Test 2
Test 2
Test 2Part I••Listening ComprehensionDirections: In this section, you will hear several long conversations. At the end of each conversation, several questions will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the question will be spoken only once. After each question there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four choices marked A), B), C) and D), and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre.The following questions are based on the conversation you have just heard.1. A) Doing a survey about the course.B) Persuade the woman to take a course.C) Advertising for the course.D) Listening to the woman’s complaints about the course.2. A) Location. B) Accommodation. C) Teaching faculty. D) Food.3. A) With one other person. C) With three other persons.B) With two other persons. D) With four other persons.The following questions are based on the conversation you have just heard.4. A) Zurich. B) Vienna. C) Munich. D) Rome.5. A) By boat. B) By air. C) Hitchhike. D) By train.6. A) Because camping was very interesting.B) Because the hotels were full.C) Because they couldn’t afford the hotel.D) Because their money was stolen.7. A) 50 pounds. B) 300 pounds. C) 250 pounds. D) 350 pounds.The following questions are based on the conversation you have just heard.8. A) A dog bit him. B) A bull chased him. C) A cat bit him. D) A sheep chased him.9. A) His bad behavior. B) The bull’s hunger.C) His red coat. D) Someone’s order.10. A) Because he kicked the dog. C) Because he hit the dog.B) Because the dog was hungry. D) Because he tried to kill the dog.The following questions are based on the conversation you have just heard.11. A) Politician. B) Teacher. C) Writer. D) Painter.12. A) At the age of 26. B) Around 30. C) Over 40. D) At the age of 90.13. A) Winston Churchill was out of office.B) Winston Churchill was elected as Prime Minister.C) Winston Churchill joined the Army.D) Winston Churchill was elected to Parliament.14. A) He was a man of many talents.B) He lived a long life.C) He took up painting while out of office.D) He produced his best literary work during the period from 1940 to 1945.•••••Name:_______ Class:_______Student•No.:_______ Score:_______Test 2（答题纸）Answer SheetPart I••Listening Comprehension1. ______2. ______3. ______4. ______5. ______6. ______7. ______8. ______9. ______ 10. ______11. ______ 12. ______ 13. ______ 14. ______Test 2（参考答案）KeyPart I••Listening Comprehension1. A2. C3. C4. C5. B6. C7. C8. B9. C 10. A 11. B 12. C 13. A 14. DTest 2（听力文字稿）Script of Listening ComprehensionDirections: In this section, you will hear several long conversations. At the end of each conversation, several questions will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the question will be spoken only once. After each question there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four choices marked A), B), C) and D), and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre.Now you’ll hear the long conversations.Conversation OneM: Hello, I’m doing a survey for the course organizers. I’d like to ask you a few questions about your impressions of the course. Did you enjoy it?W: Oh, yes, very much, and I’m sure my English has improved. The only thing was...M: Yes?W: Well, some of the students in the class knew a lot more English than others. It would have been better if we had been in different groups.M: I see. I’ll make a note of that. Any other comments? About the place in general, for instance?W: Well, it is a bit isolated. I was lost when I got to the station and there was no one to meet me. It was my fault, really, because I arrived a day early and didn’t let them know it in time...M: I see. Anything else? How about the rooms and the food?W: The food was all right, but the same every day. And the brochure wasn’t quite right about the accommodation. There were four girls in the same room...M: Well, it does say “shared accommodation”...W: Yes, but I thought that meant “with one other person”...The following questions are based on the conversation you have just heard.1. What is the man doing?2. Which of the following is not mentioned about the course in the conversation?3. What does “shared accommodation” mean by the course organizer?Conversation TwoW: Well, welcome back from your holidays. Where did you end up going then?M: Thanks. All of the places.W: So you went directly to Paris?M: First Paris. Then all over down from Paris into Switzerland.W: Did you go to Zurich?M: We had wanted to go to Zurich. But things didn’t turn out like that. But we did get to Geneva.W: So then you set off for Vienna?M: Well, that was an intention. Then we thought of beer. So we went to Munich. After having a lot of beer, we decided to have some sun. So we headed down to Italy.W: Where did you go? To Rome?M: No, we stopped well before that. We’d thought of going to Venice, but for some reason, we ended up in Milan.W: Oh, that must be really hot.M: It was too hot in effect.W: So then? After that?M: We decided to go to Spain. We went to Madrid. I haven’t been there before.W: So when did you leave London?M: It was the end of July.W: Right, did you go by car?M: Oh, no, we took train, boat, etc. We didn’t have too much money. We worried the money wouldn’t last. We hitchhiked on the rest of journey.W: Where did you stay? The youth hostel? Or what?M: Oh, no, youth hostel no, I hate them. As we said before, we didn’t have too much money. We camped most of the time.。
TEST 2
TEST 2Section ADirections:In this section, you will hear 8 short conversations and 2 long conversations. At the end of each conversation, one or more questions will be asked about what was said.Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once. After each questionthere will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four choices marked A), B),C), and D), and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letteron Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the center.1. W: You have arranged to meet Mr. Smith on Wednesday. So I don’t have to write to him, do I?M: There’s no need to write to him.Q: What are the speakers talking about?2. W: Did Paul find the tape he borrowed from Jack? Do you know?M: He looked everywhere for it, but in the end he had to go to the party without it.Q: What do we learn from the conversation?3. W: Bob, are you going straight home after school today?M: No. I have a class until one o’clock, and after that I’m going t o spend a couple of hours at the library before going home.Q: When is Bob going home this afternoon?4. M: Excuse me, would you please tell me when the next flight to Los Angeles is?W: Sure, the next direct flight to Los Angeles is 2 hours from now, but if you don’t mind transferring at San Francisco, you can board now.Q: What do we learn from this conversation?5. M: Prof. Kennedy has been very busy this semester. As far as I know, he works untilmidnight every day.W: I woul dn’t have troubled him so much if I had known he was so busy.Q: What do we learn from the conversation?6. M: Our English Club is having a party on Saturday night. Can you come?W: I would like to, but I work at a restaurant on weekends.Q: Wh y can’t the woman go to the party?7. M: What an uncomfortable-looking chair.W: Well, it may look that way—but just try it out!Q: What does the woman imply?8. M: So, where are the rose gardens? Didn’t you say they were here on the west of the park?W: No, no. I said they were on the eastside.Q: What does the woman mean?Now you will hear two long conversations.Conversation OneM: May I help you?W: Yes, my nephew is graduating from college next week and I’d like to get him a nice gift.M: What price gift are you interested in? We’ll need to know that before we begin looking.W: Well, I usually spend about twenty dollars for a gift. Do you have anything nice for that price? M: How about a pen and pencil? We could engrave his initials on them.W: No, my brother gave him that for his birthday last year.M: Well, then, would he enjoy a chess set?W: No, he doesn’t go in much for chess, but he is quite athletic.M: Then you could get him a handball set.W: That’s a good idea. I’ll take it.Questions 9 to 11 are based on the conversation you have just heard.9. Who is the woman buying the gift for?10. How much does the woman want to spend on the gift?11. What is the first gift the clerk suggests to the woman?Conversation TwoM: Did you see that TV program last night about the sky-diver whose parachutes didn’t open after he had jumped from his plane?W: No, I didn’t. Did he die?M: No. It’s really unbelievable how he could have survived such a free fall, much less live to tell about it on television!W: What happened?M: Neither of his chutes opened as he dropped to the ground. When they found him, they thought he was dead. Doctors said he’d never walk again, but he proved them wrong.W: How long was he recovering?M: He spent eighteen months in the hospital while his bones were mending, most of which were broken. He was no sooner discharged than he went back and jumped out of a plane again. W: Gee, some people sure do crazy things!Questions 12 to 15 are based on the conversation you have just heard.12. Why was the man in the hospital?13. Where did the interview take place?14. What caused the man's accident?15. What happened to the man soon after he was released from the hospital?Section BDirections: In this section, you will hear 3 short passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once.After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choicesmarked A), B), C), and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2with a single line through the center.Passage OneThe water clock was an ancient clock. It could be used on cloudy days, at night, and indoors. Such clocks were probably first used in Egypt about 2,000 B. C. They were also used for many years in Arabia, India, China and all of Europe.The simplest water clock needed just two parts—a small bowl and a large bowl. The small bowl had a tiny hole in the bottom; the large bowl was divided into equal parts and marked by lines. Water was poured into the small bowl, and it fell slowly down into the large bowl in tiny drops. Usually it took an hour for the water to rise from one line to the next in the large bowl.A beautiful water clock was made in Persia over a thousand years ago. It was presented as a gift to the emperor of France. That water clock could be heard as well as seen. The dial of the clock was made up of twelve doors, each representing an hour. Every hour a door opened and the proper number of metal balls dropped onto a thin brass plate to strike the hour. At twelve o’clock, twelve tiny horsemen came out and shut all the doors. This was probably one of the first striking clocks.Questions 16 to 18 are based on the passage you have just heard.16. Where was the first water clock probably made?17. What do we know about the structure of the simplest water clock?18. What did the striking water clock use to strike hours?Passage TwoDo you have a tough math test coming up? Then listen to some classical piano music just before the test. You might end up with a higher score. Researchers at a university in California conducted an experiment. They asked a group of college students to listen to some piano music by a famous 18th century composer before taking a math test. They were surprised to find that the students’ scores jumped 8 to 9 points. The music seems to excite nerve activity in the brain; similar to the activity that occurs when a person is figuring out a math problem. However, the scientists warn before you get too excited about applying this method to your math tests. You should remember that brain’s exciting effects last only 10 to 15 minutes. Would rock music work as well as the piano music did? No, the scientists say. In fact, the less complex music might even interfere with the brain’s reasoning ability.Questions 19 to 21 are based on the passage you have just heard.19. What is this passage mainly about?20. Why can classical music play a positive role in problem solving?21. What is one of the findings of the research?Passage ThreeThe male and female mosquitoes make an odd couple. The female eats and lives on blood. The male is a vegetarian that sips plant juices. Females of different species choose different hosts on which to dine. Some feed exclusively on cattle, horses, birds, and other warm-blooded creatures. Some favor cold-blooded animals. Still others prefer man.While the female’s menu varies, her bite remains the same. She drives her sharp, needle-like snout through the skin, injects a fluid to keep the blood from clotting, and drinks her fill, which takes a minute or less. It is the fluid she injects that carries disease. After her blood meal, she rests while eggs develop. She then looks for a moist or flooded place to lay them.Questions 22 to 25 are based on the passage you have just heard.22. What conclusion can you make about the male mosquitoes?23. What do you learn about female mosquitoes?24. Which of the following are natural breeding places for mosquitoes?25. Which justifies the conclusion that mosquitoes should be destroyed?Section CDirections:In this section, you will hear a passage three times. When the passage is read for the first time you should listen for its general idea. Then listen to the passage again.When the passage is read for the second time, you are required to fill in the blanksnumbered from 26 to 33 with the exact words you have just heard. For the blanksnumbered from 34 to 36 you are required to fill in the missing information. For theseblanks, you can either use the exact words you have just heard or write down the mainpoints in your own words. Finally, when the passage is read for the third time, youshould check what you have written.Everybody wants to stay young. But youthful innocence only reflects the (26) immaturity of the “half adult” generation. For many young people, adulthood means being ordinary and (27) struggling under a load of onerous responsibilities. “Being an adult is no fun,” said an (28) 18-year-old girl. “You are a (29) serious person and a conformist. You wear normal clothes and have to think a lot.” (30) Generally speaking, adulthood means no more partying, no easy money, and no (31) rose-colored glasses. An adult is seen largely as someone able and (32) ready to take over responsibility for his or her life.The anxiety of growing up is (33) attributed to the lack of adult role models and a break incommunications between generations. (34) The youth culture in our society is another possible cause. (35) Anybody who admits too early that he is old has had it. The adoration of youth is also to blame. “(36) If you are young, attractive and dynamic, you’ve got it made in this society,” a sociologist says. No wonder that getting old causes anxiet y.。
全新版大学英语听说教程test2听力原文
大学英语（第二版）听说教程听力原文Test 1Part ADirections: You are going to hear eight short conversations between two speakers. Each will be read only once. After each conversation, a question will be asked about what you have heard. Listen once and choose the right answer to the question you hear. (8 points) 1.M: You like music, don’t you, SallyW: Yes. Classical and light music. But now what you hear everywhere is only noisy music.I can’t stand it.Q: What does the woman mean2.W: I think I’ll wear my red blouse to the party tonight.M: Why don’t you wear the blue one I think you look in better in it.Q: What does the man mean3.W: How do you like the pie you’ve hadM: Never have I had such a delicious pie.Q: What does the man mean4.W: Oh, Peter. I’m hungry. I can’t walk any further.M: How about getting something to eat in the restaurant just round the corner by theparking lotQ: Where are the two speakers5.W: Nice day, isn’t it Want to join us for a swimM: Would you mind waiting for a minute while I get preparedQ: What does the woman mean6.W: Hi, Tony. Haven’t seen you for some time. How have you beenM: I have a car accident last week, but only some minor injuries.Q: What happened to Tony7.W: Maggie, could you forward this mail to Professor WangM: Sorry, Phil. My computer has broken down. But I’ll do it as soon as I have it fixed.Q: What does the woman mean8.W: I’ve been under the weather for quite a few days. I thought my cold was going away.But it seems to get worse now.M: You’ve been complaining too much. Why didn’t you make an appointment with the doctor earlierQ: What does the man meanPart BDirections: You’ll hear two conversations. Each will be read once. Listen carefully and choose the right answers to the questions you hear. (7 points)Conversation 1Alan: Are you going to the football game today, BettyBetty: No, Alan. But I’ll be watching it on television with some friends.Alan: Weren’t you able to get any ticketsBetty: I didn’t try. I really don’t go to games so often.Alan: But don’t you enjoy going Don’t you find it exciting to be part of the crowdBetty: Oh, that’s for sure. Nothing beats the atmosphere at a sporting event: the cheering, all that energy. But sometimes it’s just too inconvenient getting into and out of thestadium before and after the game. And if you watch the game with friends, or at a bar or restaurant…Alan: …you’ve basically created your own crowd.Betty: That’s right. Another reason why I like to watch games on television is that I simply find it easier to follow the action on TV.Alan: Yeah, sometimes it is a little difficult to keep track of the ball when you’re sitting in the stands.Betty: Especially when your seats are high up in the grandstand and far from the field. Alan: It’s like you’re watching from an airplane, sometimes.Betty: Also, good sports commentators on television can add to your understanding and enjoyment of the game.Alan: After listening to you, I’m starting to wonder how they are able to sell any tickets to these games!Questions 9 to 12 are based on the conversation you’ve just heard.9.What do you know about the two speakers10.What are the two speakers talking about11.Why does Betty prefer to watch games on TV12.What can you learn from the conversationConversation 2W: OK, everyone. Please be quiet. Today we’re so pleased to have Tom Johnson here to talk to us. He is going to share some safety tips with us. OK, Tom, they’re all yours. Tom: Thanks. Good morning everyone! I’m Tom Johnson, and I’m a firefighter at Station 11.Well, we live in California. As we know there are a lot of earthquakes here. Many are small. But, if there’s a strong earthquake, what should we do Does anyone know Girl: I know! I know! Get under a strong piece of furniture—like a desk or a table.Tom: That’s right. What elseBoy: Move away from the windows. They are so dangerous because they can break. Tom: Good, good. What about after an earthquake then What should you doBoy: Well, we shouldn’t use matches.Tom: Why notBoy: Because many terrible fires start after an earthquake.Girl: Yeah, and when the shaking stops, don’t go outside.Tom: Exactly. A lot of people run to the stores for food and water after an earthquake. But it’s not safe. It’s better to stay indoors.Questions 13 to 15 are based on the conversation you’ve heard.13.What is the speaker talking about14.Which of the following are the students advised to do if there’s a strong earthquake15.What are the students advised to do after an earthquakePart CWhat do twenty million people around the world have in common The answer is they all use the Internet.In fact from your desk, you can check the weather in Rio, buy stocks in Hong Kong, or see the latest exhibition in the Louvre museum in Paris. Also, specialist users like language teachers can discuss the latest classroom techniques and activities. On a more serious note, doctors in African can get up-to-the-second information on medical research around the world.All you need is a basic computer, a modem and the software to a phone line. With a single key stroke you’re online and you don’t have to wait long for information. Deliverytime for e-mail from Europe to the USA is about 10 seconds. But is it expensive？Not really – a typical online monthly charge fee in the US can be as low as$10.What’s really extraordinary about the Internet is the amount and variety of information available. You can find out about kite flying in Korea, the prices of hotels in Pakistan, and the best plays on Broadway. You can use electronic bulletin boards to join in political debates, get advice about love, or even analyze your favorite sports teams’performance. Services are available that allow you to do your banking, reserve airline tickets, and even shop for a Mother’s Day gift.Part DPassage 1In some countries video games are fast becoming a social problem. They are banned in the Philippines and Indonesia. In Japan, those who are under 15 years old are forbidden to use the public machines at night. City elders across the United States are campaigning to restrict their numbers, while the Hong Kong government is proposing to license their operation. These video games are causing children to waste their money on them. Even adults are lured into spending working hours playing them.In Singapore, the battle of man against the machines takes place in licensed amusement centers, mostly located in shopping centers. According to one estimated, each establishment can make between ＄250 and ＄1,500 a day. The schoolchildren in uniforms there are not allowed into these centers. However, one cannot help noticing that the majority of those who are often found in these places are youngsters. Many of them are schoolchildren who have changed out of their uniforms. Some play for the fun of it, others have turned them into a form of gambling, and some are hopelessly addicted to them.Now kids and adults alike play these games in the privacy of their homes. Video game sets have invaded most homes. The question that must be asked is: Have they any education value？Passage 2Amy Johnson was a pioneer airwoman in Britain. She was born on July 1, 1903, in Yorkshire and lived there until 1923 when she went to Sheffield University to study for a BA. After graduation she took a job as a secretary to a London lawyer. At the same time she became interested in flying. Soon her hobby became a determination, not simply to make a career in aviation, but to succeed in some project which would prove to the world that women could be as competent as men in a male-dominated field in those days.Early in 1930, she chose her objective: to fly to Australia all by herself and to break the previous record of 16 days. Her parents and some of her friends lent her money to buy a used airplane.Amy set off on May 5, 1930. Her route took her over Vienna and Baghdad. She was caught in a sandstorm and had to make an emergency landing in the desert. Six days later she landed in India. After experiencing much hardship, she finally reached Australia on May 24, completing a flight of 11,000 miles. She was the first woman to fly alone to Australia. In later years, she set several other records in flight history.During World WarⅡ, Amy joined other professional pilots to serve her country. Her flying duties consisted of transporting aircraft from factories to British air bases. It was during one of those flights in 1941 that Amy crashed into a river and was drowned, a tragic and early end to the life of Britain’s most famous women pilot.Passage 3Bargaining customs are very different around the world. Few tourists would go shopping in another country without knowing the exchange rate. However, many travelers do not learn anything about the local shopping customs the place they are visiting before spending money. Understanding when it is OK to bargain can save you a lot of money and make your shopping experience much more enjoyable.In some countries, bargaining is an important of part of the shopping culture. In others, bargaining is not done at all. Here is a bargaining guide for some countries around the world:Morocco: Bargaining is always expected in the shopping markets. Here bargaining is more than just getting the best price. If you go into a shop and agree to the first price a seller offers, the seller may not be happy. For Moroccans, bargaining is a form of entertainment; it is a game of skill, a little bit of acting, and it is a chance to chat about the weather, business, and family. So be sure to have fun and try to get a better price!Switzerland: Bargaining is not the custom here. Shop clerks can almost never give you a lower price. However, some hotels may give you a lower rate during the less popular times of the year. It cannot hurt to ask.Tahiti: Bargaining is not appropriate in the South Pacific. In fact, it is considered disrespectful to ask for a better price. In the food markets, sellers will even take their fruits and vegetables back home with them, rather than give a discount!Test 2Part ADirections: You are going to hear eight short conversations between two speakers. Each will be read only once. After each conversation, a question will be asked about what you have heard. Listen once and choose the right answer to the question you hear. (8 points) 1.M: Do you feel like jogging with me this afternoonW: I’d love to, but I have to go to my cousin’s. She’s got the flu and I have to look after her baby.Q: What will the woman do2.M: What a remarkable performance the young pianist gave inCarnegie Hall!W: I felt the same way.Q: How did the woman think of the performance3.M: Is it going to be a warm day tomorrow, BillW: A warm day Haven’t you listened to the weather forecastQ: What does Bill think of the weather tomorrow4.M: The food in this restaurant is really horrible. I wish we’d go to the school canteen.W: Well, food isn’t everything, is it It’s so nice to get away from the noise once in a while.Q: What does the woman mean5.M: Would you like to try some banana pie It’s very good.W: I’m sorry but I don’t care much for dessert.Q: What does the woman mean6.M: I can’t figure out why those youngsters are so eager to go afterbrand name clothing. It really doesn’t make sense to spend so much money on it.W: You’re right. Especially nowadays when styles change so quickly.Q: On what do the two speakers agree7.M: The flowers are so lovely. And I like the music too. Thanking youfor inviting me here.W: It’s a pleasure. Shall we order some soup firstQ: Where does the conversation take place8.M: You know I’m majoring in business and I really need to take acourse in computer science. But the trouble is I hate the computer.It’s so complicated.W: You need to know something about the computer first. You’ll find it very useful once you understand how it works. I can guarantee you that.Q: What can you learn from the conversationPart BDirections: You’ll hear two conversations. Each will be read once. Listen carefully and choose the right answers to the questions you hear. (7 points)Conversation 1W: Ah, Mr. Stone. Do come in and sit down.M: Thank you.W: How are you Are you still feeling very tired all the timeM: Yes, I am. Occasionally I have a pain in the chest.W: Well, your blood pressure is very high. And if you don’t change your lifestyle, you’re going to have a heart attack sooner or later.M: Oh, dear. What do I have to doW: Well, there are three things that you ought to do. First, stop smoking. Secondly, you really must lose weight, and you must reduce the amount of fat that you eat. And lastly, you must take more exercise.M: What sort of exercise should I doW: Walking is best. You should walk about three miles four or five times a week.M: But I don’t have time. I’m just so busy at work.W: That’s another thing. You mustn’t work so hard. Look, take this information and read it through. Then make an appointment to see our lifestyle consultant. She will work out a full diet and exercise program for you. And don’t worry. That’s the last thing you should do. I’ll see you again next month.M: OK, Thank you, Doctor. Goodbye.W: Goodbye.Questions 9 to 12 are based on the conversation you’ve just heard.9.What cause the man’s problem according to the doctor10.Which of the following does the doctor tell the man to do11.What do you know about the manConversation 2M: Hi, Marry. Do you like musicW: Yes, very much, especially classical music.M: Do you like rock musicW: No, it’s too noisy. What about youM: I like it very much. You know rock stars play exciting music and their unusual clothes impress me a lot. I often go to their concerts.W: I don’t understand why rock stars are so famous.M: It’s because of their fans. They go to their concerts, buy their records and wear the same kind of clothes.W: I see. Did you watch TV last nightM: No, I didn’t. What was onW: Zed Hawks was interviewed on TV.M: Really He’s one of my favorite stars and he’s world famous. At least I suppose so. He’s given concerts in 12 countries and sold over 20 million records. What did he say in the TV interviewW: He didn’t say anything actually. During the interview the hostess suggested that Zed should behave better because his fans imitate him. Believe it or not. He reacted very angrily. And he walked out. The interview lasted less than two minutes.M: He really behaved badly. I’m so disappointed. Doesn’t he know rock stars need the public They earn money from the public. So why shouldn’t the public criticize them They shouldn’t complain when they are criticized. If they do, they’ll lose their fans. W: You said it.Questions 12 to 15 are based on the conversation you’ve just heard.12.What do you know about the woman13.Why are rock stars famous according to the man14.What did Zed Hawks do during the TV interview15.Which of the following is true of the manPart CThe weather changes so frequently that it is difficult to forecast. It is not unusual for people to complain that the weathermen were wrong. Fortunately, as Britain does not experience extreme weather conditions, it is never very cold or very hot. The temperature rarely rises above 32℃in summer, or falls below—10℃in winter.Summers are generally cool, but due to global warming they are starting to get drier and hotter. Hot weather causes terrible jams on the roads as Britons rush to the coastal resorts.Winters are generally mild, with the most frequent snowfalls in the Scottish Highlands, where it is possible to go skiing. People enjoy discussing the snow, complaining about the cold and comparing the weather conditions with previous winters.Contrary to the popular opinion, it does not rain all the time. There is certainly steady rainfall throughout most of the year, but the months from September to January are the wettest. Thanks to the rain, Britain has a richly fertile countryside which is famous for its deep green colour.Part DPassage 1People's understanding of health also becomes deeper with the progress in scientific research. Recently the term "health" has come to have a wider meaning than it used to. It no longer means just the absence of illness. Today, health means the well-being of your body, your mind and your relationship with other people. This new concept of health is closely related to another term-quality of life. Quality of life is the degree of overall satisfaction that a person gets from life.Why has the emphasis of health shifted from the absence of disease to a broader focus on the quality of a person's life One reason for this has to do with the length and conditions of life that people can now expect. Medical advances have made it possible for people today to live longer, healthier lives. Imagine for a moment that you were born in the year 1900. You could have expected on average to live until about the age of 47. In contrast, if you were born in the year 1999, you could expect to live to the age of 75.Passage 2I often dreamed about what the world would be like one hundred years from now. I’m sure it will have changed a lot. For example, I think many people will be living in space. In fact, I imagine that all the advanced countries will have established space cities by then. OnEarth, in my opinion, most people will be communicating in English “online” by computers and videophones.As for my country, I think life will have also changed in many ways. First of all, the population will be decreasing. People will have fewer children and everyone will be living in smaller, high-tech communities. In general, cities will have become much smaller. I also think most of the environmental and transportation problems of today’s big cities will have been solved. In fact, I think life in my country will be a lot healthier. If I’m lucky, maybe I’ll still be living.Passage 3Earthquakes are something that most people fear. In the world there are some places that have few or no earthquakes. However, most places in the world have earthquakes regularly. Some places, like Iran and Guatemala, have them frequently. Countries that have a lot of earthquakes are usually quite mountainous.The most talked about earthquake in the United Stated was the one that hit San Francisco in 1906. But the strongest one in North America was in 1964. It happened in Alaska.Strong earthquakes can kill a great many people. In 1755, one of the strongest earthquakes ever recorded happened in Portugal. Around 20, 000 people died. And in 1923, the great Kanto Earthquake in Japan claimed 142,000 lives.Earthquakes are not the only acts of nature which we fear. Floods, tidal waves and bad storms also cause us to be afraid, as they often claim many lives and do great damage to the environment. But they probably do not worry us as much as earthquakes, especially in modern times. The reason is that we often know they are coming. We have some warning. Someday we may be able to know when an earthquake is coming. However, so far no sure way is known to predict an earthquake. When one comes, it is a surprise. People cannot prepare for it, so hundreds of lives may be lost in earthquakes such as those in China in 1976 and in 2008.。
剑桥雅思真题6-阅读Test 2(附答案)
剑桥雅思真题6-阅读Test 2（附答案）Reading Passage 1You should spend about 20 minutes on QUESTIONS 1-13 which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.Advantages of public transportA new study conducted for the World Bank by Murdoch University's Institute for Science and Technology Policy (ISTP) has demonstrated that public transport is more efficient than cars. The study compared the proportion of wealth poured into transport by thirty-seven cities around this world. This included both the public and private costs of building, maintaining and using a transport system.The study found that the Western Australian city of Perth is a good example of a city with minimal public transport. As a result, 17% of its wealth went into transport costs. Some European and Asian cities, on the other hand, spent as little as 5%. Professor Peter Newman, ISTP Director pointed out that these more efficient cities were able to put the difference into attracting industry and jobs or creating a better place to live.According to Professor Newman, the larger Australian city of Melbourne is a rather unusual city in this sort of comparison. He describes it as two cities: 'A European city surrounded by a car-dependent one'. Melbourne's large tram network has made car use in the inner city much lower, but the outer suburbs have the same car-based structure as most other Australian cities. The explosion in demand for accommodation in the inner suburbs of Melbourne suggests a recent change in many people's preferences as to where they live.Newman says this is a new, broader way of considering public transport issues. In the past, the case for public transport has been made on the basis of environmental and social justice considerations rather than economics. Newman, however, believes the study demonstrates that' the auto-dependent city model is inefficient and grossly inadequate in economic as well as environmental terms'.Bicycle use was not included in the study but Newman noted that the two most 'bicycle friendly cities considered -Amsterdam and Copenhagen -were very efficient, even though their public transport systems were 'reasonable but not special'.It is common for supporters of road networks to reject the models of cities with good public transport by arguing that such systems would not work in their particular city. One objection is climate. Some people say their city could not make more use of public transport because it is either too hot or too cold. Newman rejects this, pointing out that public transport has been successful in both Toronto and Singapore and, in fact, he has checked the use of cars against climate and found 'zero correlation'.When it comes to other physical features, road lobbies are on stronger ground. For example, Newman accepts it would be hard for a city as hilly as Auckland to develop a really good rail network. However, he points out that both Hong Kong and Zurich have managed to make a success of their rail systems, heavy and light respectively, though there are few cities in the world as hilly.A In fact, Newman believes the main reason for adopting one sort of transport over another is politics: 'The more democratic the process, the more public transport is favored.' He considers Portland, Oregon, a perfect example of this. Some years ago, federal money was granted to build a new road. However, local pressure groups forced a referendum over whether to spend the money on light rail instead. The rail proposal won and the railway worked spectacularly well. In the years that have followed, more and more rail systems have been put in, dramatically changing the nature of the city. Newman notes that Portland has about the same population as Perth and had a similar population density at the time.B In the UK, travel times to work had been stable for at least six centuries, with people avoiding situations that required them to spend more than half an hour travelling to work. Trains and cars initially allowed people to live at greater distances without taking longer to reach their destination. However, public infrastructure did not keep pace with urban sprawl, causing massive congestion problems which now make commuting times far higher.C There is a widespread belief that increasing wealth encourages people to live farther out where cars are the only viable transport. The example of European cities refutes that. They are often wealthier than their American counterparts but have not generated the same level of car use. In Stockholm, car use has actually fallen in recent years as the city has become larger and wealthier. A new study makes this point even more starkly. Developing cities in Asia, such as Jakarta and Bangkok, make more use of the car than wealthy Asian cities such as Tokyo and Singapore. In cities that developed later, the World Bank and Asian Development Bank discouraged the building of public transport and people have been forced to rely on cars creating the massive traffic jams that characterize those cities.D Newman believes one of the best studies on how cities built for cars might be converted to rail use is The Urban Village report, which used Melbourne as an example. It found that pushing everyone into the city centre was not the best approach. Instead, the proposal advocated the creation of urban villages at hundreds of sites, mostly around railway stations.E It was once assumed that improvements in telecommunications would lead to more dispersal in the population as people were no longer forced into cities. However, the ISTP team's research demonstrates that the population and job density of cities rose or remained constant in the 1980s after decades of decline. The explanation for this seems to be that it is valuable to place people working in related fields together, 'The new world will largely depend on human creativity, and creativity flourishes where people come together face-to-face.'Question 1-5Reading Passage 3 has seven paragraphs, A-E.Choose the correct heading for paragraphs from the list of headings below.Write the correct number, i-viii in boxes 1 -5 on your answer sheet.1 Paragraph A2 Paragraph B3 Paragraph C4 Paragraph D5 Paragraph EQuestion 6-10Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?In boxes 18-22 on your answer sheet, writeTRUE if the statement agrees with the informationFALSE if the statement contradicts the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this in the passage6. The ISTP study examined public and private systems in every city of the world.7. Efficient cities can improve the quality of life for their inhabitants.8. An inner-city tram network is dangerous for car drivers.9. In Melbourne, people prefer to live in the outer suburbs.10. Cities with high levels of bicycle usage can be efficient even when public transport is only averagely good.Question 11-13Look at the following cities (Questions 11-13) and the list of descriptions Mow. Match each city with the correct description, A-F.Write the correct letter, A-F, into boxes 11-13 on your answer sheet.11Perth12Auckland13PortlandReading Passage 2You should spend about 20 minutes on QUESTIONS 14-26 which are based on Reading Passage 2 below.Greying Population Stays in the PinkElderly people are growing healthier, happier and more independent, say American scientists. The results of a 14-year study to be announced later this month reveal that the diseases associated with old age are afflicting fewer and fewer people and when they do strike, it is much later in life.In the last 14 years, the National Long-term Health Care Survey has gathered data on the health and lifestyles of more than 20,000 men and women over 65. Researchers, now analysing the results of data gathered in 1994, say arthritis, high blood pressure and circulation problems — the major medical complaints in this age group are troubling a smaller proportion every year. And the data confirms that the rate at which these diseases are declining continues to accelerate. Other diseases of old age - dementia, stroke, arteriosclerosis and emphysema - are also troubling fewer and fewer people.'It really raises the question of what should he considered normal ageing,' says Kenneth Manton, a demographer from Duke University in North Carolina. He says the problems doctors accepted as normal in a 65-year-old in 1982 are often not appearing until people are 70 or 75.Clearly, certain diseases are beating a retreat in the face of medical advances. But there may be other contributing factors. Improvements in childhood nutrition in the first quarter of the twentieth century, for example, gave today's elderly people a better start in life than their predecessors.On the downside, the data also reveals failures in public health that have caused surges in some illnesses. An increase in some cancers and bronchitis may reflect changing smoking habits and poorer air quality, say the researchers. 'These may be subtle influences,' says Manton, 'but our subjects have been exposed to worse and worse pollution for over 60 years. It's not surprising we see some effect.'One interesting correlation Manton uncovered is that better-educated people are likely to live longer. For example, 65-year-old women with fewer than eight years of schooling are expected, on average, to live to 82. Those who continued their education live an extra seven years. Although some of this can be attributed to a higher income, Manton believes it is mainly because educated people seek more medical attention.The survey also assessed how independent people over 65 were, and again found a striking trend. Almost 80% of those in the 1994 survey could complete everyday activities ranging from eating and dressing unaided to complex tasks such as cooking and managing their finances. That represents a significant drop in the number of disabled old people in the population. If the trends apparent in the United States 14 years ago had continued, researchers calculate there would be an additional one million disabled elderly people in today's population. According to Manton, slowing the trend has saved the United States government's Medicare system more than $200 billion, suggesting that the greying of America's population may prove less of a financial burden than expected.The increasing self-reliance of many elderly people is probably linked to a massive increase in the use of simple home medical aids. For instance, the use of raised toilet seats has more than doubledsince the start of the study, and the use of bath seats has grown by more than 50%. These developments also bring some health benefits, according to a report from the MacArthur Foundation's research group on successful ageing. The group found that those elderly people who were able to retain a sense of independence were more likely to stay healthy in old age.Maintaining a level of daily physical activity may help mental functioning, says Carl Cotman, a neuroscientist at the University of California at Irvine. He found that rats that exercise on a treadmill have raised levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor coursing through their brains. Cotman believes this hormone, which keeps neurons functioning, may prevent the brains of active humans from deteriorating.As part of the same study, Teresa Seeman, a social epidemiologist at the University of Southern California in Los Angeles, found a connection between self-esteem and stress in people over 70. In laboratory simulations of challenging activities such as driving, those who felt in control of their lives pumped out lower levels of stress hormones such as cortisol. Chronically high levels of these hormones have been linked to heart disease.But independence can have drawbacks. Seeman found that elderly people who felt emotionally isolated maintained higher levels of stress hormones even when asleep. The research suggests that older people fare best when they feel independent but know they can get help when they need it.'Like much research into ageing, these results support common sense,' says Seeman. They also show that we may be underestimating the impact of these simple factors. 'The sort of thing that your grandmother always told you turns out to be right on target,' she says.Question 14-22Complete the summary using the list of words, A-Q, below.Write the correct letter, A-Q, in boxes 14-22 on your answer sheet.Research carried out by scientists in the United States has shown that the proportion of people over 65 suffering from the most common age-related medical problems is 14 ………… and that the speed of this change is 15………… . It also seems that these diseases are affecting people 16 ………… in life than they did in the past. This is largely due to developments in 17 ………… , but other factors such as improved 18 ………… may also be playing a part. Increases in some other illnesses may be due to changes in personal habits and to 19………… . The research establishes a link between levels of 20 ………… and life expectancy. It also shows that there has been a considerable reduction in the number of elderly people who are 21 …………, which means that the 22 …………involved in supporting this section of the population may be less than previously predicted.Complete each sentence with the correct ending, A-H, below.Write the correct letter, A-H, in boxes 23-26 on your answer sheet.23 Home medical aids24 Regular amounts of exercise25 Feelings of control over life26 Feelings of lonelinessYou should spend about 20 minutes on QUESTIONS 27-40 which are based on Reading Passage 3 below.NumerationOne of the first great intellectual feats of a young child is learning how to talk, closely followed by learning how to count. From earliest childhood we are so bound up with our system of numeration that it is a feat of imagination to consider the problems faced by early humans who had not yet developed this facility. Careful consideration of our system of numeration leads to the conviction that, rather than being a facility that comes naturally to a person, it is one of the great and remarkable achievements of the human race.It is impossible to learn the sequence of events that led to our developing the concept of number. Even the earliest of tribes had a system of numeration that, if not advanced, was sufficient for the tasks that they had to perform. Our ancestors had little use for actual numbers; instead their considerations would have been more of the kind Is this enough? rather than How many? When they were engaged in food gathering, for example. However, when early humans first began to reflect on the nature of things around them, they discovered that they needed an idea of number simply to keep their thoughts in order. As they began to settle, grow plants and herd animals, the need for a sophisticated number system became paramount. It will never be known how and when this numeration ability developed, but it is certain that numeration was well developed by the time humans had formed even semi-permanent settlements.Evidence of early stages of arithmetic and numeration can be readily found. The indigenous peoples of Tasmania were only able to count one, two, many; those of South Africa counted one, two, two and one, two twos, two twos and one, and so on. But in real situations the number and words are often accompanied by gestures to help resolve any confusion. For example, when using the one, two, many type of system, the word many would mean, Look at my hands and see how many fingers I am showing you. This basic approach is limited in the range of numbers that it can express, but this range will generally suffice when dealing with the simpler aspects of human existence.The lack of ability of some cultures to deal with large numbers is not really surprising. European languages, when traced back to their earlier version, are very poor in number words and expressions. The ancient Gothic word for ten, tachund, is used to express the number 100 as tachund. By the seventh century, the word teon had become interchangeable with the tachund or hund of the Anglo-Saxon language, and so 100 was denoted as hund teontig, or ten times ten. The average person in the seventh century in Europe was not as familiar with numbers as we are today. In fact, to qualify as a witness in a court of law a man had to be able to count to nine!Perhaps the most fundamental step in developing a sense of number is not the ability to count, but rather to see that a number is really an abstract idea instead of a simple attachment to a group of particular objects. It must have been within the grasp of the earliest humans to conceive that four birds are distinct from two birds; however, it is not an elementary step to associate the number 4, as connected with four birds, to the number 4, as connected with four rocks. Associating a number as one of the qualities of a specific object is a great hindrance to the development of a true number sense. When the number 4 can be registered in the mind as a specific word, independent of the object being referenced, the individual is ready to take the first step toward the development of a notational system for numbers and, from there, to arithmetic.Traces of the very first stages in the development of numeration can be seen in several living languages today. The numeration system of the Tsimshian language in British Columbia contains seven distinct sets of words for numbers according to the class of the item being counted: for counting flat objects and animals, for round objects and time, for people, for long objects and trees, for canoes, for measures, and for counting when no particular object is being numerated. It seems that the last is a later development while the first six groups show the relics of an older system. This diversity of number names can also be found in some widely used languages such as Japanese.Intermixed with the development of a number sense is the development of an ability to count. Counting is not directly related to the formation of a number concept because it is possible to count by matching the items being counted against a group of pebbles, grains of corn, or the counter's fingers. These aids would have been indispensable to very early people who would have found the process impossible without some form of mechanical aid. Such aids, while different, are still used even by the most educated in today's society due to their convenience. All counting ultimately involves reference to something other than the things being counted. At first it may have been grains or pebbles but now it is a memorised sequence of words that happen to be the names of the numbers.Question 27-31Complete each sentence with the correct ending, A-G, below.Write the correct letter, A-G, in boxes 27-31 on your answer sheet.27 A developed system of numbering28 An additional hand signal29 In seventh-century Europe, the ability to count to a certain number30 Thinking about numbers as concepts separate from physical objects31 Expressing number differently according to class of itemQuestion 32-Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 3?In boxes 32-40 on your answer sheet, writeTRUE if the statement agrees with the informationFALSE if the statement contradicts the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this in the passage32. For the earliest tribes, the concept of sufficiency was more important than the concept of quantity.33. Indigenous Tasmanians used only four terms to indicate numbers of objects.34. Some peoples with simple number systems use body language to prevent misunderstanding of expressions of number.35. All cultures have been able to express large numbers clearly.36. The word 'thousand' has Anglo-Saxon origins.37. In general, people in seventh-century Europe had poor counting ability.38. In the Tsimshian language, the number for long objects and canoes is expressed with the same word.39. The Tsimshian language contains both older and newer systems of counting.40. Early peoples found it easier to count by using their fingers rather than a group of pebbles参考答案1 ii2 vii3 iv4 i5 iii6 FALSE7 TRUE8 NOT GIVEN9 FALSE10 TRUE11 F12 D13 C14 B15 I16 F17 M18 J19 N20 K21 G22 A23 G24 E25 H26 C27 B28 E29 A30C31 G32 TRUE33 FALSE34 TRUE35 FALSE36 NOT GIVEN37 TRUE38 FALSE39 TRUE40 NOT GIVEN。
剑桥雅思真题7-阅读Test 2(附答案)
剑桥雅思真题7-阅读Test 2（附答案）Reading Passage 1You should spend about 20 minutes on QUESTIONS 1-13 which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.Why pagodas don’t fall downIn a land swept by typhoons and shaken by earthquakes, how have Japan's tallest and seemingly flimsiest old buildings - 500 or so wooden pagodas - remained standing for centuries? Records show that only two have collapsed during the past 1400 years. Those that have disappeared were destroyed by fire as a result of lightning or civil war. The disastrous Hanshin earthquake in 1995 killed 6,400 people, toppled elevated highways, flattened office blocks and devastated the port area of Kobe. Yet it left the magnificent five-storey pagoda at the Toji temple in nearby Kyoto unscathed, though it levelled a number of buildings in the neighbourhood.Japanese scholars have been mystified for ages about why these tall, slender buildings are so stable. It was only thirty years ago that the building industry felt confident enough to erect office blocks of steel and reinforced concrete that had more than a dozen floors. With its special shock absorbers to dampen the effect of sudden sideways movements from an earthquake, the thirty-six-storey Kasumigaseki building in central Tokyo -Japan's first skyscraper -was considered a masterpiece of modern engineering when it was built in 1968.Yet in 826, with only pegs and wedges to keep his wooden structure upright, the master builder Kobodaishi had no hesitation in sending his majestic Toji pagoda soaring fifty-five metres into the sky - nearly half as high as the Kasumigaseki skyscraper built some eleven centuries later. Clearly, Japanese carpenters of the day knew a few tricks about allowing a building to sway and settle itself rather than fight nature's forces. But what sort of tricks?The multi-storey pagoda came to Japan from China in the sixth century. As in China, they were first introduced with Buddhism and were attached to important temples. The Chinese built their pagodas in brick or stone, with inner staircases, and used them in later centuries mainly as watchtowers. When the pagoda reached Japan, however, its architecture was freely adapted to local conditions - they were built less high, typically five rather than nine storeys, made mainly of wood and the staircase was dispensed with because the Japanese pagoda did not have any practical use but became more of an art object. Because of the typhoons that batter Japan in the summer, Japanese builders learned to extend the eaves of buildings further beyond the walls. This prevents rainwater gushing down the walls. Pagodas in China and Korea have nothing like the overhang that is found on pagodas in Japan.The roof of a Japanese temple building can be made to overhang the sides of the structure by fifty per cent or more of the building's overall width. For the same reason, the builders of Japanese pagodas seem to have further increased their weight by choosing to cover these extended eaves not with the porcelain tiles of many Chinese pagodas but with much heavier earthenware tiles.But this does not totally explain the great resilience of Japanese pagodas. Is the answer that, like a tall pine tree, the Japanese pagoda - with its massive trunk-like central pillar known as shinbashira - simply flexes and sways during a typhoon or earthquake? For centuries, many thought so. But the answer is not so simple because the startling thing is that the Shinbashira actually carries noload at all. In fact, in some pagoda designs, it does not even rest on the ground, but is suspended from the top of the pagoda - hanging loosely down through the middle of the building. The weight of the building is supported entirely by twelve outer and four inner columns.And what is the role of the shinbashira, the central pillar? The best way to understand the Shinbashira's role is to watch a video made by Shuzo Ishida, a structural engineer at Kyoto Institute of Technology. Mr. Ishida, known to his students as 'Professor Pagoda' because of his passion to understand the pagoda, has built a series of models and tested them on a 'shake- table' in his laboratory. In short, the Shinbashira was acting like an enormous stationary pendulum. The ancient craftsmen, apparently without the assistance of very advanced mathematics, seemed to grasp the principles that were, more than a thousand years later, applied in the construction of Japan's first skyscraper. What those early craftsmen had found by trial and error was that under pressure a pagoda's loose stack of floors could be made to slither to and fro independent of one another. Viewed from the side, the pagoda seemed to be doing a snake dance -with each consecutive floor moving in the opposite direction to its neighbours above and below. The shinbashira, running up through a hole in the centre of the building, constrained individual storeys from moving too far because, after moving a certain distance, they banged into it, transmitting energy away along the column.Another strange feature of the Japanese pagoda is that, because the building tapers, with each successive floor plan being smaller than the one below, none of the vertical pillars that carry the weight of the building is connected to its corresponding pillar above. In other words, a five- storey pagoda contains not even one pillar that travels right up through the building to carry the structural loads from the top to the bottom. More surprising is the fact that the individual storeys of a Japanese pagoda, unlike their counterparts elsewhere, are not actually connected to each other. They are simply stacked one on top of another like a pile of hats. Interestingly, such a design would not be permitted under current Japanese building regulations.And the extra-wide eaves? Think of them as a tightrope walker's balancing pole. The bigger the mass at each end of the pole, the easier it is for the tightrope walker to maintain his or her balance. The same holds true for a pagoda. 'With the eaves extending out on all sides like balancing poles,' says Mr Ishida, 'the building responds to even the most powerful jolt of an earthquake with a graceful swaying, never an abrupt shaking.' Here again, Japanese master builders of a thousand years ago anticipated concepts of modern structural engineering.Question 1-4Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 1?In boxes 1-4 on your answer sheet, writeYES if the statement agrees with the claims of the writerNO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writerNOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this1. Only two Japanese pagodas have collapsed in 1400 years.2. The Hanshin earthquake of 1995 destroyed the pagoda at the Toji temple.3. The other buildings near the Toji pagoda had been built in the last 30 years.4. The builders of pagodas knew how to absorb some of the power produced by severe weather conditions.Question 5-10Classify the following as typical ofA. both Chinese and Japanese pagodasB. only Chinese pagodasC. only Japanese pagodasWrite the correct letter, A, B or C, in boxes 5-10 on your answer sheet.5. easy interior access to top6. tiles on eaves7. use as observation post8. size of eaves up to half the width of the building9. original religious purpose10. floors fitting loosely over each otherQuestion 11-13Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.Write the correct letter in boxes 11-13 on your answer sheet.11. In a Japanese pagoda, the shinbashiraA. bears the full weight of the building.B. bends under pressure like a tree.C. connects the floors with the foundations.D. stops the floors moving too far.12. Shuzo Ishida performs experiments in order toA. improve skyscraper design.B. be able to build new pagodas.C. learn about the dynamics of pagodas.D. understand ancient mathematics.13. The storeys of a Japanese pagoda areA. linked only by wood.B. fastened only to the central pillar.C. fitted loosely on top of each other.D. joined by special weights.Reading Passage 2You should spend about 20 minutes on QUESTIONS 14-26 which are based on Reading Passage 2 below.The True Cost of FoodA For more than forty years the cost of food has been rising. It has now reached a point where a growing number of people believe that it is far too high, and that bringing it down will be one of the great challenges of the twenty first century. That cost, however, is not in immediate cash. In the west at least, most food is now far cheaper to buy in relative terms than it was in 1960. The cost is in the collateral damage of the very methods of food production that have made the food cheaper: in the pollution of water, the enervation of soil, the destruction of wildlife, the harm to animal welfare and the threat to human health caused by modern industrial agriculture.B First mechanisation, then mass use of chemical fertilisers and pesticides, then monocultures, then battery rearing of livestock, and now genetic engineering -the onward march of intensive farming has seemed unstoppable in the last half-century, as the yields of produce have soared. But the damage it has caused has been colossal. In Britain, for example, many of our best-loved farmland birds, such as the skylark, the grey partridge, the lapwing and the corn bunting, have vanished from huge stretches of countryside, as have even more wild flowers and insects. This is a direct result of the way we have produced our food in the last four decades. Thousands of miles of hedgerows, thousands of ponds, have disappeared from the landscape. The faecal filth of salmon farming has driven wild salmon from many of the sea lochs and rivers of Scotland. Natural soil fertility is dropping in many areas because of continuous industrial fertiliser and pesticide use, while the growth of algae is increasing in lakes because of the fertiliser run-off.C Put it all together and it looks like a battlefield, but consumers rarely make the connection at the dinner table. That is mainly because the costs of all this damage are what economists refer to as externalities: they are outside the main transaction, which is for example producing and selling a field of wheat, and are borne directly by neither producers nor consumers. To many, the costs may not even appear to be financial at all, but merely aesthetic - a terrible shame, but nothing to do with money. And anyway they, as consumers of food, certainly aren't paying for it, are they?D But the costs to society can actually be quantified and, when added up, can amount to staggering sums. A remarkable exercise in doing this has been carried out by one of the world's leading thinkers on the future of agriculture, Professor Jules Pretty, Director of the Centre for Environment and Society at the University of Essex. Professor Pretty and his colleagues calculated the externalities of British agriculture for one particular year. They added up the costs of repairing the damage it caused, and came up with a total figure of ￡2,343m. This is equivalent to ￡208 for every hectare of arable land and permanent pasture, almost as much again as the total government and EU spend on British farming in that year. And according to Professor Pretty, it was a conservative estimate.E The costs included: ￡120m for removal of pesticides; ￡16m for removal of nitrates; ￡55m for removal of phosphates and soil; ￡23m for the removal of the bug cryptosporidium from drinking water by water companies; ￡125m for damage to wildlife habitats, hedgerows and dry stone walls; ￡1,113m from emissions of gases likely to contribute to climate change; ￡106m from soil erosion and organic carbon losses; ￡169m from food poisoning; and ￡607m from cattle disease. Professor Pretty draws a simple but memorable conclusion from all this: our food bills are actually threefold. We are paying for our supposedly cheaper food in three separate ways: once over the counter, secondly through our taxes, which provide the enormous subsidies propping up modern intensive farming, and thirdly to clean up the mess that modern farming leaves behind.F So can the true cost of food be brought down? Breaking away from industrial agriculture asthe solution to hunger may be very hard for some countries, but in Britain, where the immediate need to supply food is less urgent, and the costs and the damage of intensive farming have been clearly seen, it may be more feasible. The government needs to create sustainable, competitive and diverse farming and food sectors, which will contribute to a thriving and sustainable rural economy, and advance environmental, economic, health, and animal welfare goals.G But if industrial agriculture is to be replaced, what is a viable alternative? Professor Pretty feels that organic farming would be too big a jump in thinking and in practices for many farmers. Furthermore, the price premium would put the produce out of reach of many poorer consumers. He is recommending the immediate introduction of a ‘Greener Food Standard', which would push the market towards more sustainable environmental practices than the current norm, while not requiring the full commitment to organic production. Such a standard would comprise agreed practices for different kinds of farming, covering agrochemical use, soil health, land management, water and energy use, food safety and animal health. It could go a long way, he says, to shifting consumers as well as farmers towards a more sustainable system of agriculture.Question 14-17Reading Passage 2 has seven paragraphs, A-G.Which paragraph contains the following information?Write the correct letter, A-G, in boxes 14-17 on your answer sheet.NB You may use any letter more than once.14. a cost involved in purifying domestic water15. the stages in the development of the farming industry16. the term used to describe hidden costs17. one effect of chemicals on water sourcesQuestion 18-21Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 2?In boxes 18-21 on your answer sheet, writeYES if the statement agrees with the claims of the writerNO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writerNOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this18. Several species of wildlife in the British countryside are declining.19. The taste of food has deteriorated in recent years.20. The financial costs of environmental damage are widely recognised.21. One of the costs calculated by Professor Pretty was illness caused by food.Question 22-26Complete the summary below.Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 22-26 on your answer sheet.Professor Pretty concludes that our 22 …………are higher than most people realise, because we make three different types of payment. He feels it is realistic to suggest that Britain should reduce its reliance on 23 ………… .Although most farmers would be unable to adapt to 24 …………, Professor Pretty wants thegovernment to initiate change by establishing what he refers to as a 25 ………… . He feels this would help to change the attitudes of both 26 ………… and………… .Reading Passage 3You should spend about 20 minutes on QUESTIONS 27-40 which are based on Reading Passage 3 below.Makete Integrated Rural Transport ProjectSection AThe disappointing results of many conventional road transport projects in Africa led some experts to rethink the strategy by which rural transport problems were to be tackled at the beginning of the 1980s. A request for help in improving the availability of transport within the remote Makete District of south- western Tanzania presented the opportunity to try a new approach.The concept of ‘integrated rural transport' was adopted in the task of examining the transport needs of the rural households in the district. The objective was to reduce the time and effort needed to obtain access to essential goods and services through an improved rural transport system. The underlying assumption was that the time saved would be used instead for activities that would improve the social and economic development of the communities. The Makete Integrated Rural Transport Project (MIRTP) started in 1985 with financial support from the Swiss Development Corporation and was co-ordinated with the help of the Tanzanian government.Section BWhen the project began, Makete District was virtually totally isolated during the rainy season. The regional road was in such bad shape that access to the main towns was impossible for about three months of the year. Road traffic was extremely rare within the district, and alternative means of transport were restricted to donkeys in the north of the district. People relied primarily on the paths, which were slippery and dangerous during the rains.Before solutions could be proposed, the problems had to be understood. Little was known about the transport demands of the rural households, so Phase Ⅰ, between December 1985 and December 1987, focused on research. The socio-economic survey of more than 400 households in the district indicated that a household in Makete spent, on average, seven hours a day on transporting themselves and their goods, a figure which seemed extreme but which has also been obtained in surveys in other rural areas in Africa. Interesting facts regarding transport were found: 95% was on foot; 80% was within the locality; and 70% was related to the collection of water and firewood and travelling to grinding mills.Section CHaving determined the main transport needs, possible solutions were identified which might reduce the time and burden. During Phase Ⅱ, from January to February 1991, a number of approaches were implemented in an effort to improve mobility and access to transport.An improvement of the road network was considered necessary to ensure the import and export of goods to the district. These improvements were carried out using methods that were heavily dependent on labour. In addition to the improvement of roads, these methods provided training in the operation of a mechanical workshop and bus and truck services. However, the difference from the conventional approach was that this time consideration was given to local transport needs outside the road network.Most goods were transported along the paths that provide short-cuts up and down the hillsides, but the paths were a real safety risk and made the journey on foot even more arduous. It made sense to improve the paths by building steps, handrails and footbridges.It was uncommon to find means of transport that were more efficient than walking but less technologically advanced than motor vehicles. The use of bicycles was constrained by their high cost and the lack of available spare parts. Oxen were not used at all but donkeys were used by a few households in the northern part of the district. MIRTP focused on what would be most appropriate for the inhabitants of Makete in terms of what was available, how much they could afford and what they were willing to accept. After careful consideration, the project chose the promotion of donkeys -a donkey costs less than a bicycle-and the introduction of a locally manufacturable wheelbarrow.Section DAt the end of Phase Ⅱ, it was clear that the selected approaches to Makete's transport problems had had different degrees of success. Phase Ⅲ, from March 1991 to March 1993, focused on the refinement and institutionalisation of these activities.The road improvements and accompanying maintenance system had helped make the district centre accessible throughout the year. Essential goods from outside the district had become more readily available at the market, and prices did not fluctuate as much as they had done before. Paths and secondary roads were improved only at the request of communities who were willing to participate in construction and maintenance. However, the improved paths impressed the inhabitants, and requests for assistance greatly increased soon after only a few improvements had been completed.The efforts to improve the efficiency of the existing transport services were not very successful because most of the motorised vehicles in the district broke down and there were no resources to repair them. Even the introduction of low-cost means of transport was difficult because of the general poverty of the district. The locally manufactured wheelbarrows were still too expensive for all but a few of the households. Modifications to the original design by local carpenters cut production time and costs. Other local carpenters have been trained in the new design so that they can respond to requests. Nevertheless, a locally produced wooden wheelbarrow which costs around 5000 Tanzanian shillings (less than US$20) in Makete, and is about one quarter the cost of a metal wheelbarrow, is still too expensive for most people.Donkeys, which were imported to the district, have become more common and contribute, in particular, to the transportation of crops and goods to market. Those who have bought donkeys are mainly from richer households but, with an increased supply through local breeding, donkeys should become more affordable. Meanwhile, local initiatives are promoting the renting out of the existing donkeys.It should be noted, however, that a donkey, which at 20,000 Tanzanian shillings costs less than a bicycle, is still an investment equal to an average household's income over half a year. This clearly illustrates the need for supplementary measures if one wants to assist the rural poor.Section EIt would have been easy to criticise the MIRTP for using in the early phases a’top-down' approach, in which decisions were made by experts and officials before being handed down to communities, but it was necessary to start the process from the level of the governmental authorities of thedistrict.It would have been difficult to respond to the requests of villagers and other rural inhabitants without the support and understanding of district authorities.Section FToday, nobody in the district argues about the importance of improved paths and inexpensive means of transport. But this is the result of dedicated work over a long period, particularly from the officers in charge of community development. They played an essential role in raising awareness and interest among the rural communities.The concept of integrated rural transport is now well established in Tanzania, where a major program of rural transport is just about to start. The experiences from Makete will help in this initiative, and Makete District will act as a reference for future work.Question 27-30Reading Passage 3 has seven paragraphs, A-FChoose the correct heading for paragraphs B, C, E and F from the list of headings below.Write the correct number, i-xi, in boxes 27-30 on your answer sheet.28 Section C30 Section FQuestion 31-35Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 3?In boxes 31-35 on your answer sheet, writeYES if the statement agrees with the claims of the writerNO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writerNOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this31. MIRTP was divided into five phases.32. Prior to the start of MIRTP the Makete district was almost inaccessible during the rainy season.33. Phase I of MIRTP consisted of a survey of household expenditure on transport.34. The survey concluded that one-fifth or 20% of the household transport requirement as outside the local area.35. MIRTP hoped to improve the movement of goods from Makete district to the country's capital. Question 36-39Complete each sentence with the correct ending, A-J, below.Write the correct letter, A-J, into boxes 36-39 on your answer sheet.36 Construction of footbridges, steps and handrails37 Frequent breakdown of buses and trucks in Makete38 The improvement of secondary roads and paths39 The isolation of Makete for part of the yearChoose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.Write the correct letter in box 40 on your answer sheet.40. Which of the following phrases best describes the main aim of Reading Passage 3?A. to suggest that projects such as MIRTP are needed in other countriesB. to describe how MIRTP was implemented and how successful it wasC. to examine how MIRTP promoted the use of donkeysD. to warn that projects such as MIRTP are likely to have serious problems参考答案1 YES2 NO3 NOT GIVEN4 YES5 B6 A7 B8 C9 A10 C11 D12 C13 C14 E15 B16 C17 B18 YES19 NOT GIVEN20 NO21YES22 food bills/costs23 (modern) intensive farming24 organic farming25 Greener Food Standard26 (IN EITHER ORDER) farmers (and) consumers27 ii28 v29 x30 i31 NO32 YES33 NO34 YES35 NOT GIVEN36 D37 I38 G39 E40B。
雅思考试国外A类试卷Test 2_阅读
ACADEMIC READING PRACTICE TEST 2READING PASSAGE 1 Questions 1 - 14You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1 – 14 which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.DIABETESHere are some facts that you probably didn’t know about diabetes. It is the world’s fastest growing disease. It is Australia’s 6th leading cause of death. Over 1 million Australians have it though 50% of those are as yet unaware. Every 10 minutes someone is diagnosed with diabetes. So much for the facts but what exactly is diabetes?Diabetes is the name given to a group of different conditions in which there is too much glucose in the blood. Here’s what happens: the body needs glucose as its main source of fuel or energy. The body makes glucose from foods containing carbohydrate such as vegetables containing carbohydrate (like potatoes or corn) and cereal foods (like bread, pasta and rice) as well as fruit and milk. Glucose is carried around the body in the blood and the glucose level is called glycaemia. Glycaemia (blood sugar levels) in humans and animals must be neither too high nor too low, but just right. The glucose running around in the blood stream now has to get out of the blood and into the body tissues. This is where insulin enters the story. Insulin is a hormone made by the pancreas, a gland sitting just below the stomach. Insulin opens the doors that let glucose go from the blood to the body cells where energy is made. This process is called glucose metabolism. In diabetes, the pancreas either cannot make insulin or the insulin it does make is not enough and cannot work properly. Without insulin doing its job, the glucose channels are shut. Glucose builds up in the blood leading to high blood glucose levels, which causes the health problems linked to diabetes.People refer to the disease as diabetes but there are actually two distinctive types of the disease. Type 1 diabetes is a condition characterized by high blood glucose levels caused by a total lack of insulin. It occurs when the body’s immune system attacks the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas and destroys them. The pancreas then produces little or no insulin. Type 1 diabetes develops most often in young people but can appear in adults. Type 2 diabetes is the most common form of diabetes. In type 2 diabetes, either the body does not produce enough insulin or the cells ignore the insulin. Insulin is necessary for the body to be able to use sugar. Sugar is the basic fuel for the cells in the body, and insulin takes the sugar from the blood into the cells.The diagnosis of diabetes often depends on what type the patient is suffering from. In Type 1 diabetes, symptoms are usually sudden and sometimes even life threatening - hyperglycaemia (high blood sugar levels) can lead to comas – and therefore it is mostly diagnosed quite quickly. In Type 2 diabetes, many people have no symptoms at all, while other signs can go unnoticed, being seen as part of ‘getting older’. Therefore, by the time symptoms are noticed, the blood glucose level for many people can be very high. Common symptoms include: being more thirsty than usual, passing more urine, feeling lethargic, always feeling hungry, having cuts that heal slowly, itching, skin infections, bad breath, blurred vision, unexplained weight change, mood swings, headaches, feeling dizzy and leg cramps.At present there is no cure for diabetes, but there is a huge amount of research looking for a cure and to provide superior management techniques and products until a cure is found. Whether it’s Type 1 or Type 2 diabetes, the aim of any diabetes treatment is to get your blood glucose levels as close to the non-diabetic range as often as possible. For people with Type 1diabetes, this will mean insulin injections every day plus leading a healthy lifestyle. For people with Type 2 diabetes, healthy eating and regular physical activity may be all that is required at first: sometimes tablets and/or insulin may be needed later on. Ideally blood glucose levels are kept as close to the non-diabetic range as possible so frequent self-testing is a good idea. This will help prevent the short-term effects of very low or very high blood glucose levels as well as the possible long-term problems. If someone is dependent on insulin, it has to be injected into the body. Insulin cannot be taken as a pill. The insulin would be broken down during digestion just like the protein in food. Insulin must be injected into the fat under your skin for it to get into your blood. Diabetes can cause serious complications for patients. When glucose builds up in the blood instead of going into cells, it can cause problems. Short term problems are similar to the symptoms but long term high blood sugar levels can lead to heart attacks, strokes, kidney failure, amputations and blindness. Having your blood pressure and cholesterol outside recommended ranges can also lead to problems like heart attack and stroke and in fact 2 out of 3 people with diabetes eventually die of these complications. Young adults age 18 - 44 who get type 2 diabetes are 14 times more likely to suffer a heart attack, and are up to 30 times more likely to have a stroke than their peers without diabetes. Young women account for almost all the increase in heart attack risk, while young men are twice as likely to suffer a stroke as young women. This means that huge numbers of people are going to get heart disease, heart attacks and strokes years, sometimes even decades, before they should. Questions 1 - 7Do the following statements reflect the views of the writer in Reading Passage 1?In boxes 1 - 7 on your answer sheet write:YES if the statement agrees with the informationNO if the statement contradicts the statementNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this in the passage1 Carbohydrate foods are the body’s source of glucose.2 Diabetics cannot produce insulin.3 Some patients develop diabetes due to faults in their own immunesystems4 Hyperglycaemia leads to type 1 diabetes being diagnosed quite quickly.5 Artificial insulin is the most effective treatment for those patientsrequiring insulin.6 Frequent check ups at the doctor can drastically reduce the chances ofsuffering from problems related to diabetes.7 The majority of diabetics develop heart problems or suffer strokes.Questions 8 - 11Complete the following statements with the best ending from the box on the next pageWrite the appropriate letters A - H in boxes 8 - 11 on your answer sheet.8 Bizarre as it may seem, many people with diabetes…9 Insulin is a hormone that allows glucose to be absorbed by…10 Non severe type 2 diabetes can be solely treated by…11 Increases in diabetes related heart problems are mainly seen in…A a healthy lifestyle.B never suffer any ill effects.C women.D people also suffering strokes.E body cells.F the pancreas.G do not realise the fact.H injections.Questions 12 - 14According to the text which of the following are symptoms of diabetes? Choose THREE letters (A – G) and write them in boxes 12 – 14 on your answer sheet.A hot flushesB muscle painsC nauseaD losing consciousnessE tirednessF bleeding gumsG dilation of the eyesREADING PASSAGE 2 Questions 15 - 27You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 15 – 27 which are based on Reading Passage 2 on the following pages.Contaminating the ArcticOur perception of the Arctic region is that its distance from industrial centers keeps it pristineand clear from the impact of pollution. However, through a process known as transboundary pollution, the Arctic is the recipient of contaminants whose sources are thousands of miles away. Large quantities of pollutants pour into our atmosphere, as well as our lakes, rivers, and oceans on a daily basis. In the last 20 years, scientists have detected an increasing variety of toxic contaminants in the North, including pesticides from agriculture, chemicals and heavy metals from industry, and even radioactive fall-out from Chernobyl. These are substances that have invaded ecosystems virtually worldwide, but they are especially worrisome in the Arctic.Originally, Arctic contamination was largely blamed on chemical leaks, and these leaks were thought to be “small and localized.” The consensus now is that pollutants from around the world are being carried north by rivers, ocean currents, and atmospheric circulation. Due to extreme conditions in the Arctic, including reduced sunlight, extensive ice cover and cold temperatures, contaminants break down much more slowly than in warmer climates. Contaminants can also become highly concentrated due to their significantly lengthened life span in the Arctic. Problems of spring run-off into coastal waters during the growth period of marine life are of critical concern. Spring algae blooms easily, absorbing the concentrated contaminants released by spring melting. These algae are in turn eaten by zooplankton and a wide variety of marine life. The accumulation of these contaminants increases with each step of the food chain or web and can potentially affect northerners who eat marine mammals near the top of the food chain. Pollutants respect no borders; transboundary pollution is the movement of contaminants across political borders, whether by air, rivers, or ocean currents. The eight circumpolar nations, led by the Finnish Initiative of 1989, established the Arctic Environmental Protection Strategy (AEPS) in which participants have agreed to develop an Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Program (AMAP). AMAP establishes an international scientific network to monitor the current condition of the Arctic with respect to specific contaminants. This monitoring program is extremely important because it will give a scientific basis for understanding the scope of the problem.In the 1950’s, pilots traveling on weather reconnaissance flights in the Canadian high Arctic reported seeing bands of haze in the springtime in the Arctic region. It was during this time that the term “Arctic haze” was first used, referring to this smog of unknown origin. But it was notuntil 1972, that Dr. Glenn Shaw of the Geophysical Institute at the University of Alaska first put forth ideas of the nature and long-range origin of Arctic haze. The idea that the source was long range was very difficult for many to support. Each winter, cold, dense air settles over the Arctic.In the darkness, the Arctic seems to become more and more polluted by a buildup of mid-latitude emissions from fossil fuel combustion, smelting and other industrial processes. By late winter, theArctic is covered by a layer of this haze the size of the continent of Africa. When the spring light arrives in the Arctic, there is a smog-like haze, which makes the region, at times, looks like pollution over such cities as Los Angeles.This polluted air is a well-known and well-characterized feature of the late winter Arctic environment. In the North American Arctic, episodes of brown or black snow have been traced to continental storm tracks that deliver gaseous and particulate-associated contaminants from Asian deserts and agricultural areas. It is now known that the contaminants originate largely from Europe and Asia.Arctic haze has been studied most extensively in Point Barrow, Alaska, across the Canadian Arctic and in Svalbard (Norway). Evidence from ice cores drilled from the ice sheet of Greenland indicates that these haze particles were not always present in the Arctic, but began to appear only in the last century. The Arctic haze particles appear to be similar to smog particles observed in industrial areas farther south, consisting mostly of sulfates mixed with particles of carbon. It is believed the particles are formed when gaseous sulfur dioxide produced by burning sulfur-bearing coal is irradiated by sunlight and oxidized to sulfate, a process catalyzed by trace elements in the air. These sulfate particles or droplets of sulfuric acid quickly capture the carbon particles, which are also floating in the air. Pure sulfate particles or droplets are colourless, so it is believed the darkness of the haze is caused by the mixed-in carbon particles.The impact of the haze on Arctic ecosystems, as well as the global environment, has not been adequately researched. The pollutants have only been studied in their aerosol form over the Arctic. However, little is known about what eventually happens to them. It is known that they are removed somehow. There is a good degree of likelihood that the contaminants end up in the ocean, likely into the North Atlantic, the Norwegian Sea and possibly the Bering Sea — all three very important fisheries.Currently, the major issue among researchers is to understand the impact of Arctic haze on global climate change. The contaminants absorb sunlight and, in turn, heat up the atmosphere. The global impact of this is currently unknown but the implications are quite powerful.Questions 15 - 27Read the passage about alternative farming methods in Oregon again and look at the statements below.In boxes 15 - 21 on your answer sheet write:TRUE if the statement is trueFALSE if the statement is falseNOT GIVEN if the information is not given in theadvertisement15 Industry in the Arctic has increased over the last 20 years.16 Arctic conditions mean that the break down of pollutants is much accelerated17 Pollution absorbed by arctic algae can eventually affect humans.18 The AEPS has set up scientific stations in the Arctic to monitor pollution.19 Arctic pollution can sometimes resemble US urban pollution.20 Evidence that this smog has only occurred in the 20th Century has been found inthe ice on the polar ice cap.21 Research has shown that aerosol arctic pollutants remain the air indefinitely.Questions 22 – 27Complete the summary relating to Arctic Haze below.Choose your answers from the box below the summary and write them in boxes 22 – 27 on your answer sheet.NB There are more words than spaces, so you will not use them at all. Example Answer____________ that the origins of spring, arctic haze, Theoriesfirst seen over the ice cap...(eg) ______________________ that the origins of spring, arctic haze, first seen over the ice cap in the 1950s, came from far away were at first not (22) _______________ _______. This haze is a smog formed in the dark, arctic winter by pollution delivered to the Arctic by storms (23) ______________________ in Europe and Asia. It is known to be a recent phenomenon as proof from (24) ______________________ shows it only starting to occur in the 20th Century. The smog consists of sulphates and carbon, the latter creating the (25) ______________________ of the haze. Due to lack of research, the final destination of the pollution is unknown but it probably ends up in the (26) ______________________ and therefore into the food chain. Scientists are presently more worried about the (27) ______________________ effect it has on climate change.burning terrible ice cores valid certainoriginating sea destroying theories unknownagriculture decided bird life dissipating acceptedgases darkness air densityREADING PASSAGE 3 Questions 28 - 40You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 28 – 40 which are based on Reading Passage 3 below.THE STORY OF COFFEEACoffee was first discovered in Eastern Africa in an area we know today as Ethiopia. A popular legend refers to a goat herder by the name of Kaldi, who observed his goats acting unusually friskily after eating berries from a bush. Curious about this phenomenon, Kaldi tried eating the berries himself. He found that these berries gave him renewed energy.BThe news of this energy laden fruit quickly moved throughout the region. Coffee berries were transported from Ethiopia to the Arabian Peninsula, and were first cultivated in what today is the country of Yemen. Coffee remained a secret in Arabia before spreading to Turkey and then to the European continent by means of Venetian trade merchants.CCoffee was first eaten as a food though later people in Arabia would make a drink out of boiling the beans for its narcotic effects and medicinal value. Coffee for a time was known as Arabian wineto Muslims who were banned from alcohol by Islam. It was not until after coffee had been eaten as a food product, a wine and a medicine that it was discovered, probably by complete accidentin Turkey, that by roasting the beans a delicious drink could be made. The roasted beans were first crushed, and then boiled in water, creating a crude version of the beverage we enjoy today. The first coffee houses were opened in Europe in the 17th Century and in 1675, the Viennese established the habit of refining the brew by filtering out the grounds, sweetening it, and adding a dash of milk.DIf you were to explore the planet for coffee, you would find about 60 species of coffee plants growing wild in Africa, Malaysia, and other regions. But only about ten of them are actually cultivated. Of these ten, two species are responsible for almost all the coffee produced in the world: Coffea Arabica and Coffea Canephora (usually known as Robusta). Because of ecological differences existing among the various coffee producing countries, both types have undergone many mutations and now exist in many sub species.EAlthough wild plants can reach 10 - 12 metres in height, the plantation one reaches a height of around four metres. This makes the harvest and flowering easier, and cultivation more economical. The flowers are white and sweet-scented like the Spanish jasmine. Flowers give way to a red, darkish berry. At first sight, the fruit is like a big cherry both in size and in colour. The berry is coated with a thin, red film (epicarp) containing a white, sugary mucilaginous flesh (mesocarp). Inside the pulp there are the seeds in the form of two beans coupled at their flat surface. Beansare in turn coated with a kind of resistant, golden yellow parchment, (called endocarp). When peeled, the real bean appears with another very thin silvery film. The bean is bluish green verging on bronze, and is at the most 11 millimetres long and 8 millimetres wide.FCoffee plants need special conditions to give a satisfactory crop. The climate needs to be hot-wet or hot temperate, between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn, with frequent rains and temperatures varying from 15 to 25 Degrees C. The soil should be deep, hard, permeable, well irrigated, with well-drained subsoil. The best lands are the hilly ones or from just-tilled woods. The perfect altitude is between 600 and 1200 metres, though some varieties thrive at 2000-2200 metres. Cultivation aimed at protecting the plants at every stage of growth is needed. Sowing should be in sheltered nurseries from which, after about six months, the seedlings should be moved to plantations in the rainy season where they are usually alternated with other plants to shield them from wind and excessive sunlight. Only when the plant is five years old can it be counted upon to give a regular yield. This is between 400 grams and two kilos of arabica beans for each plant, and 600 grams and two kilos for robusta beans.GHarvesting time depends on the geographic situation and it can vary greatly therefore according to the various producing countries. First the ripe beans are picked from the branches. Pickers can selectively pick approximately 250 to 300 pounds of coffee cherry a day. At the end of the day, the pickers bring their heavy burlap bags to pulping mills where the cherry coffee can be pulped (or wet milled). The pulped beans then rest, covered in pure rainwater to ferment overnight. The next day the wet beans are hand-distributed upon the drying floor to be sun dried. This drying process takes from one to two weeks depending on the amount of sunny days available. To make sure they dry evenly, the beans need to be raked many times during this drying time. Two weeks later the sun dried beans, now called parchment, are scooped up, bagged and taken to be milled. Huge milling machines then remove the parchment and silver skin, which renders a green bean suitable for roasting. The green beans are roasted according to the customers’ specifications and, after cooling, the beans are then packaged and mailed to customers.Source: Sovrana Trading (Lavazza Coffee)Questions 28 - 33The reading passage on The Story of Coffee has 7 paragraphs A – G.From the list of headings below choose the most suitable headings for paragraphs B – G.Write the appropriate number (i – xi) in boxes 28 – 33 on your answer sheet. NB There are more headings than paragraphs, so you will not use them all.i Growing Coffeeii Problems with Manufactureiii Processing the Beaniv First Contactv Arabian Coffeevi Coffee Varietiesvii Modern Coffeeviii The Spread of Coffeeix Consuming Coffeex Climates for Coffeexi The Coffee PlantExample AnswerParagraph A iv28 Paragraph B29 Paragraph C30Paragraph D 31Paragraph E 32Paragraph F 33 Paragraph GQuestions 34 - 36Complete the labels on the diagram of a coffee bean below.Choose your answers from the text and write them in boxes 34 - 36 on your answersheet.Questions 37 – 40Using the information in the passage, complete the flow chart below. Write your answers in boxes 37 – 40 on your answer sheet.Use NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.The Coffee Production Process。
Test 2
Do not use any letter more that once.
BUSINESS SERVICES
A Translation services
B Maps and plan源自 – paper and other media
There are some executives who get it right. They launch winning products, and have a feeling for what customers like and dislike. They do not depend on research or secondary information, and yet they know the market extremely well.
Which month does each sentence (11-15) describe?
For each sentence, mark one letter (A-H) on your Answer Sheet.
Do not use any letter more than once.
Part Two Questions 6-10
Look at the list below. It shows the contents page from a directory of business services.
For questions 6-10, decide which section (A-H) of the directory each organisation should consult.
TEST 2 试题
TEST 2Part I Listening Comprehension (35 minutes)Section A1. A) Whether it is necessary for her to write to Mr. Smith.B)Who is going to contact Mr. Smith.C)What they are going to do at the meeting.D)Where they are going to meet Mr. Smith.2. A) The tape was missing.B)Paul brought the tape to the party.C)The tape had been returned to Jack.D)Paul lent his tape to Jack.3.A) At 1:00. B) At 2:00. C) Around 3 .00. D) Around 5 :00.4.A) The man is about to board the plane to Los Angeles.B)The man is going to take the next direct flight to San Francisco.C)The man wants to take a non-stop flight to San Francisco.D)The man wants to go to Los Angeles.5. A) The woman has trouble getting along with the professor.B)The woman regrets having taken up much of the professor's time.C)The woman knows the professor has been busy.D)The woman knows the professor has run into trouble.6. A) Because she doesn't want to.B)Because she has to work in a restaurant.C)Because she has to go to another party.D)Because she has dated with her boyfriend.7. A) She is trying to find a good chair.B)She doesn't know where the chair is now.C)She thinks the chair is actually comfortable.D)She's never sat in that chair before.8. A) The rose gardens are on the opposite side of the park.B)The roses in the gardens are not the best.C)The rose gardens are on the west side of the park.D) The roses grow outside the park, not inside it. IQuestions 9 to 11 are based on the conversation you have just heard.9. A) Her son. B) Her brother. C) Her father. D) Her nephew.10.A) $ 50. B) $ 30. C) $ 20. D) $ 10.11.A) A chess set. B) A pen and pencil set.C) A book on athletics. D) A handball set.Questions 12 to 15 are based on the conversation you have just heard.12.A) He was crazy. B) They thought he was dead.C) He had many broken bones. D) He fell out of a plane.13.A) On a plane. B) On television.C) On the ground.D) In a hospital.14.A) The plane crashed to the ground. B) His two parachutes didn't open.C) He fell down while walking. D) A parachute fell on him.15.A) He died. B) He jumped from a plane again.C) He broke his leg. D) He went crazy.Section BPassage OneQuestions 16 to 18 are based on the passage you have just heard.16.A) China. B) India. C) Persia. D) Egypt.17.A) The small bowl was put above the large bowl.B)The large bowl was put above the small bowl.C)The small bowl was put inside the large bowl.D)The large bowl consisted of two equal parts.18. A) Horseman. B) Drops of water. C) Brass doors. D) Metal balls.Passage TwoQuestions 19 to 21 are based on the passage you have just heard.19. A) The excitement of nerve activities in the brain.B)The difference between complex music and simple music.C)The effects of music on the results of math tests.D)The classical music and reasoning ability20. A) Because it stimulates your nerve activity.B)Because it keeps you calm.C)Because it strengthens your memory.D)Because it interferes with your reasoning ability.21. A) Rock music might help improve your math test scores.B)The effects of music on tests do not last long.C)Listen to music just before you take a test.D)The more you listen to music, the better your reasoning ability will be.Passage ThreeQuestions 22 to 25 are based on the passage you have just heard.22.A) Dangerous. B) Relatively harmless.C) Irritating. D) Openly aggressive.23.A) They are a threat to most forms of living creatures.B) They cannot be controlled effectively.C)They will be wiped out with male mosquitoes one day from the earth.D)They are a necessary element in the balance of nature.24. A) High, dry mountains. B) Rivers and oceans.C) Damp, swamp areas. D) Mountain forests.25. A) The female lives on blood.B) Some mosquitoes favor animal's blood.C) The fluid she injects carries disease.D) She drives her snout through the skin.Section CEverybody wants to stay young. But youthful innocence only reflects the (26) ________ of the "half adult" generation. For many young people, adulthood means being ordinary and (27) ______ under a load of onerous^ responsibilities. "Being an adult is no fun," said an (28) ______ girl. "You are a (29) ________ person and a conformist. You wear normal clothes and have to think a lot." (30) ________ speaking, adulthood means no more partying, no easy money, and no (31)_______ glasses. An adult is seen largely as someone able and (32)______ to take over responsibility for his or her life.The anxiety of growing up is (33) ______ to the lack of adult role models and a break in communications between generations. (34)(35) _______________________________________________________________________________________ The adoration of youth is also to blame. (36) " ________________________________________,a sociologist says. No wonder that getting old causes anxiety.。
剑桥阅读Test 2
Test 2 READINGREADING PASSAGE 1You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.Raising the Mary RoseHow a sixteenth-century warship was recovered from the seabedOn 19 July 1545, English and French fleets were engaged in a sea battle off the coast of southern England in the area of water called the Solent, between Portsmouth and the Isle of Wight. Among the English vessels was a warship by the name of Mary Rose. Built in Portsmouth some 35 years earlier, she had had a long and successful fighting career, and was a favourite of King Henry VIII. Accounts of what happened to the ship vary: while witnesses agree that she was not hitby the French, some maintain that she was outdated, overladen and sailing too low in the water, others that she was mishandled by undisciplined new. Whatis undisputed, however, is that the Mary Rose sank into the Solent that day, taking at least 500 men with her. After the battle, attempts were made to recover the ship, but these failed.The Mary Rose came to rest on the seabed, lying other starboard (right) side at an angle of approximately 60 degrees. The hull (the body of the ship) acted as a trap for the sand and mud carried by Solent currents. As a result, the starboard side filled rapidly, leaving the exposed port (left) side to be eroded by marine organisms and mechanical degradation. Because of the way the ship sank, nearly all of the starboard half survived intact. During the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, the entire site became covered with a layer of hard grey clay, which minimized further erosion.Then, on 16 June 1836, some fishermen in the Solent found that their equipment was caught on an underwater obstruction, which turned out to be the Mary Rose. Diver John Deane happened to be exploring another sunken ship nearby, and the fishermen approached him, asking him to free their gear. Deane dived down, and found the equipment caught on a timber protruding slightly from the seabed. Exploring further, he uncovered several other timbers and a bronze gun. Deane continued diving on thesite intermittently until 1840, recovering several more guns, two bows, various timbers, part of a pump and various other small finds.The Mary Rose then faded into obscurity for another hundred years. But in 1965, military historian and amateur diver Alexander Mckee, in conjunction with the British Sub-Aqua Club, initiated a project called ‘Solent Ships’. While on paper this was a plan to examine a number of known wrecks in the Solent, what McKeereally hoped for was to find the Mary Rose. Ordinary search techniques proved unsatisfactory, so McKee entered into collaboration with Harold E. Edgerton, professor of electrical engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. In 1967, Edgerton’s side-scan sonar systems revealed a large, unusually shaped object, which McKee believed was the Mary Rose.Further excavations revealed stray pieces of timer and an iron gun. Butthe climax to the operation came when, on 5 May 1971, part of the ship’s frame was uncovered. McKee and his team now knew for certain that they had found the wreck, but were as yet unaware that it also housed a treasure trove of beautifully preserved artefacts. Interest in the project grew, and in 1979, The Mary Rose Trust was formed, with Prince Charles as its President and Dr Margaret Rule its Archaeological Director. The decision whether or not to salvage the wreck was not an easy one, althoughan excavation in 1978 had shown that it might be possible to raise the hull. While the original aim was to raise the hull if at all feasible, the operation was not given the go-ahead until January 1982, when all the necessary information was available.An important factor in trying to salvage the Mary Rose was that the remaining hull was an open shell. This led to an important decision being taken: namely to carry out the lifting operation in three very distinct stages. The hull was attached to a lifting frame via a network of bolts and lifting wires. The problem of the hull being sucked back downwards into the mud was overcome by using 12 hydraulic jacks. These raised it a few centimetres over a period of several days, as the lifting frame rose slowly up its four legs. It was only when the hull was hanging freely from the lifting frame, clear of the seabed and the suction effect of the surrounding mud, that the salvage operation progressed to the second stage. In this stage, the lifting frame was fixed to a hook attached to a crane, and the hull was lifted completely clear of the seabed and transferred underwater into the lifting cradle. This required precise positioning to locate the legs into the ‘stabbing guides’ of the lifting cradle. The lifting cradle was designed to lift the hull using archaeological survey drawings, and was fitted with air bags to provide additional cushioning for the hull’s delicate timber framework. The third and final stage was to lift the entire structure into the air, by which time the hull was also supported from below. Finally, on 11 October 1982, millions of people around the world held their breath as the timber skeleton of the Mary Rose was lifted clear of the water, ready to be returned home to Portsmouth.Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1? In boxes 1-4 on your answer sheet, writeTRUE if the statement agrees with the informationFALSE if the statement contradicts the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this1There is some doubt about what caused the Mary Rose to sink.2The Mary Rose was the only ship to sink in the battle of 19 July 1545.3Most of one side of the Mary Rose lay undamaged under the sea.4Alexander McKee knew that the wreck would contain many valuable historical objects.Questions 5-8Look at the following statements (Questions 5-8) and the list of dates below. Match each statement with the correct date, A－G.Write the correct letter, A－G, in boxes 5-8 on your answer sheet.5 A search for the Mary Rose was launched.6One person’s exploration of the Mary Rose site stopped.7It was agreed that the hull of the Mary Rose should be raised.8The site of the Mary Rose was found by chance.List of DatesA1836 B1840 C1965 D1967 E1971 F1979 G1982Label the diagram below.Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer. Write your answer in boxes 9-13 on your answer sheet.Raising the hull of the Mary Rose: Stages one and twoREADING PASSAGE 2You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26, which are based on Reading Passage 2 on the following pages.Questions 14-20Reading Passage 2 has seven paragraphs, A－G.Choose the correct heading for each paragraph from the list of headings below. Write the correct number, i－ix, in boxes 14-20 on your answer sheet.List of Headingsi ii iii iv v vi vii viii ix Evidence of innovative environment management practices An undisputed answer to a question about the moaiThe future of the moai statuesA theory which supports a local beliefThe future of Easter IslandTwo opposing views about the Rapanui people Destruction outside the inhabitants’ controlHow the statues made a situation worse Diminishing food resources14Paragraph A 15Paragraph B 16Paragraph C 17Paragraph D 18Paragraph E 19Paragraph F 20Paragraph GWhat destroyed the civilization of Easter Island?A Easter island, or Rapu Nui as it is known locally, is home to several hundredancient human statues – the moai. After this remote Pacific island was settled by the Polynesians, it remained isolated for centuries. All the energy and resources that went into the moai – some of which are ten metres tall and weigh over 7,000 kilos – came from the island itself. Yet when Dutch explorers landed in 1722, they met a Stone Age culture. The moai were carved with stone tools, then transported for many kilometres, without the use of animals or wheels, to massive stoneplatforms. The identity of the moai builders was in doubt until well into the twentieth century. Thor Heyerdahl, the Norwegian ethnographer and adventurer, thought the statues had been created by pre-Inca peoples from Peru. Bestselling Swiss author Erich von Daniken believed they were built by stranded extraterrestrials. Modern science – linguistic, archaeological and genetic evidence – has definitively proved the moai builders were Polynesians, but not how they moved their creations.Local folklore maintains that the statues walked, while researchers have tended to assume the ancestors dragged the statues somehow, using ropes and logs.B When the Europeans arrived, Rapa Nui was grassland, with only a few scrawnytrees. In the 1970s and 1980s, though, researchers found pollen preserved inlake sediments, which proved the island had been covered in lush palm forests for thousands of years. Only after the Polynesians arrived did those forests disappear.US scientist Jared Diamond believes that the Rapanui people – descendants of Polynesian settlers – wrecked their own environment. They had unfortunately settled on an extremely fragile island – dry, cool, and too remote to be properly fertilized by windblown volcanic ash. When the islanders cleared the forests for firewood and farming, the forests didn’t grow back. As trees became scarce and they could no longer construct wooden canoes for fishing, they ate birds. Soil erosion decreased their crop yields. Before Europeans arrived, the Rapanui had descended into civil war and cannibalism, he maintains. The collapse of their isolated civilization, Diamond writes, is a ‘worst-case scenario for what may lie ahead of us in our own future’.C The moai, he thinks, accelerated the self-destruction. Diamond interprets themas power displays by rival chieftains who, trapped on a remote little island, lacked other ways of asserting their dominance. They competed by building ever bigger figures. Diamond thinks they laid the moai on wooden sledges, hauled over log rails, but that required both a lot of wood and a lot of people. To feed the people, even more land had to be cleared. When the wood was gone civil war began,the islanders began toppling the moai. By the nineteenth century none werestanding.D Archaeologists Terry Hunt of the University of Hawaii and Carl Lipo of CaliforniaState University agree that Easter Island lost its lush forests and that it was an ‘ecological catastrophe’ – but they believe the islanders themselves weren’t to blame. And the moai certainly weren’t. Archaeological excavations indicate that the Rapanui went to heroic efforts to protect the resources of their win-lashed, infertile fields. They built thousands of circular stone windbreaks and gardened inside them, and used broken volcanic rocks to keep the soil moist. In short, Hunt and Lipo argue, the prehistoric Rapanui were pioneers of sustainable farming.E Hunt and Lipo contend that moai-building was an activity that helped keep thepeace between islanders. They also believe that moving the moai required few people and no wood, because they were walked upright. On that issue, Hunt and Lipo say, archaeological evidence backs up Rapanui folklore. Recent experiments indicate that as few as 18 people could, with three strong ropes and a bit of practice, easily manoeuvre a 1,000 kg moai replica a few hundred metres. The figures’ fat bellies titled them forward, and a D-shaped base allowed handlers to roll and rock them side to side.F Moreover, Hunt and Lipo are convinced that the settlers were not wholly responsible for the loss of the island’s trees. Archaeological finds of nuts from the extinct Easter Island palm show tiny grooves, made by the teeth of Polynesian rats. The rats arrived along with the settlers, and in just a few years, Hunt and Lipo calculate, they would have overrun the island. They would have prevented the reseeding of the slow-growing palm-trees and thereby doomed Rapa Nui’s forest, even without the settlers’ campaign of deforestation. No doubt the rats ate birds’ eggs too. Hunt and Lipo also see no evidence that Rapanui civilization collapsed when the palm forest did. They think its population grew rapidly and then remained more or less stable until the arrival of the Eropeans, who introduced deadly diseases to which islanders had no immunity. Then in the nineteenth century slave traders decimated the population, which shriveled to 111 people by 1877.G Hunt and Lipo’s vision, therefore, is one of an island populated by peaceful andingenious moai builders and careful stewards of the land, rather than by reckless destroyers ruining their own environment and society. ‘Rather than a case of abject failure, Rapu Nui is an unlikely story of success’, they claim. Whichever is the case, there are surely some valuable lessons which the world at large can learn from the story of Rapa Nui.Questions 21-24Complete the summary below.Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.Write your answer in boxes 21-24 on your answer sheet.Jared Diamond’s ViewDiamond believes that the Polynesian settlers on Rapa Nui destroyed its forests, cutting down its trees for fuel and clearing land for 21............... . Twentieth-century discoveries of pollen prove that Rapu Nui had once been covered in palm forests, which had turned into grassland by the time the Europeans arrived on the island. When the islanders were no longer able to build the 22............... they needed to go fishing, they began using the island’s 23............... as a food source, according to Diamond. Diamond also claims that the moai were built to show the power of the island’s chieftains, and that the methods of transporting the statues needed not only a great number of people, but also a great deal of 24............... .Questions 25 and 26Choose TWO letters, A－E.Write the correct letters in boxes 25 and 26 on your answer sheet.On what points do Hunt and Lipo disagree with Diamond?A the period when the moai were createdB how the moai were transportedC the impact of the moai on Rapanui societyD how the moai were carvedE the origins of the people who made the moaiREADING PASSAGE 3You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40, which are based on Reading Passage 3 below.NeuroaestheticsAn emerging discipline called neuroaesthetics is seeking to bring scientific objectivity to the study of art, and has already given us a better understanding of many masterpieces. The blurred imagery of Impressionist painting seems to stimulate the brain’s amygdala, for instance. Since the amygdala plays a crucial role in our feelings, that finding might explain why many people find these pieces so moving.Could the same approach also shed light on abstract twentieth-century pieces, from Mondrian’s geometrical blocks of colour, to Pollock’s seemingly haphazard arrangementsof splashed paint on canvas? Sceptics believe that people claim to like such works simply because they are famous. We certainly do have an inclination to follow the crowd. When asked to make simple perceptual decisions such as matching a shape to its rotated image, for example, people often choose a definitively wrong answer if they see others doing the same. It is easy to imagine that this mentality would have even more impact on a fuzzy concept like art appreciation, where there is no right or wrong answer.Angelina Hawley-Dolan, of Boston College, Massachusetts, responded to this debate by asking volunteers to view pairs of paintings – either the creations of famous abstract artists or the doodles of infants, chimps and elephants. They then had to judge which they preferred.A third of the paintings were given no captions, while many were labeled incorrectly – volunteers might think they were viewing a chimp’s messy brushstrokes when they were actually seeing an acclaimed masterpiece. In each set of trials, volunteers generally preferred the work of renowned artists, even when they believed it was by an animal or a child. It seems that the viewer can sense the artist’s vision in paintings, even if they can’t explain why. Robert Pepperell, an artist based at Cardiff University, creates ambiguous works thatare neither entirely abstract nor clearly representational. In one study, Pepperell and his collaborators asked volunteers to decide how ‘powerful’ they considered an artwork to be. and whether they saw anything familiar in the piece. The longer they took to answer these questions, the more highly they rated the piece under scrutiny, and the greater their neural activity. It would seem that the brain sees these images as puzzles, and the harder it is to decipher the meaning, the more rewarding is the moment of recognition.And what about artists such as Mondrian, whose paintings consist exclusively of horizontal and vertical lines encasing blocks of colour? Mondrian’s works are deceptively simple, but eye-tracking studies confirm that they are meticulously composed, and that simply rotating a piece radically changes the way we view it. With the originals, volunteers’ eyes tended to stay longer on certain places in the image, but with the altered versions they would flit across a piece more rapidly. As a result, the volunteers considered the altered versions less pleasurable when they later rated the work.In a similar study, Oshin Vartanian of Toronto University asked volunteers to compare original paintings with ones which he had altered by moving objects around within the frame. He found that almost everyone preferred the original, whether it was a Van Gogh still life oran abstract by Miro. Vartanian also found that changing the composition of the paintings reduced activation in those brain areas linked with meaning and interpretation.In another experiment, Alex Forsythe of the University of Liverpool analysed the visual intricacy of different pieces of art, and her results suggest that many artists use a key level of detail to please the brain. Too little and the work is boring, but too much results in a kind of ‘perceptual overload’, according to Forsythe. What’s more, appealing pieces both abstract and representational, show signs of ‘fractals’ – repeated motifs recurring in different scales. Fractals are common throughout nature, for example in the shapes of mountain peaks or the branches or trees. It is possible that our visual system, which evolved in the great outdoors, finds it easier to process such patterns.It is also intriguing that the brain appears to process movement when we see a handwritten letter, as if we are replaying the writer’s moment of creation. This has led some to wonder whether Pollock’s works feel so dynamic because the brain reconstructs the energetic actions the artist used as he painted. This may be down to our brain’s ‘mirror neurons’, which are known to mimic others’ actions. The hypothesis will need to be thoroughly tested, however. It might even be the case that we could use neuroaesthetic studies to understand the longevity of some pieces of artwork. While the fashions of the time might shape what is currently popular, works that are best adapted to our visual system may be the most likely to linger once the trends of previous generations have been forgotten.It’s still early days for the field of neuroaesthetics – and these studies are probably only a taste of what is to come. It would, however, be foolish to reduce art appreciation to a set of scientific laws. We shouldn’t underestimate the importance of the style of a particular artist, their place in history and the artistic environment of their time. Abstract art offers both a challenge and the freedom to play with different interpretations. In some ways, it’s not so different to science, where we are constantly looking for systems and decoding meaning so that we can view and appreciate the world in a new way.Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.Write the correct letter in boxes 27-30 on your answer sheet.27In the second paragraph, the writer refers to a shape-matching test in order to illustrateA the subjective nature of art appreciation.B the reliance of modern art on abstract forms.C our tendency to be influenced by the opinions of others.D a common problem encountered when processing visual data.28Angelina Hawley-Dolan’s findings indicate that peopleA mostly favour works of art which they know well.B hold fixed ideas about what makes a good work of art.C are often misled by their initial expectations of a work of art.D have the ability to perceive the intention behind works of art.29Results of studies involving Robert Pepperell’s pieces suggest that peopleA can appreciate a painting without fully understanding it.B find it satisfying to work out what a painting represents.C vary widely in the time they spend looking at paintings.D generally prefer representational art to abstract art.30What do the experiments described in the fifth paragraph suggest about the paintings of Mondrian?A They are more carefully put together than they appear.B They can be interpreted in a number of different ways.C They challenge our assumptions about shape and colour.D They are easier to appreciate than many other abstract works.Complete the summary using the list of words, A－H, below.Write the correct letters, A－H, in boxes 31-33 on your answer sheet.Art and the BrainThe discipline of neuroaesthetics aims to bring scientific objectivity to the study ofart. Neurological studies of the brain, for example, demonstrate the impact which Impressionist paintings have on our 31............... . Alex Forsythe of the University of Liverpool believes many artists give their works the precise degree of 32............... which most appeals to the viewer’s brain. She also observes that pleasing works of art often contain certain repeated 33............... which occur frequently in the natural world.A interpretationB complexityC emotionsD movementsE skillF layoutG concern H imagesDo the following statements agree with the views of the writer in Reading Passage 3? In boxes 34-39 on your answer sheet, writeYES if the statement agrees with the informationNO if the statement contradicts the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this34Forsythe’s findings contradicted previous beliefs on the function of ‘fractals’ in art. 35Certain ideas regarding the link between ‘mirror neurons’ and art appreciation require further verification.36People’s taste in paintings depends entirely on the current artistic trends of the period.37Scientists should seek to define the precise rules which govern people’s reactions to works of art.38Art appreciation should always involve taking into consideration the cultural context in which an artist worked.39It is easier to find meaning in the field of science than in that of art. Question 40Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.Write the correct letter in box 40 on your answer sheet.40What would be the most appropriate subtitle for the article?A Some scientific insights into how the brain responds to abstract artB Recent studies focusing on the neural activity of abstract artistsC A comparison of the neurological bases of abstract and representational artD How brain research has altered public opinion about abstract art。
雅思考试官方指南第二版test 2阅读
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文档下载后可定制随意修改，请根据实际需要进行相应的调整和使用，谢谢!并且，本店铺为大家提供各种各样类型的实用资料，如教育随笔、日记赏析、句子摘抄、古诗大全、经典美文、话题作文、工作总结、词语解析、文案摘录、其他资料等等，如想了解不同资料格式和写法，敬请关注!Download tips: This document is carefully compiled by theeditor.I hope that after you download them,they can help yousolve practical problems. The document can be customized andmodified after downloading,please adjust and use it according toactual needs, thank you!In addition, our shop provides you with various types ofpractical materials,such as educational essays, diaryappreciation,sentence excerpts,ancient poems,classic articles,topic composition,work summary,word parsing,copy excerpts,other materials and so on,want to know different data formats andwriting methods,please pay attention!雅思考试官方指南第二版Test 2阅读深度解析雅思考试，全称为国际英语语言测试系统（International English Language Testing System），是全球广泛认可的英语能力评估标准。
自考英语(二)Test 2试题及答案
自考英语（二）Test 2Ⅰ. V ocabulary and Structure (10 points, 1 point for each item)从下列各句四个选项中选出一个最佳答案，将相应的字母填在答题纸相应的位置上。
1. Make sure the label is firmly ______ to the parcel before you mail it.A. attributedB. accustomedC. adjustedD. attached2. ______leisure was generally considered a waste of time.A. Not until recentlyB. Not recentlyC. Until recentlyD. Recently until3. Man's greatest energy comes not from his physical strength ______ his dreams.A. except fromB. yet fromC. however fromD. but from4. It is ______ to avoid rich foods if you are feeling ill.A. senselessB. sensibleC. sentimentalD. sensitive5. If you are walking away from a clock tower, you will hear the ticking of the clock fade to a point ______ it cannot be heard.A. whichB. whatC. whereD. how6. The moon turns round the earth, just ______ the earth circles round the sun.A. thereforeB. asC. thusD. so7. He said he was ______ the origin of the universe.A. speculating uponB. coinciding withC. putting into operationD. distinguishing between8. A good manager identifies the interest of his employees ______ his own.A. toB. withC. forD. between9. We have a ______ experience of continued living than any society that has preceded us anywhere.A. very more greaterB. very many greaterC. much more greaterD. very much greater10. While ______ your imagination, you should be alone and completely undisturbed .A. exercisingB. exercisesC. to exerciseD. exercisedⅡ. Cloze Test(10 points, 1 point for each item)在下列短文中有十个空白，每个空白有四个选项。
七年级阅读理解分级Test 2
Test 2AComplete the following two passages with the words or phrases in the box. Each word can only be used once(将下列单词或词组填入空格。
每空格限填一词，毎词只能填一次）George Hill was thirteen when his father brought home eight locks he had found. He didn't have a 1 for any of them. As a joke, he told George that he would give him twenty-five dollars for each lock he could open In only one hour, George had opened them 2 !That's when George first became 3 locks. He read every book he could find about locks and bought locks of all kinds. Today, George has a vast 4 of locks. It is the largest collection in the world.A truck was speeding down a highway as it came to a curve( 拐弯处) of the road. It was going too fast to make the turn. The truck hit the 5 of the road and overturned(倾覆). Out came everything it was 6 -sixty thousand hamburgers!Students from a nearby school ran over to the truck. The driver said, "If you will pick up all these small boxes of hamburgers, I'll give your school a present. "The students spentfive hours picking up the hamburgers. The hamburgers were 7 , and the driver gave the school $300. The money was used to buy 8 for the playground.BChoose the best answer(根据短文内容，选择最恰当的答案)A man was sitting in the park watching the ducks on the pond, when a woman went to him.She had a white dog. She sat down on a bench, took out a magazine and began to read. The dog was sitting between her and the man. After it had been sitting quietly for about ten minutes. the dog turned and looked up at the man. "Excuse me, the dog said, "but you look like a kind man. Please buy me from this terrible woman.”The man could hardly believe his ears. A dog said to him in English!“She is so mean(吝啬)to me, "the dog continued. "She never pets me or plays with me. She doesn't feed me properly and she often beats me when shes in a bad mood(情绪), which is most of the time.”The man was amazed to hear the dog say all this, he was even more surprised when the dog added, "And I'm really a very good dog. I’m quite famous, too. I won a medal in the last, was twice wounded in action. I’ve saved three children-two from drowning and one from a fire."The man decided that he would try to buy the dog from the woman. He would pay a lot of money if necessary. The dog would soon earn tens of thousands of dollars on television.It could be the world's first talking dog.“ Excuse me, "he said to the woman, "but I love your little dog. Will you sell him to me?"“I'll be glad to sell him, "the woman said. "You can have him for ten dollars.”“Ten dollars! "the man said. "Only ten dollars? Why so little?”“Because, "the woman said, "he always tells a lie”.1. The dog_______.A. sat on the pondB. could read the magazineC. was helping the woman D .belonged to the woman2. The dog spoke_____.A. until the man talked to himB. ten minutes after sitting on the benchC. when the man was readingD. before he was asked to3. The dog explained that it had _______A. stopped a fireman from saving three childrenB. never been in the warC. acted bravely in dangerous situationsD. refused a medal in the last war4. The man would like to pay ___________to buy the dogA. ten dollarsB. only a littleC. a lot of moneyD. nothing5. The woman was ____________A. happy to sell her dogB. not happy to sell her dogC hoping her dog would ear much money D. selling her dog on TV6. From the story we know that ___________A. the man and the woman didn't like each otherB the woman loved money more than her petC the dog was a heroD. the dog always told liesCChoose the words or expressions and complete the passage(选择最恰当的单词或词语完成短文)I did’ t think I had a passion(强的情感) I would sit in front of the TV all day,thinking about 1 but the next show.It was not long ago that I 2 learned how important having a passion is to life.That day I went with my mum to drop my sister off at the gym. I was bored. Then, as my mum stopped at a red light, someone on the side of the road caught my eye. It was a man dressed in rags(破衣). He was homeless. That didn’t interest me，3 I had seen many like him before.But in some way he was 4 .This man was not sitting down with a sad expression. He had a radio in his hand and was dancing happily to the music. The radio seemed to be the most precious thing he had.“Mum, why does that man have a radio even though hes homeless? "I asked.“He bought it, "she replied.I was still puzzled.“But if he's homeless, why doesn't he use the money to buy food or clothes? He wasted it on something he doesn't need.“Well, Sarah, sometimes food and clothes aren’t the most important things. We need happiness, too.”That man must care enough about music to buy a radio 5 food or clothes. I soon realized that happiness is the key to life Without it, there’s nothing to look forward to. A passion gives a person the happiness they need to keep going.Since then I've never gone a day without thinking of what's truly important. A home, a meal, clothes-these things are only part of the picture. What's often 6 is that we all need a joy, a light in a dark day. We all need a passion.1. A. everything B. something C. anything D. nothing2. A. first B. hardly C. nearly D. finally3. A. when B. until C. for D. unless4. A. the same B. familiar C. different D. interesting5. A. because of B. instead of C. as well as D. but also6. A. remembered B. left C. forgotten D. regrettedDRead the passage and fill in the blanks with suitable words(在短文的空格内填入适当的词，使其内容通顺。
雅思og test 2 解析
雅思og test 2 解析在雅思OG Test 2中，考生需要完成一套真实的雅思听力、阅读、写作和口语任务。
下面我将对每个部分进行解析，帮助考生理解并应对考试。
1. 听力部分：雅思OG Test 2的听力部分包含4个听力录音，并配有答案。
其中包括选择题、填空题和匹配题。
考生需要仔细聆听录音，并准确理解对话或讲座的关键信息，根据问题选择正确的答案或填写原文中的缺失部分。
2. 阅读部分：雅思OG Test 2的阅读部分包含3篇文章，每篇文章后面有几道相关的问题。
考生需要仔细阅读文章，并理解文章的主要意思、观点和细节。
问题类型包括选择题、填空题、判断题等。
考生需要注意文章中的关键词和连接词，以帮助他们在限定的时间内找到正确答案。
3. 写作部分：雅思OG Test 2的写作部分包含两个任务：第一个任务要求考生写一篇150字左右的短文，描述和解释某一图表（包括图表类型、数据趋势等）；第二个任务要求考生就某一给定话题发表个人观点，写下一篇250字左右的文章。
考生需要根据给定的题目，组织自己的思路和观点，合理安排文章结构，并使用恰当的句式和词汇。
4. 口语部分：雅思OG Test 2的口语部分包含三个任务。
任务一为考生介绍自己的家庭、工作或学习；任务二为考生描述一个他们喜欢的电影、书籍或音乐；任务三为考生和考官讨论一个与日常生活相关的话题。
考生需要流利地表达自己的观点，运用适当的词汇和语法结构，并注意语速和发音清晰度。
雅思OG Test 2是一套典型的雅思考试模拟题，通过完成这套试题，考生可以更好地了解雅思考试的考查内容和要求，为真正的考试做好准备。
考生应注重练习听力理解、阅读技巧、写作表达和口语流利度，提高自己在雅思考试中的应试能力。
test 2 参考答案
ReadingPart One1.A2. A3. C4. B5. CPart Two6. H7. C8.G9.A 10. EPart Three11. G 12. A 13.B 14.F 15. EPart Four16. C 17. C 18.A 19.B 20. A 21.B 22.B Part Five23. C 24. A 25.C 26.A 27.B 28. C Part Six29. A 30. C 31.D 32. C 33.D 34.D 35.B 36. A 37. A 38.C 39.B 40. CPart Seven41. SUPERVISOR 42.HOMEPACE 43.PERSUASION 44.BOOST 45.NICHE MARKETSListeningPart One1.C2. A3. C4. C5. B6. B7.B8. CPart Two9. Accounting 10. Tax 11.Kevin 12. 17213. R&D 14. Programmer 15. ￡526,60Part Three16. upheaval 17. Third/3rd18.Installation-related19. project owners 20. Wholesale power21.Medium-term 22. Final sectionPart Four23. C 24. A 25.B 26.B 27. B28.C 29.A 30.BWritingPart OneTO: YoyoFrom:Date: 24 May 2009Subject: Exhibition of AdvertisementDear Yoyo,Our new brand sports wear needs an advertisement campaign whose effect may influence our market share in the next quarter. We have to find an advertisement agency to be responsible for it. I will fly to Leeds for an international advertisement exhibition next Tuesday. And also we need an accounting very much. Please select 3 potential candidatesfrom the applicants together with the HR department. Thanks!Yours trulyArielPart TwoDear Mr Bass,Thank you for your letter dated 14 June, in which you requested information about A Super Ace,please find enclosed details about our company and the services we offer.Our aim is always to provide our clients with the best combination of food, entertainment and location. By choosing A Super Ace, you can relax and enjoy your special occasion while we do all the work. Events catered for by A Super Ace include corporate functions such as conversations and Christmas balls and also family celebrations such as birthdays, weddings and anniversaries.As you may appreciate, we are unable to give quotations before our initial briefing with a client as price per head varies with the choice of menu.To arrange an appointment for any further information, please do not hesitate to contact me or Emma Polisa.A Super Ace looks forward to hearing from you. Yours sincerely,Shannon Welsh。
雅思Test 2 Passage 2 阅读译文
MILES DAVISIcon and iconoclast（偶像与偶像破坏者）A At the age of thirteen, Miles Davis was given his first trumpet, lessons were arranged with a local trumpet player, and a musical odyssey began. These early lessons, paid for and supported by his father, had a profound effect on shaping Davis' signature sound. Whereas most trumpeters of the era favoured the use of vibrato (a wobbly quiver in pitch inflected in the instrument's tone), Davis was taught to play with a long, straight tone, a preference his instructor reportedly drilled into the young trumpeter with a rap on the knuckles every time Davis began using vibrato. This clear, distinctive style never left Davis. He continued playing with it for the rest of his career, once remarking, 'If I can't get that sound, I can't play anything.十三岁那年，迈尔斯·戴维斯得到了他人生中的第一支小号并跟随一名当地的小号手学习吹奏。
BEC第二辑TEST_2
BEC 中级第二辑Test2 阅读1 Sometimes it is necessary to insist on further explanation.2 You shouldn't focus on your response while others are still speaking.3 People are reluctant to admit that they don't listen well.4 There are benefits in seeing things from the speaker's perspective.5 Keen observation of the speaker can support our listening skills.6 It is risky to think about a different issue while someone is speaking.7 People do not mind hearing their own views summarized.Good listener, better managerAToo often we accuse others of not listening, pretending that we ourselves are faultless, yet in our hearts we know that many of the mistakes we make come about because we haven't listened carefully enough. We get things wrong because we haven't quite understood what someone meant when they were talking to us. Anyone who has ever taken the minutes of a long meeting will know how hard it is to remember - despite the benefit of notes - exactly what everyone said. But success depends on getting things right- and that means listening.BListening is not the same thing as hearing; it is not an effortless activity. It demands attention and concentration. It may mean quizzing the speaker for additional information or for clarification - it is always better to ask than to continue regardless and get things wrong. However, if you allow your mind to wander onto something else, even for a few minutes, you'll miss what the speaker is saying - probably at the very moment when he or she is saying something critical. And not having heard, you won't know you've missed anything until it's too late.CThe most common bad habit we have is to start thinking of what we are going to say about the subject long before the other speaker has finished. We then stop listening. Even worse, this often adds rudeness to inattentiveness, as once you have decided what to say there is a fair chance you will interrupt to say it. Good listeners don't interrupt. In fact it is often worth explaining the main idea of what you have just been told before going on to make your own points. Nobody is offended by this and it shows that you have listened well.DAbove all be patient and accept that many people are not very good communicators. It's helpful to remember that the ways people move and position themselves while they are speaking can reveal a great deal about what they are saying. Equally importantly you should put yourself in the other person's place, both intellectually and emotionally; it will help you to understand what they are getting at and form a response. But don't be too clever. Faced with a know-all, many people keep quiet because they see no point in continuing.Finding the right peopleWhen a small company grows, managers must take on many new roles. Besides theday-to-day running of the business, they find themselves responsible for, among other things, relations with outside investors, increased levels of cash flow and, hardest of all recruitment.For most managers of small and medium-sized enterprises, the job of searching for, interviewing and selecting staff is difficult and time-consuming. （0）…G…… Interviewing, for example, is a highly Skilled activity in itself.‘We have found the whole process very hard,' says Dan Baker, founding partner of a PR company. ‘In seven years we have grown from five to eighteen staff, but we have not found it easy to locate and recruit the right people.' （8）…… As Dan Baker explains, We went to one for our first recruitment drive, but they took a lot of money in advance and didn't put forward anybody suitable. In the end we had to do it ourselves.'Most recruitment decisions are based on a pile of CVs, a couple of short interviews and two cautious references. David Rowe, a business psychologist, studied how appointments were made in five small companies. He claims that selection was rarely based on clear criteria. （9）……This kind of approach to recruitment often has unhappy consequences for both employers and new recruits.Small companies often know what kind of person they are looking for. （10）According to David Rowe, this means that small company managers themselves have to devote more time and energy to recruitment. It shouldn't be something that is left to the evenings or weekends.Many companies start the recruitment process with over-optimistic ideas about the type of person that will fit into their team. 'It's very easy to say you must have the best people in the top positions,' says Alex Jones, managing partner of an executive recruitment company. 'But someone who is excellent in one company may not do so well in another environment. （11）…… You can never guarantee a successful transfer of skills.'Whatever the candidate's qualifications, their personal qualities are just as important since they will have to integrate with existing members of staff. This is where, the recruitment industry argues, they can really help.According to Alex Jones, 'A good recruitment agency will visit your company and ask a lot of questions. （12）…… They can ask applicants all sorts of questions you don't like to ask and present you with a shortlist of people who not only have the skills, but who are likely to fit in with your company's way of doing things.'A A finance director in a big company, for example, will often make a terrible small company finance director because he or she is used to having a team doing the day-to-day jobs.B More often than not, the people making the choice prioritized different qualities in candidates or relied on guesswork.C Recruitment would seem an obvious task to outsource, but the company's experience of recruitment agencies was not encouraging.D They need paying for that, of course, but you will have them working for you and not for the candidate.E They are usually in very specific markets and the problem they face is that recruitment agencies may not really understand the sector.F This means that companies cannot spend more than the standard ten minutes interviewing each applicant.G Yet few are trained and competent for all aspects of the task.MANAGING UPWARDSManaging a career on the way up is quite different from managing one at the （0）…C… of an organisation. Individuals on the way up have.to build relationships with the people they （19）to. They usually have to （20）with subordinates in addition to people at the same level as themselves. The most senior staff only have those under them to relate to. This book （21）the idea that all working relationships, including the relationship with one's boss, can and should be managed.You do not have to be （22）than your manager in order to manage the relationship. Nor do you have to be better than your manager in any （23）Your manager may well be your career （24）and guide: he or she may have taught you almost everything you know about your （25）of business - and may continue to teach you more. You may be planning to remain under his or her guidance in the future. None of these （26）should alter your relationship with your manager or （27）you off 'managing upwards'. I use this phrase to （28）to the management of one's boss because, for many people on the way up, it is the first relationship they have to get right.You can, of course, get on at work just by （29）positively to your manager, but that is not likely to be the most successful way to （30）your working life. An active policy of managing upwards will make you more successful and, at the same time, make the business of going to work more enjoyable. It can also be a way to show （31）to your manager for the efforts he or she has made on your （32）Finally, managing upwards will make it easier for your manager to manage you, leaving him or her more time for other （33）and tasks.19 A notify B inform C account D report20 A unite B ,contact C handle D deal21 A promotes B presses C advertises D convinces22 A clearer B deeper C smarter D fuller23 A respect B fashion C part D means24 A leader B supporter C adviser D helper25 A course B line C path D route26 A factors B aspects C causes D topics27 A put B see C keep D take28 A specify B identify C indicate D refer29 A giving B operating C reacting D co-operating30 A run B forward C move D make31 A appraisal B value C appreciation D regard32 A advantage B benefit C side D behalf33 A posts B roles C positions D actsPersonal Assistant of the Year0 Anne-Marie Garrard was shocked when it was announced that she had won the00 Personal Assistant of the Year award. 'The other candidates seemed me34 to be very strong, and I have to say I found that the selection procedure really35 hard,' she says. '1 didn't think I had any chance of winning. When I heard my36 name, my legs were so weak I could only hardly stand up,' she laughs. So37 how is 'the best' personal assistant chosen from a group of so extremely good38 and very. different individuals? The final decision was reached after a39 day-long session of the tests, interviews and exercises. Garrard believes40 the skills she uses in her job helped her how to perform well. For instance, although41 most of her work is for her company's Managing Director, she works for six bosses42 in all, so she always tries out to be prepared for anything that might happen.43 As for the future, her firm has closed for its summer break now; as soon as44 they will open again, there is a pay rise waiting for her. But Garrard is not45 going to be relax. She says, 'There's always room for personal development.You must keep trying to improve.'。
Test 2答案
My sister was fond of traveling. Ever since graduating, she had (determine) determined 61 to organize a trip to an old temple. Since transporting fare（费用） was expensive, she decided to caring use a bicycle to cycle there not 62 (care) about the Herstubborn（固执的） attitude was disadvantages. 63 always her shortcoming（短处）. Once she made up her mind to do something, no one could persuade her to change her mind. Finally, we gave in 64 as usual though we preferred to take a train.After 65 we prepared everything, including the schedule（计划）, reliable 66 (rely) weather forecast（预报） and the insurance（保险）, we began our ring about the disadvantages, she decided to take a train. 现在分词作状语，原因状语从句
She decided to take a train, caring about the disadvantages.
阅读理解 21-25 BABDC 26-30 BCDBC 31-35 BBDAD 36-40 ECFAD 完形填空 41 -45 DCADC 46-50 DBABD 51-55 BAB CB 56-60 ADCAC 第二节：语法填空 61. had been determined 62. caring 63. Her 64. as 65. After 66. reliable 67. flowing 68. where 69. a 70. and
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Test 2第一部分：交际用语（共10小题；每小题1分，满分10分）1—5 CABCD 6—10 BCBCD1．【答案】C。
【解析】固定用法，打电话常用语。
2．【答案】A。
【解析】上文表示道歉，下文表示没关系。
A最恰当。
3．【答案】B。
【解析】上文问是否介意，下文回答是“不介意”，只有答案B是表示不介意的意思。
4．【答案】C。
【解析】根据下文的回答，我们知道上文是询问从事什么行业的工作。
所以只能是答案C。
5．【答案】D。
【解析】这是售货员的推销用语，询问顾客“要不要试穿一下”。
6．【答案】B。
【解析】下文的回答是“呆了差不多一周”，根据这个回答可以推断上文是询问呆了多长时间。
7．【答案】C。
【解析】上文是问频率，所以下文只有答案c才是回答频率的。
8．【答案】B。
【解析】根据这个情景，我们可以看出只有B是针对上文的陈述表达看法的，其他的选项均与问话无关。
9．【答案】C。
【解析】上文提出建议，下文表示赞成该意见。
所以答案选C。
10．【答案】D。
【解析】回答的人是一个陌生人，不了解该地的情况，只好说“Sorry”。
第二部分：阅读理解(共15小题；每小题2分。
满分30分)1l一15 DCCDA 16—20 BDCCC 21—25 DDADC11．【答案】D。
【解析】细节判断题。
答案可以从第1行和第2行找到，即她正在机场打算去美国。
12．【答案】C。
【解析】细节判断题，答案在文中第4行和第5行，即机场工作人员负责检查乘客的行李。
13．【答案】C。
【解析】细节题。
文中指出那位男乘客想要早登机占个好座位，所以看到Maria很慢就很不高兴，面露不快的表情。
14．【答案】D。
【解析】推理题。
根据文章最后两句话的含义，我们很容易判断出来：当时周围的人听到了Maria和那个男士的谈话，觉得那个男士很没礼貌。
15．【答案】A。
【解析】从文中我们可以看到，当那位男士听到Maria的英语时，感到很吃惊，同时大家觉得Maria要比那位男士表现得更得体，这正好与Maria的年纪形成对比。
因此答案选A，来突出Maria小小年纪，却很有礼貌。
16．【答案】B。
【解析】细节题，答案可以从文章第4行和第5行找到，即长期目标是以短期目标的完成为基础的。
17．【答案】D。
【解析】细节判断题，答案在文章第6行和第7行，即短期目标是以以前完成的目标为前提的。
18．【答案】C。
【解析】细节题，答案在文章倒数第4行，即完成每一个目标，将会增加我们成功的信心。
19．【答案】C。
【解析】主旨题，文章主要是讲解了三种人生目标及其差异。
20．【答案】C。
【解析】判断题，根据文章内容，我们可以看出“生活不是一个一成不变的事物”。
21．【答案】D。
【解析】细节判断题。
可参考第二段最后一句中“love–hate partnership”这一关键信息。
22．【答案】D。
【解析】推理判断题。
根据第三段中“there were fierce disagreements over the Iraq war”和第四段中“However，some political experts say the war in Iraq could in fact have helped ties．”可以得出答案。
23．【答案】A。
【解析】细节判断题。
根据第四段中“Perhaps this bad feeling comes because the British dislike France’s close relationship with Germany，or because the French are not happy with Britain’s close links with the US．”这一段说明可以得出答案。
24．【答案】D。
【解析】细节判断题。
根据第四段的第二句。
25．【答案】C。
【解析】推测句义。
通过文章中对两国关系既爱又恨的描述，两国庆祝友好协议签订100周年的事实等可以判断出：尽管两国在某些问题上存在分歧和争议，但毕竟两国是一衣带水的邻邦，两国的关系会在争议中找到平衡点，并且两国的关系会有更进一步的发展。
第三部分：词汇与结构（共20小题；每小题1分，满分20分）26—30 ABADA 3l一35 CCDDC 36—40：DBBCB 41—45 BDDDC26．【答案】A。
【解析】表示“据说”可用两个句型：It is said that…．；be said to be．．．。
(It’s said to be quite beautiful．=It’s said that it is quite beautiful．)27．【答案】B。
【解析】be good at是一常用固定短语，意为“擅长”，“在……方面做得好”。
该句中用了good的比较级形式better，要注意分辨。
28．【答案】A。
【解析】(a)few用来修饰可数名词，(a)little则用以修饰不可数名词。
由其中but一词的转折意义可知该句为否定意味，故答案非A莫属。
29．【答案】D。
【解析】注意eighteen–year–old是一个只作定语的复合形容词，其中的year不能用复数形式，例：a：five—year—old boy(一个五岁的男孩)。
30．【答案】A。
【解析】on one's-mind为固定短语，意思为“担忧”，in one's mind“记住，放在心上”。
31．【答案】C。
【解析】lie(1ay，lain；lying)vi．“平躺，位于”；lie(1ied，lied；lying)vi．”撒谎”；lay(1aid，laid；laying)vt．“放置，下蛋，产卵”。
依据题意，此题应该用“平躺”之意的现在分词，故选lying.32．【答案】C。
【解析】open既可用作动词，又可用作形容词；动词close的形容词形式(过去分词)是closed。
33．【答案】D。
【解析】make it是约定时间的惯用语，有“做到”，“把时间定在……”之意。
34．【答案】D。
【解析】介词in除了有“在……里面”、“在……上”、“用……”以及“从事”等意义外，还有“穿(戴)”的意思。
此外，表示双方共知的事物的名词前要用定冠词。
35．【答案】C。
【解析】enough修饰形容词或者副词时需要后置。
此句的副词easily修饰动词made,，此处的to为介词，make one's way to前往……36．【答案】D。
【解析】货币单位做主语时看作单数，因为它在概念上属于一个整体。
另外，距离、重量、时间等单位充当主语时也看作单数，例如：Ten miles is longer than ten kilometers．37．【答案】B。
【解析】hundreds of之类的短语之前也可加many，several之类的词修饰。
A项的错误在于hundreds后缺少of。
38．【答案】B。
【解析】因为此题干中的宾语从句不但句子成分完整而且不缺词义，而that作为纯粹连词，无具体词义，也不作句子成分，只起连接作用。
所以选B。
39．【答案】C。
【解析】what’s sb?是询问某人职业的句型。
但这句话是问“她是谁?”而不是问职业。
倘若题干中的our改为a，则答案为A。
40．【答案】B。
【解析】very用来修饰形容词的原级形式；much修饰比较级；very much 一般用来修饰动词；much too常用来修饰形容词的原级形式。
41．【答案】B。
【解析】a bit或者a little用来修饰不可数名词，quite a lot用来修饰动词I like him quite a lot．“我非常喜欢他”。
所以正确答案是quite a few +boys。
42．【答案】D。
【解析】由what’s可知like为介词。
该句是询问某人长相的常用句型。
43．【答案】D。
【解析】mean doing“意味着”；mean to do“打算做”。
44．【答案】D。
【解析】neither of…表示“两者都不”，其后的谓语动词要用单数。
这是固定的用法。
45．【答案】C。
【解析】凡是表示过去动作之前的动作要用过去完成式“had+动词的过去分词”。
根语境可知had given的动作发生在was giving之前，所以选C。
第四部分：完型填空（共10小题；每小题1分，满分10分）46—50 BCCDA 51—55 ACADC46．【答案】B。
【解析】将第1，2，3题通盘考虑。
此处意为“老师会花一两个小时用幻灯来解释讲课的内容，写出一些重要的信息，散发一些阅读材料，布置作业”。
Illustrate “用图解说明，举例说明”。
47．【答案】C。
【解析】参考第1题答案。
Attribute“把……的原因归为……”：contribute “有助于，贡献”；distribute“分发，散发”，与下文的give out同义。
48．【答案】C。
【解析】新生发现别的学生一直在记笔记，他们不知道该记些什么，所以用wonders。
而suspects“怀疑”；understands“理解，明白”；convinces“让人相信”，与题意不符。
49．【答案】D。
【解析】这里是一个并列句，并列的两个部分是which do not catch the main points and which become hard even for the students to understand．50．【答案】A。
【解析】effective“有效的”；passive“被动的”；relative“相对的”；expressive “表现的，富于表情的”。
．51．【答案】A。
【解析】enable sb．to do sth．“使人能够干什么”；stimulate“激发，刺激”；advocate“提倡，倡导”；prevent“阻止”。
52．【答案】C。
【解析】此句意为“通常学生在开始学习之前就应该解决这种听课技能的问题”，此处to tackle a problem“解决问题”。
Evaluate“估计，评估”；acquaint“使认识，了解”；formulate“用公式表示，系统地阐述或提出”。
53．【答案】A。
【解析】have difficulty in doing sth．是固定搭配，意为“做某事有困难”。
54．【答案】D。
【解析】克服困难用overcome difficulty；不用preventing“阻止，阻碍”；withstand“经受住，抵抗”；sustain“支撑，经受”。
55．【答案】C。
【解析】本题测试介词与关系代词的用法，with whom“与同伴一起……”。
第五部分：英译汉（满分15分）56．这里的苹果喜欢水和阳光。