非谓语动词——过去分词(二)
非谓语动词现在分词和过去分词的用法
非谓语动词（现在分词/过去分词的具体用法）Step1:分词的语法意义：（1）分词是非谓语动词，不可以单独作谓语.（2）它具有动词、形容词、副词的特征.A：当它具备动词特征时可有自己的宾语，也可带状语构成分词短语.B：当它具备形容词的特点时，可在句中作定语、宾语补足语和状语，还可以构成独立结构.C：当它具有副词特征时，可在句中作状语，也可构成独立结构.Step2:分类：分词按语法功能可分为现在分词和过去分词两种.Step3:构成：现在分词v+-ing(即v-ing形式)；过去分词：V+-ed(即v-ed形式).一，分词作定语的用法.（一）现在分词作定语的用法.特点：（1）单个现在分词作定语时，一般放在所修饰词的后面.（2）若是现在分词短语作定语时，则放在它所修饰词的后面.（3）现在分词作定语，意思表示“正在----的”或“即将-----的”或“令人------的”.（4）与所修饰的名词之间是主动关系，或者表是表示正在进行的动作.E g: The studentraised a confusing question.（表示：令人费解/困惑的）主语及物动词定语宾语译文：这个学生提出一个令人困惑的问题.E g: The retiring teacher walked into the classroom.（表示：即将退休的）定语译文：这位即将退休的老师步入教室.E g: The aging father found it hard to solve this tough problem.（表示：年华正在老去的）定语译文：这位日渐年迈的父亲发现很难解决这个棘手的问题.E g: The man talking to a stranger loudly is our English teacher.(表示：主动和正在进行)现在分词作后置定语译文：正在和一位谋生人大声交谈的那个人是我们的英语老师.（二）过去分词作定语的用法.特点：（1）单个过去分词作定语时，一般放在所修饰词的后面.（2）若是过去分词短语作定语时，则放在它所修饰词的后面.（3）过去分词作定语，意思表示“感到----的”或“受到-----的”.（4）与所修饰的名词之间是被动关系，或者表示：已经完成的动作.E g: The retired soldier passed away last year.（表示：已经退休的或者动作已经完成）定语译文：那个退役的军人上个月去世了.E g: The wounded soldier was sent to the hospital immediately.（表示：受伤的或者动定语经完成）.译文：那位受伤的士兵被立刻送往医院.E g: Give me some boiled water to drink.（表示：已经煮开过的或者动作已经完成）定语译文：给我弄点白开水喝.练习：He is sweeping(falling; fallen) leaves in the (falling; fallen) rain.译文：他在雨中扫落叶.二，分词作表语的用法.（一）现在分词作表语的用法.特点：单个现在分词作表语时，多表示主语所具有的特征.一般放在系动词be/become/look/sound/smell/remain/seem/appear等后面.作表语的分词均为形容词.可以译成：“-----------的”.E g: The English speech contest is really exciting.（表示：令人兴奋的）表语译文：这次英语演讲比赛很令人兴奋.E g: The naughty baby is very tiring.（表示：令人累的）表语译文：这个调皮的孩子真是累人.E g: The food smells so inviting.（表示：令人诱惑的）表语译文：这食物闻起来很诱人.E g: This once-in-a-blue-moon experience is really thrilling.（表示：令人刺激的）译文：这次难得的经历真扣人心弦.（二）过去分词作表语的用法.特点：单个过去分词作表语时，多表示主语所处的状态.一般放在系动词be/ become/look/sound/smell/remain/seem/appear等后面.作表语的分词均为形容词.可以译成：“-----------的”.E g: I was bored by her endless bragging.（表示：感到枯燥、厌倦的）.译文：她不停地吹嘘，我烦透了.E g: I’m really interested in making a speech in English in public.（表示：感到有趣的）译文：我对在公共场合用英文演讲非常感兴趣.E g: I felt confused about this matter.（表示：感到费解、迷惑的）译文：我对这件事情很费解.总结：并非所有的分词均可当形容词对待.有些分词不能翻译成“--------的”.Killed:不能译成“感到杀的”Killing:不能译成“令人杀的”Writing:不能译成“令人写的”Written:不能译成“感到写的”此类分词,只能置于be动词之后，不可置于连系动词（become/look/sound/smell/remain/seem/appear）等后面，不可视为是形容词，而视为动词的进行时或被动语态.E g: He was murdered last night.(表示：一般过去式的被动语态)译文：他昨晚被谋杀了.E g: I can’t believe you didn’t have a written contract.译文：我简直不敢相信，你居然没有一份书面合同.三，分词作宾语补足语的用法.（一）现在分词作宾语补足语的用法.特点：现在分词作宾语补足语时常用在感官动词和使役动词之后，现在分词一般强调动作正在进行，主动，与物有关.方法：（1）宾补的动词若为及物动词，后面一定接宾语，共同作宾补.（2）宾补的动词为不及物动词，一律用现在分词.（3）宾语与宾补之间为主动关系.（4）宾补的动作在逻辑上是由宾语来完成的.E g: I heard some girls gossiping about you.宾语补足语译文：我听到一些女孩子在说你的闲话.E g: I found him killing cockroaches宾语补足语译文：我发现他正在杀蟑螂.E g: I saw him coming out of the office just now.宾语补足语译文：我刚才看见他正在从办公室出来.（二）过去分词作宾语补足语的用法.特点：现在分词作宾语补足语时常用在感官动词和使役动词之后，过去分词一般强调被动，完成，与人有关.方法：（1）宾补的动词为及物动词，后面不可接宾语（2.）宾语与宾补之间为被动关系，宾补与前面的宾语构成动宾关系.（3）宾补的动作不是由宾语自身完成.E g: I found the cockroaches killed.(过去分词充当宾语补足语)译文：我发现那些蟑螂被人杀了.E g: I had my wallet robbed in the street this morning.(过去分词充当宾语补足语)译文：今天早上在街上我的钱包被人抢了.（三）由介词with引导的复合结构中，分词作宾语补足语的用法.特点：置于句首或句尾，常用来修饰句中的主语，以表示主语所处的状况，通常为大动作附带小动作时，大动作以句子的动词表示，而小动作则使用with复合结构.（1）with +宾语+宾补（过去分词充当）.特点：宾语与宾补之间表示被动和完成.E g: He stood there with his arms folded.译文：他双臂交叉站在那里.E g: He sat there with his eyes closed.译文：他双眼闭着坐在那儿.（2）with +宾语+宾补（现在分词充当）.特点：宾语与宾补之间表示主动和正在进行.E g: He talked to me with his legs shaking译文：他和我说话时两腿发抖.E g: A: Come on, Please give me some ideas about the project.B: Sorry. With so much work filling my mind, I almost break down.（3）with +宾语+宾补（动词不定式充当）.特点：宾语与宾补之间表示将要发生或没有完成.E g: With a lot of difficult problems to settle, the manager felt worried all the time.译文：由于很多的难题没有得到解决，经理一直很担忧.（4）with +宾语+宾补（介词短语充当）.特点：表示宾语所处的状态.E g: He talked to me with a pipe in his mouth.译文：他和我说话时嘴里叼着烟斗.四，分词作状语的用法.（一）现在分词作状语的用法.特点：（1）现在分词短语作状语时刻表示原因、方式、伴随、结果、或条件等.此时它的逻辑主语应与句子的主语保持一致.（2）现在分词一般式，若现在分词短语表示的动作与谓语表示的动作同时发生，或者紧接发生，也可在该短语前加上when或while; （3）现在分词的完成时，若现在分词短语表示的动作在谓语表示的动作之前发生.（4）若现在分词短语的逻辑主语（即句子的主语）发出该动作，则就是主动语态.（5）若现在分词短语的逻辑主语（句子的主语）承受了该动作，那么就用它的被动式.E g:We often provide our children with toys, footballs or basketballs,thinking that all children like these things.(现在分词在句中作伴随状语，而且句子的主语是thinking的执行者).译文：我们考虑到孩子们都喜欢这些东西，通常给孩子提供玩具；足球和篮球.E g: Daddy didn’t mind what we were doing, as long as we were together, having fun.(现在分词在句中作伴随状语，而且句子的主语we是having的执行者).译文：只要我们能在一起共享乐趣，爸爸不会介意我们在做什么.E g: The storm left, having caused a lot of damage to this area.（说明：分词的逻辑主语为the storm,故用现在分词表示主动，因为是造成破坏之后离开的，所以用现在完成时态，在句中作时间状语从句）可以改写为：After it had caused a lot of damage to this area, the storm left.E g:Having been separated from other continents for millions of years, Australia has many plants and animals not found in any other country in the world.(说明：separate from 与主句主语有被动的含义，并且先于主句谓语动词，因此用现在分词完成时的被动语态)E g: Oil prices have risen by 32percent since the start of the year, reaching a recor d＄57.65 a barrel on April 4.（现在分词在句中作伴随状语）译文：自从今年开始油价已经上涨了32﹪，在4月份达到每桶＄57.65这个记录.E g: The manager, having made it clear to us that he didn’t agree with us, left the meeting room.(现在分词的完成时态表示动作发生在主句的动作之前).E g: Whenever he was asked why he was late for class, he would answer careless, always saying the same thing.译文：无论什么时候他被问到为什么他会上课迟到，他总是粗心地答复，说着同样的话.E g:He is a student at OxfordUniversity, studying for a degree in computer science.（现在分词在句中作伴随状语）E g: He was busy writing a story,only stopping once in a while to smoke a cigarette.（现在分词在句中作伴随状语）译文：他那时忙于写一个故事，只是偶尔停下来抽支烟.E g:Having been shown around the Water Cube, we were then taken to see the Bird’s Nest for the 2008 Olympic Games.译文：我们参观了水立方后，又被带去参观了为20XX年奥运会准备的鸟巢.E g: Not realizing that he was in great danger, Eric walked deeper into the forest. (主语Eric与realize 构成主动关系，因此用realizing，v-ing形式前加not表示否定)练习题：1，in the queue for half an hour, the old man suddenly realized he had left the cheque in the car.A: Waiting B: To wait C: Having waited D: To have waited2, in the fields on a March afternoon, he could feel the warmth of spring.A: To walk B: Walking C: Walked D: Having walked3, their hats into the air, the fans of the winning team let out loud shouts of victory.A: To throw B: Thrown C: Throwing B: Being thrown4, We had an anxious couple of weeks for the results of the experiment.A: wait B: to be waiting C: waited D: waiting.5, that she was going off to sleep , I asked if she’s like that little doll on her bed.A: Seeing B: To see C: See D: Seen.6, The wild flowers looked like a soft orange blanketthe desert.A: Covering B: Covered C: Cover D: To cover.（二）过去分词作状语的用法.特点：（1）过去分词短语作状语修饰谓语动词，说明其发生的情况，可以放在句首其强调作用，也可放在句中、句末，它的逻辑主语须与句子的主语保持一致.（2）过去分词一般表示动作已完成，只有一般式.（3）过去分词表示被动和完成E g:Dressed in a white uniform, he looks more like a cook than a doctor.说明：当状语从句的主语和主句主语相一致且谓语包含动词be的某种形式时，可省略从句的主语以及动词be. 恢复原句：When he is dressed in a white uniform, -----------.译文：穿着白色的制服，他看上去更像是个厨师而不像医生.E g: When offered help, one often says “ Thank you.”O r“It’s kind of you.”译文：当被提供了帮助时，人们常说：“谢谢”或“你真好”.E g: Faced with so much trouble, we failed to complete the task on time.说明：be faced with 表示:“面临，面对.”作原因状语.译文：由于面临很多的困难，我们未能按时完成这项工作.E g: Blamed for the breakdown of the school computer network, Alice was in low spirits.(作原因状语).练习题：1，No matter how frequently , the works of Beethoven still attract people all over the world.A: Performed B: Performing C: to be performed D: being performed2，The flowers his friend gave him will die unlessevery day.A: watered B: watering C: water D: to water3, by a greater demand of vegetables , farmers have built more green houses.A: Driven B: Being driven C : To drive D: Having driven4, To learn English well, we should find opportunities to hear Englishas much as we can.A: speak B: speaking C: spoken D: to speak5, It is one of the funniest things on the internet so far this year.A: finding B: being found C: to find D: found(三)分词结构-----动词变化1，若一句中有两个动词同时存在，彼此一定要有连接词相连.E g: He studied very hard but failed the exam.2, 若两个动词没有连接词相连，注意下列变化原则.(1) 若两个动词所代表的动作时同时发生时，第二个动词一定要变成现在分词；若该动词是be动词，变成现在分词being 之后要省略.E g: He sat in the corner reading books.(他一面坐在角落，一面看书，动作同时发生，因此read应该变成现在分词)译文：他坐在角落看书.E g: Don’t sit there doing nothing. Come and help me with this table.译文：别坐那儿无所事事，过来帮助我收拾一下桌子.E g: He came home was tired.第一步：变成：He came home being tired.第二步：变成：He came home tired.（说明：他一面回家，一面感到累，故came与was tired同时发生.由于was是be动词，变成being之后应给予省略）译文：他回到家感到很累.E g: He left young and came back old.译文：他少小离家老大回.E g: We are born equal.译文：我们生而平等.（2）若两个动词所代表的动作并非同时发生，而是有先后次序时，第二个动词就要变成“to+动词原形）形成的不定式短语，作目的状语.E g: He stood up to smoke a cigarette.译文：他站起来抽烟.E g: He rushed here to tell me the story.译文：他赶到这里来告诉我这个故事.（3）若有两个动词有逗号隔开，而无连接词时，就不必考虑动词所代表的动作先后发生的次序，第二个动词一定要变成现在分词.E g: He left home at six in the morning, arriving here about four in the afternoon.译文：他早上6点离开家，约下午4点抵达此地.E g: He ran away quickly, looking as if something terrible had happened.译文：他很快的跑开了，看起来好像发生了什么可怕的事.(四)分词结构-----单句化简法.两个句子在一起，若无连接词相连时，往往第一个句子要化简，变成分词短语.法则如下：（1）两句的主语相同时，被化简的句子的主语要删除，若主语不同时要保留.（2）之后的动词要变成现在分词.（3）若该动词为be动词时，变成现在分词being之后，可给予省略，但亦可不予省略，以强调“因为------”的意思.E g: He has nothing to do, he feels bored.改正：化简第一个句子第一步：删除相同的主语he第二步：其后动词has变成现在分词having.最简化为：Having nothing to do , he feels bored.译文：他没有事情可做，所以觉得无聊.E g: He was sick of studying, he ran away from home.改正：化简第一个句子第一步：删除相同的主语he第二步：其后动词was变成现在分词being，然后给予省略.最简化为：Sick of studying, he ran away from home.译文：他厌倦学习，所以离家出走了.E g: The sun set, the cowboys rode back to the ranch.改正：化简第一个句子第一步：因为两个句子的主语不同，故要保留.第二步：其后动词set变成现在分词setting.最简化为：The sun setting, the cowboys rode back to the ranch.译文：夕阳西下，牛仔们刺马回到牧场(五)使用单句化简法时应注意事项.（1）变成否定分词结构时，not要置于分词前.E g:Not satisfied with result, he decided to try again.译文：他不满意此结果，决定再试一次.（2）句中有助动词do/does/did时，可直接删除.E g: He didn’t intend to see her, he left early.-----Not intending to see her, he left early.译文：他不打算见她，便提前离开了.(3)句中有完成时助动词has /have/had要视为动词而变成现在分词having.E g: He had done the work, he felt very happy.--------having done the work , he left happy.译文：他做完了这个工作，觉得很高兴.E g: I have not seen her for ages, I miss her very much.-------Not having seen her for ages, I miss her very much.译文：好久没有见面了，我非常想念她.（4）主语不同时，所形成的分词短语，成为分词的独立主格结构.所谓分词的独立主格结构，就是独立修饰不同主语的分词结构.在句中只能做状语，表示条件；时间；原因；伴随情况.E g: This being the case, you’d better be more careful.(解释：this being the case原为this is the case,但如此一来，本句与you’d better be more careful 无连接词相连.故将第一个句子化简为分词短语.由于主语不同，故给予保留，之后的动词is变成现在分词being, being the case 独立修饰不同主语this,故称为分词的独立主格结构).译文：这样的话，你最好多加小心.E g: All things considered, I decided to major in business administration.译文：全盘考虑后，我决定主修企业管理.E g: All the work finished, you can go home.译文：所有工作都做完了，你可以回家了.E g: Weather permitting , we are going to have a picnic tomorrow.译文：若天气许可，我们明天就去野餐.(六)分词短语------定语从句化简法.1，在限定性定语从句中、（即关系代词之前无逗号）中，若关系代词作主语时，可化简成分词短语，法则如下：（1）删除关系代词（2）其后动词变成现在分词.（3）若该动词为be动词，变成现在分词being之后，可给予省略.E g: The man who is talking to Mary over there is my father.第一步：将who删除第二步：将who之后的is变成现在分词being第三步：再将being省略.上句可简化成：-----------The man talking to Mary over there is my father.译文：那边那位正在和玛丽说话的男士是我爸爸.2，在非限制性的定语从句中（即关系代词之前有逗号）通常不得化简为分词短语.E g: I like Tom, who is talking to Mary.-------不能变成I like Tom, talking to Mary.3, 不过在非限制性的定语从句结构为“关系代词+be+名词”时，则仍可化简，从而形成同位语.E g: John, who is a good friend of mine, studies hard.------John, a good friend of mine , studies hard.译文：约翰，我的一个好朋友，学习很用功.(七)分词短语------状语从句化简法.Once; when; while; if ;unless; though等六个连接词所引导的状语从句中，若主语与主句中的主语相同时，亦可化简为分词结构，法则与单句化简完全相同.注意：once; if; unless所引导的状语从句若化简为分词短语，多限于“主语+be+分词/形容词”的结构；而when; while; though则不限于此.E g: If I am free, I’ll go with you.-------If free，I’ll go with you.译文：如果有空，我将和你一起去.E g: Though he was seriously injured, he was not at all daunted.-----Though seriously injured, he was not at all daunted.译文：虽然受伤很严重，他一点都不畏惧.E g: Once I am available, I’ll let you know the result.-----O nce available, I’ll let you know the result.译文：一旦我有空，我会告诉你结果的.E g: Once I have money, I’ll buy a new car.------不能转化为Once having money, I’ll buy a new car.(八)少数现在分词可当成介词使用.(1)including 包含/包括=inclusive of ；（2）excluding =exclusive of除外；（3）considering 考虑；（4）regarding关于；(5)concerning=about=on关于E g: Considering his performance, he can be a good teacher.译文：从他的表现来看，他可以当个好老师.E g: He wrote an article regarding environment pollution.译文：他写了一篇有关环境污染的文章.(九)独立分词短语的使用.特点：某些独立分词短语有副词的功能，通常置于句首，修饰整个句子.常见的分词短语有：generally speaking（一般来说）; judging from（从----判断）; frankly speaking（坦率地说）; considering everything（把一切考虑在内）; strictly speaking（严格地说）; talking of (谈到/谈及); according to(根据); seeing that+从句----------(既然)；given that+从句---------(考虑到).E g:Generally speaking, the more expensive the camera, the better its quality.E g:Strictly speaking, he is not good enough.E g: Judging from his appearance, he seems to be rich.E g: Talking of the devil, he will appear.E g:According to John, the fire broke out at ten in the morning.E g:Seeing that you have no time, I’ll have Peter replace you.E g: Given that you had very little help, I think you did very well.(十)与使役动词有关的重要分词短语的句子.1，I started the ball rolling. 我给那件事开个头.2，The news set my heart throbbing.这个消息使我心悸不已3, I am sorry to have kept you waiting.我很抱歉让你久等了.4, I couldn’t make myself understood. 我无法让别人听懂我的话. 5, I had my shoes repaired.我把我的鞋拿去修好了.6, He got a new suit made.他订做了一套西服.7, You should leave it unsaid.你应该别提这件事情.8, I like my eggs half boiled.我喜欢吃煮的半熟的鸡蛋.9, I had my watch stolen.我的表被偷了.。
英语语法归纳之非谓语动词(过去分词)
英语语法归纳之非谓语动词（动名词）敬告：以下内容，不参加高考等有语法题（语法单选、语法填空、短文改错等）考试的应用类学员无须深究，知道该语法结构的存在，及其充当的句子成分和功能即可，应多花时间练习听说读写，否则就背离了语言学习真正目的。
应试类学员有时间可以比较分析，基本搞懂。
过去分词长什么样？规则的情况下与动词过去式相同，当然有不规则的情况；过去分词可以充当定语、状语、补语、定语，不可能充当主语、宾语；过去分词不像现在分词有多种体现时态和语态的形式，只有一种形式done表示。
1、过去分词可以充当主谓宾补句型中的宾语补语；它与宾语是被动关系，或者说它与宾语是动宾关系。
(1) We found the fish eaten by our cat.(2) I can’t make myself understood because of my poor English.2、过去分词可以充当定语；充当定语当然是修饰主语、宾语等名性的结构；表达过去分词的动作是被动的或完成，或即被动又完成的。
(1) The party had last night (which was had last night) was very cheerful.(2) USA is a developed country (a country which has been developed).(3) A great number of students questioned (who had been questioned) said they were forced to practice the piano.3、过分词可以充当状语，它与主句主语是被动关系，或者说它与主句的主语是动宾关系；过去分词一般只强调被动动作而不强调时间，多用于条件和原因状语；(1) Taken in time, the medicine will turn out to be very effective.If the medicine is taken in time, it will turn out to be very effective.(2) Offered an important role in a new movie, Andy has a chance to become famous.Because Andy is offered an important role in a new movie, he has a chance to become famous.若要强调一个动作，不论主动还是被动，在主句谓语动作之前已经完成，体现时间差，用现在分词的完成式having done或完成被动式having been done，请比较下面的例句与前面的区别：(3) Having been told many times, he finally understood it.After he had been told many times, he finally understood it.。
非谓语动(现在分词和过去分词)
非谓语动词——现在分词一、定义现在分词是由v+ing构成，具有动词的特征，在功能上具有adj.和adv.的特点，在句中可以做定语、表语、宾语补足语和状语等。
之前，即，not dong/not being done/not having done/not having been done.但在having done结构中，never应放在having和done之间，即，having never done。
翻译：Having never been there/Not having been there, I can’t tell you what the place is like.1.一般式：由v+ing构成，语态上表现在分词与其逻辑主语之间是主动关系，在时间上表示进行或与谓语动词同时发生/存在的动作或状态。
填空：1) The girl ______(sing) for us is ten years old.2) _______(wear) a new pair of glasses, she can read easily.2. 完成式：having+done，语态上表示该现在分词与其逻辑主语之间是主动关系，在时间上表示已完成或先于谓语动词的动作或状态。
填空：1) _______(receive) the letter, I know everything is all right.2) ________(have) my supper, I went out for a walk.3. 被动式：1）being done 2）having been done，语态上表示该现在分词短语与其逻辑主语之间是被动关系；时间上being done表示和谓语动词同时发生，having been done表示在谓语动词之前已发生或完成。
填空：The building _________(build) will be completed next year.三、现在分词的用法及功能（一）作定语1. 现在分词作定语时其逻辑主语为其所修饰的名词。
非谓语动(现在分词和过去分词)
非谓语动词——现在分词一、定义现在分词是由v+ing构成，具有动词的特征，在功能上具有adj.和adv.的特点，在句中可以做定语、表语、宾语补足语和状语等。
之前，即，not dong/not being done/not having done/not having been done.但在having done结构中，never应放在having和done之间，即，having never done。
翻译：Having never been there/Not having been there, I can’t tell you what the place is like.1.一般式：由v+ing构成，语态上表现在分词与其逻辑主语之间是主动关系，在时间上表示进行或与谓语动词同时发生/存在的动作或状态。
填空：1) The girl ______(sing) for us is ten years old.2) _______(wear) a new pair of glasses, she can read easily.2. 完成式：having+done，语态上表示该现在分词与其逻辑主语之间是主动关系，在时间上表示已完成或先于谓语动词的动作或状态。
填空：1) _______(receive) the letter, I know everything is all right.2) ________(have) my supper, I went out for a walk.3. 被动式：1）being done 2）having been done，语态上表示该现在分词短语与其逻辑主语之间是被动关系；时间上being done表示和谓语动词同时发生，having been done表示在谓语动词之前已发生或完成。
填空：The building _________(build) will be completed next year.三、现在分词的用法及功能（一）作定语1. 现在分词作定语时其逻辑主语为其所修饰的名词。
高考英语一轮复习语法讲解非谓语动词(二)
三、过去分词的用法
• 1.过去分词作定语: • Our class went on an organized trip last Monday. • 上周一我们班开展了一次有组织的旅行。Those
selected as committee members will attend the meeting. • 当选为委员的人将出席这次会。 • 2.过去分词作表语: • The window is broken. 窗户破了。 • They were frightened at the sad sight. • 他们对眼前悲惨的景象感到很害怕。
谈话的那个人是我们班长的父亲。
• 5.作同位语: • His habit,listening to the news on the radio remains unchanged.他
收听收音机新闻节目的习惯仍未改变。
• 6.作宾语补足语:如下动词后可跟现在分词 作宾语补足语:
• see,watch,hear,feel,find,get,keep,notice,obse rve,listen to,look at,leave,catch等。
• ⑤作结果状语: • He dropped the glass,breaking it into pieces.
他把杯子掉了，结果摔得粉碎。 • ⑥作目的状语: • He went swimming the other day. 几天前他
去游泳了。 • ⑦作让步状语: • Though raining heavily,it cleared up very
• The present situation is inspiring. • 当前的形势鼓舞人心。
• 3.作宾语:
非谓语动词 (二)
作表语：这时现在分词多表示主语所具有的特征，
过去分词多表示主语所处在的状态。等同于形容词， 有比较级。如：amusing, charming, disappointing, exciting, interesting, encouraging, convincing, amused, disappointed, interested, encouraged, convinced 等等。 The news is encouraging. The result is a little disappointing. The explanation sounds very convincing. She is much encouraged. She looked much disappointed. I am convinced of his honesty.
词尾-ing而成，其构成方法与现在分词一样。动名词有 时态和语态的变化。
主动语态 一般式 完成式 Doing Having done 被动语态 Being done Having been done
性质：具有动词性质，它有时态与语态变化；可又自
己的宾语或状语，并构成动名词短语。具有名词性质， 它在句子中起着名词的作业，可单独或引起短语用作 主语、表语、宾语（或介词的宾语）等。 Entertaining audiences is the purpose of movies. 否定式：一律在其前面加否定词not, never构成
虚拟语气主从句时态搭配
时态 对过去事实 从句 Had+过去分词 主句 Should/could/might/would +have+过去分词 Should/could/might/would +动词原形 Should/could/might/would +动词原形
非谓语动词,现在分词过去分词
分词有现在分词（the Present Participle）和过去分词（the Past Participle），在句中充当定语、表语、补语和状语。
一、现在分词（一）分词的形式主动语态被动语态语态时态一般式doing being done完成式having done having been done其否定形式是在doing之前加上not【随时练】1). He ran back home at night, ______ (look) behind at times.2). ______ (tell) many times, the old man forgot the name of the supermarket.3). ______ (not get) well prepared, they decided to put off the meeting.【答案】1)looking 2)Having been told 3)Not having got(二) 分词在句中所做成分分词在句中可作定语、表语、状语、补足语等。
1、作定语分词作定语有两种形式。
它可以放在被修饰的名词之前，称为前置定语。
有的放在被修饰的名词之后，称为后置定语。
1）前置定语He is a promising young man. 他是一个有前途的年轻人。
Make less noise. There’s a sleeping child. 不要出太大声音，有个孩子在睡觉。
2）后置定语The young man running after Jim was the winner in the last year race.跟在吉姆身后跑的年轻人是去年比赛的冠军。
3）分词短语作定语必须置于被修饰词之后，相当于一个定语从句。
如：Those wishing to see the film star have been waiting for hours.(=Those who wish to see the film star have been waiting for hours.)想见那个电影明星的人已经等了几个小时。
非谓语过去分词的用法总结 (2)
非谓语过去分词的用法总结一、引言非谓语动词是英语中的一个重要结构，它包括不定式、现在分词和过去分词。
过去分词作为非谓语动词的一种形式，具有独特的用法和功能。
本文将总结过去分词的用法，以帮助读者更好地掌握这个语法结构。
二、修饰主语1. 过去分词可以作为主语补语修饰主语。
例如：- Exhausted from the long journey, Mary fell asleep immediately.疲惫不堪的玛丽立刻睡着了。
- Astonished by the news, Bob couldn't speak for a moment.被这个消息惊呆了，鲍勃一时无言。
2. 过去分词可以作为名词前置定语修饰名词。
例如：- The stolen car was found abandoned in a nearby parking lot.那辆被偷走的汽车被发现抛弃在附近的停车场里。
- The written report needs to be submitted before Friday.书面报告需要在星期五之前提交。
三、表示原因、目的和结果1. 过去分词可以表示原因。
例如：- Frightened by a loud noise, the cat ran away.受到巨大声响吓到，猫跑了。
- Inspired by her success, he decided to pursue his dreams.在她的成功的鼓舞下，他决定追求自己的梦想。
2. 过去分词可以表示目的。
例如：- He took a taxi to the airport, excited to see his family after a long time.他乘出租车去机场，因为有很长时间没见到家人而感到兴奋。
3. 过去分词可以表示结果。
例如：- The heavy rain brought flooding to the city, causing severe damage.暴雨给该市带来洪水，造成重大损失。
语法复习——非谓语动词(二)
一、过去分词
过去分词一般表示被动和完成意义，可在句子中作定语、状语、宾语补足语、表语。不及物动词的过去分词则表示主动和完成意义。
1．过去分词作定语的几种情况
（1）过去分词作定语，通常与所修饰的名词存在动宾关系，意义上相当于使用被动语态的定语从句。例：
他走进屋后，后面跟着一些孩子。（表示伴随状态）
（相当于…, and he was followed by some children.）
5．怎样使用过去分词独立结构作状语
如果过去分词的逻辑主语与句子主语不一致，分词就须带上自己的逻辑主语。过去分词独立结构由“名（代）词＋过去分词”构成。过去分词独立结构作状语，分词的逻辑主语是分词动作的承受者。过去分词独立结构可作时间、原因、条件、方式、伴随状语等。例：
The injured man was taken to hospital.
那个受伤的人被送到了医院。
（the injured man=the man who were injured）
The letter posted yesterday will probably reach him the day after tomorrow.
（相当于Because he was lost in thought, …）
（3）Given enough time, he could do it better.
如果给他充足的时间，他可以做得更好。（表示条件）
（相当于If he was given enough time,…）
（4）He went into the house, followed by some children.
非谓语动词(过去分词)
非谓语动词——过去分词学习目标：1. 了解过去分词的基本形式2. 掌握过去分词作定语，表语，状语的用法3. 能够分辨过去分词与-ing形式的区别及用法4. 能够在习题中正确判断并运用非谓语动词学习重、难点：过去分词与-ing形式的区别及用法学习过程：首先，了解非谓语动词的各种形式及其句法功能；其次,理解并掌握过去分词与-ing形式的区别及用法；再者，通过一定量的练习，来巩固、深化这一常考语法项目；最后，小结本节课内容，强调本节课重难点一、过去分词的基本用法：过去分词只有一种形式，它所表示的是一个被动的或已完成的动作。
过去分词在句中可用作定语、表语、宾语或状语等成份。
过去分词在句中作某种成分时，其逻辑主语一般为该分词所表示的动作的承受者（1）作定语：过去分词作定语时，如果这个分词是一个单词，就位于其修饰的名词之前，如果是分词短语，就位于其修饰的名词之后。
如：The stolen car was found by the police last week.警察在上周找到了那辆被盗的车。
（2）作表语：过去分词作表语时，表示其逻辑主语所处的状态，如：The glass is broken. 这个玻璃杯是破的。
注：过去分词作表语时，和动词的被动语态结构相似，但两者表达的意义不同，如：The glass was broken by my little brother.这个玻璃杯是被我小弟弟打破的。
作表语用的过去分词在许多词典中已列为形容词，如：crowded, devoted, discouraged, done, dressed, drunk, experienced, frightened, gone, hurt, interested, killed, known, learned, lost, pleased, satisfied, shut, surprised, tired, undressed, worried, astonished, broken, completed, covered等。
(完整版)非谓语的用法总结
非谓语动词的用法总结李靖非谓语动词（不定式、动名词、分词）不是真正意义上的谓语动词，在句中都不能单独作谓语。
但都具有动词的某些特点,可以有自己的宾语或状语，构成非谓语动词短语。
不定式表目的，表将来；动名词表主动,表进行；过去分词表被动，表完成。
一．作主语( 动名词、不定式、过去分词前面加being, 动名词做主语谓语动词用单数）1）不定式、动名词都可做主语，但是动名词做主语多指抽象的概念性的动作，可以是多次的经常的行为；不定式多表示具体的动作,尤其是某一次的动作。
如：Playing with fire is dangerous. 玩火危险。
（泛指玩火）To play with fire will be dangerous. 玩火会发生危险。
2）用动名词做主语的句型:It’s no use/no good/pleasure doing sth 做。
.。
.没有用处/好处/乐趣It’s a waste of time doing sth 做。
.。
浪费时间It is worth doing sth 值得做某事It is no use crying over spilt milk. 覆水难收It is worth making an appointment before you go. 去之前预约一下是值得的。
3)不定式做主语的句型.It is + adj +for sb to do sth.比较：表示人的品质时只能用of sb 如considerate/kind/nice/foolish/stupid/rude/cruel /wise/clever/brave/selfish/crazy/good/careful/careless/impolite/right/wrong等单词出现时。
It is silly of you to say so。
It is important for us to learn English well.It is a must/ a necessity for us to have a good command of the English language.4) “Wh- + to 不定式”可做主语。
(完整版)非谓语动词语法讲解
非谓语动词语法讲解一、非谓语动词的概念动词的基本用法是作谓语。
当句中已经有了谓语动词了，要选或要填的动词就只能用非谓语形式了。
非谓语形式有三种：1、动词不定式：to do 2、动词的ing : doing 3、动词的过去分词：done二、三种形式的含义（基本用法）不定式：表示目的和将来；动词的ing：表示主动和进行；过去分词：表示被动和完成。
三、非谓语动词的时态和语态一般式完成式进行式不定式主动to do to have done to be doing被动to be done to have beendoneing 形式主动doing having done 被动being done having beendone过去分词被动done四、非谓语动词的否定形式在非谓语动词前加not, never. 即 not / never to do, not / never doing五、非谓语动词的复合结构不定式的复合结构：for / of sb. to do sth.动词 ing 形式的复合结构：宾格或所有格+doing (-ing 形式作主语时，用的所有格＋doing)六、非谓语动词的做题步骤1、判定是否用非谓语形式。
方法：看看句子中是否已有了谓语动词了2、找非谓语动词的逻辑主语。
方法：非谓语动词的逻辑主语一般是句子的主语。
3、判断主被动关系。
方法：非谓语动词与其逻辑主语的主动还是被动关系。
4、判断时间关系。
方法：分析句子，看看非谓语动词所表示的动作发生在谓语动作之前、之后还是同时。
之前常用 done; 之后常用to do; 同时常用doing.学习非谓语形式时，建议把三种形式一起来比较学习，会更加有效一些。
七、非谓语动词作主语和表语的比较1、不定式和动名词作主语和表语a. 不定式表示一次性的、具体的动词。
动词ing 常表示一般的、泛指的或习惯性的动作。
如：________ is a good form of exercise for both young and old.A. The walkB. WalkingC. To walkD. Walk(分析) a good form 暗示泛指一般的行为，用动名词作主语，选 Bb. 不定式作主语时，常用it 作形式主语，即用句型：It is + adj. / n. + (for / of sb. ) to do sth.It’s important for us to learn English well.It’s kind of you to help us.注意：下面几个句型是用动名词：It’s no good / use doing sth.It’s usel ess doing sth.There is no need to do sth.2、不定式、动名词、分词作表语的比较1、不定式、动名词作表语，.表示主语的内容。
英语语法：非谓语动词 -过去分词
作表语
〔注〕有些带-ed结尾的词，并不是过去分词，而是由名词变 化而来的形容词。
作表语
〔注〕有些带-ed结尾的词，并不是过去分词，而是由名词变 化而来的形容词。 I'm ashamed of myself for it. 为此我自感羞愧。
1）构成谓语
①“have+过去分词done”可以构成谓语动词完成时态或非谓语动词的完成 式。
I haven't been out much recently. （现在完成时） 我最近没太出门。 I knew you had been busy for a long time. （过去完成时） 我知道你一直很忙。 I'm sorry not to have given you enough care. （不定式完成式） 我很抱歉没有给你足够的关心。
Don’t say that! She was annoyed at your saying that. 不要说啦！你这样讲她很不高兴。
We were so bored that we couldn't help yawning. 我们厌烦得要命，禁不住打起了呵欠。
作表语
注意：这种结构和被动语态是有差别的：
作表语
注意：这种结构和被动语态是有差别的：
①“be+表语”结构表示一种状态，而被动语态表示一个动作。 试比较下面句子： The shop is closed now. 商店已关门。(be+表语，表状态) The shop is usually closed at 8 o’clock. 商店通常8 点关门。（被动语态，表动作） He was wounded in the arm. 他手臂受了伤的。(be+表语，表状态)
非谓语动词之现在分词和过去分词
The man, who had been disturbed so badly, almost lost hg been disturbed so badly, almost lost his memory.
由于被严重困扰，这个人几乎失去了记忆。
Make less noise. There’s a sleeping child. We only sell used books. 我们只卖用过的书。 （2）后置定语 The young man sitting between John and Mary is the editor of the campus newspaper. 坐在John和Mary之间的那个年轻男人是校园新闻报的编辑。
(Seeing/seen) from the top of the tower, the factory looks beautiful. When the factory is seen from the top of the tower, the Factory looks beautiful.
2. (Hearing/heard) the bad news, they couldn’t help crying. When they heard the bad news, they couldn’t help crying. 3. (Giving/Given) more time, we could do it better.
A）I heard my brother ( singing , sung ) in the next room B）I heard the song ( singing , sung ) in English .
非谓语动词(non-finite verbs)
在英语中，不做句子谓语，而具有谓语外其他语法功能的动词中，叫“非谓语动词”非谓语动词包括：动词不定式（the Infinitive）动名词（the Gerund）现在分词（the Present Participle）过去分词（the Past Participle）Ⅰ。
动词不定式：动词不定式有两种，带“to”和不带“to（动词原型）”，有人称之为“光秃不定式”，在大多数情况下不定式都带to，动词不定式由“to+动词原型”，这里的to是不定式标志，没有词义，不定式具有名词，形容词，或副词的某些语法功能，又有动词的时态和语态。
一：1。
不定式做主语：eg : To over come the problem is very difficult不定式做主语，往往用it做形式主语，真正的主语不定式放置句子后面：eg : It‟s so nice to hear your voice.但是，用不定式做主语的句子中还有一个不定式做表语时，不能用it‟s…to…的句型eg : To teach is to learn.比较“it‟s for sb和it‟s of sb1)for sb句型中的形容词一般为表示事物的特征特点，表示客观形式的形容词，如”easy, hard, difficult, impossible”等2)of sb句型中的形容词一般为表示性格，品德，心智能力，表示主观感情或态度的形容词，如”good, kind, nice, clever, foolish”等3)用介词for或者of后面的逻辑主语做句子的主格，用介词前边的形容词做表语，造这个句子，如果通顺用of，不通则用for2．不定式做表语：不定式可放在be动词后面，形成表语eg : My dream is to be a teacher.3．不定式做宾语1）有些及物动词用不定式做宾语，结构为“动词+不定式”P2892）有些动词除了可以用不定式做宾语，还用些不定式做补语，即“动词+宾语+不定式”结构eg : I like to keep everything tidy.I like you to keep everything tidy.3）有些动词或动词词组可以用“动词+疑问词+不定式”的结构：eg : I want to know how to solve the problem.4）如果不定式（宾语）后面有宾语补足语，则用“ it ”做形式宾语，真正的宾语（不定式）后置，放在宾语补足语4．不定式做补语1）有些动词+宾语+不定式P291eg : Father will not allow us to play on the street.2）有些动词+宾语+不定式的结构，不定式的动词往往是be，不定式一般可以省去eg : We believe him (to be) quilty (adj.)我们相信他是有罪的We know him to be fool. (n.) (to be不能省)3）有些动词可以跟”there + to be的结构eg : We didn‟t expect there to be so many people.You wouldn‟t want there to be another war. 你不至于想让另外一场战争发生吧？5．不定式做定语不定式做宾语，通常要放在被修饰的词后，往往表示未发生的动作。
非谓语动词-过去分词的用法
seats which are reserved water that is polluted
a crowded room
a pleased winner
a room that is crowded
a winner who is pleased
1) Most of the artists to the party were from South Africa. A.invited B. to invite C.being invited D. had been invited 2) The first text books for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century. A. having written B.to be written C. being written D. written
③ He seemed quite delighted at the idea．
常见的作表语的过去分词有:
amused(愉快的)； broken(碎了的)； closed(关闭的)； astonished(吃惊的)； crowded(拥挤的)； experienced(有经验的); delighted(高兴的)； lost(丢失的)； gone(遗失的)； disappointed(失望的)； worried(担忧的)； interested(感兴趣的) tired(疲劳的) pleased(高兴的)； satisfied(满意的)； surprised(吃惊的); married(已婚的)； known(著名的) 等等
(4) 过去分词用在“with+宾语+宾补”这一
非谓语动词之现在分词和过去分词
现在分词和过去分词的区别
现在分词通常表示动作的进行，具 有主动的含义。
VS
过去分词通常表示动作的完成，具 有被动含义。
学习非谓语动词的重要性
非谓语动词是英语语法的重要组成部分，掌 握好非谓语动词可以更好地理解和运用英语 。
非谓语动词在英语表达中具有很强的修辞功 能，使用非谓语动词可以让句子更加生动、
亮的花。） • 现在分词作定语：如“The singing competition is a blast!”（歌唱比赛非常精彩！） • 现在分词作补语：如“I heard her singing in the next room.”（我听到她在隔壁房间唱歌。） • 过去分词：过去分词在句子中通常用作定语、表语或补语，表示动作的完成或被动状态。 • 过去分词作定语：如“The fallen leaves covered the ground.”（落叶覆盖了地面。） • 过去分词作表语：如“The movie was highly praised.”（这部电影受到了高度赞扬。） • 过去分词作补语：如“I found my book stolen.”（我发现我的书被偷了。）
在时态上的差异
现在分词一般用于进行…
“He is walking to school.”（他正在 步行去学校。）
VS
过去分词一般用于完成…
“The book has been read by many people.”（这本书已经被很多人读过。 ）
在语态上的差异
要点一
现在分词通常表示主动语态，表 示动作是由主语发出的。例如
“He is singing a song.”（他正在唱一首歌。）
要点二
过去分词通常表示被动语态，表 示动作是由主语承受的。例如
非谓语动词 (现在分词,过去分词)
3.. ________ in thought, he almost ran into the car in front of him.（原因）
A. Losing B. Having lost C. Lost D. To lose
4. The research is so designed that once ________
2.The first textbooks ________ for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century（定语）
A. having written B. to be written C. being written D. written
现在分词形式
时态/语态
主动语态
一般时
doing
完成时
Having done
完成进行时
Having been doing
过去分词形式: done
被动语态 Being done
Having been done 无
否定形式: 在非谓语动词前加 not
分词意义
doing: 与所修饰词构成主动关系/时态上表示 正在进行，状态
nothing can be
done to change it.（条件）
A. begins
B. having begu
C. beginning D. begun
宾补
作用: 修饰宾语表示宾语的状态或者动作；
1). 介词+宾语+宾补 to do 主动被动/将来
with+宾语 doing 主动/正在 done 被动/过去
改错
非谓语_过去分词
非谓语之过去分词动词的-ed形式也是非谓语动词的一种，它具有动词的一些特点，同时也具有形容词、副词的句法功能，在句中可用作表语、定语、状语和宾语补足语等。
动词的-ed形式的特征A．动词的-ed形式是由动词的过去分词构成动词的-ed形式只有一种形式，即传统语法中的过去分词。
绝大部分的动词的-ed形式由动词原形加-ed构成，也有一些动词的-ed形式是不规则的。
1．规则动词的-ed形式，直接在动词后+edlimit→limited（限制）pretend→pretended（假装）pray→prayed（祈祷）supply→supplied（供应）2．不规则动词的-ed形式cast→cast（投掷）spread→spread（传播）wear→worn（穿）3．少数动词的-ed形式作定语时，读音与一般过去分词不同例：learned a learned professor 一位知识渊博的教授aged an aged man 老人beloved his beloved computer 他心爱的计算机B．动词的-ed形式的否定形式动词的-ed形式的否定形式是由not或never加动词的-ed形式构成。
例：Not allowed to go in, he had to wait outside.C．动词的-ed形式的特征动词的-ed形式有被动的意思，有时也可表示完成的动作。
1．动词的-ed形式表示已完成的动作。
除了作形容词用的-ed形式外，动词的-ed形式可带有完成的意义，有的同时也带有被动的意义。
例：Born and brought up in the countryside, he was interested in biology.One of the glasses was found broken.The books, written by Lu Xun, are popular with many Chinese people.2．及物动词的-ed形式一般表示被动的意思。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
过去分词二
过去分词可以承担的句子成分
理解并分析句子
1.We’ll get her X-rayed.
2.He watched the picture drawn.
3.We all felt a great weight taken off our minds when we finished the work.
现在分词及过去分词做宾补的区别
理解并分析句子
1.A: The song is so popular that we often hear it sung.
B: We often hear Tim sing the song.
2.A: The boy found the house thoroughly cleaned when he went in. B: The boy found his mother clean the house thoroughly when he
went in.
用恰当形式填空
1.When I went by, I saw a man ___________(slide) on a banana skin and he had his leg ___________ (break).
2.The picture showed that the man watched himself ___________(act) in a movie.
3.I heard a man ____________ (answer) the phone call outside our office for two hours.
4.I suddenly felt the floor ____________ (move) and the bed_________ (shake). I realized an earthquake was happening.
5.When he came in, he found the bedroom ___________ (clean).
过去分词可以承担的句子成分
理解并分析句子
1.Seen from the hill, the city looks magnificent.
2.Weakened by serious illness, she couldn’t go to work now.
3.Frightened, I handed the paper to her.
4.Heated, water turns into steam.
现在分词及过去分词做状语的区别
理解并分析句子
1.The man held the front door open, smiling broadly.
Looked down upon by his friends, the man felt very depressed.
2.Jumping up, you can reach the ceiling.
Watered, the plant looks nice and green.
3.Having a problem, you may ask me for help.
Exposed to strong sunlight, the plant will be burned.
4.Understanding English, he could travel to English speaking countries on his own. Translated into English, the book was well known all over the world.
用恰当形式填空
1._________ (have) no money, he couldn’t go to school.
2._________ (see) it began to rain, she looked for shelter at once.
3._________ (be) busy, she couldn’t come to the party.
4.An old man came in, ___________ (support) by some youngsters.
5.When _________ (heat), ice changes into water.
6.While _________ (go) down the hill, he saw some squirrels running around.
7.________ (hunt) everywhere, the tigers almost died out.
8.He traveled in his car, ________ (take) beautiful pictures and enjoying the fantastic scenery.
9.He stood on the platform, __________ (lean) against the wall, while he was giving us a lesson.。