Research on the Organization Model of Ubiquitous Learning Resource
perpetuity翻译
perpetuity翻译perpetuity翻译成中文是“永久”，它指的是无限期持续存在的状态或时间段。
下面是一些关于perpetuity的用法和中英文对照例句：1. The company has been granted the rights to use the land in perpetuity.这家公司被授予永久使用这片土地的权利。
2. The scholarship fund will provide financial support to students in perpetuity.该奖学金基金将永久为学生提供经济支持。
3. The artist's legacy will live on in perpetuity through his timeless paintings.这位艺术家的遗产将通过他永恒的画作而永久传世。
4. The couple promised to love and care for each other in perpetuity.这对夫妇承诺永远相互爱护和关心。
5. The perpetual debate over climate change continues to divide scientists and policymakers.关于气候变化的永恒争论继续分裂科学家和政策制定者。
6. The professor's groundbreaking research has had aperpetuity effect on the field of medicine.这位教授的开创性研究对医学领域产生了永久的影响。
7. The company offers a perpetuity contract, guaranteeing customers a fixed income for life.该公司提供永久合同，为客户终身提供固定收入保障。
Research and Exploration on the Management of Stud
Research and Exploration on the Management of Student Dormitory in Colleges and Universities under the New SituationShengli ChenStudent Office, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics Abstract: In the course of daily life and learning of students, the dormitory is also a very important position to carry out their ideological work outside the classroom. Therefore, people often regard students’ dormitory as the second classroom. Managing students’ dormitory in the new period is not only the most important goal of university logistics work, but also the most critical part of ideological and political work in universities. Based on this, this paper first discusses the importance of strengthening student dormitory management and then analyzes the effective countermeasures to manage student dormitory under the new situation so as to provide reference for relevant staff.Keywords: Colleges and universities; Student dormitory; Management workDOI: 10.47297/taposatWSP2633-456906.202102021. IntroductionCollege dormitory is a very important part in the process of constructing civilization while universities also occupy an extremely important position in the process of management education and service education. The dormitory management in colleges and universities can exert an extremely critical impact on the formation of students’ world outlook and subjective consciousness. Therefore, in the process of university management, the dormitory management of college students has always been an extremely important link.2. The Importance of Strengthening Student Dormitory Management(1) The dormitory is the main place for student activitiesWith the deepening of the reform of colleges and universities in China, the credit system is also gradually implemented. The opening of elective courses, minor courses and other related classes can reduce or cancel the fixed classroom, which will affect the activity space originally taking classes as units to some extent. However, taking students’ dormitory as a unit has gradually become the basic organization form of student activities. In terms of the time, students spend about ten to fifteen hours in the dormitory every day, sometimes even more [1].(2) The dormitory is an important area for students to spread their ideasDormitory is not only a place for students to rest, but also an important place for them to communicate with each other and discuss problems together. The atmosphere of dormitoryAbout the author: Shengli Chen (1984-01), male, Han nationality, born in Jingxian county, Anhui Province, Degree: bachelor degree, research direction: student apartment management.Vol.2 No.2 2021 can directly affect their mood and thoughts. The discussed content between roommates is very extensive and extremely rich. Every night, roommates are more willing to sum up and discuss their daily life, express their own views, even start a certain debate. So, the content is very complicated.(3) The dormitory is the “second classroom” for students’ self-managementIn order to fully realize the educational function in the management of student dormitory and make the management and service work more standardized and orderly, it must be carried out more systematically in combination with relevant rules and regulations. However, if students can manage themselves, the effect will be very significant. According to statistics, it is not difficult to find that many students leave their families to live in schools for the first time. After entering colleges and universities, the first thing students need to learn is adaptive education, which refers to not only fully adapt to the college environment, but also adapt to the life away from their parents and conduct self-management. Dormitory is the place where students often stay in schools. Different people live together, which inevitably leads to friction and conflict. Therefore, dormitory conflicts are also very concentrated. Good social communication ability is very important. When dormitory management is carried out, students should not only be trained in self-management, but also be strengthened in social communication.(4) Dormitory management is the main “starting point” of students’ daily managementAs the reforms in colleges and universities are constantly increasing, especially after the implementation of the credit system, class members have different schedules because of the different course selection, so the traditional way of managing students according to class management can no longer adapt to the current life. Indeed, strengthening dormitory management has gradually become an indispensable part of college students’ daily management process. In the process of management, combining with work practice finds that the dormitory manager is an important part in management work. He need to be able to guarantee the normal educational order first. Class teachers and counselors also need to go deep into student dormitories to check their hygiene and attendance. Then, they should regard striving for excellence as the basic study style construction, grasp it to help students arouse their sense of competition, set up advanced models in daily dormitory activities, commend advanced individuals and call on students to arouse their enthusiasm.3. The Effective Countermeasures of Student Dormitory Management under the New Situation(1) The organic combination of management and ideological educationIn the process of dormitory management, the division of responsibilities must be clear enough to allow everyone to shoulder their duty, but also separate the management of students from property management work. The logistics group or other departments should be used to carry out the property management of student apartments while the student department should be able to take charge of the behavior management and ideological management of students. The two separate departments must use coordination model to inform each other in time, thus more organically combining management and ideological education work. In addition, the school can set up a special management team of student dormitory so that the role and value of logistics and students departments can be brought into play so as to help students carry out practical management [2].Theory and Practice of Science and TechnologyMoreover, the school must give full play to the role of the students’ class and the Communist Youth League secretary, making them play a leading role in the dormitory, daily life and the learning process. The school also needs to send outstanding cadres and counselors to live with students in charge of the daily publicity and education of their ideological and moral education. At the same time, they should also give students positive guidance and make them actively carry out various activities.(2) Give full play to the role of students’ self-managementIf solving the problems in the process of dormitory management more comprehensively, colleges and universities must let students manage and educate themselves and cultivate their subject consciousness, thus attracting more students to engage in the management of the dormitory and making dormitory management more effective and targeted. Colleges and universities can set up building committees to take charge of the daily management of student dormitories. In this way, the member in the building committee can deeply understand the student to fully grasp their ideological situation and living conditions, help them carry out service work and subsequent management work and let more students approve the work of building committees. At the same time, the overall management level can be improved in the school through students’ management.[3](3) Do a good job in the construction of the management team of student dormitoriesIf helping students to carry out dormitory management more fully, colleges and universities need to build a more favorable team of management personnel. In the process of dormitory management, college students need high-quality teams, including relevant school staff and management cadres. If there is no high-quality team, it is difficult to really complete the work of dormitory management. Colleges and universities must choose some cadres with higher cultural level who have stronger working ability, policy level and theoretical level, love students’ work and are willing to participate in the management of students’ dormitories. At the same time, they should also carry out ideological and political work and professional training in the dormitory management so as to help students improve the overall level and comprehensive literacy of the dormitory management team. [4](4) Do a good job in the construction of student dormitory management systemOnly with a certain management mechanism can teachers improve in the process of dormitory management. Therefore, colleges and universities must conduct a detailed investigation based on the current dormitory management situation of students, then formulate it in the form of rules and regulations and strictly implement it in the process of dormitory management. Only in this way can students’ dormitory management be guaranteed to be more standardized and institutionalized.4. ConclusionTo sum up, it is very difficult to manage students’ dormitory under the current new situation. Colleges and universities must make students’ dormitory management rules and regulations more improved. Meanwhile, they should be able to combine related work of dormitory management with ideological education work, thus making students give full play to the value of self-management. In the process of dormitory management, it’s necessary to absorb some outstanding students, build a more positive culture, make students give full play to their subjective initiative and promote the overall dormitory management level to improve constantly. In this way, college students can be more effectively promoted to acquire the quality of ideological and political concepts and they can establish excellent personal habits and develop their comprehensive abilitiesVol.2 No.2 2021 in an all-round way.References[1] Wan Yan. “Research and Exploration on College Student Dormitory Management under the New Situation-- Comment on The New Edition of Educational Management (Second Edition)” [J]. Chemical Education, 2019, 40(22):96.[2] Shao Yijie. “Research and Exploration on Optimization Approach of College Student Dormitory Manage-ment under the New Situation” [J]. Heilongjiang science, 2019, 10(21):92-93.[3] Xue Fengfeng. “Research and Exploration on Management of College Student Dormitory Management un-der the New Situation” [J]. Curriculum Education Research, 2019(44):20-21.][4] Miao Minmin. “The Influence of Big Data on Modern College Education Management and the Research andExploration of College Student Dormitory Management under the New Situation” [J]. Knowledge Economy, 2019(28):173-74.。
常见缩略词英语
常见缩略词英语以下是 20 个常见缩略词及相关内容：1. VIP：Very Important Person（非常重要的人）；短语：VIP room （贵宾室）；单词：important（重要的）；用法：用作名词，指重要人物；例句：He is a VIP in thispany.（他在这家公司是个重要人物。
）/ 他是这家公司的贵宾。
2. ATM：Automated Teller Machine（自动取款机）；短语：use the ATM（使用自动取款机）；单词：teller（出纳员）；用法：指一种机器；例句：I need to withdraw money from the ATM.（我需要从自动取款机取钱。
）/ 我要从自动取款机上取些钱。
3. GPS：Global Positioning System（全球定位系统）；短语：GPS navigation（GPS 导航）；单词：position（位置）；用法：通常用于导航等；例句：The car is equipped with GPS.（这辆车配备了全球定位系统。
）/ 这辆车装了全球定位系统。
4. UFO：Unidentified Flying Object（不明飞行物）；短语：spot a UFO（发现一个不明飞行物）；单词：identify（识别）；用法：指未知的飞行物体；例句：Some people claim to have seen a UFO.（一些人声称看到了不明飞行物。
）/ 有人宣称看到了不明飞行物。
5. DIY：Do It Yourself（自己动手做）；短语：DIY project（DIY 项目）；单词：yourself（你自己）；用法：强调自己亲自做；例句：I like to do DIY at home. （我喜欢在家里自己动手做。
）/ 我喜欢在家里自己干。
6. FAQ：Frequently Asked Questions（常见问题解答）；短语：FAQ page（常见问题页面）；单词：frequently（频繁地）；用法：用于网站等；例句：You can check the FAQ for answers.（你可以查看常见问题解答来找答案。
管理学课件-第17章-领导Leadership
Exhibit 17–1 Seven Traits Associated with Leadership
Source: S.A.Kirkpatrick and E.A.Locke, “Leadership: Do Traits Really Matter?” Academy of Management Executive, May 1991, pp.48–60; T.A.Judge, J.E.Bono, R.llies, and M.W.Gerhardt, “Personality and Leadership: A Qualitative and Quantitative Review,” Journal of Applied Psychology, August 2002, pp.765–780.
Early Leadership Theories
• Discuss what research has shown about leadership traits. • Contrast the findings of the four behavioral leadership
theories. • Explain the dual nature of a leader’s behavior.
17–11
Early Leadership Theories (cont’d)
• Behavioral Theories (cont’d)
➢ University of Michigan Studies（密歇根大学的研究 ）
❖ Identified two dimensions of leader behavior
17–2
L E A R N I N G O U T L I N E (cont’d)
management题库
二、MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS ( 20选10 )For each of the following choose the answer that most completely answers the question.1. Frederick Taylor performed most of his work in _______b________.a. grape vineyards in Californiab. steel companies in Pennsylvaniac. auto assembly plants near Detroitd. cotton gins in Alabama2. Which of the following is not one of Fayal’s principles of management? da. division of workb. unity of commandc. disciplined. equality3. The 14 principles of management are associated with whom? da. Weberb. Druckerc. Taylord. Fayol4. What scientist is most closely associated with the Hawthorne studies? ba. Adamsb. Mayoc. Lawlerd. Barnard5. What are the two views of managerial impact on the success or failure of the organization?a. omnipotent and symbolic ab. omnipotent and reflectivec. symbolic and interactived. reflective and interactive6. The symbolic view of management means ______c_______.a. managers are directly responsible for an organization’s succes s or failureb. managers have little or no responsibility for an organization’s success or failurec. that external forces are directly responsible for an organization’s success or failured. the employees are directly responsible for an organization’s suc cess or failure7. Internal constraints that restrict a manager’s decision options ________a_______.a. exist within every organizationb. do not exist, as all managers can decide as they pleasec. exists only to the extent that upper management imposes themd. exist only to the extent that followers won’t do as they are told8. The most significant ways that culture is transmitted to employees consist of__c________.a. rituals, tales of woe, symbols, and languageb. symbols, rituals, language, and systemsc. stories, rituals, symbols, and languaged. language, stories, rituals, and rewards9. When employees at Microsoft use words such as: work judo, eating your own dog food,and flat food, they are using organizational ______a____.a. languagesb. ritualsc. symbolsd. ceremonies10. One reason for parochialism in the United States is that Americans tend to study___a__________ in school.a. only Englishb. only two languagesc. English and Frenchd. English and German11. Ethnocentric views concentrate on their _______a______. 126a. home countryb. host countryc. world orientationd. racial orientation12. Which of the following is associated with the classical view of social responsibility?a. economist Robert Reich c 167b. concern for social welfarec. stockholder financial returnd. voluntary activities13. Applying social criteria to investment decision refers to ______d__________. 173a. socioeconomic viewb. social responsivenessc. social responsibilityd. social screening14. Overall, does the evidence suggest that socially responsible behaviors by organizations lowera firm’s economic performance? C 174a. yesb.noc. There is not enough evidence at this time to know for sure.d. It depends on the activity with which the organization is involved.15. How many stage are in the model of an organization’s social responsibilityprogression? D 168a. oneb. twoc. threed. four16. ______a_______is the obligation or expectation to perform a duty. 313a. Responsibilityb. Unity of commandc. Chain of commandd. Span of control17.The __a________ stage is complete when members begin think of themselves as partof a group. 430a. formingb. stormingc. normingd. performing18.Leadership is _________a_________. 518a. the process of influencing a group toward the achievement of goalsb. a group that achieves goalsc. the function of influencing a group towards the achievement of goalsd. directing a group towards the achievement of goals19.In the white-water rapids metaphor, change is a natural state, and managing change is_______c______. 383a. an accepted practiceb. an expected practicec. a continual processd. a maintenance process20.The theory that a person should report to only one manager is called _______b_____.a. authorized line of responsibility 313b. unity of commandc. responsibility factord. chain of command三、Short Answer Questions （13选5 ）1. What are the three essential managerial skills? How does the importance ofthese skills change depending on managerial level?1.Technical skills, is the knowledge of and proficiency in a certain specializedans skills,is that the ability to work well with other people individually and in a group.3.Conceptual skills is the ability to think and to conceptualise about abstract and complex situations.2. List and explain at least 8 of Henri Fayol’s 14 principles of management. 1.Division of work. Specialization increases output by making employees more efficient.2.Discipline. Employees must obey and respect the rules that govern the organization.3.Unity of command .Every employee should receive orders from only one superior.4.Subordination of individual interests to the general interest .theinterests of any one employee or group of employees should not take a ecedence over the interests of the organization as a whole.5.remuneration. workers must be paid a fair wage for their services.6.scalar chain. The line of authority from top management to the lowest ranks is the scalar chain.7.Order. people and materials should be in the right place at the right time.8.equity. managers should be kind and fair to their subordinates.Authority Unity of direction Centralisation Stability of tenure of personnel Inrtiative Esorit decorps3. What are the environmental factors that influencing the organization and its management?The environmental factors include the specific environment and the general environment. In detail, the specific environment includes public pressure groups, customers, competitors, and suppliers. The general environment includes the broad economic, political/legal, sociocultural, demographic, technological and global conditions.4. What are the three ways for a company to go international?1.by global sourcing2.by exporting and importing, licensing. Franchising.3.Strategic alliance joint venture and foreign subsidiary.5. What are the two opposing views of social responsibility?1.the classical view. The view that management’s only social responsibility is to maximize profits.2.the socioeconomic view. The view that management’s social responsibility goesbeyond making profits to include protecting and improving society’s welfare.6. What are the 8 steps of decision making process?1.identifying a problem.2.identifying decision criteria.3.allocating weights to ing alternatives.6.selecting an alternative.7.implementing the alternative.8.evaluating decision effectiveness.7. What is the difference between strategic plans and operational plans?Strategic plans tend to cover a longer time frame and a broader view of the organization. And it also include the formulation of goals, whereas operational plans define ways to achieve the goals. Also, operational plans tend to cover short time periods-monthly, weekly and day to day.8. What is Span of Control? What is the contemporary view of span of control? Span of control is that the number of employees a manager can efficiently and effectively manage.The contemporary view of span of control recognizes that many factors influence the appropriate number of employees that a manager can efficiently and effectively manage. These factors include the skills and abilities of the manager and the employees, and the characteristics of the work being done.9. How to overcome the barriers for communication and make interpersonal communication moreUse feedback Simplify language Listen actively Constrain emotions Watchnon-verbal cuse10. What is organizational change? What are the internal forces to push the change?Organizational change is that any alterations in people, structure or technology in an organization.Changing structure Changing technology Changing people11. What are the characteristics of a effective team?Clear goals Relevant skills Mutual trust Unified commitment Good communicationNegotiating skills Appropriate leadership Internal and external support 12. What is Hierarchy of Needs Theory?Maslow’s theory that there is a hierarchy of five human needs: physiological, safety, social, esteem and self-actualisation.13. What are the Kurt Lewin’s three types of leadership styles? Based on Lewin’s research, which is the most effective leadership style?The Kurt lewin’s three types of leadership styles includes the autocratic style, the democratic style, and the laissez-faire-style. Based on Lewin’s research, the democratic style is the most effective leadership style.四、ESSAY QUESTIONS （6选2 ）1.In a short essay, list and explain the four basic functions of management. 1.Planning.Planning is that a management function that involves defining goals,estabilishing strategies for achieving those goals,and developing plans tointegrate and coordinate anising is that a management function that involves determining what tasks are to be done,who is to do them,how the tasks are to be grouped,who reports to whom and where decisions are to be made.3.leading.leading is that a management function that involves motivating subordinates,influencing individuals or teams as they work,selecting the most effectivecommunication channels,or dealing inany way with employee behaviour issues.4.controlling,controlling is one of management function that involves monitoring actual performance,comparing actual to standard,and taking action if necessary.2.In a short essay, list Taylor’s four principles of management.1.Development a science for each element of an individual’s work which will replace the old rule-of-thumb method.2.scientifically select and then train and develop the worker3.heartily cooperate with the workers so as to ensure that all work is done in accordance with the principles of the science that has been developed.4.divide work and responsibility almost equally between management and workers.management takes over all work for which it is better fitted than the workers are.3.In a short essay, differentiate between the symbolic view and the omnipotent view of management. Include specific examples of each view to support your answer.The dominant view in management theory and in society in general is thatmanagers are directly responsible for an organisation’s success or failure. This perspective can be called the omnipotent view of management. In contrast, some observers have argued that much of an organisation’s success or failure is due to forces outside management’s control. In other words, external forces, not management, determine outcomes. This perspective has been labelled the symbolic view of management.4.In a short essay, identify and define the seven dimensions that make up an organization’s culture.1.outcome orientation.degree to which managers focus on results or outcomes rather than on how these outcomes are achieved.2.people orientation.degree to which management decisions take into accunt the effects on people in the organization.3.team crientation.degree to which work is organized aroundteams rather than individuals.4.aggressiveness.degree to which employees are aggressive and competitive rather than cooperative.5.stability.degree to which organizations and actions emphaiise maintaining the status quo.6.innovation and risk taking.degree to which employees are encouraged to be innovative and to take risks.7.attention to detail.degree to which emploees are expected to exhibit precision,analysis and attention to detail.5.In a short essay, describe the four-stage model of an organization’s expanding social responsibility.A stage1 manager is following the classical view of social responsibility and pursues shareholder s’interests whilefollowing all laws and regulations. At stage2.managers expand their responsibilities to another important stakehooder group—employees.because they will want to attract,keep and motivate good employees,stage2 managers will improve working conditions, expand employee job rights,increase job security and focus on human resource concerns.at stage3.managers expand their responsibilities to other stakeholders in the specific environment,primarily customers and suppliers. Social responsibility actions for these stakeholders might include fair prices,high-quality products and services,safe products, good supplier relations and similar actions.their philosophy is that they can meet their responsibilities to shareholders only by meeting the needs of these other stakeholders.finally, stage4 characterises the highest socioeconomic commitment.at this stage,managers feel a responsibility to society as a whole.they view their business as a public entity and feel it is important to advance the public good. The acceptance of such responsibility means that managers actively promote social justice, preserve the environment,and support social and cultural activites. They do these things even if such actions may negatively affect pare and contrast the ideas social obligation and social responsiveness.Social obligation is when a firm engages in social actions because of its obligation to meet certain economic and legal responsibilities.the organization does only what it is obligated to do,which indicates it is following the classical view of social responsibility;that is ,the business feels its only social duty is to its shareholders.in contrast to social obligation,however,both social responsiveness and social responsibility go beyond merely meeting basic economic and legal standards. Social responsiveness is when a firm engages in social actions in response to some popular social need.1.Top managers: .Managers at or near the top level of the organization who are responsible for making organization-wide decisions and establishing the goals and plans that affect the entire organization.2.Open systems:Systems that dynamically interact with their environment.3.Learning organizations:An organization that has developed the capacity to continuously learn,adapt and change.4.omnipotent view of management;The view that managers are directly responsible for an organisation’s success or failure.5.external environment:Those factors and forces outside the organization that affect the organisation’s performance.6.Multinational corporation:A broad term that refers to any and all types of international companies that maintain operations in multiple countries.7.Social responsibility:A business’s obligation,beyond that required by law or economics, to pursue long-term goals that are good for society.8.Rational decision making:Describes choices that are consistent and value maximizing within specific constraints.9.management by objectives (MBO):A process of setting mutually agreed-upon goals and using those goals to evaluate employee performance.10.cross-functional teams:A work team composed of individuals from various funcyional specialities.====Word行业资料分享--可编辑版本--双击可删====11.active listening:Listening for full meaning without marking premature judgments or interpretations.anizational development (OD):Techniques or programs to change people and the nature and quality of interpersonal work relationship.13.groupthink:A form of conformity in which group members feel extensive pressure to align their opinions with other s’ opinions.14.Formal communication:Communicate that follows the official chain of command or is required to do one’s job.源-于-网-络-收-集。
跨文化管理 Cross Cultural Management 英语作文
Cross Cultural Management >Cross-Cultural Management Essay:Cross-cultural management is the administration’s study to understand the influence of societal culture on managers and management practice and individual managers’ research and the organization’s cultural orientations. There are different length essays on cross-cultural management to guide you in exams, speeches and class projects. I hope you find them useful.Long and Short Essays on Cross-Cultural Management for Students and Kids in EnglishWe provide children and students with essay samples on a long essay of 500 words and a short essay of 150 words on the topic “Cross-Cultural Management” for reference.Short Essay on Cross-Cultural Management 150 Words in EnglishShort Essay on Cross-Cultural Management is usually given to classes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6.As the word suggests, Cross-cultural is studying the difference among people of different nations, backgrounds and ethnicities and the need to bridge the gap between them. According to the business terms, it means to build a gap in other culture employees at work. Globalization has taken over big and some small business houses, Cross-cultural management has become of vital importance.Studies show that employees taught to understand different cultures to have no trouble caused due to different backgrounds. The need to study and implement cross-culturalmanagement in business houses is due to the workforce’s diversity. As the market’s horizons are increasing the organizations to attain success and create goodwill in customer’s and employees’ eyes, they need to change management.The new age demands cross-cultural management. The various techniques followed are group activities, formal training about the culture difference, regular interaction with the employees—a defined set of rules and instructions to motivate the employees in the diversified environment. A team leader mustwork very hard and understand the employees to achieve the diversified firm to progress. The most significant benefit of a cross-cultural firm is the increase in the employees’ crea tivity and innovation and the products and ideas generated.Long Essay on Cross-Cultural Management 500 Words in EnglishLong Essay on Cross-Cultural Management is usually given to classes 7, 8, 9, and 10.Cross-cultural management is the management of the cross-culture differences among businesspeople of different nations and backgrounds. Cross-cultural training has improved an individual‘s relationships with host nationals and adjusts more rapidly to the new culture. The organization’s primary purpose of implementing cross-cultural management at all employees’ levels is to design a feasible organization structure and management mechanism.The crisis faced by a firm in implementing cross-cultural management are:1. The communication: The team leader’s problem is to explain different cultured people about each other and get them on the samepage. Teamwork needs all the employees to understand each other. Some cultures have various forms of working. Different cultured people should understand the environment outside the area of work. Sometimes to get to know each other, a brief understanding of culture is required as some cultures do not like small talks like Germans but straight business talks.2. Information Gaps: Everybody should have set goals and objectives clear to them. Helps in building confidence among the employees and avoids confusion. If the rules and regulations areclear, then no overlapping of tasks and hostility arises. Every work culture has a different pattern and speed of working, but the firm is fixed about how to communicate, then fewer chances of conflicts occur.3. Workstyle: All work cultures have different styles of work. Some prefer individual over group contribution while some are vice versa. If the team members understand the or ganisation’s work ethics and respect each other’s working style, achieving the desired results becomes more comfortable.4. Influences: Tensions can arise if two or three people in the same team with the same ideologies work in the same team. It is better to avoid such conflicts as regular team motivating, and other group activities initiated. Team members should be encouraged to spend time together to create trust and understanding amongst themselves. Team and group dynamics harmony is a must for progress.5. Motivation factors: As the firm has taken a step towards diversification. Similarly, they need to bring out unique and individual motivation factors for the diversified teams’ employees. Aunified motivational method used for the entire organization should not in diversified group perks and benefits motivate the employees better. Some individuals show better work spirits if appreciated individually, while some show better work skills if recognized as a group.ConclusionA unique opportunity is to manage a multi-cultured organization; the firms following it has created a brand image in international and national markets. Goodwill precedes the firm with a diverse culture, Creating creativity and innovations by the team’s employees. Asdifferent types of people will bring variety in the thought and beliefs of work, so monotonous or similarity is not a part of the group. The modern way to progress for a firm with multi-cultured talent is to tap it carefully and not miss out on the opportunity. Mostly a clear understanding and developing a straightforward way of communication is only needed to attain the common goals of progress.Cross-Cultural management 800 words in EnglishIntroductionCross-cultural management is the study in which people with different backgrounds and cultures work in the same firm. People with diversified cultures work together in harmony in an organization. There are various aspects to the concept as it is not easy to manage multicultural people.How to Manage a cross-cultural team programStatistically, a cross-cultural team performs 35% more efficient than a standard group. But to derive their best potential and tap on the best resources, the common link needs to be understood. Some managements are scared totake the risk of culturally diverse teams to hamper the industry’s outcome.Some ways to help in cross-cultural management among team membersTry to understand each member individually understand each member’s potential; it is essential to understand their skills and strengths individually before working with them. It will benefit you to steer the group better, but tapping a resource beneficial for the whole group is possible.1. Adopt flexibility: Two major areas in this sector are scheduling and decision making. Different cultures give importance to different values some are flexible, and some are linear time construct on finishing a project.2. Encourage communication: For greater efficiency; every member needs to voice their opinion. To not let any negative emotions build up as under pressure and not appreciated, members dominated by other team members or the management; it is vital to have an open conversation line. Ensure each members participation during the meeting, each andeveryone should be freely able to give the opinions.3. Motivate team-building activities: To build any relationship; it is essential to spend time together. The leader could plan special activities like happy hours, lunch, outings, team birthday parties and pantry chit chat. Communication should be encouraged during the downtime of the employee to help build stronger ties.4. Listen actively: It is essential to communicate and listen with an open mind and not form opinions based on prejudice in the office’s culture. Suppose a general notion is thereregarding a particular section’s performance in the office or the branch in another country. In that case, a good leader should try to understand that place’s work culture before forming an opinion.5. Structure of rules: It is vital to have a structured set of rules for team members to perform best to their ability. In a culturally diversified group, it becomes furthermore essential to have uniformity of norms to achieve success. While forming those rules, the cultural difference should be kept in mind.6. Resolve conflict immediately: A team leader should act as the cultural bridge between its team members and resolve any hostility directly. Waiting for long before resolving minor issues can end up into more significant issues. A team leader should be prompt in taking the decision and solving any problems.7. Create a cross-cultural awareness program: To understand different cultures of the people working together and the customers for whom the management is working. A general awareness program should be organised,including general greetings, business etiquettes and dining custom.Importance of Cross-Cultural ManagementA progressive organization to understand the need of the employees and the environment is working in diversity beliefs. As said by, Fred Luthans, ‘Diversity is the presence of members of different ages, genders, ethnic groups and educational background s in the organization.” There are people from different backgrounds in an organisation but with a common goal to achieve success, which is achieved only by cross-cultural management.1. Globalization: As more and more firms are reaching out to different countries. To understand the need of the employees working and the work environment in which the management has to work. It is vital to diversify the stream of employees in the firm to achieve success.2. Meet the competition: Diversity in the firm helps to meet the competition as the competitive market increases daily to cover higher skies and complete the match. Different people needed in the firm’s structure.3. Creativity at its best: People with same backgrounds tend to have similar ideas and relate to a problem similarly. In a diverse environment, people with different backgrounds come up with other ideas as they react differently in the same domain. The difference in the organization’s cultural climate leads to creativity development when people of different backgrounds get a healthy environment to work and respect each other. A place which encourages freedom of speech it nurtures creativity and innovation.4. Diverse market reaches: A company with a diverse environment can reach out to the better market of customers base and the needs of the everchanging market. Studies have shown that companies with diverse workforce end in higher production and better market grip. A brand image built because of the cross-cultural environment of the organization.Cross-Cultural Management ConclusionCross-cultural management is the need of all progressive organizations. An organization can maintain and achieve a diverse workforce by friendly policies like flextime, telecommuting, jobsharing, part-time job, and special care unit for small babies. However, it is not an easy job to train mindsets which have developed. To create a friendly environment among the vast cultural differences requires a set of rules and regulations following cultural differences in mind.a multicultural organization, a tolerant climate is needed.。
小学上册第16次英语第4单元综合卷
小学上册英语第4单元综合卷英语试题一、综合题(本题有100小题，每小题1分，共100分.每小题不选、错误，均不给分)1.They are _____ in the swimming pool. (swimming)2.I like to go ______ (骑自行车) along the river on weekends.3.Did you hear the _____ (小狗) barking at the mailman?4.The _______ (狗) loves to bark at mailmen.5.Cleopatra was the last active ruler of the ________ dynasty.6.We visit the ______ (动物园) to learn about different species.7.ration of Independence was signed in ________. The Decl8.The _____ (季节) changes affect how plants grow.9.What is the opposite of happy?A. SadB. JoyfulC. ExcitedD. Cheerful10. A dwarf planet is smaller than a ______ planet.11.The __________ (历史的情感共鸣) foster connections.12.Plants help to prevent ______ (土壤侵蚀) by holding the soil in place.13.What is the name of the famous composer known for his operas?A. Giuseppe VerdiB. Johann StraussC. Wolfgang Amadeus MozartD. Richard WagnerA14.My sister's birthday is in . (我妹妹的生日在。
组织学习与企业创新产出外文文献翻译中英文2020
外文文献翻译原文及译文（节选重点翻译）组织学习与企业创新产出外文文献翻译中英文文献出处：International Journal of Innovation Studies，Volume 4, Issue 1, March 2020, Pages 16-26译文字数：6000 多字英文Influence of organization learning on innovation output in manufacturingfirms in KenyaIsaac Gachanja, Stephen Nga’nga’, Lucy Kiganane AbstractKnowledge entrepreneurship is increasingly becoming important in driving innovation for high levels of competitiveness. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between Organization Learning (OL) and Innovation Output (IO) for improved performance in manufacturing firms in Kenya. The theoretical underpinnings on this study are the Schumpeter’s (1934) innovation theory of and the Gleick (1987) complexity theory. The methodology used was mixed method research because it provides a more holistic understanding of a thematic area. The research design that was used is cross-sectional design because it allows for making observations on different characteristics that exist within a group at a particular time. The target population was manufacturing firms across the country. Multi-stage sampling strategy was used to sample 303 respondents from 101 firms. Primary and secondary data were used to collect both qualitative and quantitative data. The questionnaire, interview schedule and a checklist of key informants were used to collect data. Content validity was used to ascertain the credibility of the research procedure and internal consistency techniquewas used to test for reliability. Correlation and linear regression were used to determine the relationship between OL and IO. Work disruptions were avoided by making prior arrangements and appointments. The findings indicate that OL has a significant influence on IO. It is recommended that lifelong learning, management support and risk tolerance should be encouraged to improve creativity. High creativity is important in raising the capacity to integrate internal and external knowledge for greater levels of IO. Further research should be carried out to find how customers and suppliers information can be utilized to enriched OL.Keywords: Organization learning, Innovation output, Competitiveness, Lifelong learning, Risk tolerance1. IntroductionInnovation utilizes knowledge which is important in raising creativity and capacity development for enterprise prosperity. Many countries have developed their National Innovation Systems (NIS) and have a comprehensive innovation policy framework, but most firms have not leveraged on these opportunities to raise their Innovation Output (IO). This has been contributed by the disjointed relationship between research institutions and industry. The situation has been brought about by multiplicity of new institutions that have become a barrier to knowledge sharing and thus firms are shying away from intense collaboration withresearch institutions and universities which has led to declining knowledge absorption, creation and diffusion which are key components of innovation performance (Cornell University, INSEAD & WIPO, 2015). The situation can be addressed by rallying firms to develop their knowledge capacities by focusing on Organization Learning (OL) for greater IO.Previous researchers have not managed to unravel the puzzle of how to transform knowledge into innovation output that improves competitiveness in the manufacturing sector. This has been partly attributed to by the failure of incorporating local knowledge in the innovation process (Sambuli & Whitt, 2017). The complexity of blending internal and external knowledge and reconfiguring new insight for greater innovation has also not been adequately addressed in Kenya. Furthermore, the linkages within the innovation system are weak and the manufacturing sector has the highest abandoned innovation activities at about 40% (Ongwae, Mukulu, & Odhiambo, 2013). The quagmire of striking a balance between sharing knowledge, guarding against knowledge leakages, diffusion of tension and mistrust that emanates from the competition while interacting with the NIS to improve IO has not been resolved. The study will attempt to address these gaps by investigating the influence of OL on IO.The objective of the study is therefore to examine the influence ofOL on IO in manufacturing firms in Kenya. The null hypothesis is that OL has no significant influence on IO in manufacturing firms in Kenya while the alternative hypothesis is that OL has a significant influence on IO. The hypothesis will be subjected for a test. The study will contribute to the value of OL on the firms’ competitiveness. It will provide insights on how firms can blend internal and external knowledge in the process of OL to improve IO which contributes to their competitive advantage.2. Literature reviewThis section begins with review of previous empirical work on OL and IO. Theoretical underpinnings are then discussed leading to a development of conceptual framework.2.1. Innovation outputInnovation output is the end product of an innovation activity. The end products of innovation are; new products, new process, new enterprise and new markets. Andreeva and Kianto (2011) believe that IO is the degree to which enterprises develop novelty in terms of processes, management and marketing. Innovation output can therefore be defined as the increase in novel products, creative processes, and development of new ventures and discovery of new markets.Innovation output depicts the result of an innovation effort. It can be measured as the summation of increased new products as a result of innovation, patents acquired, new innovation process and uniqueenterprises created to cater for innovation activities. Innovation output can be enhanced by improving the innovation capacity of a firm.Innovation capacity is paramount in realizing and identifying the need for change, thus leading to new ideas. It provides the capability of seizing up opportunities (Teece, 2009) leading into a new business configuration which helps in attaining and maintaining high competitive levels (Saenz & Perez-Bouvier, 2014). Innovation capacity can be optimized through OL which leads to continuous improvement in firm performance particularly in the manufacturing sector. Manufacturing firms are faced with myriad of challenges such as; the ever-changing taste and preferences of customers, rapid change in technology, increasing competitions, dynamic operating environment and changing global trends. This calls for OL for firms to adequately navigate in the turbulence.2.2. Organization LearningOrganization Learning is one of the key aspects of knowledge entrepreneurship which is crucial in determining innovation output. Desai (2010) defined OL as the process of acquiring, absorbing, sharing, modifying and transferring knowledge within an entity. The context in which OL is used in this study is a mechanism for discovering new ways of improving operations through knowledge acquisition, absorption, sharing and transfer for improved performance. The salient feature that distinguishes OL from learning organization is its diversity andextensiveness. This forms the bases of generating internal knowledge that is peculiar to an Organization.The capacities developed in OL provide an opportunity for the integration of internal and external knowledge. This requires collective input and knowledge sharing (Granerud & Rocha, 2011). Organization learning therefore involves development of internal knowledge capacities that integrates external knowledge from other organizations within and without the sector. This is beneficial to the firm because it allows continuous improvement, adaptability and value addition Granerud and Rocha (2011) argues that OL is the foundation from which the base of improved practices is laid.Organization Learning can be measured in different ways. Jain and Moreno (2015) posited that the factors attributing to OL are; collaboration, teamwork, performance management, autonomy and freedom, reward, recognition and achievement orientation. The Global Innovation Index utilizes Knowledge absorption, creation, impact and diffusion which can be measured by the level of royalties, patents, number of new firms, royalties and license fees receipts or web presence respectively in measuring OL (Cornell University, INSEAD & WIPO, 2016). Tohidi and Jabbari (2012) believe that the strategic elements of OL are experimentation, knowledge transfer, developing learning capacity, teamwork and problem-solving. Chiva and Alegre (2007) are ofthe opinion that development of learning capacity can be enhanced by empowerment to generate new ideas, managerial commitment to support creativity, continued learning, openness and interaction with external environment and risk tolerance.The study thus adopted and improved on the measures of OL used by Chiva and Alegre (2007) and Tohidi and Jabbari (2012) because the parameters are more comprehensive in measuring OL. This was done by incorporating openness and knowledge integration on OL. The measures that were used to measure OL in this study are therefore; liberty of experiment, empowerment to generate new ideas, managerial commitment to support creativity, knowledge transfer and integration, openness and interaction with external environment, continued learning and risk tolerance.Nevertheless, absorptive capacity is important in OL because it improves the ability of the human resource within the firm to acquire and assimilate new and external knowledge for improved performance. Supportive Learning Environment (SLE) increases the absorptive capacity of the firm thus enhancing OL while a turbulent learning environment lowers the OL (Cohen & Levinthal, 1990). The SLE therefore moderates the influence of OL on IO. The SLE provides a conducive atmosphere for employee to engage each other and with the management freely and constructively which may lead to review of firmsoperations and processes (Garvin, Edmondson, & Gino, 2008).The appropriate SLE promotes OL and enhances the innovative ability of a firm. The parameters for measuring SLE are availability of accelerators and incubators, trade organization support and business services (Majava, Leviakangas, Kinnumen, Kess, & Foit, 2016). These parameters facilitates dynamic networking within an economy and accelerates technological spill over which is important in boastering innovation.2.3. Relationship between organization leaning and innovation outputThere have been several attempts to highlight the relationship between OL and IO. To begin with, Hung, Lien, Yang, Wu, and Kuo (2011) found that an analysis of OL and IO model showed the goodness of fit and a significantly positive relationship, thus promoting a culture of sharing and trust which is necessary for enterprise success. However, there is a gap in linking learning process and IO in empirical studies (Lau & Lo, 2015). The study addressed this gap by demonstrating the aspects of OL that influences IO and which do not. Calisir, Gumussoy, and Guzelsov (2013) found that open-mindedness in OL has a positive association with innovation output. Open-mindedness is one of the measures of OL which is incorporated in this study as openness. Zhou, Hu, and Shi (2015) found that OL significantly influences innovationoutput. Furthermore, Ghasemzadeh, Nazari, Farzaneh, and Mehralian (2019) found a significant influence of OL on IO. This study replicated those studies in manufacturing firms in Kenya. The study was anchored on two theories.2.4. Theoretical underpinningsThe first theory that is relevant in this study is Schumpeter’s (1934) theory of innovation. The theory is of the view that the transformation of the economy comes through innovations which bring about creative destructions which lead to improved performance. The dimensions of this theory are the creation of novelties which includes new products, new process, new enterprises, new raw materials and new markets. However, the theory failed to address the required organizational capacity to innovate. This necessitated the adoption of a theory that has a more holistic approach and takes cognizant of the OL as an input in the innovation process. This can be addressed by interrogation of complexity theory.The second theory that is related to this study is Gleick (1987) complexity theory. The theory recognizes the intricacies involved in developing innovation capacity. It advocates for an emergent learning that transcends from the industrial era to the knowledge era that produces ideas that provide complex interplay of different interactions. The complex interactions of internal and external knowledge bring about OLwhich is crucial in enhancing IO. This led to the development of a conceptual framework.3. MethodologyCross-sectional design was used because it helps in making observations on characteristics that exist within a group. The target population was 828 manufacturing firms. The sampling frame was the listed companies in Kenya Association of Manufacturer as of 2018.The multi-stage sampling strategy was used. Purposive sampling was used select the major industrial counties in Kenya. Random sampling was then applied to sample 101 firms from the major industrial counties according to their proportionate representation in terms of location and sub-sector. Purposive sampling was later used to select 3 respondents who were from the sampled 101 firms. The respondents comprised of section heads from operations, marketing and innovation. The total sample size of the respondent was therefore 303. Primary and secondary data were used to collect both qualitative and quantitative data. The questionnaire with Likert scale items o OL and IO, interview schedule and a checklist of key informants were used to collect data.The items which could have had a VIF of more than 10 could be deleted since that is the recommended upper limit (Creswell, 2014), but in this case no item was deleted since the VIF were less than 10. This test was important in authenticating the findings.Validity of the data collected was tested through content validity method. This is where the criteria used to access quality regarding the procedure and results to enhance credibility, transferability, dependability and conformability was addressed by constructing the measuring scale in line with the literature and pre-testing the research instruments during piloting. The questionnaire was designed in line with the constructs and parameters of OL and IO as brought out in literature review.4. Results and discussionsThis implies more new products were manufactured as opposed to other forms of novelty. This means that the general form of innovation in manufacturing firms in Kenya is the creation of new products relative to other forms of innovations such as new processes and enterprises. However, the maximum number of new product was 13 while those that were patented were only 5. It means that majority of new products were not patented. Manufacturing firms should therefore strive to register their patent rights to avoid escalation of counterfeits.The notable new products brought about by innovation were; nitrocellulose paints, hydro-pool, computerized painting machines, nova legs, sodium hypo-chloride, Clorox bleach, adjustable pallet racking and castellated beam for constructing cranes. New products had also a higher standard deviation as compared to other forms of novelty. This implies that there was a widespread of new products created within themanufacturing firms hence a low level of uniformity in new products created and thus a low degree of homogeneity across the firms.This implies that there were innovation activities that generated innovation output. It means that the outcome of innovation activities was observable and can be quantified. The standard deviation of 6.2 implies that there was a widespread within the manufacturing firms. This means that there was a low level of uniformity in innovation output across manufacturing firms and thus a low degree of homogeneity in the sample.This implies that there were more novelties created in the plastics and rubber sub-sector than any other. It means that on average, there were more new products, patents, new process and new enterprises created in the textile and apparels sub-sector. The highest standard deviation of 7.250 was recorded in vehicle assemblers and accessories sub-sector. This implies that the spread of novelties was widest in vehicle assemblers and accessories than other sub-sectors. This means that there was a high variety of IO produced and thus a low level of uniformity in novelties in vehicle assemblers and accessories sub-sector and thus low degree of homogeneity.The highest innovation output in the plastics and rubber sub-sector implies that the sector has more innovation activities as compared to other sub-sector, but innovation efforts were concentrated more on new products. The highest innovation intensity in the food and beverages sub-sector means that there were concerted innovation efforts that were spread across the four novelties and thus diversified IO. This is important because diversified innovation mitigates the risk of over reliance on single or few innovations that may that can be rendered absolute with emergence of other superior innovations.The study has thus established that OL has a significant influence on IO in manufacturing firms in Kenya. Manufacturing firms should, therefore, inculcate a culture of OL for grater IO for improved competitiveness. The findings are consistent with those of Hung et al. (2011) who found that OL have a significant influence on IO. Manufacturing firms should, therefore, embrace OL for utilization of scarce resources to provide value and provide society solutions sustainably. The findings are also in tandem with those Of Calisir et al. (2013) who found that firms with an Organizational practice that promote OL have higher value and IO levels. Higher IO is an indicator that a firm is generating novelties according to the changing needs of the market and hence the likelihood of being competitive leading to improved performance. The findings also concur with those of Hofstetter and Harpez (2015) who found that OL has an immense influence on firm’s IO. Increased IO can lead to improved competitiveness of a firm within the industry, in the economy, the region and the global market. The findings are also in line with Cassiman and Veugelers (2006); Chen,Vanhaverbeke, and Du (2016); Radicic and Balavac (2019); Antonelli & Fassio, 2016 who found that internal and external learning has a positive influence on IO. It is therefore imperative that OL is promoted in the manufacturing sector in Kenya for greater outcomes in IO for enhanced competitiveness locally and internationally.5. Conclusions and recommendationsIt is concluded that the various aspects of OL which include; liberty of experimentation, empowerment to generate new ideas, managerial commitment to support creativity, risk tolerance, knowledge transfer and integration, openness and interaction with the external environment and continuous learning contributes to development of new products, patents acquired, new process and new enterprises. It is also observed that SLE has a significant moderating effect between OL and IO.Management in manufacturing sector should, therefore, nurture and encourage OL for greater IO. Leaders in manufacturing firms should provide freedom to their employees to come up with new ideas and support them to try them out while at the same time be patient to accommodate failures that come with trials. They should also be receptive to divergent viewpoints, encourage problem solving and knowledge transfer. Leaders in manufacturing firms should also set up a robust Research and Development (R&D) by developing the policies that will enhance assimilation of external with internal knowledge for highercapacity to innovate. Policy makers and other relevant stakeholders such as government agencies, research institutions and investor lobby groups and associations should work jointly to address the bottlenecks in SLE.The study enriches the theoretical understanding of how OL influences IO by contributing to new knowledge on how manufacturing firms can improve their competitiveness in Kenya and other parts of sub Saharan Africa.It is recommended that lifelong learning should be encouraged because it improves creativity and develops the capacity to integrate internal and external knowledge which increases the level of IO. Management should also create an enabling culture for promoting creativity and risk tolerance to enhance IO. Manufacturing firms in Kenya should also set clear policies on R&D to enhance OL for increased innovation activities and thus higher IO.Further research should be carried to determine ways in which customers and suppliers information can be utilized to enrich OL. Customers and suppliers are major stakeholders in manufacturing firms. Their input in OL is essential in improving the IO. Further study should also be carried out to examine how networking influences IO. The challenges of mitigating the risks that comes with experimentation and failure tolerance is also a futile ground for further study.组织学习对肯尼亚制造业公司创新产出的影响艾萨克·加尚嘉，史蒂芬·纳加，露西·基加纳摘要知识企业家精神对于推动创新以提高竞争力具有越来越重要的作用。
RESEARCH ON THE CONSTRUCTION AND
The 6th Balkan Region Conference on Engineering and Business Education & The 5th International Conference on Engineering and Business Education & The 4th International Conference on Innovation and EntrepreneurshipSibiu,Romania, October, 18th – 21st, 2012RESEARCH ON THE CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATION MODE OF COLLEGE STUDENT ENTREPRENEURSHIP ALLIANCE – TAKING HEBEI PROVINCE ASAN EXAMPLEBo, Liang 1 Ke, Zhang 2 and Baihua, Li 31 Shijiazhuang University of Economics, Shijiazhuang, China, liangbo2007@2 Shijiazhuang University of Economics, Shijiazhuang, China, 178980128@3 Shijiazhuang University of Economics, Shijiazhuang, China, 1029549936@ABSTRACT: The construction and good operation of college student entrepreneurship organizations play an important role in the cultivation of college student entrepreneurship awareness and the improvement of college student entrepreneurship ability and success rate. This paper summarizes the factors restricting student entrepreneurship and proposes the suggestion of constructing student entrepreneurship alliance based on the analysis of the education and the current operation status of entrepreneurship organizations in Hebei Province. With the idea of “Promoting employment by entrepreneurship to realize social entrepreneurship” and the target of “Improving college student entrepreneurship success rate”, college student entrepreneurship alliance integrates multi social resources with the involvement of the government, society, enterprises and colleges. The operation of the alliance is divided into education stage, incubation stage and marketing operation stage. By the three stages’ cultivation to college students, it plays a positive role in aspects such as the participation of college education and social education, the promotion of entrepreneurship education development and college student entrepreneurship success rate and district economic development.Key words: entrepreneurship organizations, college students, entrepreneurship alliance, success rate1.THE CURRENT DEVELOPMENT STATUSOF COLLEGE STUDENTENTREPRENEURSHIP ORGANIZATIONS With the nationwide spring up of college student entrepreneurship organizations and their promotion to local college student entrepreneurship and local economic development, college student entrepreneurship issue has attracted the attention of Hebei Province, and different kinds of entrepreneurship organizations have been established and developed in the recent years. By our research, college student entrepreneurship organizations in Hebei Province could be divided into two types based on the establishment subjects. One type is college student entrepreneurship incubation bases established by colleges. The other type is organizations aimed at helping college student with entrepreneurship which were established by the government, folk organizations or enterprises. Among them there’re 14 established by the colleges and several tens established by the government and other social organizations, and some of them are entity organizations providing funding and sites, some are network platforms promoting entrepreneurship education and training. Based on the statistics, there’re more than 40,000 college students applying entrepreneurship guidance in college entrepreneurship organizations every year, the current entrepreneurship organizations make some effect on entrepreneurship activities, but it’s not very evident. Based on the statistics, the success rate of college student entrepreneurship in Hebei Province is only 0.3%. Each organization puts forward to provide the support such as the funding, technology and sites to the initial stage of college student entrepreneurship. However, due to the difference of organization properties, conditions and the asymmetry of the information and resources, their guidance effects are different. 2.THE EXISTING PROBLEMS OFCOLLEGE STUDENTENTREPRENEURSHIP ORGANIZATIONS 2.1.The imperfection of entrepreneurship coursesystem and the manpower insufficiency of theteachersCollege student entrepreneurship organizations partly provide entrepreneurship education relevant training, but there’re many shortages in the course system and the teacher manpower. What’s worse, quite a part of entrepreneurship organizations don’t supply any entrepreneurship training at all. The main problems existing in training providing organizations are: They don’t have a complete entrepreneurship education course system but simply provide counsels in aspects such as management, financing and policies. Besides, they don’t have professional training teachers guaranteeing the teaching level. Although some organizations refer to international entrepreneurship training system like KAB and SYB and have a relative complete course system, there’re still many problems with the teachers’ number, teaching level and the implement of the course system.2.2.The imperfection of the entrepreneurshipincubation modeIn our country, the entrepreneurship incubation bases usually give general supports to college student entrepreneurship in some main aspects including infrastructure, technology, training, policies and financing. As to the entrepreneurship organizations in Hebei Province, although they providesupports in these aspects, there’re still some problems with the comprehensiveness and systematicness which mainly show as: The resource range is too small, the entrepreneurship education form is too foundational, the entrepreneurship training is lack of pertinence and operability, the service system covering from entrepreneurship education to entrepreneurship incubation is not completely provided, and it doesn’t make the organic combination of college education and social education, etc. Besides, with different establishing subjects and developing directions, these organizations don’t have complete operation mode and entrepreneurship incubation mode, so they don’t really solve the key issues such as program, funding, and experience. Therefore, the incubation result is not very evidentwith few entrepreneurship programs settling in the bases and little successful incubation cases. 2.3. The asymmetry of information and the non-sharing of resources Different establishing subjects of college student entrepreneurship organizations lead to the difference of theresources and information among different entrepreneurship organizations. There’s a lack of efficient communicating and exchanging platforms, so each organization could use only what it possesses to assist college student entrepreneurship. This asymmetry of information and monopolization of resources directly influences the development of college student entrepreneurship organizations and the support to the entrepreneurship activities in Hebei Province, so it becomes a significant issue in the current stage that how to solve the asymmetry of information and the non-sharing of resources among different organizations. 2.4. The imperfection of entrepreneurshipenvironment The entrepreneurship environment is relatively bad in HebeiProvince. The social entrepreneurship cultural atmosphere isfrail, and the entrepreneurship activities don’t get the supportand the acknowledgement from the society and families.Besides, college students are lack of entrepreneurship knowledge and experience which lead to the low success rateand high risks. What’s worse, the enterprises don’t pay muchattention to college student entrepreneurship and the assistancecollege students get from social organizations is limited, whichlead to their failure in the society. Therefore, it’s necessary tostart with the support and encouragement of the government toestablish different kinds of social organizations, and to optimize and distribute the resources, so as to build the environment suitable to the survival and development of college student entrepreneurship and to realize the successful entrepreneurship.3. THE ESTABLISHMENT OF COLLEGE STUDENT ENTREPRENEURSHIP ALLIANCEWith the comprehensive analysis of the rapid increase of employment stress and low success rate of college student entrepreneurship, the imperfection of entrepreneurship education system and the entrepreneurship incubation mode,the lack of social resources supports and the unsatisfactory of current status of resource integration in Hebei Province, theauthor considers to transform the operation mode of existingentrepreneurship organizations, with the cooperation of all andthe benefit to all, establishing a new style of college student entrepreneurship organization in Hebei Province—Collegestudent entrepreneurship Alliance of Hebei Province. The college student entrepreneurship alliance is a NGO which is led by the labor employment security bureau, the communist youth league and the employment guidance center of Hebei Province, and it was established with the participation of colleges and enterprises in Hebei Province. With the idea of ”Promoting employment by entrepreneurship to finally realize social entrepreneurship” and the spirit of “Serving college students, instructing college student entrepreneurship, and developing college student entrepreneurship awareness and skills” and the propose of “optimizing entrepreneurship environment and increasing college student entrepreneurshipsuccess rate”, the alliance integrates different local resources ofthe government, society, enterprises and colleges and mixesentrepreneurship theory,experience education, entrepreneurshipskills training, entrepreneurship practice operation together to a multifunction entrepreneurship education system. With two modes of entrepreneurship mode and entrepreneurship incubation mode, it develops college student entrepreneurship abilities and spirits to finally improve their entrepreneurshipsuccess rate so as to really realize efficient resources integration and utilization to promote the development of entrepreneurship education, the connection of school education and social education, and local college student entrepreneurship success rate, then finally to promote the development of local technology and economy to realize the favorable situation of all-winning. Multiple Resources IntegrationRealizing All-winningFigure 1. The establishing scheme of college student entrepreneurship alliance Large4.THE OPERATION MODE OF COLLEGE STUDENT ENTREPRENEURSHIP ALLIANCEFigure 2.The operation mode of college student entrepreneurship allianceThe operation of college student entrepreneurship alliance is mainly divided into 3 stages, i.e. entrepreneurship education stage, entrepreneurship incubation stage and entrepreneurship program marketing operation stage. Thereinto, entrepreneurship education stage is mainly finished in the colleges, entrepreneurship incubation stage is finished in the incubation bases, and entrepreneurship program marketing operation stage is a stage in which entrepreneurship programs secede the incubation and proceed marketing operation.4.1.Entrepreneurship education stage4.1.1.Theory educationThe alliance establishes an excellent entrepreneurship teacher team whose teachers are with entrepreneurship education research experience from different colleges of Hebei Province together to teach college students entrepreneurship relevant theory knowledge. Besides, it hires first-line managers with social practical experience from enterprises and public institutions as the visiting lecturers to teach students entrepreneurship practical experience, which is complementary with the theory teaching. What’s more, it hires experts in entrepreneurship education field from society to research issues about teaching system and course arrangement, etc. Thus it forms the team with 1/3 college teachers, 1/3 practical experienced managers from enterprises and public institutions and 1/3 entrepreneurship education experts to make tour teaching in colleges in Hebei Province to improve the theory teaching qualityOn the other hand, the alliance Optimizes entrepreneurship course system. Based on its inherent law, the aim of entrepreneurship teaching course should be the education in aspects of knowledge, ability and spirit. Alliance’s audiences in the first stage are the whole college students in Hebei Province, and its course mainly stresses on the guidance of entrepreneurship awareness, the education of entrepreneurship spirit and the teaching of foundational entrepreneurship knowledge. The members who pass the selection to enter the incubation bases will receive further entrepreneurship education and training in the later stage. The course includes enterprise management, risk investment, finance foundation and market survey methods.4.1.2.Practice educationIn the meantime of theory education, each college shall pay attention to the practice and applications of the theory, such as carrying out entrepreneurship relevant competitions or actively organizing the students to participate in existing national competitions like "The Challenge Cup" national college student business plan competition, "The Challenge Cup" national university student extracurricular academic science and technology work competition, National college student mathematical modeling competition and ERP sand table simulation competition, etc. Constructing the practice platform of theory based on entrepreneurship relevant competitions to let students acquire simulative entrepreneurship experience, learn and accumulate entrepreneurship knowledge, develop entrepreneurship ability, and practise the abilities of teamwork, communication, expression, organization and management. Through the analysis of entrepreneurship surroundings in Hebei Province, we found that most students don’t have social practice experience. To solve this problem, the alliance strengthens the cooperation between colleges and enterprises, colleges and the government, colleges and social folk organizations to realize their interaction, so as to provide favorable practice environment. At the same time, it also strengthens the construction and completion of the internship bases and the entrepreneurship practice bases, carries out professional skill training specifically, and organizes special social practice activities.4.2.Entrepreneurship incubation stageThe alliance establishes entrepreneurship incubation bases. The bases decrease the risk and cost of newly-established enterprises and increase their survival rate and success rate by providing sites for the research, production and operation, and sharing equipments for communication, network and office work, and systematic training and consulation of policy and law, and the financing and marketing promotion.4.2.1.Entrepreneurship trainingFor college students who have finished entrepreneurship education training by the alliance already, if they pass the selection and possess basic quality and ability that entrepreneurship need, they could enter the training bases in entrepreneurship incubation bases to get the training. The training bases help them organize their entrepreneurship plans, evaluate entrepreneurship programs, raise entrepreneurship funding, and arrange their enterprise operation. The bases satisfy the graduates’ entrepreneurship accumulation by entrepreneurship internship.4.2.2.Program recommendationBy the forms of “Collecting from the basic layers, the society, the internet and enterprises”, etc, the alliance recommends a certain number of entrepreneurship programs with low investment, fast effect and good market prospect, and conducts program exhibition activities in colleges, entrepreneurship internship bases and entrepreneurship incubation bases.4.2.3.Entrepreneurship incubationThe alliance integrates resources actively and establishes a comprehensive, cascaded entrepreneurship incubation service system for college graduates in different stages. Based on entrepreneurship incubation bases and business areas of each district, it makes local employment of business type entrepreneurship graduates come true. The alliance utilizes existing conditions like college science parks, software parks, industry parks, the researching, studying and production bases, engineering centers, key labs and training centers to help students conduct entrepreneurship practice.4.2.4.Entrepreneurship guidanceThe alliance hires successful entrepreneurs, experts, researchers and the government department staff widely to provide entrepreneurship consulation service. And it establishes and completes college graduate entrepreneurship tutor regulation, and organizes and establishes college graduate entrepreneurship tutor team and expert volunteer team to provide consulation, information and individual tutorship to graduates’ entrepreneurship. It also establishes college graduate entrepreneurship club and entrepreneurship sodality to build entrepreneurship communicating platforms to the graduates.Meanwhile, based on the specific condition of each entrepreneurship program, the alliance sets the incubation period, evaluating the incubating programs every year. To the programs with full incubation period and qualified evaluation, they could leave the incubation bases to operate independently in principle, thus it decreases the risk and increases the success rate to the further.4.3.Marketing operation stageThe programs with full incubation period and qualified evaluation could choose either to enter the market independently, or to attach themselves to base enterprises. They could also enter the market in other modes. After the enterprises gain profits, they’ll pay the incubation fees of the programs back to the incubation bases. They could also give some return to the bases if they’re able to, so as to guarantee the regular operation of bases’ finance. At the same time, the incubation programs could also choose not to enter the market and go on with their completion or reserve them without any further development. But if so, they must report the specifications to get the bases’ permission.5.REFERENCES1.Zheng Bingzhang. Entrepreneurial Management. ChinaPublishing Group Modern Education Press.Beijing.2011(1).2.Liang Bo, Zheng Bingzhang. The Research of Create aNew College Student Entrepreneurship Alliance in HebeiProvince. Management of agriculture science and technology.Hebei. 2009(12):303-304.3.Zheng Bingzhang,Zhu Yankong ect. EntrepreneurshipResearch - entrepreneurial opportunity discovery, identification and evaluation. Beijing Instiute of Technology Press.Beijing. 2009(12)4.Lei Jiasu. Our country university entrepreneurshipeducation present situation and should make adjustments.Science and China Youth Technology. Beijing. 2011(1):15-185.Chen Jin，Wang Haobai. Social entrepreneurship andsocial entrepreneurs in the concept and research perspective. Foreign Economics & Management.Shanghai.2007(8):10-16.Zhang Jingan. Incubator of China science and technologyenterprise. Scientific and Technical Documentation Press.Shanghai. 2001.7.Li Xinke. Research of enterprise incubator building anddevelopment. Chongqing University. Chongqing.2002.8.Wang ande，Zhang jingan. Study on enterprise innovationand incubation. Fudan University Press. Shanghai.2000. 9.Chen jin. Research on operation mode of science andtechnology Park of Chinese University. R&D Management. Shanghai.2001.10.Cai Li，Cui Qiguo，Shi lin. Study of framework forentrepreneurship environment. Jilin University Journal Social Sciences Edition. Jilin. 2007(07): 50—56.。
英文文献及翻译：基于互联网的可靠性信息系统
英文资料翻译The Reliability of Internet-Based Information SystemSummary of papers foc used on the reliability of the information system w ith the w ide area network and server struc ture development. Existing customers of the system and an amendment to the transformation server HTTP task to perform analysis and advanc ed graphics. At the same time, the artic le is also on the global information network and the tec hnical bac kground, as w ell as, c lient / server systems analysis explained. With systems development, design engineers and reliability analysts c an more quickly and easily on an analysis of the reliability of the system. Keywords: information system, WWW, c lient / server architecture, the reliability of 1. The introduc tion of information systems have a w ide range of practical applic ation, it can be useful for the judge to make a dec isive strategy. Is generally believed that the information system is built on the model of the organizational struc ture of a partic ular data flow. In reliability engineering, researchers in the access and data analysis w ill be some diffic ulties. The system development proc ess is the accumulation of data from the majority of analysts to obtain the reliability. In the component data, computer failure rate for eac h component, the applic ation-spec ific data (for example, the importanc e of the applic ation, function of the number of pins, and so on.) Developers for the design of the system are very important in terms of . Institutions in the organization, client / server arc hitecture has been integrated as a good way of computer data. With the traditional focus on the computer environment, the c lient / server environment, users share data, applic ations, are easier to deal w ith the process [1]. Ability to work depends on the balanc e of the applic ation of c lient / server system, an important role.Support the development of the Internet as an interactive data display and distribution of the means of transmission. Internet c lient and server interaction in the standardization of information was a great success. Similarly, in the development of c lient and server software or netw ork protocol, if not require spec ial resourc es, Internet-based system c an quickly create.In this chapter, we explained the Internet-based and c lient / server tec hnology to achieve the reliability of information systems. Chapter II provides an overview of c lient / server computing in response to the Internet. Chapter III describes the reliability of information systems implementation details, and Chapter IV of further study w ere summarized and disc ussed.2. Internet and c lient / server architectureClient / server struc ture of the relationship betw een the tw o proc esses c an be said to be running a number of tasks in c ooperation. It supports the integrity of information sy stems and scalability [2]. Lyu (1995) demonstrated that the c lient / server structure of the four advantages: cost reduction, productivity improvement, system life cyc le availability of a longer and better. Therefore, c lient / server system architec ture is c onsidered a viable struc ture of information systems.With the development of the Internet to achieve c lient / server structure of the simplest possible way out is the task of the c lient softw are is displayed and the format of the information obtained from the server using a w eb browser. Many bibliographic retrieval system is the typical example. In a web browser as a c lient acc ess to an existing c lient / server platform, only a c lass of system code (HTML and help code) need to maintain.But for other systems, the c lient software on behalf of the server in the implementation of additional tasks or users, the c o-ordination mechanisms need a w eb browser-based c lient to run these jobs. A typic al solution is to use the Common Gatew ay Interfac e (CGI) program. How ever, due to various reasons, this approach is not satisfactory.. In a CGI-based system, all are usually handled by the c lient task must be simulated by the CGI program. Increase the burden on the server. Another from the standard Internet browser acces s to c lient / server applic ations is invented by the Dossick and Kaiser [3]. They have put forward a HTTP proxy to c onnect to the existing c lient / server netw ork system. HTTP proxy to intercept HTTP requests for data and use the original set of requests for their transfer to thesourc e system.The use of APIs is similar to Netsc ape's embedded browser-spec ific tools to create c lient / server system, browser-based c lient is feasible. How ever, the use of suc h APIs generated by the Web-based c lient software to limit the use of a proprietary platform, as well as a dedic ated w eb browser. Unnecessary restric tions w hic h offset a lot of c lients to create Web-based benefits.3. SystemElec tronics and Telecommunic ations Researc h Institute (ETRI) has developed ERIS is called the reliability of information systems. It c an be synthesized using a computer system failure rate and reliability of the calc ulation [4]. ERIS c lients inc lude procedures by the two neutral c omponents, they are different hardw are platforms: workstations and personal computers. Not familiar w ith the UNIX environment, users w ill be inconvenient to use.Needs to be noted that the reliability of software tools made by Birolini. In order to bec ome useful to the user softw are, as opposed to ot her requirements, a large enough database is very important. In stand-alone environment, the user c an have an independent data storage. This w ill be a waste of c omputer resourc es and time. Most existing tools are independent, to share data betw een users inc onvenient. Based on the above in the ERIS test requirements and the views c ollec ted, w e set the follow ing elements:- Friendly user interfac e: man-machine interface for the effective handling large amounts of data is very important. At the same time, his understanding of the results of the analysis is very helpful.- Openness: information servic es must be w idely used. Open the same end-users in the reliability of the information can be used in the c lient easy access to other applic ations.- Data sharing: Onc e part of the data into the DBMS, then this data should be shared by other users.- User Management: User information is stored c an effectively deal w ith the increase in users.- Sec urity: safe design must be appropriate to consider the design data in order to prevent the outside world open. Only those w ith only the c orrect user identific ation number (ID) and password of the user to enter the database server.Based on the above-mentioned requirements, ERIS functions of the development of the follow ing. The system is divided into the follow ing two categories: user / database management and reliability analysis.We are a c ombination of methods to connec t to the Internet as well as the source c lient / server structure of the development of ERIS. Web br owser in the display and formatting information can be used effectively for all users. Web browser management concepts used for ERIS. ERIS allows management through the user's web browser applic ation. Home users can apply for ERIS through the use of ID. Onc e his / her registration ID in the user database, he / she can be in any place to download the c lient program ERIS.ERIS's the realization of c lient similar to Windows program. Conduc ive to the server through the c lient to deal w ith the original func tion-spec ific applications. They have a better and easy to store a user-friendly interfac e, in order to merge the reliability of learning, provide them w ith a good query to the design process. Server process and c lient processes is in line w ith the TCP / IP pr otocol standard data requirements. ERIS provides me w ith Internet and c lient / server architecture of the c omposite structure. CGI and COM servers have two proc esses. CGI solution components from a w eb browser c lient to issue the HTTP request and return the corresponding results. COM is to manage the process of data link request. There is a temporary database error filter components and user information. Only authenticated users and the information data c an be registered.UNIX server operating system is the use of workstations, the c lient is the PC. Informix database management system used to manage users and data. Server proc ess through the ESQL / C language. Client through the MS Visual C + + and Delphi development tools for development.4. Conc lusionERIS is to design engineers and reliability analysts w idely used development system.Succession through a combination of Internet and c lient / server structure of the concept, we have the sc ope in the design of the engine, set up quic kly to understand the reliability of the design environment. Through the use of the Internet, the distribution of time to install a tool to reduc e a lot than before. ERIS also via the Internet to provide servic es to other organizations. Internet tec hnology development and w ill stimulate popular Internet-based system to the traditional c lient / server system changes.基于互联网的可靠性信息系统论文主要讨论的是信息可靠性系统随着广域网和服务器构造的发展。
伦理行为中英文对照外文翻译文献
伦理行为中英文对照外文翻译文献伦理行为中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)外文翻译之一Ethical Leadership and Reputation: Combined Indirect Effects on Organizational DevianceAbstractThe interest in ethical leadership has grown in the past few years, with an emphasis on the mechanisms through which it affects organizational life. However, research on the boundary conditions that limit and/or enhance its effectiveness is still scarce, especially concerning one of the main misconceptions about ethical leadership, its incompatibility with effectiveness (Brown, Organ Dyn 36:140–155, 2007). Thus, the present study (a) examines the relationship between ethical leadership and organizational deviance via affective commitment to the organization, as a reflection of the quality of the employee–organization relationship and (b) proposes this relationship is conditional on the supervisor’s personal reputation for performance (i.e., the moral standards are coupled with work effectiveness). Using a sample of 224 employees and their respective supervisors from 18 organizations, we confirmed our hypotheses (moderated mediation model). Our findings suggest that ethical leadership is positively related to employees’ affective commitment to the organization, particularly when supervisor’s reputation for performance is high, which in turn is associated with decreased organizational deviance. The theoretical and practical implications of these findings conclude the paper.Keywords Ethical leadership Reputation for performance EOR Organizational commitment Organizational devianceIntroductionThe corporate scandals that have come to the general public’s attention in the past years (e.g., Enron and Fannie Mae’s accounting practices, HP and Deutsch Bank’s spying accusations) have again highlighted the importance of the ethical conduct of those in influential positions. Much has been written about the normative or philosophical view of ethical leadership (see Brown and Trevin˜o 2006 and Eisenbeiss 2012 for a review), and the ethical dimension is present in the contemporary models of leadership (e.g., idealized influence dimension of transformational leadership—Bass and Avolio 1994). Yet, and while organizations have started to express the importance of having leaders that behave ethically (Stouten et al. 2012), ethical scandals are still commonplace.Although it has been in the mind of researchers, practitioners, and the general public for a long time, only recently the construct (and corresponding measure) of ethical leadership was developed (Brown et al. 2005). These authors have defined ethical leadership as ‘‘the demonstration of normatively appropriate conduct through personal actions and interpersonal relationships, and the promotion of such conduct to followers through two-way communication, reinforcement, and decision-making’’ (p. 120). This definition highlights three key characteristics: (a) the leader is a legitimate and credible role model;(b) the leader not only explicitly emphasizes the importance of ethics, but also reinforces ethical behaviors (while disciplines those that do not comply with the standards); and (c) the leader evaluates the ethical implications of his/ her decisions.Since Brown et al.’s (2005) seminal paper, researchers started to examine how ethical leadership affects employees’ c onduct, i.e., the processes through which its influence takes place. Researchers have highlighted multiple mechanisms, including the work environment (poorworking conditions: Stouten et al. 2010; ethical climate and culture: Neubert et al. 2009; Mayer et al. 2010; Schaubroeck et al. 2012; Shin 2012), job characteristics (workload: Stouten et al. 2010; task significance and autonomy: Piccolo et al. 2010) and employees’ (individually or as a group) trust in leader (Newman et al. 2013) work engagement (Den Hartog and Belschak 2012), well-being (Kalshoven and Boon 2012), voice (Avey et al. 2012; Walumbwa et al. 2012), psychological ownership (Avey et al. 2012), safety (Walumbwa and Schaubroeck 2009), and conscientiousness (Walumbwa et al. 2012).Despite this growing evidence concerning the mechanisms linking ethical leadership and employee outcomes, authors still highlight the need for further research in this area (e.g., Mayer et al. 2012; Newman et al. 2013). Moreover, the boundary conditions that limit or enhance the effectiveness of ethical leadership have received much less attention and usually emphasize either the role played by the work environment, such as organizational politics (Kacmar et al. 2011) and human resource management practices (Kalshoven an d Boon 2012) or by employees’ characteristics, such as self-esteem (Avey et al. 2011) or gender (Kacmar et al. 2011). Further research on the boundary conditions of ethical leadership is particularly relevant as it may help explain under what conditions ethical leadership becomes more valuable for organizations and influential for employee behavior.Thus, the present study aims to contribute to the discussion concerning the process of ethical leadership, namely how and under what circumstances it influences employee behavior. First, we extend our knowledge of the process of ethical leadership by examining the role of social exchanges. Social exchange theory (Blau 1964) has been a predominant framework in organizational behavior (Cropanzano and Mitchell 2005), and particularly in the study of leadership (Dirks andFerrin 2002; Tse et al. 2013). Nonetheless, and while it has been discussed (theoretically) as a key dimension in the relationship between ethical leaders and their subordinates (Brown and Trevin˜o 2006), the social exchange mechanisms through which ethical leaders influence follower behaviors are yet to be examined empirically (ibidem).伦理型领导和声望：结合对组织越轨行为的间接影响作者：Pedro Neves 和Joana Story国籍：葡萄牙出处：商业伦理期刊（2015）中文译文：摘要在过去的几年中，伦理型领导已经引发了人们的兴趣，与此同时受到重视的是伦理型领导的某种机制构成，这种机制使得伦理型领导对组织生存产生影响。
内部控制国外学者发表的观点
内部控制国外学者发表的观点英文回答：Internal Control: Perspectives from International Scholars.Internal control is a critical component of any organization, as it helps to ensure the accuracy and reliability of financial reporting, safeguard assets, and promote operational efficiency. Over the years, numerous international scholars have conducted extensive research on internal control, offering valuable insights into its various aspects.Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO)。
The Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO) is a renowned organization that has significantly contributed to the development ofinternal control frameworks. COSO's Internal Control Integrated Framework (IC-IF) provides a comprehensive model for evaluating and improving internal control systems. The IC-IF consists of five components: control environment,risk assessment, control activities, information and communication, and monitoring.International Internal Control Framework (IICF)。
策略性人力资源管理
策略性人力資源管理博一黃家齊Tel: 81104 Office: 261104 E-mail: jchuang@.tw98年9月一、課程目標：策略性人力資源管理（SHRM）是晚近重要的人力資源管理研究議題，本課程之目標在於使同學們深入的了解策略性人力資源管理的觀念、理論基礎、重要主題、相關的觀點、以及代表性研究，以培養同學從事策略性人力資源管理研究之能力。
二、課程進行課程進行方式以學術研究論文的研讀與討論為主，修讀同學應預先研讀每週指定之Reading，輪流於課堂中針對各篇論文提出報告，並嘗試引導課堂中之討論。
三、期末報告同學應選擇策略性人力資源管理相關議題進行期末報告撰寫，於課程進度最後兩週進行口頭報告，並繳交書面報告。
期末報告的基本要求是對於特定議題進行深入探討，更佳之作法則是完成完整的研究計畫形式，亦即藉由議題及報告撰寫過程，推導出完整的研究假設，並完成研究設計，進而形成可執行的研究計畫。
期末報告之撰寫以個人為單位，同學於構思及撰寫報告時，可主動與教師討論相關問題。
四、成績核算方式期末報告40%課堂報告30%課堂參與及討論30%五、課程進度Week 1 (9/15) 課程簡介Week 2 (9/21) The Concept of SHRM1.Lengnick-Hall, C. A., and M. L. Lengnick-Hall. 1988. Strategic humanresources management: A review of the literature and a proposed typology.Academy of Management Review, 13(3): 454-470.2.Wright, P. M. & Boswell, W. R. 2002. Desegregating HRM: A Review andSynthesis of Micro and Macro Human Resource Management. Journal ofManagement, 28: 247-276.3.Wright, P. M., and Snell, S. A. 1998. Toward a unifying framework forexploring fit and flexibility in strategic human resource management.Academy of Management Review, 23(4): 756-772.Week 3 (10/2) Theoretical Basis of SHRM (1)1.Schuler, R. S. 1989. Strategic human resource management and industrialrelations. Human Relations, 42: 157-184.2.Barney, J., and Wright, P. M. 1998. On becoming a strategic partner: Therole of human resources in gaining competitive advantage. HumanResource Management, 37: 31-46.3.Lepak, D. P., and Snell, S. A. 1999. The human resource architecture:Toward a theory of human capital allocation and development. Academy ofManagement Review, 24: 31-48.Week 4 (10/9) Theoretical Basis of SHRM (2)1.Snell, S. A., M. A. Youndt, and P. M. Wright. 1996. Establishing aframework for research in strategic human resource management: Mergingresource theory and organizational learning. In J. Shaw, P. Kirkbride, and K.Rowland(Eds.), Research in personnel and human resource management,vol.14: 61-90, Greenwich, CT : JAI Press.2.Kang S. C., Snell, S. A. 2009. Intellectual capital architectures andambidextrous learning: A framework for human resource management,Journal of Management Studies, 46: 65-92.3.Snell, S. A. 1992. Control theory in strategic human resource management:The mediating effect of administrative information. Academy ofManagement Journal, 35: 292-327.Week 5 (10/16) HRM and Organizational Performance (1)1.Huselid, M. A., Jackson, S. E., and Schuler, R. S. 1997. Technical andstrategic human resource management effectiveness as determinants of firmperformance. Academy of management Journal, 40: 171-188.2.Batt, R. 2002. Managing customer services: Human resource practices, quitrates, and sales growth, Academy of management Journal, 45: 587-597.3.Giardini, A., and Kabst, R. 2008. Effects of work-family human resourcepractices: a longitudinal perspective. International Journal of HumanResource Management, 19: 2079 – 2094.Week 6 (10/23) HRM and Organizational Performance (2)1.Sun, L., Aryee, S., and Law, K. S. 2007. High-performance human resourcepractice, citizenship behavior, and organizational performance: A relationalperspective. Academy of Management Journal, 50: 558-577.2.Zatzick, C. D., and Iverson, R. D. 2006. High-involvement management andworkplace reduction: Competitive advantage or disadvantage? Academy ofmanagement Journal, 49: 999-1015.3.Ericksen, J., and Dyer, L. 2005. Toward a strategic human resourcemanagement model of high reliability organization performance,International Journal of Human Resource Management, 16: 907-928.Week 7 (11/6) Multiple Concepts about Fit1.Drazin, R., and Van de Ven, A. H. 1985. Alternative forms of fit incontingency theory. Administrative Science Quarterly, 30: 514-539.indarajan, V. 1988. A contingency approach to strategy implementationat the business-unit level: Integrating administrative mechanisms withstrategy. Academy of Management Journal, 31: 828-853.3.Doty, D. H., Glick, W. H., and Huber, G. P. 1993. Fit, equifinality, andorganizational effectiveness: A test of two configurational theories.Academy of Management Journal, 36: 1196-1250.Week 8 (11/13) Internal and External Fit in SHRM Research (1)1.Ichniowski, C., Shaw, K., and Prennushi, G. 1997. The effects of humanresource management practices on productivity: A study of steel finishinglines. The American Economic Review, 87: 291-313.2.Huselid, M. A. 1995. The impact of human resource management practiceson turnover, productivity, and corporate financial performance. Academy ofManagement Journal, 38: 635-672.3.Arthur, J. B. 1992. The link between business strategy and industrialrelations systems in American steel minimills. Industrial and LaborRelations Review, 45: 488-506.Week 9 (11/20) Internal and External Fit in SHRM Research (1)1.Youndt, M. A., Snell, S. A., Dean, J. W., and Lepak, D. P. 1996. Humanresource management, manufacturing strategy, and firm performance.Academy of Management Journal, 39: 836-866.2.Delery, J. E., and Doty, D. H. 1996. Modes of theorizing in strategic humanresources management: Tests of universalistic, contingency, andconfigurational performance prediction. Academy of Management Journal,39: 802-835.3.Nikandrou, I., Apospori, E., Panayotopoulou, L., Stavrou, E. T.,andPapalexandris, N. 2008. Training and firm performance in Europe: theimpact of national and organizational characteristics, International Journalof Human Resource Management, 19: 2057 – 2078.Week 11 (12/4) HRM and Employment Relationship1.Tsui, A. S., Pearce, J. L. Porter, L. W., and Tripoli, A. M. (1997),Alternative Approaches to the Employee-organization Relationship: DoseInvestment in Employees Pay Off? Academy of Management Journal, 40,pp.1089-1121.2.Wang, D., Tsui, A. S., Zhang, Y., and Ma, L. 2003. Employmentrelationships and firm performance: Evidence from an emerging economy.Journal of Organizational Behavior, 24:511-535.3.Dabos, G. E., and Rousseau, D. M. 2004. Mutuality and reciprocity in thepsychological contracts of employees and employers. Journal of AppliedPsychology, 89: 52-72.Week 12 (12/11) HRM and Agency Theory1.Eisenhardt, K. M. 1989. Agency theory: An assessment and review.Academy of Management Review, 14: 57-74.2.Welbourne, T. M., Balkin, D. B., and Gomez-Mejia, L. R. 1995.Gainsharing and mutual monitoring: A combined agency-organizationaljustice interpretation. Academy of Management Journal, 38: 81-899.3.Berrone, P., and Gomez-Mejia, L. R. 2009. Environmental performance andexecutive compensation: An integrated agency-institutional perspective.Academy of Management Journal, 52: 103-126.Week 13 (12/18) Multi-level issues in SHRM1.Klein, K. J., and Kozlowski, S. W. J. 2000. From micro to meso: Criticalsteps in conceptualizing and conducting multilevel research. OrganizationalResearch Methods, 3:211-236.2.Takeuchi, R., Chen, G., and Lepak, D. P. 2009. Through the looking glassof a social system: cross-level effects of high-performance work systems onemployees’ attitudes. Personnel Psychology, 62: 1-29.3.Ketkar, S., and Sett, P. K. 2009.HR flexibility and firm performance:Analysis of a multi-level causal model,International Journal of HumanResource Management, 20: 1009-1038.Week 14 (1/8) Cultural difference and HRM1.Hui, C., Rousseau, D. M., Lee, C. 2004. Psychological contract andorganizational citizenship behavior in China: Investigating generalizabilityand instrumentality, Journal of Applied Psychology, 89: 311-321.2.Fey, C. F., Morgulis-yakushev, S., Park, H. J., and Björkman, I. 2009.Opening the black box of the relationship between HRM practices and firmperformance: A comparison of MNE subsidiaries in the USA, Finland, andRussia. Journal of International Business Studies, 40: 690-712.3.Chiang, F. F. T., and Birtch, T. 2007. The transferability of managementpractices: Examining cross-national differences in reward preferences,Human Relations, 60: 1293-1330.Week 15 (1/15) Progress and Prospect of SHRM1.The Editors, 2009. Human resource management (HRM) and performance:Progress and prospects, Journal of Management Studies, 46: 127-128.2.Paauwe, J. 2009. HRM and performance: Achievements, methodologicalissues and prospects, Journal of Management Studies, 46: 129-142.3.Janssens, M., and Steyaert, C. 2009. HRM and Performance: A Plea forReflexivity in HRM Studies, Journal of Management Studies, 46:144-155.4.Becker, B. E., and Huselid, M. A. 2006. Strategic human resourcemanagement: Where do we go from here? Journal of Management, 32:898-925.Week 16 (1/22) Presentation。
Research on the Improvement Path of the Mental Hea
Psychology Research, September 2022, Vol. 12, No. 9, 730-734doi:10.17265/2159-5542/2022.09.006Research on the Improvement Path of the Mental Health of the Elderly From the Perspective of College Students’ VolunteerService ActivitiesDONG HaojunZhaoqing University, Zhaoqing, ChinaThe elderly are the main objects of college students’ volunteer service activities. At present, there are various formsof college students’ volunteer service activities, which are highly valued by colleges and universities and popularamong college students. In order to further improve the mental health of the elderly, it could be achieved throughpaths like strengthening volunteering cooperation with aged services agencies, implementing the volunteer servicemechanism of “one person-one file, one person-one policy” for the elderly, establishing a mental health mentorsystem for volunteer service activities, improving the mental health knowledge level of college student volunteers,carrying out a series of voluntary service activities with the theme of mental health, attaching importance oncultivating the positive and optimistic attitude of the elderly in volunteer service activities, and launching volunteerservice activities to enrich the spiritual and cultural life of the elderly.Keywords: the aging of population, college students’ volunteer service activities, the elderly, mental healthIntroductionOrdinarily, a country or region can be considered to have entered an aging society when the proportion of the elderly population over 60 years old or over 65 years old in the country’s total population exceeds 10% or 7% (Wang & Wang, 2022; Wang, 2016; Zhao, 2015). In 1999, China began to enter the aging society, becoming the early group of developing countries to enter the aging society (Mu & Zhang, 2011; Xu, 2011). Faced with an aging population, it is necessary to actively solve the problems relevant to the older, like caring for the elderly, meeting the actual needs of the elderly as much as possible, managing the work of serving the elderly, improving the mental health of the elderly, and promoting the quality of life and spirituality of the elderly. Based on the author’s work experience with college students, this paper discusses how to improve the mental health of the elderly from the perspective of college students’ volunteer service activities.The Basic Situation of Our Country’s Aging SocietyAccording to the latest data from the Statistical Bulletin of the People’s Republic of China on National Economic and Social Development in 2021, the elderly population in our country has far exceeded the standard number, and is developing towards a more and more serious degree of population aging. In order to betterconduct the work of population aging, the country actively explores countermeasures, such as improving theDONG Haojun, Lecturer, Economics and Management College, Zhaoqing University, Zhaoqing, China.THE IMPROVEMENT PATH OF THE MENTAL HEALTH OF THE ELDERLY 731community home-based care environment, exploring the community home-based care model, establishing a sound social security system for the elderly, vigorously developing the aging industry, developing aging human resources, and formulating progressive formula to postpone the retirement age policy, etc.The Basic Situation of College Students’ Volunteer Service Activities The Youth Volunteer Work Department of Colleges and Universities is a college student organization engaged in the management, organization, and coordination of college student volunteer service activities under the management and guidance of the college youth league committees. Normally, the Youth Volunteer Work Department of the school sets up a secondary college branch, which is responsible for the youth volunteer activities of each secondary college, forming a management and operation model at the school and college levels. In daily work, the Youth Volunteer Work Department of Colleges and Universities organizes a series of volunteer service activities such as caring for the elderly, sanitation, and unpaid blood donation, and the elderly are the main volunteer service objects. In the specific activities of serving the elderly, it is mainly to organize college students to go to the nursing home to carry out voluntary service activities, provide loving care, emotional comfort, etc. In this way, the elderly can feel warmth, love, and kindness, which is helpful to meet their spiritual comfort and psychological need and plays a positive role in improving the quality of their life.Characteristics of College Students’ Volunteer Service ActivitiesColleges and Universities Attach Great Importance to the Work of Volunteering for the Elderly The country has always attached great importance to the elderly group, and proposed to pay more attention to the work of old-age security and strengthen the work of the elderly. It is clearly necessary to accelerate the development of the old-age service industry and the construction of the old-age service system, to build a policy system and a social environment of old-age caring, filial piety, and respecting for the elderly, to integrate medical treatment and elderly care services and to accelerate the development of aging career and industry. Correspondingly, colleges and universities also actively shoulder social responsibilities. They highly value the work of volunteering for the elderly, pull their weight on caring for the elderly, fully utilize the college students of knowledge, quality, and emotional intelligence to launch or organize volunteer service activities for college students, and guide college students to actively devote themselves to society.Colleges and Universities Regularly Carry Out Various Forms of Voluntary Service Activities The Youth Volunteer Work Department of Colleges and Universities carries out a series of volunteer activities in various forms every semester, mainly including providing volunteer services for large-scale activities inside and outside the school, carrying out service work for the creation of civilized cities, organizing volunteer education activities in primary and secondary schools, and holding activities for respecting the elderly, etc. The activities held or organized are equipped with high frequency, large number of times, and positive response. Among these activities, taking elderly service as the object of voluntary service activities can enable college students to spread civilization, convey love, perceive the world, contribute to society, enrich emotions, and enhance communication skills, which has a positive role in promoting students’ growth and success.College Students Are Keen to Participate in Volunteer Service ActivitiesCollege students are a group of ideals, goals, and vigor. They are full of social responsibility, love, and dedication, keen to participate in volunteer service activities on and off campus, being enthusiastic and having aTHE IMPROVEMENT PATH OF THE MENTAL HEALTH OF THE ELDERLY732strong volunteer spirit. College campus cultural activities are rich, and the volunteer service activities are one of the campus activities that college students like to participate in most. There are many college students applying these activities, who are passionate for participating.The Improvement Path of the Mental Health of the Elderly From the Perspective of CollegeStudents’ Volunteer Service ActivitiesStrengthen Volunteering Cooperation With Aged Services AgenciesCommunities, nursing homes, etc., are common service institutions for the elderly. They are familiar with and master the growth process, family background, hobbies, personality characteristics, mental state, and mental health of the elderly in their area. Therefore, the Youth Volunteer Work Department of Colleges and Universities should strengthen cooperation with service agencies for the elderly to ensure that the basic situation, psychological state, and practical problems of the elderly are well learned before volunteer service activities being carried out, which provides necessary help for further implementing targeted “one person, one policy” assistance and promoting the mental health of the elderly.Implement the Volunteer Service Mechanism of “One Person-One File, One Person-One Policy” for the ElderlyIt is necessary to establish a personal file of the elderly, recording the background information and psychological needs of each elderly service object in detail, the time and content of each volunteer service activity, and the changes in the elderly’s psychological state and the psychological intervention measures taken during the volunteer service activities and the psychological intervention effects, etc. All these measures are taken to ensure that psychological intervention files are recorded, psychological intervention methods are well founded, and psychological intervention effects are guaranteed. In order to provide targeted assistance for college students’ volunteer service activities, it is necessary to take the personal files of the elderly and the information provided by the elderly service agencies, etc., as reference to implement “one person, one policy” management and rationally formulate individualized mental health improvement strategies for the elderly. Establish a Mental Health Mentor System for Volunteer Service ActivitiesWith the increasing demand for services for the elderly and the complex and changeable psychology of the elderly, higher requirements are placed on the professionalism of volunteer service activities. Colleges and universities should make full use of the strong faculty of the school, establish a mental health tutor system for volunteer service activities, and hire full-time teachers with solid psychological professional knowledge, rich experience in psychological practice, and a strong sense of social responsibility as tutors to guide volunteers to master the necessary mental health knowledge and provide professional support for college students to carry out volunteer services for the elderly before, during, and after the volunteer service activities of the elderly, which helps to improve the effectiveness of volunteer service activities.Improve the Mental Health Knowledge Level of College Student VolunteersIn the past, we generally recruited college student volunteers with strong comprehensive abilities, such as strong ability, full of love, and strong willingness to serve during the process of recruiting. With the increasing attention to the mental health of the elderly, it is also necessary to consider whether college students have a professional background in psychology, whether they have certain psychological knowledge, and whether they have effective psychological intervention methods and measures when recruiting volunteers. It is essential toTHE IMPROVEMENT PATH OF THE MENTAL HEALTH OF THE ELDERLY 733reasonably recruit some college students with a professional background in psychology to participate in service activities and enrich the volunteer team. Besides, it is expected to utilize the natural advantages of the mentor system of volunteer service activities, and invite mentors to carry out special psychological training to teach psychological knowledge. And thus, volunteers can master the necessary psychological knowledge and use correct psychological intervention methods to solve problems encountered in the process of activities. Furthermore, it is support to establish an online learning platform for mental health knowledge, so that volunteers can learn psychological knowledge anytime and anywhere, and continuously improve the professionalism of the volunteer team. Finally, there is a must to establish a mental health knowledge evaluation system to check whether the volunteers’ problem-handling methods are appropriate and whether the psychological intervention methods adopted are proper, and constantly strengthen the theoretical knowledge of mental health.Carry Out a Series of Voluntary Service Activities With the Theme of Mental Health Most of the elderly have not learned psychological knowledge during their growth. When the elderly have psychological problems, they often have difficulty identifying the problem and do not know how to self-regulate. Therefore, when organizing volunteer activities for college students, it is necessary to properly guide the elderly to master the necessary mental health knowledge to promote the mental health of the elderly. For example, when colleges and universities consider the form of volunteer service activities, they can regularly carry out volunteer service activities of psychological knowledge dissemination lectures among the elderly groups, so that more elderly people can master certain psychological knowledge, learn to identify psychological problems, and learn to adjust themselves. In addition, colleges and universities can hold voluntary service activities of spiritual exchange meetings, allowing the elderly to express their inner thoughts, confusion, and expectations, understand the psychological problems of the elderly through interactive exchanges, and provide professional psychological guidance to help the elderly get rid of psychological distress. Colleges and universities can also provide voluntary psychological counseling services for the elderly, open video consultation services, and telephone consultation to solve the psychological problems of the elderly in a timely manner.Attach Importance on Cultivating the Positive and Optimistic Attitude of the Elderly in Volunteer Service ActivitiesThe mentality of the elderly directly affects their attitude, lifestyle, and mental health. When college students carry out volunteer service activities, they should establish a deep friendship with the elderly and keep contact with them. When the elderly are faced with diseases for a long time, the volunteers should pull their weight to enlighten them, encourage them to exercise properly, face up to the disease, maintain confidence, and consider the disease positively. When the elderly complain about getting old, they should actively guide them to understand aging correctly, and at the same time tell them not to be afraid of being old and keep an optimistic attitude. When the elderly complain that they are unhappy, they should chat with them more often, listen patiently, understand their inner world, and guide them to adjust their mentality and live happily.Launch Volunteer Service Activities to Enrich the Spiritual and Cultural Life of the Elderly The reasons why the elderly have low level of mental health and psychological emptiness are closely related to the lack of extensive hobbies, excess free time, and long-term alone time. When carrying out volunteer service activities for college students, it is necessary to combine the professional background andTHE IMPROVEMENT PATH OF THE MENTAL HEALTH OF THE ELDERLY734expertise of college student volunteers, and regularly hold various cultural and sports interest activities training courses among the elderly. Volunteers with sports expertise are responsible for teaching badminton, table tennis, Go, chess, etc. Volunteers with art or calligraphy majors are responsible for painting and calligraphy teaching. Volunteers with musicology background are responsible for vocal practice, breath exercise, and skill training, stage style and other teaching. Volunteers who are widely read are responsible for holding book sharing sessions. Through a series of activities, it is helpful to enrich the spiritual and cultural life of the elderly and solve the problem of mental emptiness of the elderly.ReferencesMu, G. Z., & Zhang, T. (2011). The development trend of population aging in our country and its strategic response. Journal of Central China Normal University (Humanities and Social Sciences Edition), 50(5), 29-36.Wang, S. H., & Wang, S. H. (2022). Research on the countermeasures of rural pension problems in our country under the background of population aging. Journal of Daqing Normal University, 42(1), 9-16.Wang, W. J. (2016). Research on community home-based care for the aged under the background of population aging: Taking Nanning as an example. Administration and Law, 33(10), 58-66.Xu, W. J. (2011). Research on the status quo and countermeasures of China’s population aging—Analysis based on social statistics. Oriental Enterprise Culture, 8(18), 183-184.Zhao, H. (2015). The process, current situation and countermeasures of population aging in Xingcheng City—Based on the data of the Sixth Population Census in Xingcheng City. Statistics and Management, 30(11), 81-82.。
新形势下高校图书馆的组织机构重组Reorganization of Academic ...
Generally, acquisition, cataloging and circulation departments should be set up in an academic library
– 可根据具体情况和发展规模增设办公室和参考阅览、期刊、方法研究、 特藏等部（组）
According to the scale of a library, it could set up administrative office as well as reference, periodicals, research, special collection departments and etc
武汉大学图书馆 Wuhan University Library
传统的高校图书馆组织机构设置模式 Traditional organization model in academic libraries
• 目前大多数图书馆工作人员还在纸质文献的采集、整序和 流通服务流程上工作 At present, most librarians and library staff are engaged in the work flow based on printed materials • 大多数读者还离不开纸质文献 Most readers rely on printed materials • 传统的图书馆组织机构设置模式仍然具有顽强的生命力 Organization model of traditional libraries are still with great vitality
field例句简单
field例句简单1. He works in the field of finance. (他从事金融领域的工作。
)2. She is an expert in the field of medicine. (她是医学领域的专家。
)3. The company is a leader in the field of technology. (这家公司是技术领域的领导者。
)4. His research is focused on the field of renewable energy. (他的研究集中在可再生能源领域。
)5. The conference will bring together experts from various fields. (这场会议将汇聚来自各个领域的专家。
)6. She has made significant contributions to the field of education. (她为教育领域做出了重大贡献。
)7. The company is expanding into new fields of business. (该公司正在扩展新的业务领域。
)8. He has extensive knowledge in the field of marketing. (他在市场营销领域有广泛的知识。
)9. The organization is dedicated to promoting innovation in the field of science and technology.(该组织致力于促进科学技术领域的创新发展。
)10. Her work has been recognized as groundbreaking in the field of psychology.(她的工作被认为是心理学领域里开创性的成果之一。
)11.The team's expertise lies in the field of artificial intelligence.(这个团队擅长人工智能领域。
什么是会计 What is accounting 英语作文
什么是会计What is accountingList of accounting researchtopicsAccounting definitionAccounting is recording financial transactions in an organization. It deals with summarizing, analyzing, and making the report of financial transactions and submitting it to various relevant agencies and tax collection authorities. These financial statements are the complete record of all the financial transactions in a company. It tells the company’s operations and position and the process of cash flow in the organization.Primary roles of an accountantAccounting is having a pivotal function in any business. Whether a business is small or large, there is a need for a person who can handle accounts of the company. Here the role of chartered accountant comes into play. The work of an accountant is creating the financial records and checking them to avoid any monetary loss to the company. Auditors and accountants work on the financial records of a firm and help them to run efficiently without hindrances.A job to carry out by accountants:Checking the accounts statements of the company and ensuring the accuracy in them.Accounts look after the company statements and records. They warrant whether statements and records obey the laws and regulations of the country or not.They work on tax policies, prepare payment sheets and tax return sheets for the business.Accounts check all the account books and accounting systems to see the cash flow.Maintain proper financial records of the company.Provide ideas to management to improve the company’s economic flow.They help the company by reducing the costs, open up the ways to generate revenue and profit to the company.Major problems accountants face in their jobAccounting serves substantial benefits to those who want to make a career in this field. It brings highly paid jobs. But there are certain challenges accountants face.Repetitive work creates monotony in life.If you are a part of a bigger organization, you might have a handsome salary package but may have a tiring job. In big companies, you have a certain role to play for a good time period and then only you can move up in a different role.Overtime jobsAccountants have to work more than the designated hours during the financial year. During this time they have to make tax reports and work on various events. Such a period can be a challenge for accountants as they have to work for more than 70 hours a week.Competitive environmentAccountants are having good intelligence, knowledge and focus. Thus, it brings competition in their field. For those who are starting their career have to work harder to take a position in this field.Working under pressureThere are times when you have a lot of pressure. Any mistake in the figures leads to a big loss for the company. Therefore, an accountant has to work under tremendous pressure and keep himself/herself updated throughout the job.One has to adhere to deadlinesWhen you are an accountant, you cannot negotiate with deadlines. You cannot delay the task or else, the company has to pay the heavy price for it. So, if you are a person who believes in procrastination, this career is not suitable for you.List of accounting research topics in different areas of accountingFinding good accounting research material is quite tough. There are various online academic websites such asKhan Academy that will guide you will accounting dissertation by providing research material on it. If you are struggling with topics, then below I have provided various topics. Take help from them.Managerial accounting research topicsProject accounting and risk analysis –Ways to identify and quantify the risk.Discuss the du Pont analysis as a method used for improving the performance of an organization.Concept of strategic management accounting and how it can be beneficial for the hotel industry.Discuss the competitive advantages of project accounting segments.Discuss how activity-based costing can help a firm by adding value to a project.An elaborative study on Ivy publishing – discuss the role of strategic management in the field of publishing.Discussion on strategic management and its significance within enterprises.What can be the possible ways to help the entrepreneur to accomplish productivity with the help of cost accounting methods.How cost accounting act as a managerial tool to help the inflow of material in manufacturing industries.A methodical review of cost accounting in heritage centres all over the world.Discuss the influence of cost of goods generated on pricing in the process of strategic decision making.What are the challenges of administering cost accounting in the oil and gas industries?Discuss the challenges thrown upon companies accessing and correctly managing the risk.What are the measures banks take to reduce and manage the risks? Discuss by taking the example of a bank different banks.An elaborative study of risk management in the defence sector in the US.Define country risk. Evaluate and analyse the concept of country risk in management literature.Literature review on managing the risk in the countries having unstable economic conditions.What is the significance of account management with reference to healthcare industries?Discuss the concept of key account management in the banking sectors.How key account management can play a vital role.in the reformation of the Russian mining industry.Broad research on the theoretical model of mental accounting.Discuss the determinants of the progress of accounting and financial reporting.How to verify the yearly depreciation of an asset?Distinguish between marginal costing and differential costing.How can you use qualitative and quantitative methods of research in cost accounting?Discuss the fundamental dynamics of corporate governance.Define the role of time in the process of cash flow.How the internet has played a significant role in the life of an accountant?What is earning management –Discuss the significance of earning management?What is depth management? Discuss the ideas that can reduce the growth of debt.What is accounting information? How accountants can make the correct decisions for the organization?Discuss the ways through which an organization cut of the taxes.Forensic accounting research topicsDiscussion over the effective measures to reduce the financial frauds in an organization.Elaborate and discuss Goldman Sachs security fraud case. How it could be prevented. Different aspects of this case.What role do forensic accountants plays?What are the various methods to examine forensic accounting?Skills required to be a forensic accountant. How skills play an important role in a forensic accountant’s life.Accounting theory research topicsDiscuss the historical development of different accounting theories in the last 40 years.Is there any impact of culture on accounting theories? Discuss the role of culture in formulating of accounting theory.How accounting theories play a substantial role in any type of business.What are the issues of positive and normative accounting theories? Discuss the differences between the two theories.Some more accounting research topicsA study over the performance of the stock exchange of Nigeria and how it helped in the economic development of Nigeria.Evaluate the importance of bookkeeping practices in small and medium scale industries and companies.What is audit independence? What are the effects of increasing accountability and transparency in the corporate sector?Discuss credit management and consequences of the bad debt in commercial banks.Study the impact of budgeting, and control on an organization. How it leads to profit in the manufacturing sector.The importance of source documents in a case study of Orji Chukwu and other chartered accountants for adult investigation.The issues faced in Nigerian Companies by external auditors (A case study of Akintolla Williams and Co. chartered accountants).Forensic accounting in the context of fraud detection and prevention (A case study of ETI OSA Local Government Council, Lagos State).The role played by auditors in keeping a check on fraud in establishments of government (A case study of state primary education board ENUGU).Implementation of an effective audit system in order to enhance corporate accountability ( A case study of Sheffield Risk Management Limited Oweri Imo State).Implementation of an accessment of effective audit and internal control in the public sector.Increasing rural development by using social auditing as a tool ( A case study of Exxon Mobile ket).Effect of tax audit and investigation on revenue generation in Nigeria.Reliability of financial reports and independence of auditors in the banking industry.Internal audit and its impact on detecting fraud and preventing it in future ( A case study of a Nigeria-based power holding company).These are the topics on accounting subject. Students can take help from these topics to write a term paper or dissertation on accounting.。
质性研究案例
3.1 Incorporation of Cultural Resources from Different Registers
3.1.1 The evolvement of Concepts and Pratices
Industry Register (Alessi's repertoire prior to 1970)
• Dream factory
The four identity claims are accompanied the incorporation of concepts from the four registers, these observationssuggest that: • New identity clains consistenly accompanied the incorporation of new cultural resources, • An overall process of redefinition of the organization's identity supported the incorporation and use of new cultural resources for the development of new strategies of action.
Features:
Development of practices to overcome contradictions and strengthen complementarities among
concepts. Increasingly integratice and flexible use of diverse cultural resources.
Literature Organization Strategies
Literature Organization StrategiesLiterature organization is a crucial aspect of any academic or professional setting. Whether it's for research papers, novels, poetry collections, or any other form of literature, having a solid organization strategy can make the difference between a coherent, impactful piece of work and a confusing, disjointed one. There are several different strategies that can be employed to organize literature effectively, each with its own benefits and drawbacks. In this response, we will explore some of these strategies and discuss how they can be utilized in various contexts.One of the most common literature organization strategies is chronological organization. This approach involves arranging the literature in the order in which it was created or in the order of the events it describes. For example, in a research paper about the history of a particular scientific theory, the literature review section might be organized chronologically to show the progression of ideas over time. This strategy can be particularly effective for conveying a sense of historical development or for highlighting changes and continuities over time. However, it can also be challenging to maintain coherence and flow when using this approach, especially if the literature covers a long period of time with many different events or ideas.Another popular organization strategy is thematic organization. This approach involves grouping literature together based on common themes or topics. For example, in a literature review on the portrayal of women in 19th-century British novels, the literature might be organized into sections on marriage, motherhood, and societal expectations. This strategy can be effective for highlighting connections and patterns across different works, as well as for providing a clear and focused structure for the reader. However, it can also be challenging to determine the best way to categorize the literature and to ensure that all relevant material is included in the appropriate sections.In addition to chronological and thematic organization, literature can also be organized based on theoretical frameworks or methodological approaches. This approach involves grouping literature together based on the theoretical perspectives or research methods that are used. For example, in a research paper on the effects of mindfulness meditation onstress reduction, the literature review might be organized into sections on cognitive psychology, neurobiology, and clinical studies. This strategy can be effective for providing a clear and coherent structure for the literature review, as well as for highlighting the different ways in which a particular topic has been studied. However, it can also be challenging to determine which theoretical frameworks or research methods are most relevant and to ensure that all relevant literature is included.Another important consideration in literature organization is the balance between breadth and depth. In other words, how much literature should be included and how much detail should be provided for each work? This is a crucial decision that can have a significant impact on the overall quality of the literature review. Including too much literature can result in a superficial treatment of the topic, while including too little can result in an incomplete or biased perspective. Similarly, providing too much detail for each work can make the literature review overly long and difficult to follow, while providing too little can make it difficult for the reader to understand the significance of each work.Finally, it's important to consider the role of the writer's voice in literature organization. While the primary goal of a literature review is to provide an overview of the existing research on a particular topic, it's also an opportunity for the writer to contribute their own perspective and insights. This can be achieved through the way in which the literature is organized, as well as through the commentary and analysis that accompanies it. For example, the writer might choose to organize the literature in a way that highlights their own theoretical framework or methodological approach, or they might provide their own interpretation of the existing research. This can help to make the literature review more engaging and persuasive, as well as to demonstrate the writer's expertise and unique contribution to the field.In conclusion, literature organization is a complex and multifaceted process that requires careful consideration of a wide range of factors. There are several different strategies that can be employed, each with its own benefits and drawbacks. It's importantto consider the specific goals and context of the literature review, as well as the balance between breadth and depth, and the role of the writer's voice. By carefully consideringthese factors, writers can develop effective organization strategies that enhance the coherence, impact, and originality of their literature reviews.。
HRTheory-CompetingValuesFramework竞争价值体系理论
Analyzing organizational effectiveness and leadership roles. Explanation of Competing Values Framework of Quinn and Rohrbaugh. ('83)WHAT IS THE COMPETING VALUES FRAMEWORK? EXPLANATIONThe Competing Values Framework of Robert Quinn andRohrbaugh is a theory that was developed initially fromresearch done on the major indicators of effectiveorganizations. Based on statistical analyses of a comprehensivelist of effectiveness indicators, Quinn and Rohrbaugh (1983)discovered two major dimensions underlying conceptions ofeffectiveness.COMPETING VALUES IN ORGANIZATIONALEFFECTIVENESS∙The first dimension is related to organizationalfocus, from an internal emphasis on thewell-being and development of people in theorganization towards an external focus on the well-being and development of the organization itself.∙The second dimension differentiates the organizational preference for structure andrepresents the contrast between stability and control and flexibility and change. Together the two dimensions form four quadrants.The Competing Values Framework got its name because the criteria within the four models at first seem to carry conflicting messages. Organizations must be adaptable and flexible, but we want them at the same time to be stable and controlled. A paradox.Each quadrant of the framework represents one of four major models of organization and management theory (Quinn 1988):1.Human Relations Model. Places a lot of emphasis on flexibility and internal focus. It stressescohesion, morale, and human resources development as criteria for effectiveness.2.Open Systems Model. Emphasizes flexibility and external focus, and stresses readiness,growth, resource acquisition and external support.3.Rational Goal Model. Emphasizes control and an external focus. It regards planning, goalsetting, productivity and efficiency as being effective.4.Internal Process Model. Emphasizes control and an internal focus, and stresses the role ofinformation management, communication, stability and control.Another variant of the Competing Values Framework deals with leadership.COMPETING VALUES IN LEADERSHIP ROLESQuinn uses his competing values framework oforganizational effectiveness to organize the literature onleadership. Eight categories of leader behavior, or roles,emerge from his review of the literature. The figure onthe right plots these eight roles onto the sameframework as for the organizational effectiveness.The resulting model of leadership was derivedtheoretically and represents "a hypothetical rather thanan empirical statement about the perceptualunderstructure of leadership".Quinn argues that more effective managers have theability to play multiple, even competing leadership roles.Managers are expected to play all of these roles. And they should simultaneously consider and balance the competing demands that are represented by each set of expectations.The Competing Values Framework can be used in organizational context. It can be used as a strategic tool to develop supervision and management programs. It can also be used to help organizations diagnose their existing and desired cultures. Furthermore, it can be seen as a tool to examine organizational gaps. Another function might be to use it as a teaching tool for practicing managers. Or to help interpret and understand various organizational functions and processes. Another application is: to help organizational members better understand the similarities and differences of managerial leadership roles.。
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Resource organization based on knowledge ontology
本体标注器
新资源 附加本体
自动标注 本体抽取 手工校对 应用统计
进入
应用统计 本体精炼
学习资源空间
自动提取 知识本体
编辑
学科知识本体
语文 计算机
CPU 程序 硬盘 有向图 软件..
物理
重力 阻力 速度 加速度 定律..
Proposal of Learning Cell
This research try to proposal a new kind of learning source organizing model—— Learn Cell
The organizational model and key technologies of u-Learning resource
•More aggregation：form single resource to highly aggregated and complex resources •Extending sharing scope：from learning content to learning process and strategies •Technology upgrades：from static learning resources to learning tools & dynamic human wisdom sharing
Ubiquitous Learning
Runtime Environment Architecture
Aggregate to Course Create Back to Learning cell
Create
Content Storage Edit tools
Learning Cell Repository
Delivering Learning Resources
Mobile phone scree Televisi on screen Visual screen
Computer screen
Service Interface Skim, Interaction
Adaptive Display Delivering the Social Cognitive Network behind Resources
Activity records
Editing records
Assessment records
Service interface
activit ies
assessmen t
Generative information
Sharable learning resources
Usage records
Call
Learning Environment Connecting Inquire & Learn Recording Learning Portfolio Learning Tools Learning Interactive
(1)Integrating Learning Activity into Learning Content
3
Deficiencies of Current Learning Technologies
• Born in Web1.0 era • Only supports one-way information communication • More focus on formal learning, less on informal learning
Web Pages Display
(7) Aggregation Model
• Different from tree structure of learning objects’ aggregation model, the aggregation model of “learning cell” is a dynamic network • From resource organization to knowledge organization; From linear tree-form structure to network structure
• Units that can reunite dynamically • standard • Growing resources • Absorb collective intelligence & wisdom • Network according to semantic relation • Intelligence, communication ability
Ubiquitous Learning
• On demand: Anytime, Anywhere, Mobile…
But more: • Social • Situated • Context awareness • Adaptive
Learning Resource Needed in Ubiquitous Learning
3
Deficiencies of Current Learning Technologies
• Emphasize learning resources and activities sharing in a close structure
– Ignores the continuous updating of learning resources – Ignores dynamic and generative connection of learning resources – Ignores building up dynamic relationships between learners and teachers with learning resources
Research on the Organization Model of Ubiquitous Learning Resource
——The Concept and Architecture of Leaning Cell
Sorry, my English is poor, but I’ll try my best.
(2) Emphasize the connections between resources and users
(3) Open APIs to link external learning ecosystem
Opensocial
(4) Make learning resources evolve orderly
The Concept and Architecture of Leaning Cell
The Concept of ”Learning Cell” • The meaning of “cell”
– Component: learning cells can compose higher-level learning resources – Origin : learning cells grow from small to big, from weak to strong – Nerve cell: unite to get intelligence Component Origin Nerve cell
（内容+人际网+外部资源+外 部链接+过程性信息） 添加外部链接 版本4 附加人际网 版本3 编辑内容 版本2 生产 版本1 嵌入Rss资源 发表评论 做批注 附加人际网
• Learning Resource is Not
the Growth of Knowledge
Using semantic technology to represent, inquiry and reasoning knowledge
编辑
小说 人物 阅读 作文 识字..
……
通用学科知识本体 （概念、事实、原理、程序性知识、复合性知识）
扩展
(5) Adaptive Different Cloudy Terminals
(6) Dynamic Display Structure
Electronic Books Display
Templates center
Research Questions
Progresses of Learning Resource Sharing Technologies
Reusable Learning Unit SCORM Learning objects IMS LD Learning activities
Share of learning content Engineering methods and standards for learning content sharing share of education strategies and learning designs
Delivering Learning Service
Delivering Interpersonal Netwቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱrk
Learning activity service Learning assessment service Resources recommend service Cognitive network service Semantic search service Learning Tools Service Adaptive Display Service ……
Learning Cell
• • • • • • • • • Generative Connectivity Micro-granularity Evolvable Cohesive Intelligent Social Open, communicates with other resources Adaptive to multiple end-devices and platforms