone to invest in any BlackRock funds and has not been prepared in connection with any such offer.© 2023 BlackRock, Inc. All Rights reserved. BLACKROCK, BLACKROCK SOLUTIONS and iSHARES are trademarks of BlackRock, Inc. or its subsidiaries in the United States and elsewhere. All other trademarks are those of their respective owners.。
TD Ameritrade Margin Handbook说明书
Margin Handbook 保證金用戶手册Margin can be an important part of your investment strategy.The Margin Handbook is designed to help you understand what U.S. margin accounts are and how they work. For specific questions about your U.S. margin account, we encourage you to contact a client services representative.Throughout this handbook, all monetary amounts are in USD unlessstated otherwise.保證金交易可以成爲您投資策略中的重要組成部分。
保證金用戶手册旨於幫助您瞭解美國保證金賬戶是什麽以及如何運作。
如果您對您的美國保證金賬戶有任何具體的問題，我們建議您聯繫客戶服務代表。
在此用戶手册中，除非另有說明，所有貨幣金額均爲美元。
Page 1 of 33 第1頁/共33頁Table of ContentsWhat Is Margin? (3)How Does Margin Work? (4)Primary Uses, Advantages, and Disadvantages (5)Responsibilities of Trading on Margin (6)Margin Requirements (7)Day Trading Margin Requirements (9)Margin Calls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11 Portfolio Margin (12)Selling Stock (14)Withdrawals (14)Substitutions (15)Short Selling (15)Options (17)Buying Equity Options (19)Equity Spreads (21)Equity Straddles (22)Index Options (23)Special Statement for Writing Uncovered Options (25)Options Exercise and Assignment (26)Substitute Payments (27)Margin Impact on Voting Rights (27)Futures (28)Glossary.......................................28目錄什麽是保證金？ (3)保證金如何運作？ (4)主要用途，優勢和劣勢 (5)保證金交易的責任 (6)保證金要求 (7)即日買賣保證金要求 (9)保證金追繳通知 (11)投資組合保證金 (12)賣空股票 (14)提款 (14)替代 (15)賣空 (15)期權 (17)購買股票期權 (19)股票差價策略 (21)股票跨式期權 (22)指數期權 (23)賣出無備兌期權的特別聲明 (25)期權行使和轉讓 (26)替代付款 (27)保證金對投票權的影響 (27)期貨 (28)詞匯 (28)TDHK 625 01/18Page 2 of 33 第2頁/共33頁A margin account permits investors to borrow funds fromtheir brokerage firm to purchase marginable securities on credit and to borrow against marginable securities alreadyin the account. The terms of a margin loan require that the qualifying securities or cash that you have in your accountbe used as collateral to secure the loan. Interest is chargedon the borrowed funds for the period of time that the loan is outstanding. Both the amount of money that a brokerage firm may loan an investor and the terms of the loan agreement are subject to change and regulated by the following: the Board of Governors of the United States Federal Reserve System, the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, Inc. (FINRA), our Clearing Firm, TD Ameritrade Clearing, Inc., the Securities and Futures Commission of Hong Kong, and the Hong Kong Securities and Futures Ordinance (Cap. 571).Investors opening a margin account must make a deposit of cash or eligible securities totaling at least $2,000 in equity. This serves as collateral for the loan. Thereafter, based upon Regulation T promulgated by the U.S. Federal Reserve Board, which is currently 50%, you can double the amount you invest in qualified securities as long as you maintain the minimum value in your account and conduct all trades within your margin account. As an example, if you were buying $10,000 worthof marginable securities, you could make the purchase using $5,000 of your money and $5,000 of your brokerage firm’s money. Investors who buy on margin pay interest on the loan portion of their purchase (in this example, $5,000), but normally do not have to repay the loan itself until the stock is sold. After repaying the margin loan, any profit or loss belongs to the individual investor.Since the value of the marginable securities in your account serves as collateral for the loan, margin accounts require that your equity meet or exceed certain minimum levels. If it should drop too low, your brokerage firm will ask you to increase the value of your account by trading assets held in your portfolio, such as selling securities, buying to cover short positions,or closing options positions. Or you may deposit marginable securities or cash into the account. This maintenance of minimum value will be described in greater detail in the sections that follow.Securities that can be purchased on margin or used as collateral for a margin account include:• M ost securities listed on the New York Stock Exchange(NYSE)• The majority of NASDAQ/AMEX securities• O ver-the-counter stocks approved by the U.S. FederalReserve Board 保證金賬戶允許投資人從他們的證券公司借款通過信貸購買可融資證券，以及通過賬戶中已有的可融資證券抵押借款。
2025年全国大学英语CET四级考试试题与参考答案
2025年全国大学英语CET四级考试自测试题与参考答案一、写作（15分）Task 1: Letter of RecommendationWrite a letter to your friend, who is applying for a scholarship in a foreign university. In your letter, you should:1.Express your support for your friend’s application.2.Mention your friend’s academic achievements and extracurricular activities.3.Briefly describe your friend’s personal qualities and how they would benefit from the scholarship.4.End the letter by encouraging your friend to pursue their goals.Writing Tip:Remember to use formal language and a clear structure. Start with a proper introduction, followed by the main body, and conclude with a polite closing.Sample Letter:[Your Name][Your Address][City, State, ZIP][Email Address][Date][Friend’s Name][Friend’s Address][City, State, ZIP]Dear [Friend’s Name],I am writing to express my wholehearted support for your application for the scholarship at [Foreign University]. I believe that you are an exceptional candidate who deserves this opportunity to further your education abroad.Throughout your academic journey at [Your University], you have consistently demonstrated exceptional dedication and commitment to your studies. Your academic achievements are nothing short of remarkable. You have consistently ranked among the top students in your major, earning honors and awards along the way. Moreover, your ability to grasp complex concepts and apply them creatively is truly impressive.In addition to your academic prowess, you have been actively involved in various extracurricular activities. You have served as the president of the Student Council, where you have shown excellent leadership qualities and have been instrumental in organizing successful events. Your ability to work collaboratively and inspire others is a testament to your strong interpersonal skills.On a personal level, you possess a genuine passion for learning and a strongsense of curiosity. Your determination to explore new cultures and ideas will undoubtedly benefit you greatly as you pursue your studies at [Foreign University]. The scholarship would not only provide you with financial support but also allow you to immerse yourself in a diverse and enriching academic environment.I have no doubt that you will excel in your studies and make the most of this opportunity. Please do not hesitate to reach out to me if you need any assistance or guidance during your application process.Wishing you the best of luck with your scholarship application. I am confident that you will achieve your goals.Warm regards,[Your Name]Analysis:This sample letter follows the structure and guidelines provided in the task. It starts with a formal introduction, expressing support for the friend’s application. The body of the letter focuses on the friend’s academic achievements and extracurricular activities, providing specific examples to illustrate their strengths. The writer then briefly describes the friend’s personal qualities and how the scholarship would benefit them. Finally, the letter concludes with a polite closing and well-wishes, encouraging the friend to pursue their goals. The language used is formal and respectful, appropriate for a letter of recommendation.二、听力理解-短篇新闻（选择题，共7分）第一题News Item 1:A new study by the World Health Organization (WHO) has found that the consumption of sugary drinks is linked to an increased risk of type 2 diabetes. The study, which involved nearly 600,000 people from 10 different countries, showed that those who consumed more than one sugary drink per day had a 1.93 times higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes compared to those who did not consume sugary drinks at all. The WHO recommends limiting the intake of sugary drinks to less than 50 grams per day to reduce the risk of diabetes.Questions:1、What is the main finding of the study conducted by the WHO?A. The consumption of sugary drinks does not increase the risk of type 2 diabetes.B. The consumption of sugary drinks is linked to an increased risk of type2 diabetes.C. The consumption of sugary drinks can prevent type 2 diabetes.D. The consumption of sugary drinks has no effect on the risk of type 2 diabetes.2、How many times higher is the risk of developing type 2 diabetes for those who consume more than one sugary drink per day compared to those who do not consume sugary drinks at all?A. 1.5 timesB. 1.93 timesC. 2.5 timesD. 3 times3、According to the WHO, how many grams of sugary drinks should be consumed per day to reduce the risk of diabetes?A. 100 gramsB. 50 gramsC. 25 gramsD. 75 gramsAnswers:1、B2、B3、B第二题News Item 1:The World Health Organization (WHO) has declared a global emergency due to the rapid spread of a new strain of influenza. The virus, known as H5N1, has already infected hundreds of people in Asia and Europe, and there are concerns it could mutate into a form that spreads easily among humans. Governments around the world are taking steps to control the virus and prevent a pandemic.Questions:1、What has the WHO declared due to the spread of the new influenza strain?A) A regional emergencyB) A global emergencyC) A pandemicD) A localized outbreak2、How many people in Asia and Europe have been infected with the new influenza strain?A) DozensB) HundredsC) ThousandsD) Tens of thousands3、What is the main concern regarding the H5N1 virus?A) It has already mutated into a form that spreads easily among humans.B) It is highly resistant to existing vaccines.C) It is causing severe health complications in infected individuals.D) It is primarily affecting animals rather than humans.Answers:1、B) A global emergency2、B) Hundreds3、A) It has already mutated into a form that spreads easily among humans.三、听力理解-长对话（选择题，共8分）第一题听力原文：W: Hi, John. How’s your preparation for the CET-4 exam going?M: Oh, not too bad. I’ve been studying pretty hard, but I’m really worried about the listening section. It’s always been my weakest point.W: I know what you mean. It’s hard to improve your list ening skills in such a short time. But don’t worry too much. Just keep practicing.M: Yeah, but how should I practice? Should I just listen to English news and podcasts every day?W: That’s a good start, but it’s also important to practice with real exam q uestions. That way, you’ll get used to the format and the types of questions.M: Right. So, where can I find some practice materials?W: There are many online resources available. You can check out websites like CET-4 Listening Practice or even download some apps that offer listening exercises.M: Great! I’ll start looking for those resources right away. By the way, do you have any tips for improving listening skills?W: Well, one thing I find helpful is to take notes while listening. It helps me to focus and remember the main points of the conversation. Also, try to predict what the speaker might say next based on the context.M: That’s a good tip. I’ll try that. Thanks for the advice!W: No problem. We’re all in this together. Good luck with your exam!Questions:1、What is the main topic of the conversation?A) Preparing for the CET-4 examB) Improving listening skillsC) Finding practice materials for the CET-4 examD) Taking notes during the exam2、What does the man think about the listening section of the CET-4 exam?A) He is confident about it.B) He is not very worried about it.C) He feels it is his weakest point.D) He thinks it is the easiest section.3、What does the woman suggest the man do to improve his listening skills?A) Listen to English songs and movies.B) Read a lot of English books.C) Take notes while listening.D) Practice speaking English.4、Where does the woman suggest the man find practice materials for the CET-4 listening section?A) At the library.B) On the internet.C) In the bookstore.D) At the school’s language center.Answers:1、B) Improving listening skills2、C) He feels it is his weakest point.3、C) Take notes while listening.4、B) On the internet.第二题听力原文：W: Hey, John. Have you heard about the new English proficiency test t hat’s going to be introduced next year?M: Yeah, I have. It’s called the CET-4 English Proficiency Test. I heard it’s going to be more challenging than the current one.W: That’s true. The test format is going to change a bit. Instead of just having listening, reading, writing, and speaking sections, there will also be a long conversation section.M: Oh, really? That sounds interesting. How will it work?W: Well, the long conversation will be a conversation between two or more people on a specific topic. We’ll have to listen to the conversation and answer questions based on what we hear.M: That sounds like a good way to test our listening skills and understanding of the language in real-life situations.W: Exactly. And the questions will be a mix of multiple-choice andshort-answer questions.M: So, are you planning to take the test?W: Yes, I am. I want to improve my English skills, and this test seems like a good way to do that.M: Good for you! I think I’ll take it too. Let’s study together.Questions:1、What is the new English proficiency test called?A) CET-3B) CET-4C) CET-5D) CET-62、What is one of the main changes in the new test format?A) There will be no speaking section.B) There will be a long conversation section.C) The reading section will be longer.D) The writing section will be more difficult.3、What type of questions will be included in the long conversation section?A) Only multiple-choice questions.B) Only short-answer questions.C) A mix of multiple-choice and short-answer questions.D) Only essay questions.4、What is the main reason the speakers are interested in taking the test?A) To improve their grades.B) To get a job abroad.C) To improve their English skills.D) To meet the requirements for a higher education program.Answers:1、B) CET-42、B) There will be a long conversation section.3、C) A mix of multiple-choice and short-answer questions.4、C) To improve their English skills.四、听力理解-听力篇章（选择题，共20分）第一题Passage OneAfter the terrorist attacks on the United States on September 11, 2001, the world changed in many ways. People’s lives, both in the United States and around the world, were forever altered. The attacks led to increased security measures at airports, government buildings, and public events. They also had a profound impact on the global economy and international relations.1、What was the primary cause of the changes in people’s lives after the September 11 attacks?A)Increased security measures.B)The global economy.C)International relations.D)All of the above.Passage One Questions:2、What immediate effect did the September 11 attacks have on airports?A)They were closed for several days.B)They introduced more stringent security checks.C)They were forced to reduce flights.D)They had no immediate effect.3、How did the September 11 attacks change international relations?A)They led to a strengthening of alliances.B)They caused a breakdown in diplomatic relations.C)They had no immediate impact on international relations.D)They led to a reduction in international trade.Answers:1、D) All of the above.2、B) They introduced more stringent security checks.3、A) They led to a strengthening of alliances.第二题Passage OneIn recent years, there has been a growing interest in the study of sleep and its effects on our health. Researchers have found that sleep plays a crucial role in our physical and mental well-being. Here are some key findings from recent studies:1.Sleep deprivation can lead to serious health issues. Lack of sleep has been linked to an increased risk of heart disease, diabetes, and obesity. It can also weaken the immune system, making us more susceptible to infections.2.Sleep is essential for cognitive functions. Memory, attention, and problem-solving skills are all affected by sleep deprivation. Without adequate sleep, our ability to perform daily tasks can be significantly impaired.3.Sleep helps regulate our hormones. Lack of sleep can disrupt the balance of hormones, leading to weight gain and other health problems.4.Sleep improves our mood. Regular, quality sleep can reduce stress and anxiety, and improve our overall sense of well-being.Now, listen to a conversation between two friends discussing the importance of sleep.Question 1: What is one potential health issue associated with sleep deprivation?A. Improved cognitive functions.B. Increased risk of heart disease.C. Enhanced immune system.D. Decreased stress levels.Answer: BQuestion 2: According to the passage, how does sleep affect our cognitive abilities?A. It enhances memory and attention.B. It impairs problem-solving skills.C. It increases stress levels.D. It weakens the immune system.Answer: AQuestion 3: What is one benefit of regular, quality sleep mentioned in the passage?A. It disrupts hormone balance.B. It increases stress levels.C. It improves our mood.D. It weakens the immune system.Answer: C第三题PassageDr. John Brown, a renowned psychologist, has conducted extensive research on the effects of sleep on cognitive performance. In his latest study, he investigates how sleep deprivation affects problem-solving abilities.Dr. Brown explains that during sleep, the brain processes and consolidates information, which is crucial for memory formation and problem-solving. Sleep deprivation, however, can hinder this process, leading to decreased cognitive performance.In his study, Dr. Brown divided participants into two groups. One group was allowed to sleep for 8 hours, while the other group was kept awake for 24 hours. After the sleep deprivation period, both groups were given a series ofproblem-solving tasks to complete.The results were striking. The group that had slept for 8 hours performed significantly better on the problem-solving tasks than the group that had been kept awake. The sleep-deprived group showed slower reaction times, lower accuracy, and higher levels of stress.Dr. Brown concludes that adequate sleep is essential for optimal cognitive performance. Sleep deprivation not only impairs problem-solving abilities but also has long-term negative effects on mental health and overall well-being.Questions1、What is the main focus of Dr. John Brown’s research?A) The effects of stress on sleepB) The importance of sleep in cognitive performanceC) The role of genetics in sleep patternsD) The impact of caffeine on sleep quality2、How does sleep deprivation affect cognitive performance, according to Dr. Brown?A) It improves reaction times and accuracyB) It enhances memory formation and problem-solving abilitiesC) It hinders the brain’s ability to process and consolidate informationD) It has no significant impact on cognitive performance3、What is the conclusion Dr. Brown draws from his study?A) Sleep deprivation has no negative effects on cognitive performanceB) Adequate sleep is unnecessary for optimal cognitive performanceC) The quality of sleep is more important than the quantity of sleepD) Sleep deprivation can have long-term negative effects on mental health and overall well-beingAnswers1、B) The importance of sleep in cognitive performance2、C) It hinders the brain’s ability to process and consolidate information3、D) Sleep deprivation can have long-term negative effects on mental health and overall well-being五、阅读理解-词汇理解（填空题，共5分）第一题Reading passage:In the digital age, our lives are increasingly intertwined with technology. From the moment we wake up to the time we go to bed, we rely on various devices to help us with our daily tasks. One such device that has become an integral part of our lives is th e smartphone. It’s not just a communication tool anymore; it’s a personal assistant, a fitness tracker, and a source of entertainment.The rise of smartphones has brought about both benefits and challenges. On the one hand, they have made our lives more convenient. We can access information, make purchases, and stay connected with friends and family at any time. On the other hand, excessive use of smartphones can lead to negative consequences suchas sleep disturbances, reduced face-to-face interactions, and even mental health issues.As we continue to integrate technology into our daily routines, it’s important to be mindful of how we use our devices. Here are some tips to help you maintain a healthy balance:1.Set specific times for checking your phone, such as during meals or before bedtime.e apps that limit your screen time to encourage healthier habits.3.Engage in offline activities to reduce your reliance on digital devices.4.Prioritize face-to-face interactions with loved ones.Now, complete the following sentences by choosing the most appropriate word from the word bank for each blank. Write the corresponding letter (A, B, C, orD) in the blank.1.The rise of smartphones has brought about both__________and challenges.A. benefitsB. obstaclesC. confusionD. excitement2.Excessive use of smartphones can lead to__________such as sleep disturbances.A. benefitsB. obstaclesC. confusionD. excitement3.It’s important to be__________of how we use our devices.A. carefulB. lazyC. indifferentD. obsessed4.Set specific times for checking your phone to__________your reliance on digital devices.A. reduceB. increaseC. ignoreD. depend on5.Engage in__________activities to reduce your reliance on digital devices.A. onlineB. offlineC. digitalD. physicalAnswers:1.A2.A3.A4.A5.BSecond PartDirections: There are 5 incomplete statements followed by a list of words or phrases. Choose the most appropriate word or phrase to complete each statement. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage:In today’s rapidly evolving technological landscape, digital literacy has become an indispensable skill for students. It not only encompasses the ability to use technology efficiently but also involves understanding the ethical implications of its usage. As educators emphasize the importance of integrating technology into the classroom, they must also address the challenges that come with it, such as ensuring equitable access and preventing the digital divide from widening. The goal is to prepare students to be responsible digital citizens who can navigate the online world safely and effectively.Questions:1、The term “digital literacy” refers to the skills required to _______.a)Use technology efficiently and understand its ethical implicationsb)Read books onlinec)Type fast on a computerd)Navigate social media platformsAnswer: a)2、“Ethical implications” in this context means _______.a)The consequences related to right and wrong behavior concerning technology useb)The speed at which one can operate a computerc)The cost of buying new technologyd)The process of learning how to codeAnswer: a)3、“Equitable access” implies that _______.a)All students have fair opportunities to use technologyb)Technology should be equally expensive for everyonec)Students should spend equal time on homeworkd)Teachers should give equal grades to all studentsAnswer: a)4、The “digital divide” refers to the gap between those who have ready access to computers and the internet, and those who do not because of _______.a)Societal inequalitiesb)Personal preferencesc)Technological advancementsd)Educational qualificationsAnswer: a)5、Being a “responsible digital citizen” means that one is able to _______.a)Use technology without any restrictionsb)Contribute positively to the online community while respecting others’ rightsc)Own the latest gadgetsd)Have unlimited data plansAnswer: b)六、阅读理解-长篇阅读（选择题，共10分）第一题Reading PassagesPassage OneIn recent years, the rise of online shopping has revolutionized the way people purchase goods and services. With just a few clicks, consumers can now access a vast array of products from the comfort of their own homes. This shift has had a significant impact on traditional brick-and-mortar retailers, forcing many to adapt or risk becoming obsolete.The convenience of online shopping is undeniable. Consumers can shop at any time of the day or night, compare prices across different platforms, and read reviews from other customers. However, this convenience comes with its own set of challenges. One major concern is the issue of online security, as consumers are vulnerable to identity theft and fraud. Additionally, the lack of physical interaction with products can lead to dissatisfaction with the purchase, especially when it comes to clothing or electronics.Despite these challenges, online shopping continues to grow in popularity. One reason for this is the rise of social media, which has become a powerful tool for promoting products and influencing consumer behavior. Influencers, for example, can showcase products to their followers, who may then be more inclined to make a purchase. Moreover, the rise of mobile shopping has made it even easier for consumers to shop on the go.Questions:1、What is the main idea of the first paragraph?A. The rise of online shopping has changed the way people shop.B. Online shopping is convenient but has its drawbacks.C. Traditional retailers are struggling to compete with online shopping.D. Online shopping is influenced by social media and mobile technology.2、What is one of the main concerns mentioned regarding online shopping?A. The high cost of shipping.B. The lack of physical interaction with products.C. The potential for identity theft and fraud.D. The difficulty in returning items.3、According to the passage, what is a benefit of online shopping?A. The ability to touch and feel products before purchasing.B. The opportunity to interact with sales representatives.C. The ability to read reviews from other customers.D. The reduced need for travel to physical stores.4、How does social media influence online shopping?A. It increases the cost of online transactions.B. It promotes products and influences consumer behavior.C. It makes online shopping less convenient.D. It reduces the need for physical stores.5、What is the author’s attitude towards online shopping?A. NegativeB. PositiveC. IndifferentD. CriticalAnswers:1、A2、C3、C4、B5、BSecond QuestionPassage:The Digital Divide and Its Impact on EducationIn the age of information technology, access to digital resources has become increasingly important for educational success. However, there exists a significant gap in access between those who have ready access to computers and the internet and those who do not. This phenomenon is known as the digital divide. It affects students in various ways, from limiting their ability to complete homework assignments that require internet access to hindering their development of critical digital literacy skills necessa ry for today’s job market.While urban areas tend to have better infrastructure and more resources tosupport digital education, rural communities often lag behind. Schools in these regions may lack the funding needed to provide adequate computer facilities and internet connectivity, leaving students at a disadvantage when it comes to competing with their peers in more technologically advanced settings.Moreover, the digital divide also extends beyond hardware and connectivity issues. There is a disparity in the availability of digital literacy training programs that teach individuals how to effectively use technology. Without such training, even if hardware and connectivity were available, many students would still struggle to make effective use of digital tools for learning.Efforts to bridge the digital divide include initiatives aimed at providing affordable internet access and devices to underprivileged communities as well as programs designed to train educators and students in digital literacy. Despite these efforts, challenges remain, particularly in ensuring equitable access to technology across all socioeconomic groups.Questions:1、What does the term “digital divide” refer to?A. The gap in technology access between different socioeconomic groups.B. The difference in technology preferences among students.C. The physical distance between urban and rural areas.D. The separation of online and offline educational resources.Answer: A2、How does the digital divide affect students’ educational outcomesaccording to the passage?A. By limiting their access to traditional textbooks.B. By preventing them from participating in extracurricular activities.C. By hindering their ability to complete homework that requires internet access.D. By reducing the number of subjects they can study.Answer: C3、Which area is more likely to face challenges due to the digital divide?A. Urban areas with high population density.B. Rural communities with limited resources.C. Suburban neighborhoods with moderate income levels.D. Metropolitan cities with advanced technological infrastructure.Answer: B4、What additional issue besides hardware and connectivity is mentioned regarding the digital divide?A. The cost of software subscriptions.B. The lack of digital literacy training programs.C. The shortage of qualified teachers.D. The absence of government regulations.Answer: B5、What kind of efforts are being made to reduce the impact of the digital divide?A. Increasing the production of printed materials.B. Providing affordable internet access and digital literacy training.C. Encouraging the use of traditional teaching methods.D. Reducing the emphasis on technology in schools.Answer: BThis completes the section on Long Reading Comprehension for the CET Level 4 exam preparation.七、阅读理解-仔细阅读（选择题，共20分）第一题Reading PassagesPassage 1In today’s fast-paced world, the importance of effective communication skills cannot be overstated. Communication is the key to success in both personal and professional settings. One of the most widely recognized tests of English proficiency is the College English Test Band 4 (CET-4). This exam, conducted annually in China, evaluates the English language skills of university students.The CET-4 exam consists of several sections, including listening comprehension, reading comprehension, writing, and translation. In this passage, we will focus on the reading comprehension section, which is often considered the most challenging part of the exam.The reading comprehension section consists of three parts: reading passageA, reading passage B, and reading passage C. Each part contains several questions th at test the reader’s ability to understand the main idea, details, and inference of the text.Reading passage A is a passage that covers a broad range of topics, such as science and technology, education, culture, and society. Reading passage B is a detailed account of a particular event or phenomenon, while reading passage C is a passage that requires the reader to infer the author’s attitude or opinion based on the given information.Questions:1、The CET-4 exam is widely recognized as a test of ________.A. listening skillsB. speaking skillsC. reading skillsD. writing skills2、The reading comprehension section of the CET-4 exam consistsof________parts.A. oneB. twoC. threeD. four3、Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a topic in reading passage A?。
没有买卖就没有伤害英语作文高中
没有买卖就没有伤害英语作文高中全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1No Buying, No HurtingIn today's society, the concept of buying and selling is deeply ingrained in our daily lives. From purchasing basic necessities to indulging in luxurious items, buying and selling play a significant role in our economy and personal well-being. The act of buying and selling is often taken for granted, but have we ever stopped to consider the consequences that it may have on others? In this essay, I will argue that without buying and selling, there would be no hurting, and that we should strive to minimize the harm caused by our consumerist behavior.One of the main reasons why buying and selling can lead to harm is through exploitation. Many products that we purchase on a daily basis are made by workers who are paid low wages and subjected to poor working conditions. This is especially true in developing countries, where labor laws are less strict and corporations can take advantage of cheap labor. By purchasing these products, we are indirectly supporting these exploitativepractices and contributing to the suffering of those who produce them.Furthermore, the act of buying and selling can also harm the environment. The production and transportation of goods often result in the emission of greenhouse gases and the depletion of natural resources. In addition, the disposal of waste products from manufacturing processes can pollute our air, water, and soil, leading to negative health consequences for humans and wildlife. As consumers, we have a responsibility to consider the environmental impact of our purchasing decisions and strive to reduce our carbon footprint.In addition to exploitation and environmental damage, buying and selling can also have a detrimental impact on our mental well-being. The constant pressure to consume and keep up with the latest trends can lead to feelings of inadequacy and materialism. Many people fall into the trap of buying things they don't need in order to impress others or fulfill an emotional void, which ultimately leaves them feeling unfulfilled and unsatisfied. By breaking free from the cycle of consumerism and instead focusing on experiences and relationships, we can cultivate a more meaningful and fulfilling life.In conclusion, the act of buying and selling can have a wide range of negative consequences, from exploitation and environmental degradation to mental health issues. However, it is also important to recognize that buying and selling are essential components of our economy and society. Instead of completely eliminating these practices, we should strive to minimize the harm they cause by making more ethical and sustainable purchasing decisions. By being mindful of the impact of our consumer choices, we can create a more just and sustainable world for future generations. Remember, no buying, no hurting.篇2Without Trade, There is no HarmTrade has been an essential part of human society for thousands of years. It enables people to exchange goods and services, fostering economic growth and cultural exchange. However, some may argue that trade can lead to harm, such as exploitation of workers, environmental degradation, and inequality. In this essay, I will argue that without trade, there is no harm.First and foremost, trade is a fundamental driver of economic growth and development. By engaging in trade, countries can specialize in producing goods and services in which they have a comparative advantage, leading to increased efficiency and productivity. This, in turn, promotes economic growth, creates jobs, and lifts people out of poverty. Without trade, many countries would struggle to provide their citizens with essential goods and services, leading to widespread poverty and suffering.Furthermore, trade promotes cultural exchange and understanding among nations. When people from different cultures come together to trade, they not only exchange goods and services but also ideas, beliefs, and values. This cultural exchange can foster mutual understanding, respect, and collaboration, reducing the likelihood of conflict and promoting peace and cooperation. Without trade, nations would be more isolated and prone to misunderstandings and conflicts based on ignorance and mistrust.Additionally, trade can help address global challenges such as climate change, poverty, and inequality. Through trade, countries can access resources and technologies that they may not have domestically, enabling them to address thesechallenges more effectively. For example, developing countries can import clean energy technologies to reduce carbon emissions and combat climate change, while poverty-stricken regions can access food and medicine to improve the well-being of their populations. Without trade, these global challenges would be even more difficult to overcome.However, it is important to acknowledge that trade can also lead to harm if not conducted ethically and responsibly. For example, some companies may exploit workers in developing countries by paying them low wages and subjecting them to unsafe working conditions. Furthermore, trade can contribute to environmental degradation if not regulated properly, such as deforestation, pollution, and depletion of natural resources. In addition, trade can exacerbate inequality within and between countries if the benefits are not distributed equitably among all segments of society.In conclusion, trade is essential for economic growth, cultural exchange, and addressing global challenges. Without trade, many countries would struggle to provide their citizens with essential goods and services, leading to widespread poverty and suffering. However, it is important to ensure that trade is conducted ethically and responsibly to avoid harm such asexploitation of workers, environmental degradation, and inequality. Only through responsible trade can we fully realize the benefits of economic growth, cultural exchange, and global cooperation.篇3Without Trade, There Would Be No HarmTrade, as a fundamental aspect of human civilization, has been crucial in the development of societies and economies all over the world. From ancient times to the present, trade has facilitated the exchange of goods, services, and ideas, leading to progress, development, and growth. Without trade, there would be no harm, as it connects people, cultures, and nations, fostering cooperation, understanding, and peace.Trade has played a vital role in shaping the world as we know it today. It has allowed for the exchange of resources, technology, and knowledge between different regions, enabling societies to thrive and prosper. The Silk Road, for example, was a network of trade routes that connected the East and West, facilitating the exchange of goods such as silk, spices, and precious metals, as well as cultural and religious ideas. This led to the spread ofknowledge, innovation, and diversity, enriching the lives of people in both regions.In the modern world, trade continues to be a driving force behind global prosperity and development. International trade agreements, such as the World Trade Organization (WTO) and free trade agreements, have opened up markets, increased competition, and boosted economic growth. Countries that engage in trade are able to specialize in the production of goods and services in which they have a comparative advantage, leading to increased efficiency and productivity. This, in turn, results in higher living standards, job creation, and overall economic well-being.Furthermore, trade promotes peaceful relations between countries, as it fosters mutual dependence and cooperation. By engaging in trade, countries build economic ties and interdependencies that make it in their best interest to resolve conflicts peacefully and avoid resorting to violence. Trade also creates opportunities for dialogue and diplomacy, as countries work together to negotiate trade agreements, resolve disputes, and address common challenges. In this way, trade can act as a powerful tool for promoting peace, stability, and security in the world.Moreover, trade has the potential to address global challenges such as poverty, inequality, and environmental degradation. By promoting economic growth and prosperity, trade can lift people out of poverty, create jobs, and reduce income disparities. It can also drive sustainable development by encouraging the adoption of environmentally friendly practices and technologies. Through trade agreements that promote fair and ethical trade practices, countries can work together to address issues such as child labor, forced labor, and environmental pollution, ensuring that trade benefits all stakeholders, including workers, consumers, and the environment.In conclusion, trade is essential for human progress and prosperity. Without trade, there would be no harm, as it connects people, cultures, and nations, facilitating cooperation, understanding, and peace. Trade has the power to promote economic growth, social development, and environmental sustainability, making it a key driver of positive change in the world. As we look to the future, it is imperative that we continue to support and strengthen trade relations, in order to build a more just, inclusive, and sustainable global economy.。
arrangement 经济英语词汇
arrangement 经济英语词汇ArrangementIntroductionEconomic English vocabulary plays a crucial role in everyday business communication. Having a good command of economic terms is not only beneficial for professionals in the field but also essential for individuals who engage in international trade and finance. In this article, we will explore a variety of economic English vocabulary words and their meanings, allowing readers to expand their knowledge and improve their ability to discuss economic topics effectively.1. Monetary PolicyMonetary policy refers to the actions taken by a country's central bank to control the money supply and influence interest rates. It aims to maintain price stability, promote economic growth, and ensure the stability of the financial system. Key terms related to monetary policy include:- Interest rates: The cost of borrowing money or the return on savings.- Inflation: A sustained increase in the general price level of goods and services in an economy over a period of time.- Quantitative easing: A monetary policy used by central banks to stimulate the economy by buying government securities or other financial assets.2. Trade and CommerceTrade and commerce consist of various activities related to the exchange of goods and services between countries or within a country's borders. Key terms related to trade and commerce include:- Import: The purchase of goods or services from foreign countries.- Export: The sale of goods or services to foreign countries.- Tariff: A tax imposed on imported or exported goods.- Free trade: The unrestricted exchange of goods and services between countries without protective barriers.3. MacroeconomicsMacroeconomics studies the behavior and performance of an economy as a whole. It analyzes factors such as inflation, economic growth, employment rates, and government policies. Key terms related to macroeconomics include:- GDP (Gross Domestic Product): The total value of goods and services produced within a country's borders during a specific period.- Unemployment rate: The percentage of the labor force that is jobless and actively seeking employment.- Fiscal policy: The use of government spending and taxation to influence the economy.4. Financial MarketsFinancial markets are platforms where buyers and sellers trade financial instruments, such as stocks, bonds, and currencies. Key terms related to financial markets include:- Stock exchange: A regulated marketplace where shares of publicly traded companies are bought and sold.- Bond: A fixed-income security that represents a loan made by an investor to a borrower, typically a government or corporation.- Exchange rate: The price at which one currency can be exchanged for another currency.ConclusionExpanding your economic English vocabulary is essential for effective communication in the business world. This article has covered some key terms related to monetary policy, trade and commerce, macroeconomics, and financial markets. By familiarizing yourself with these terms, you will be better equipped to participate in discussions, make informed decisions, and navigate economic situations confidently. Keep practicing and using these vocabulary words in context to enhance your economic English proficiency.。
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Online group buying to be regulatedVocabulary:circular: advertisement, paper, or notice intended to be given to a large number of people for them to read 传单，公告，文件fraud: (derog.) a thing which is not, or does not do what is claimed for it （贬）冒牌货，骗人的东西In a major effort to protect consumers' interests, China has pledged to (1) _________ online group buying, a thriving market with increasing (2) ________ trading activities in recent years.The State Administration for Industry and Commerce urged its local (3) ________ to examine the qualifications of online group buying providers and supervise them, according to the latest circular posted on the administration's website on Wednesday.Problems such as (4) ________, fake products and price hikes are arising frequently as the industry becomes popular in China, the circular said."Disputes and complaints related to online group buying have seen a sharp rise," the administration noted.According to a report (5) ________ on Wednesday by China E-Commerce Research Center, an independent research institute based in Hangzhou, Zhejiang province, a total of 203 million people participated in online shopping in China in 2011, up 28.5 percent from the previous year.The country's online retail sales reached 801 billion yuan ($126.5 billion) last year, a sharp increase from 514 billion yuan in 2010, the report said.As the group-buying market (6) ________ in China, the number of group-buying websites hit 3,909 in December, up from 2,630 in January last year, the institute's statistics showed.The institute collected about 100,000 complaints related to e-commerce via itsonline platform last year, 25 percent of which involved online group buying, the report said."At present, online shopping gets so many complaints because the country now lacks strict regulations and (7) ________ of such service providers," said Wu Xuefei, a senior researcher at the institute.In May, , a Chinese group buying portal launched by Groupon Inc and Tencent Holdings, fired a vice-president after discovering that some of its employees were found to have cheated in an iPhone lottery on weibo, the Chinese version of Twitter.The scandal drew online queries about the (8) ________ of the website when the "lucky winners" turned out to be gaopeng employees.Analysts said the latest circular is timely and will boost a sound development of the online group buying industry."I spent 400 yuan to purchase a spa treatment service through online group buying last year. Since so many consumers bought the product in such a short time, I could not have my spa service within the specified date and my payment finally became invalid," said Wang Xin, a 28-year-old Beijing consumer.Such complaints may be avoided if group buying websites are required to clarify details on (9) ________, payment, exchange and the return of goods and services before trading, according to the circular.The circular prohibits online group buying providers from refusing to return an advance payment when the time limit is (10) ________ and the service becomes invalid. It also bans unfair competition, Wu said.Keys:1. regulate2. illegal3. authorities4. fraud5. released6. thrives7. supervision8.credibility9. delivery 10. exceededScript:In a major effort to protect customers' interests, China has pledged to regulate online group buying, a thriving market with increasing illegal trading activities in recent years.The State Administration for Industry and Commerce urged its local authorities to examine the qualifications of online group buying providers and supervise them, according to the latest circular posted on the administration's website on Wednesday.Problems such as fraud, fake products and price hikes are arising frequently as the industry becomes popular in China, the circular said."Disputes and complaints related to online group buying have seen a sharp rise," the administration noted.According to a report released on Wednesday by China E-Commerce Research Center, an independent research institute based in Hangzhou, Zhejiang province, a total of 203 million people participated in online shopping in China in 2011, up 28.5 percent from the previous year.The country's online retail sales reached 801 billion yuan ($126.5 billion) last year, a sharp increase from 514 billion yuan in 2010, the report said.As the group-buying market thrives in China, the number of group-buying websites hit 3,909 in December, up from 2,630 in January last year, the institute's statistics showed.The institute collected about 100,000 complaints related to e-commerce via its online platform last year, 25 percent of which involved online group buying, the report said."At present, online shopping gets so many complaints because the country now lacks strict regulations and supervision of such service providers," said Wu Xuefei, a senior researcher at the institute.In May, , a Chinese group buying portal launched by Groupon Inc and Tencent Holdings, fired a vice-president after discovering that some of its employees were found to have cheated in an iPhone lottery on weibo, the Chinese version of Twitter.The scandal drew online queries about the credibility of the website when the "lucky winners" turned out to be gaopeng employees.Analysts said the latest circular is timely and will boost a sound development of the online group buying industry."I spent 400 yuan to purchase a spa treatment service through online group buying last year. Since so many consumers bought the product in such a short time, I could not have my spa service within the specified date and my payment finally became invalid," said Wang Xin, a 28-year-old Beijing consumer.Such complaints may be avoided if group buying websites are required to clarify details on delivery, payment, exchange and the return of goods and services before trading, according to the circular.The circular prohibits online group buying providers from refusing to return an advance payment when the time limit is exceeded and the service becomes invalid. It also bans unfair competition, Wu said.。