商务英语毕业论文设计

On the Differences and Influences of Chinese and Western Business TableManners（初稿）提纲（目录）一前言------------------------------------------------------------- 1 二学习中西方餐桌礼仪差异的重要性--------------------- 2三典型的中西方餐桌礼仪------------------------------------ 31 典型中国餐桌礼仪2 典型西方餐桌礼仪四中西方餐桌礼仪的典型差异及主要原因分析--------- 31 待客方式2 座次安排3餐具五商务餐桌礼仪在商务活动中的影响-------------------- 61 谈判氛围轻松2 提高谈判成功率同时加深友谊3有利于将来的发展六结语-------------------------------------------------------------- 7 七致-------------------------------------------------------------- 8ContentsⅠIntroduction --------------------------------------------------------- 1Ⅱ. The importance of learning about the differences of Chinese and Western table manners -------------------------------------------- 2Ⅲ. Typical table manners of China and western countries ---- 31. Chinese Table Manners2. Western table mannersⅣ. The reasons for major differences of table manners in China and Western countries --------------------------------------------------- 31. The ways of hospitality2. Seating arrangements3. The tablewareⅤ. The influences on business activities ------------------------- 61. Helpful to create relaxed atmosphere2. Helpful to guarantee the success of business activities and deepen thefriendship3. Beneficial for the future developmentⅥ. The end ------------------------------------------------------------- 7 Ⅶ. Thanks -------------------------------------------------------------- 8On the Differences and Influences of Chinese and Western BusinessTable Manners浅谈中西商务餐桌礼仪文化差异及影响摘要：随着中西交往不断深入与发展，餐桌礼仪逐渐成为交往的重要影响因素。

商务餐桌礼仪能够反映一个人的行为素养，尤其对于国际间的商务餐会，保持良好的商务餐桌礼仪能够给对方留下更好的印象，从而提升协议达成的可能性。

本文通过列举中国餐桌礼仪与西方餐桌礼仪一些典型案例，分析中西餐桌礼仪主要差异，进一步探讨了差异所产生的原因，指出商务餐桌礼仪在商务活动中的重要影响。

关键词：商务餐桌礼仪差异商务活动影响Abstract:With the development of international trade, the different table manners in different countries play a very important role on communications. Business table manners can reflect a person's behavior literacy. It’s very important to maintain good business etiquette to leave a better impression, so as to enhance the possibility of signing an agreement, especially for the international business dinner. This article discusses about the relationship between table manners and business activities expose the major differences and reasons for these differences. And it analyses the influences of the table manners on the business activities.Key words:Business table manners differences commercial activity influences1. IntroductionAlong with the increase of the exchanges between China and foreign countries, to learn about the differences and reasons of table manners is very important for the businessmen. Because table manners can reflect your personal quality to a largedegree. The ancient word says that bread is the staff of life. But today, eating is no longer serves to solve the problems of hunger. In the face of a wide variety of dishes and national flavor, diet has become a kind of fashion and the pursuit of the high quality life. More and more people gather in the table talking and laughing. Therefore, graceful table behaviors bring not only others’ pra ise, but also a key to the door of success.China is a country of manners with a long history; western countries have also formed unique table manners. Because table manners reflect the national culture, to understand these table manners and be able to behave decently and naturally are helpful to communications, which at the same time also improve the possibility of being successful in business activities. Therefore, in the process of globalization, it is very important to study the differences of table manners between China and western countries.2.The importance of learning about the differences of Chinese andWestern table mannersSince the reform and opening up in China, it has promoted the growth of the national economy. And with the development of the Chinese economy, Chinese and Western economic exchanges also contribute to the cultural communication. Business table manners occupies a very important position and is also become indispensable for the business activities. To learn about these differences has been decisive to promote the communications and businesses.Dinning is not only physical needs nowadays, but also one of the most important social experiences. Therefore, to master some necessary knowledge and skills of business table manners has been a particularly important thing. So businessmen are supposed to master some basic etiquette knowledge no matter they are the hosts or guests, in order to avoid some unpleasant things and promote business cooperation and future development.3.Typical table manners of China and Western countriesThis part main discuss the major table manners in China and western countries. With the Chinese table manners including entertaining guests, seat arranging, and the using of the main tableware; with the western table manners including entertaining guests, seat arranging, and the using of the main tableware.3.1 Chinese table mannersChinese have always shown a big enthusiasm for entertaining guests, they usually prepared rich food before the guests arrive, and prepare other dishes during the dining. If they dine out, the host will arrive there earlier to welcome the guests.Chinese arrange seat according to the custom that elders first, and the most important guest is arranged left to the host, and the second is to the right. When serving dishes, the guests first and the host after, the female guests first and the male guests after.Cups, plates, bowl, chopsticks, spoon dishes etc. are the main tableware. During the dinner, everyone take the food with his own tableware. In many cases, the host will take food for the guests with his own tableware and it’s regarded to show his hospitality.3.2 Western table mannersCompared with the Chinese table manners, the western table manners follow the wishes of the guests and the dishes are much simple and nutritious. In addition, the westerners never fete guests at home commonly, which is one of the differences between the two. Besides, the hostess sits farthest to the door, and the most important guest is arranged right.Knives, forks, spoon, plates, cups, etc. are the main tableware. Everyone has his own tableware but with public chopsticks and spoon to take the food. Furthermore, compared with Chinese, the westerners maybe choose to accept or reject the host’s hospitality according to his own will, they know how to refuse the things they don’t want.4. The reasons for major differences of table manners in China and Western countries4.1 The ways of hospitalityIn China, people always try to show tremendous enthusiasm for entertaining guests. If it is a business dinner or a very formal occasion, there is likely to be a huge amount of food. The another thing that makes the foreign guests amazed is that when eating with a Chinese host, they may find that the host is using public chopsticks or even his own chopsticks to put food in their bowl or plate, and the Chinese guests will never refuse doing so. This is a sign of warmth, friendship and politeness. But for foreign guests, it cannot be unacceptable. The westerners will choose to accept or reject the host’s hospitality according to his own will, they know how to refuse the things they don’t want, and the food accepted should be eaten up through which shows their politeness.As for the difference of it, Yi Zhongtian once expressed precisely in the book cultures on the table that the core concept of Chinese cultures is the group consciousness, while western cultures focus on the individual consciousness. Because of the group consciousness, Chinese will consider from others’point of view at anytime, so Chinese always show a big enthusiasm for entertaining guests and make the atmosphere very lively. Instead, Westerners believe in individualism and pursue personal freedom, which is also appeared on the table. Therefore, the atmosphere is quiet when having meals, and talking is considered impolite behavior and is avoided.4.2 Seating arrangementsThe difference of the seat arrangements embodies completely different ideas. As mentioned above, it is found that left first in China while right in America; it’s a very important distinction which we should pay more attention to, so as to avoid unnecessary misunderstandings. Besides, lady first in America, but follow the tradition that elders first in China.The differences between Chinese and western cultures are the fundamental reasons for this difference. In China, the Confucianism have influenced Chinese for along time, and formed the moral standard. Therefore, the elder being served first has been our tradition during the social interaction and the left is regarded as the most honorable seat.Instead, Christian influence is the largest and most influential in the West. In the Christian view, Christ Jesus is the savior who was assigned to the world by God. And Maria as the person who gave birth to Christ Jesus has a holy image in people’s mind; she receives great respect and is called Virgin Mary. People extend the piety and respect and form a tradition of respecting women. Therefore the most honorable seat is given to women right to the host.4.3 The tablewareAmong all the differences, the most obvious one is the tableware people use in China and Western countries. Different cultures cause different serving orders. The Oriental often choose cereal to be the staple food, and the Westerners choose meat instead. For this reason, Chinese have meal with chopsticks and Westerners use knife and fork. This is the difference of serving order and using different tableware.The environmental factors lead to the differences of the Chinese and western tableware. And chopsticks, knife and fork can basically show the differences between Chinese and western table manners. YouXiuling, one professor of Zhejiang University, believes that the tableware that Chinese and western peoples use, such as chopsticks, knife and fork are related to the environment. Chopsticks are originated from the place where there are bamboos. There are lots of wood in north China, while bamboos grow in southern China. So Chinese ancestors take advantage of the local materials. And the wood and bamboo become the most original raw material to produce chopsticks. According to Professor You’s research, the origin of the knife and fork is related to the life habits of the ancient European nomadic people. Ancient people often took the knife and fork with them when they were out. They often roasted the animal and cut the meat to eat. Around the fifteen century, Europeans began to use the double pointed fork in order to improve their dinner posture. The four pointed fork appeared in eighteen century. Knife, fork and chopsticks not only led to the divergences of eating habits, but also influenced life concepts between Chinese andwestern people. Professor You thinks knives and forks lead to the food-sharing concept, and chopsticks match the situation that family members sit at the table together. At the beginning, western people ate food solely. And in further, western people pay attention to independence and individualism and formed the idea to struggle alone. Eating together with family highlights the strong family values.5. The influences on business activitiesWith the development of business activities, the communication between China and Western countries has been wider. As businessmen, it’s very important for them to know more about the differences of business table manners, so that they can apply with these knowledge and skills to business activities.5.1 Helpful to create relaxed atmosphereIn the process of business activities, table has been a more important negotiations place because of the particular atmosphere when they have their meals. By comparison, business negotiation always seems more serious in the conference room or public office, during which two parties will just speak to their own interests and their words can be harsh and make the negotiation in a dilemma. While it appears much easier and more relax when they are eating, which is helpful to strike a deal. The psychological barriers drop a lot and the process will not seem so serious.For example, when the negotiation over price disputes, both sides want to gain the largest profit for themselves and won’t easily compromise in the conference room. While on the table, both sides are in a relaxed atmosphere to adjust their interests in a friendly attitude, and both can stand in the angle from the other side, so both sides could reach an agreement in the end.5.2 Helpful to guarantee the success of business activities and deepen the friendshipAs the famous saying goes, “when drinking with a bosom friend, a thousand cups will still be to o little”. After a few drink s, they may found same interests in each other which will keep the negotiations more smooth. In short, the negotiations can besuccessful with daily language instead of jargons. And it deepens the friendship between both sides at the same time.5.3 Beneficial for the future developmentBusiness table manners can reflect a person's behavior. To maintain good business etiquette can leave a better impression on others. While there is business cooperation they will first consider your company, it is beneficial for the business future development.Overall, as it is seen personal table manners are very important in guaranteeing the success of business activities. Otherwise, it may ruin the business.The main content of American culture is the emphasize on individuals' value,the pursue of democracy and freedom,the promotion of deploitation and competition and the need of realistic and practicality.Its core is individualism:self first,personal need first,pursue of individual benefit and enjoyment,emphasize on achieving individual value by self-strive and self-design.This type of intentionally build up of personality and pursue customized individualism has its pros and cons,it gives incentives to people and make them exert on their potential and wisdom and as a result accelerate the development of the entire race and nation; on the other hand it is difficult to keep good relationship among people if everyone is egocentric thus make the entire society lack of unity.American citizens emphasize on achievements and respect heroes.They have great sense in their hearts to praise success and heroes.Personal achievements are one of those with the highest value in Americans mind.Americans have very strong senses of success.Success is the pursuit of most Americans,it is their attractive future and the incentives for moving forward.They believe that one's personal value is equivalent to his achievements in his career.Some high achievers in their career such as entrepreneurs,scientists,artists and all kinds of super starts became modern heroes.The process and result of how they strived have become the frame of reference of social culture value and the real life text book for parents to educate their children.American society has great movements within itself.These movements are shown in two aspects:movements amongst locations and movements inside the society.TheUnited States are relatively more open and have more freedom.Developed transport and the tradition of adventure and sporty makes a lot of American migrate from countryside to cities,from downtown to uptown; and from north to the southern sunny land,from one city to another.Unlike European countries,the social classes in America is not so stable.Further more,with the advocation of public education,movements upwards along the social ladder have become possible.Many people living in the states,no matter whether they are Native American or immigrants from overseas,have the same dream of changing their social class and make their lifetime dream come true through their own efforts.This is what they often called "American dream".6. The endAlong with the globalization, intercultural communications are compulsory for businessmen, in which table manners is one of the most important aspects; for harmonious atmosphere is beneficial for business communications. And table manners are paramount and good table manners always impress others deeply, which lay a solid foundation for future communications.To sum up, this passage mainly discuses three aspects of differences and reasons of table manners in China and foreign countries. With a detail analysis of this aspect foreign business activities can profit it a lot from them.References:[1] 易中天.餐桌上的文化.[J]文汇报.笔会.2006年（29）.[2] 林大津.跨文化交际研究.[M]人民.1996.[3] 天民.现在国际礼仪知识.[M]世界知识.1999.[4] zhidao.baidu./question/46563836.html[5] Http://baidu./freya0113/blog/item/2b782a590b4a332b2834f0d8.html。