Non-commercial and Commercial Organizations of Russian-Speaking Migrants and Civil Society in Ma
商务英语名词解释
商务英语名词解释商务英语名词解释ABAC (APEC Business Advisory Council) 亚太经合组织工商咨询理事会ACFTA (ASEAN–China Free Trade Area) 中国东盟自由贸易区ACIA (ASEAN Comprehensive Investment Area) 东盟全面投资区域ACP (Africa, Caribbean and the Pacific) 非洲，加勒比海和太平洋ADP Agreement (Anti-Dumping Agreement) 《反倾销协定》AEC (ASEAN Economic Community) 东盟经济共同体AFTA (the ASEAN Free Trade Area) 东盟自由贸易区AMS（aggregate measurement of support）(农产品)综合支持量APEC (Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation) 亚太经济合作ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations) 东南亚国家联盟ASEAN-SAM (the ASEAN Single Aviation Market) 东盟单一航空市场ATC (the Agreement on Textiles and Clothing) 纺织品和服装协议BBS（bulletin board system）电子公告B/L (Bill of Lading) 提货单CA（certificate authority）CA认证CAP (Common Agricultural Policy) 共同农业政策CCC(china compulsory certification) 中国强制认证CCIC（china certification&inspection group）中检集团CCOIC（china chamber of international commerce）中国国际商会CEPT (Common Effective Preferential Tariff) 共同有效关税CFR(cost and freight) 成本加运费CFS（container freight station）集装箱货运站C.I.C（china insurance clause）中国保险条款CIETAC(china international economic™ arbitration committee) 中国国际仲裁委员会CIF（cost insurance and freight）到岸价CIP（carriage and insurance paid to）运费和保险费付至CLP（container load plan）集装箱装箱单CISG (UN Convention on Conventions for the International Sale of Goods) 联合国国际货物销售合同公约CPE(central planned economy) 计划经济CPT（carriage paid to）运费付至CQC（china quality certification center）中国质量认证中心CTB/L（combined transport B/L）集装箱联运提单CU (Customs Union) 关税联盟C.W.O.（cash with order）随订单付现CY(container yard) 集装箱堆场DAT(delivered at terminal) 终点站交货DAP（delivered at place）目的地交货DDP（delivered duty paid）完税后交货DSB (Dispute Settlement Body) 争端解决机构D/A（docment against acceptance）承兑交单D/C(documentary collections) 跟单托收D/D（remittance by banker’s demand draft）票汇D/P(document against payment) 付款交单D/P T/R（D/P at days after sight to the issue trust receipt in exchange for documents ）D/R（dock receipt）场站收据EC（electronic commerce）电子商务EC (the European Community) 欧洲共同体ECOWAS (Economic Community of West African States) 西非国家经济共同体ECSC (the European Coal and Steel Community) 欧洲煤钢共同体EDI (Electronic Data Exchange of Information) 电子数据交换信息EFTA (the European Free Trade Association) 欧洲自由贸易协定EFT（electronic fund transfer）电子货币EMU (Economic and Monetary Union) 经济货币联盟EMQ(environmental management systems) 环境管理系统EOS（electronic order system）电子订货ERP (effective rate of protection) 有效保护率E/R（equipment receipt）设备交接单ETA (Estimated Time of Arrival) 估计到达时间EU (European Union) 欧盟EURATOM (the European Atomic Energy Community) 欧洲原子能共同体EXW（ex works）工厂交货FAK（freight for all kinds）FAK包箱费率F.A.Q( fair average quality) 良好平均品质FAS（free alongside ship）船边交货FCA（free carrier）货交承运人FCB（freight for class&basis）FCB包箱费率FCS（freight for class）FCS包箱费率FCL（full container load）整箱货FDA (Food and Drug Administration) 食品及药物管理局FDI (Foreign Direct investment) 对外直接投资FOB（free on board）离岸价格FPA（free of particular average）平安险FTZ(foreign trade zone) 对外贸易区GATS (General Agreement on Trade in Services) 服务贸易总协议GATT（General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade）关税暨贸易总协定GDP (gross domestic product) 国内生产总值G.M.Q(good merchantable quality) 上好可销品质GNP（Gross National Product）国民生产总值GSP (General System of Preference) 普遍优惠制GSPCO(generalised system of preference certificate of origin) 普惠制产地证ICC （the International Chamber of Commerce）国际商会I.C.C（institute cargo clauses）协会货物条款IFIA （the International Federation of Inspection Agencies）国际检验机构联合会IMF (International Monetary Fund) 国际货币基金组织Incoterms(international commerce term) 国际贸易术语ISP（internet service provider）网络服务商ISO（the international organization for standardization）国际标准化组织L/C (Letter of credit) 信用证LCL（less than container load）拼箱货LDC (Less developed country) 欠发达国家MFA ( the Multifibre Arrangement ) 多种纤维协定MFN（Most Favored Nation）最惠国MT（metric ton）公吨M/T（mail transfer）信汇MTC (Multi-Modal Transport Contract) 综合运输合同MTD（multi-modal transport document）多式运输单据M/R（mate’s receipt）大副收据NAFTA (the North American Free Trade Agreement) 北美自由贸易协定NGO（Non-Governmental Organization）非政府组织NTB (non-tariff barrier) 非关税壁垒NV (normal value) 标准值O/A（open account trade）赊账交易OEEC (the Organization for European Economic Cooperation) 欧洲经济合作组织QMS(quality management system) 企业质量管理体系OPEC（Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries）石油输出国家组织PICC（the people’s insurance company of china）中国人民保险公司QC (Quality Control) 品质控制ROI（return on investment）投资回报率、S/C（sales contact）销售合同SCM Agreement (The Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures) 《补贴与反补贴施协议》SITC (Standard International Trade Classification) 联合国国际贸易标准分类SME (Small and Medium Enterprises) 中小企业S/O（shipping order）装货单TC（transnational corporation）跨国公司TCT（time charter on trip basis）航次期租TEU（twenty-foot equivalent unit）20英尺标准箱TMB（A Textiles Monitoring Body）纺织品监督机构T.P.N.D.（theft，pilferage and non-delivery）偷窃，提货不着险TPP（trans-pacific partnership agreement）跨太平洋伙伴关系TRIMs （the Trade-Related Investment Measures）与贸易有关的投资措施TRIPS (Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights) 与贸易有关的知识产权协议T/T（telegraphic transfer）电汇U.S.S.R. (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics) 苏维埃社会主义共和国联盟（1991年解体）UCP (Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits ICC publication No.600) USP600 UEMOA (West African Economic and Monetary Union) 西非经济货币联盟UNCTAD（United Nations Conference on Trade and Development）联合国贸易暨发展会议URC(uniform rules for collections) 托收统一规则VER (voluntary export restraint) 自愿出口限制WB（the world bank）世界银行WIPO (the World Intellectual Property Organization ) 世界知识产权组织WPA(with particular average) 水险WTO (the World Trade Organization) 世界贸易组织。
VIZIO S4251w-B4 快速启动指南说明书
VIZIO QUICK START GUIDEIMPORTANT SAFETY INSTRUCTIONSPackage Contents (4)Controls & Connections (5)FIrst-Time Setup (8)Using the Remote (14)Adjusting Sound Bar Settings (15)Program Remote (17)Reset to Factory Default Settings (18)Re-linking the Subwoofer with Sound Bar (19)Bluetooth Pairing (20)Using Bluetooth mode (21)Advanced Setup (22)Installing the Cable Management Tie (23)Wall Mounting the Sound Bar (24)Wall Mounting the Satellite Speakers (25)Help & Troubleshooting (26)Limited Warranty (30)Legal & Compliance (31)2 x Satellite SpeakersThis Quick Start GuideRemote Control with BatteriesDigital OpticalCable Stereo RCA to 3.5mmAudio Cable Coaxial AudioCable 2 x Power Cables2 x Satellite Speaker Audio Cables2 x Sound Bar Wall Mount Brackets Wall Mount Template2 x Satellite Wall Mount Brackets4 x Wall Mount Screws (Size: M4 x 10)4 x Velcro Cable TiesManagement TieBack of Satellite SpeakerSatellite Speaker Port(Connects to Subwoofer)13.5MM TO RCA CABLE3.5MM TO RCA CABLE**When using either of the Digital Inputs, if there is no audio: (A) try setting the TV output to PCM or (B) Connect directly to your Blu-ray/other source, some TVs do not68The Sound Bar and Satellite Speakers should be close to ear level.Note: If you have speaker stands for the satellite speakers, you can fasten the speaker wires along the stand with the included velcro cable ties.9Remove the battery cover by gently sliding it awayfrom the remote.10Insert the included batteries and gently slide the battery cover back into place.11Volume +Press to increase volume.Volume -Press to decrease ING THE REMOTEPreviousPress to return to previous track.(Changes audio settings in Menu)PowerPress to turn on or off.MutePress to mute/unmute.InputPress to change input source.Enter/Play/PausePress to select an option.Press to Play or Pause.NextPress to skip to the next track.(Changes audio settings in Menu)MenuPress to access the menu settings.Up/DownPress to cycle through settingsand options.DisplayDisplays Sound Bar settingsADJUSTING SOUND BAR SETTINGSPROGRAM REMOTEYou can program your Sound Bar to accept TV remote IR commands. Press the Menu button on the remote, then use the Up/Down buttons to navigate to Prg Remote. Use the Next/Previous buttons to toggle through Learn Vol -, Learn Vol +, and Learn Mute.Ensure that both the SoundBar and TV remotes arepointed at the front of theSound Bar.Note: When using this function,turn off your TV speakers. Refer toyour TV’s user manual for moreinformation.TV RemoteRESET TO FACTORY DEFAULT SETTINGSUSING BLUETOOTH MODEYour Sound Bar supports music streaming from smartphones, tablets, and computers with Bluetooth capability. Device compatibility will vary, see your device’s documentation for more information. Once you have paired your source device to the Sound Bar, as long as you stay within range of the Sound Bar, your device should remain paired, even if you change the input on the Sound Bar.Maximizing SignalA Bluetooth signal has a range of up to 30 feet. Keep in mind that Bluetooth is a compressed audio format, so streamed music may lose some integrity when compared to a wired connection.Try the following if your sound quality is less than optimal:• If you hear any break-up or disconnect while streaming music from your device, move the source device closer to the Sound Bar.•Be sure that there are no solid obstructions in the line-of-sight between the Sound Bar and the source device.• Other wireless devices can affect Bluetooth range, including wireless security cameras, wirelessvideo baby monitors, cordless phones, and microwave ovens. Turning off or moving these devices may improve Bluetooth range.Your Sound Bar is not equipped with a microphone, so it cannot operate as a hands-freedevice for a smartphone.Reduce the volume levels on your device and on the Sound Bar before pressing Play . High volume levels can damage your hearing.DIGITAL OPTICALCABLE your TV .Game ConsoleNetwork Media PlayerTablet/MP3 Player/LaptopUSBTHUMB DRIVE* 3.5mm AUDIOCABLE DIGITAL COAXIALCABLE RCA AUDIO CABLEINSTALLING THE CABLE MANAGEMENT TIEThe Cable Management Tie can be used to organize the input and power cables behind the sound bar.1. Place the Sound Bar face down on a non-marring or soft flat level surface.2. Insert the Tie into the hole on the center of the Sound Bar.3. Insert the Pin into the Tie to secure the Cable Management Tie.4. To remove the Cable Management Tie, remove the Pin and gently pull the Tie.Pin TieDO YOU HAVE QUESTIONS?LET US HELP!YOUR PRODUCT INCLUDES FREE LIFETIME TECH SUPPORTPhone:Email:Web:(877) 878-4946 (TOLL-FREE)techsupport@VIZIO .com/support Hours of operation:Monday - Friday: 5 am TO 9 pm (pST) Saturday - Sunday: 8 am TO 4 pm (pST)The VIZIO support team is highly trained and is based in the United States. We can help with:• New Product Setup • Connecting Your Devices • Technical Problems • And MoreVIZIO RECOMMENDSThe VIZIO Co-Star™ Stream Player merges live TV and streaming entertainment into one experience, turning any HDTV into the ultimate smart TV. Using the latest version of Google TV™, Co-Star decks out your existing HDTV with apps, full-screen Web browsing and the best in streaming entertainment. And with 1080p Full HD resolution, built-in Wi-Fi, and 3D-readiness, VIZIO Co-Star is the ultimate entertainment upgrade for any high-definition television.ON PARTS AND LABORCovers units purchased as new in United States and Puerto Rico OnlyVIZIO provides a warranty to the original purchaser of a new Product against defects in materials and workmanship for a period of one year of non-commercial usage and ninety (90) days of commercial use. If a Product covered by this warranty is determined to be defective within the warranty period, VIZIO will either repair or replace the Product at its sole option and discretion.Toobtainwarrantyservice,contactVIZIOTechnicalSupportviaemail:*******************************************(877.698.4946)from5:00AMto9:00PMMondaythrough Friday and 8:00AM to 4:00PM Saturday and Sunday, Pacific Time, or visit . PRE-AUTHORIZATION MUST BE OBTAINED BEFORE SENDING ANY PRODUCT TO A VIZIO SERVICE CENTER. Proof of purchase in the form of a purchase receipt or copy thereof is required to show that a Product is within the warranty period.Parts and LaborThere will be no charge for parts or labor during the warranty period. Replacement parts and Products may be new or recertified at VIZIO’s option and sole discretion. Replacement parts and Products are warranted for the remaining portion of the original warranty or for ninety (90) days from warranty service or replacement, whichever is greater.Type of ServiceDefective Products must be sent to a VIZIO service center to obtain warranty service. VIZIO is not responsible for transportation costs to the service center, but VIZIO will cover return shipping to the customer. PRE-AUTHORIZATION IS REQUIRED BEFORE SENDING ANY PRODUCT TO A VIZIO SERVICE CENTER FOR WARRANTY SERVICE.Product returns to VIZIO’s service centers must utilize either the original carton box and shipping material or packaging that affords an equal degree of protection. VIZIO Technical Support will provide instructions for packing and shipping the covered Product to the VIZIO service center.Limitations and ExclusionsVIZIO’s one-year limited warranty only covers defects in materials and workmanship. This warranty does not cover, for example: cosmetic damage, normal wear and tear, improper operation, improper voltage supply or power surges, signal issues, damages from shipping, acts of God, any type of customer misuse, modifications or adjustments, as well as installation and set-up issues or any repairs attempted by anyone other than by a VIZIO authorized service center. Products with unreadable or removed serial numbers, or requiring routine maintenance are not covered. This one year limited warranty does not cover Products sold “AS IS”, “FACTORY RECERTIFIED”, or by a non-authorized reseller.THERE ARE NO EXPRESS WARRANTIES OTHER THAN THOSE LISTED OR DESCRIBED ABOVE. ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING ANY IMPLIED WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABIL-ITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, SHALL BE LIMITED IN DURATION TO THE PERIOD OF TIME SET FORTH ABOVE. VIZIO’S TOTAL LIABILITY FOR ANY AND ALL LOSSES AND DAMAG ES RESULTING FROM ANY CAUSE WHATSOEVER INCLUDING VIZIO’S NEG LIG ENCE, ALLEG ED DAMAG E, OR DEFECTIVE G OODS, WHETHER SUCH DEFECTS ARE DISCOVERABLE OR LATENT, SHALL IN NO EVENT EXCEED THE PURCHASE PRICE OF THE PRODUCT. VIZIO SHALL NOT BE RESPONSIBLE FOR LOSS OF USE, LOSS OF INFORMATION OR DATA, COMMERCIAL LOSS, LOST REVENUE OR LOST PROFITS, OR OTHER INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAG ES. SOME STATES DO NOT ALLOW LIMITATIONS ON HOW LONG AN IMPLIED WARRANTY LASTS OR THE EXCLUSION OF INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAG ES, SO THE ABOVE LIMITATIONS OR EXCLUSIONS MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU. THIS WARRANTY G IVES YOU SPECIFIC LEG AL RIG HTS, AND YOU MAY ALSO HAVE OTHER RIG HTS, WHICH VARY FROM STATE TO STATE. THIS WARRANTY IS SUBJECT TO CHANG E WITHOUT NOTICE. CHECK FOR THE MOST CURRENT VERSION.ONE-YEAR LIMITED WARRANTYSound Bar:Two 21/2” Full-Range DriversFour 3” High-Efficiency Mid-Range Transducers +Two 3/4” tweetersSatelliteSpeakers:21/2” Full-Range TransducerSubwoofer:61/2” High-Excursion WooferInputs: 1 x 3.5mm Stereo Audio1 x RCA Stereo Audio1 x Optical (Toslink)1 x USB1 x Digital Coaxial Audio Sound Pressure Level (System):102 dB Frequency Response (System):40 Hz - 20 KHzVoltage:120 VAC, 60 HzCompliances:UL, C-UL, FCCSPECIFICATIONS31FCC Class B Radio Interference Statement NOTE: This equipment has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a Class B digital device, pursuant to Part 15 of the FCC Rules. These limits are designed to provide reasonable protection against harmful interference in a residential installation. This equipment generates, uses and can radiate radio frequency energy, and if not installed and used in accordance with the instructions, may cause harmful interference to radio communications. However, there is no guarantee that interference will not occur in a particular installation. If this equipment does cause harmful interference to radio or television reception, which can be determined by turning the equipment off and on, the user is encouraged to try to correct the interference by one or more of the following measures:1. Reorient or relocate the receiving antenna.2. Increase the separation between the equipment and receiver.3. Connect the equipment into an outlet on a circuit different from that to which the receiver is connected.4. Consult the dealer or an experienced radio/TV technician for help.This device complies with Part 15 of the FCC Rules. Operation is subject to the following two conditions: (1) this device may not cause harmful interference, and (2) this device must accept any interference received, including interference that may cause undesired operation.Notice:1. The changes or modifications not expressly approved by the party responsible for compliance could void the user’s authority to operate the equipment.2. Shielded interface cables and AC power cord, if any, must be used in order to comply with the emission limits.3. The manufacturer is not responsible for any radio or TV interference caused by unauthorized modification to this equipment. It is the responsibilities of the user to correct such interference.RF Exposure Information This device meets the government’s requirements for exposure to radio waves. This device is designed and manufactured not to exceed the emission limits for exposure to radio frequency (RF) energy set by the Federal Communications Commission of the U.S. Government. This device complies with FCC radiation exposure limits set forth for an uncontrolled environment.IC Statement Operation is subject to the following two conditions:1. This device may not cause interference, and2. This device must accept any interference, including interference that may cause undesired operation of the device.IC Radiation Exposure Statement This equipment complies with IC RSS-102 radiation exposure limits set forth for an uncontrolled environment. This equipment should be installed and operated with minimum distance 20cm between the radiator & your body.Disposal and Recycling You must dispose of this product properly, according to local laws and regulations. Because this product contains electronic components and a battery, it must be disposed of separately from household waste. Contact local authorities to learn about disposal and recycling options.Other:Image(s) used under license from LEGAL & COMPLIANCEFor DTS patents, see . Manufactured under license from DTS Licensing Limited. DTS, the Symbol, & DTS and the Symbol together are registered trademarks, and DTS Circle Surround is a trademark of DTS, Inc. © DTS, Inc. All Rights Reserved.For DTS patents, see . Manufactured under license from DTS Licensing Limited. DTS, the Symbol, & DTS and the Symbol together are registered trademarks, and DTS Digital Surround is a trademark of DTS, Inc. © DTS, Inc. All Rights Reserved.Manufactured under license from Dolby Laboratories. Dolby and the double-D symbol are trademarks of Dolby Laboratories. For DTS patents, see . Manufactured under license from DTS Licensing Limited. DTS, the Symbol, & DTS and the Symbol together are registered trademarks, and DTS TruVolume is a trademark of DTS, Inc. © DTS, Inc. All Rights Reserved.This product qualifies for ENERGY STAR in the “factory default” setting and this is the setting in which power savings will be achieved. Changing the factory default settings or enabling other features will increase power consumption that could exceed the limits necessary to qualify for ENERGY STAR rating We want to help you save energy.© 2013 VIZIO INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 130430OC-A。
外贸英语函电
主 编 王 丽
Unit One Introduction to Business Letters (商务信函概论)
Functions of Business Letters
to inform, which refers to conveying the vast amount of information needed to dayto-day operations of the business; to influence, which means that messages included in a business letter should also influence the reader‘s attitudes and functions.
Unit One Introduction to Business Letters (商务信函概论)
The General Procedures for Business Letter Writing:
1. Determine our purpose of writing a certain letter. 2. Identify who the readers are. 3. Organize the message, which is to be contained in the letter. 4. Write a draft. 5. Polish the writing.
外贸英语函电
Unit Twelve Urging Establishment of L/C Unit Thirteen L/C Amendment & Extension Unit Fourteen Shipment Unit Fifteen Packing & Shipping Marks Unit Sixteen Insurance Unit Seventeen Making a Claim Unit Eighteen Acceptance of a Claim Unit Nineteen Replacing Merchandise Unit Twenty Processing & Assembling Trade Unit Twenty-one Compensation Trade
外贸单证知识大全-外贸单证英语
1.revocable L/C/irrevocable L/C可撤销信用证/不可撤销信用证2.confirmed L/C/unconfirmed L/C 保兑信用证/不保兑信用证3.sight L/C/usance L/C 即期信用证/远期信用证4.transferable L/C(or)assignable L/C(or)transmissible L/C /untransferable L/C 可转让信用证/不可转让信用证5.divisible L/C/undivisible L/C 可分割信用证/不可分割信用证6.revolving L/C 循环信用证7.L/C with T/T reimbursement clause 带电汇条款信用证8.without recourse L/C/with recourse L/C 无追索权信用证/有追索权信用证9.documentary L/C/clean L/C 跟单信用证/光票信用证10.deferred payment L/C/anticipatory L/C延付信用证/预支信用证11.back to back L/Creciprocal L/C对背信用证/对开信用证12.traveller's L/C(or:circular L/C)旅行信用证跟单文据1.available against surrender of the following documents bearing our credit number and the full name and address of the opener 凭交出下列注名本证号码和开证人的全称及地址的单据付款2.drafts to be accompanied by the documents marked(×)below 汇票须随附下列注有（×）的单据3.accompanied against to documents hereinafter随附下列单据4.accompanied by following documents随附下列单据5.documents required单据要求6.accompanied by the following documents marked(×)in duplicate 随附下列注有（×）的单据一式两份7.drafts are to be accompanied by…汇票要随附（指单据）……汇票种类1.the kinds of drafts汇票种类(1)available by drafts at sight凭即期汇票付款(2)draft(s) to be drawn at 30 days sight开立30天的期票(3)sight drafs 即期汇票(4)time drafts 原期汇票2.drawn clauses 出票条款（注：即出具汇票的法律依据）(1)all darfts drawn under this credit must contain the clause “Drafts drawn Under Bankof…credit No.…dated…” 本证项下开具的汇票须注明“本汇票系凭……银行……年……月……日第…号信用证下开具”的条款(2)dr afts are to be drawn in duplicate to our order bearing the clause “Drawn under United Malayan Banking Corp.Bhd.Irrevocable Letter of Credit No.…dated July 12, 1978” 汇票一式两份，以我行为抬头，并注明“根据马来西亚联合银行1978年7月12日第……号不可撤销信用证项下开立”(3)draft(s) drawn under this credit to be marked：“Drawn under…Bank L/C No.……Dated (issuing date of credit)” 根据本证开出得汇票须注明“凭……银行……年……月……日（按开证日期）第……号不可撤销信用证项下开立”(4)drafts in duplicate at sight bearing the clauses“Drawn under…L/C No.…dated…” 即期汇票一式两份，注明“根据……银行信用证……号，日期……开具”(5)draft(s) so drawn must be in scribed with the number and date of this L/C 开具的汇票须注上本证的号码和日期(6)draft(s) bearing the clause：“Drawn under documentary credit No.…(shown above) of…Bank” 汇票注明“根据……银行跟单信用证……号（如上所示）项下开立”发票1.signed commercial invoice已签署的商业发票in duplicate 一式两份in triplicate 一式三份in quadruplicate 一式四份in quintuplicate 一式五份in sextuplicate 一式六份in septuplicate 一式七份in octuplicate一式八份in nonuplicate 一式九份in decuplicate 一式十份2.beneficiary's original signed commercial invoices at least in 8 copies issued in the name of the buyer indicating (showing/evidencing/specifying/declaration of) the merchandise, country of origin and any other relevant information. 以买方的名义开具、注明商品名称、原产国及其他有关资料，并经签署的受益人的商业发票正本至少一式八份3.Signed attested invoice combined with certificate of origin and value in 6 copies as reuired for imports into Nigeria. 以签署的，连同产地证明和货物价值的，输入尼日利亚的联合发票一式六份4.beneficiary must certify on the invoice…have been sent to the accountee 受益人须在发票上证明，已将……寄交开证人5.4% discount should be deducted from total amount of the commercial invoice 商业发票的总金额须扣除4%折扣6.invoice must be showed: under A/P No.… date of expiry 19th Jan. 1981 发票须表明：根据第……号购买证，满期日为1981年1月19日7.documents in combined form are not acceptable不接受联合单据bined invoice is not acceptable 不接受联合发票提单1.full set shipping (company's) clean on board bill(s) of lading marked "Freight Prepaid" to order of shipper endorsed to … Bank, notifying buyers 全套装船（公司的）洁净已装船提单应注明“运费付讫”，作为以装船人指示为抬头、背书给……银行，通知买方2.bills of lading made out in negotiable form 作成可议付形式的提单3.clean shipped on board ocean bills of lading to order and endorsed in blank marked "Freight Prepaid" notify: importer(openers,accountee) 洁净已装船的提单空白抬头并空白背书，注明“运费付讫”，通知进口人（开证人）4.full set of clean "on board" bills of lading/cargo receipt made out to our order/to order and endorsed in blank notify buyers M/S … Co. calling for shipment from China to Hamburg marked "Freight prepaid" / "Freight Payable at Destination" 全套洁净“已装船”提单/货运收据作成以我（行）为抬头/空白抬头，空白背书，通知买方……公司，要求货物字中国运往汉堡，注明“运费付讫”/“运费在目的港付”5.bills of lading issued in the name of…提单以……为抬头6.bills of lading must be dated not before the date of this credit and not later than Aug. 15, 1977 提单日期不得早于本证的日期，也不得迟于1977年8月15日7.bill of lading marked notify: buyer,“Freight Prepaid”“Liner terms”“received for shipment”B/L not acceptable提单注明通知买方，“运费预付”按“班轮条件”，“备运提单”不接受 8.non-negotiable copy of bills of lading 不可议付的提单副本保险单/凭证1.Risks & Coverage险别(1)free from particular average (F.P.A.)平安险(2)with particular average (W.A.)水渍险（基本险）(3)all risk 一切险（综合险）(4)total loss only (T.L.O.) 全损险(5)war risk 战争险(6)cargo(extended cover)clauses货物（扩展）条款(7)additional risk 附加险(8)from warehouse to warehouse clauses仓至仓条款(9)theft,pilferage and nondelivery (T.P.N.D.)盗窃提货不着险(10)rain fresh water damage 淡水雨淋险(11)risk of shortage 短量险(12)risk of contamination 沾污险(13)risk of leakage 渗漏险(14)risk of clashing & breakage碰损破碎险(15)risk of odour 串味险(16)damage caused by sweating and/or heating 受潮受热险(17)hook damage 钩损险(18)loss and/or damage caused by breakage of packing包装破裂险(19)risk of rusting 锈损险(20)risk of mould 发霉险(21)strike, riots and civel commotion (S.R.C.C.) 罢工、暴动、民变险(22)risk of spontaneous combustion 自燃险(23)deterioration risk 腐烂变质险(24)inherent vice risk 内在缺陷险(25)risk of natural loss or normal loss途耗或自然损耗险(26)special additional risk 特别附加险(27)failure to delivery 交货不到险(28)import duty 进口关税险(29)on deck 仓面险(30)rejection 拒收险(31)aflatoxin 黄曲霉素险(32)fire risk extension clause-for storage of cargo at destination Hongkong, including Kowloon, or Macao 出口货物到香港（包括九龙在内）或澳门存仓火险责任扩展条款(33)survey in customs risk 海关检验险(34)survey at jetty risk 码头检验险(35)institute war risk 学会战争险(36)overland transportation risks陆运险(37)overland transportation all risks陆运综合险(38)air transportation risk 航空运输险(39)air transportation all risk 航空运输综合险(40)air transportation war risk 航空运输战争险(41)parcel post risk 邮包险(42)parcel post all risk 邮包综合险(43)parcel post war risk 邮包战争险(44)investment insurance(political risks) 投资保险（政治风险）(45)property insurance 财产保险(46)erection all risks 安装工程一切险(47)contractors all risks 建筑工程一切险。
反腐败与反商业贿赂管理制度-中英双语版
反腐败与反商业贿赂管理制度一、概述 Overview本制度为预防公司经营管理过程中的腐败行为，切实做好反商业贿赂和腐败工作，加强企业内控机制，强化制度监督和制度反腐，加强对重点部门、岗位人员的监督和管理力度，确保治理商业贿赂长效机制，防止各种不正当行为的发生。
This procedure aims to prevent corrupt behavior in the company's business management process, effectively carry out anti commercial bribery and corruption work, strengthen the internal control mechanism of the enterprise, strengthen institutional supervision and anti-corruption, strengthen the supervision and management of key departments and positions, ensure a long-term mechanism for controlling commercial bribery, and prevent the occurrence of various improper behaviors.适用于XX股份有限公司（以下简称“公司”）及其分/子公司、中心、各事业部（以下统称“各单位”）一切经营管理活动或对外接触的活动。
这些活动包括但不限于与政府部门接触、产品销售、原辅材料采购与验收、工程施工、设备采购和维护、质量监督等经济活动。
公司及下属各单位全体员工（包括全职员工和兼职员工），所有与集团有业务来往的客户、供应商、服务商、承包商，均在本程序管制范围内。
Applicable to all business management activities or external contact activities of XX CO.,LTD. (hereinafter referred to as the "Company") and itsbranches/subsidiaries, centers, bases, and business units (hereinafter collectively referred to as the "Units"). These activities include but are not limited to economic activities such as contact with government departments, product sales, procurement and acceptance of raw and auxiliary materials, engineering construction, equipment procurement and maintenance, and quality supervision. All employees (including full-time and part-time employees) of the company and its subordinate units, as well as all customers, suppliers, service providers, and contractors who have business dealings with the group, are within the control scope of this procedure.二、定义 Definition本程序所规定的腐败、商业贿赂行为是指公司内、外人员采用欺骗等违法、违规手段，谋取个人不正当利益，损害公司正当经济利益的行为；或谋取不当的公司经济利益，同时可能为个人带来不正当利益的行为。
doi10.1093nargkl994 Noncoding RNAs database (ncRNAdb)
Noncoding RNAs database (ncRNAdb)Maciej Szymanski*,Volker A.Erdmann 1and Jan BarciszewskiInstitute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Polish Academy of Sciences,Noskowskiego 12,61-704Poznan,Poland and 1Institute fur Chemie/Biochemie,Freie Universitat Berlin,Thielallee 63,14195Berlin,GermanyReceived September 15,2006;Revised October 27,2006;Accepted October 30,2006ABSTRACTThe noncoding RNA database (ncRNAdb)was crea-ted as a source of information on RNA molecules,which do not possess protein-coding capacity.It is now widely accepted that,in addition to constitu-tively expressed,housekeeping or infrastructural RNAs,there is a wide variety of RNAs participating in mechanisms involved in regulation of gene expression at all levels of transmission of genetic information from DNA to proteins.Noncoding RNAs’activities include chromatin structure remodeling,transcriptional and translational regulation of gene expression,modulation of protein function and regulation of subcellular distribution of RNAs as well as proteins.Noncoding transcripts have been identified in organisms belonging to all domains of life.Currently,the ncRNAdb contains >30000ncRNA sequences from Eukaryotes,Eubacteria and Archaea,but does not include housekeeping transcripts or microRNAs and snoRNAs for which more specialized databases are available.The contents of the database can be accessed via the WWW at http://biobases.ibch.poznan.pl/ncRNA/.INTRODUCTIONIn recent years,we have witnessed a growing interest in the involvement of RNA molecules in controlling gene expres-sion.Numerous studies demonstrated that regulatory noncod-ing or non-protein-coding RNAs (ncRNAs and npcRNAs)play equally important role as protein transcription factors in determining the repertoire of expressed genes virtually in all living organisms.The significance of ncRNAs is evident from the results of analyses of the protein-coding capacity of sequenced genomes.The contribution of protein-coding regions decreases with the increase of complexity of organ-isms.In bacteria,unicellular eukaryotes and invertebrates,the coding sequences constitute 95,30and 20%of the genomic DNA,respectively.In mammals,the open reading frames account only for 1.5–2%of the genomes (1,2).Simi-lar proportions of the coding and noncoding regions are observed within the sequences which are actually transcribed (3).There are also very little differences between the mam-malian proteomes which suggests that the diversity observed on the phenotypic level is not determined by different sets of proteins,but rather by programs which govern their expres-sion (4).A support for this view came recently from the discovery of the brain-specific HAR1F RNA expressed dur-ing cerebral cortex development.Accelerated evolution of HAR1F-encoding region may have contributed to the evolu-tion of human brain (5).Regulatory ncRNAs have been identified in all domains of life and they have been shown to be involved in numerous mechanisms controlling expression of genes at all levels of transmission of genetic information from DNA to proteins (6).They include epigenetic modification of chromatin struc-ture (methylation and modification of histones),regulation of transcription by modulation of activity of RNA polymerase and transcription factors,RNA modification,mRNA stability and translation.Unlike the infrastructural ncRNAs (e.g.tRNAs,rRNAs,snRNA and snoRNAs),regulatory RNAs are not transcribed constitutively in all cells.In many cases,their expression depends on the cell or tissue type,developmental stage or is controlled by epigenetic factors or environmental conditions (e.g.hormones and stress).Specific changes in the expression of particular ncRNAs in humans have been also linked to human neurobehavioral and developmental disor-ders and cancer (7).Initially,virtually all ncRNAs were discovered by chance and there were no systematic approaches to identify the whole contents of the transcriptome.At the time of the pub-lication of the first ncRNA database in 1999(8),there was only a handful of known ncRNAs which were regarded as curiosities.Since then,there has been a steady growth of reports on identification of new noncoding transcripts.In recent years,a large number of ncRNAs sequences have been determined in large scale sequencing projects of cDNAs (9,10),and small cytoplasmic RNAs (11).There has also been a growing number of reports describing novel methods for computational identification of ncRNA-encoding genes (12,13).Despite the advances in identification of new ncRNAs both in prokaryotes and eukaryotes,our knowledge of the spectrum of their activities is rather limited.There are rela-tively few noncoding transcripts which have been at least*To whom correspondence should be addressed.Tel:+48618528503;Fax:+48618520532;Email:mszyman@ibch.poznan.plÓ2006The Author(s).This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (/licenses/by-nc/2.0/uk/)which permits unrestricted non-commercial use,distribution,and reproduction in any medium,provided the original work is properly cited.D162–D164Nucleic Acids Research,2007,Vol.35,Database issue Published online 14December 2006doi:10.1093/nar/gkl994partially characterized in terms of function or expression. This growth of interest in RNA biology was a motivation for several databases published in recent years(e.g.14,15). THE DATABASEThe purpose of the database is to serve and organize informa-tion concerning regulatory noncoding transcripts from all groups of organisms.In addition to the RNAs for which regu-latory activities have been documented,the database also contains sequences of ncRNAs which are known to be expressed,but their role in a cell is still unknown.In compari-son with other ncRNA databases,which appeared in recent years,ncRNAdb does not focus on any particular class of transcripts or taxonomic groups.The RNAs included in the database have been demonstrated or are suspected to function without being translated into proteins and they are not consti-tutively expressed housekeeping transcripts(e.g.tRNAs, rRNAs and snRNAs).As of August2006,the noncoding regulatory RNA data-base includes over30000sequences from99organisms.A significant growth of the amount of data,compared with previous edition published in2003which contained300 sequences(16),is primarily due to systematic identification of noncoding transcripts in mammals by means of large scale cDNA sequencing(8,9).These sequences account for over90%of the data.On the other hand,certain groups of RNAs(microRNAs and snoRNAs),which were present in previous editions,were removed from our service to avoid the redundancy with other specialized databases.DATA SOURCESThe primary source of sequences included in the database were the GenBank(17)records.Human and mouse ncRNA sequences are in part derived from H-Invitational(18)and FANTOM3(8)full length cDNA databases,respectively. Computationally identified small cytoplasmic,bacterial RNAs which are not annotated in the genomic sequences were deri-ved from the Rfam—the database of RNA families(15). Since many of the primary transcripts of the eukaryotic ncRNAs are subject to alternative splicing,various splicing variants derived from the same gene are presented as sepa-rate entries.For ncRNAs,for which there are no indivi-dual GenBank records,predicted transcripts were extracted from genomic sequences using information provided in the feature tables or based on the multiple sequence alignments. Apart from the sequences,the entries contain supplemen-tary information(when available)on experimentally verified activities,expression patterns and chromosomal localization. The annotations and genome mapping information for the sequences rely on data provided in original GenBank records, H-Invitational Database of Annotated Human Genes(release 3.4,July2006),FANTOM3Database(March2006release) and UCSC Genome Browser Database(19).Most of the entries for eukaryotic transcripts are linked to the UCSC Genome Browser(20).DATABASE ACCESSIndividual nucleotide sequences can be retrieved in FASTA format as separate entries or downloaded as batchfiles.Thedata can be searched using transcript names,accession num-bers or organism names.In addition to the access to the database records,the search results also linked to full GenBank entries.In the current version of the database we also included the BLAST server which allows to perform sequence similarity searches using the full ncRNA database ( 64Mb).The search results are linked to the full database records.The browser section of the database is intended as a source of basic information on noncoding transcripts which have been at least partially characterized in terms of function or expression patterns.For such RNAs we provide short des-criptions of known activities described in the literature and relevant citations linked to the Medline database.The brow-ser entries also give access to the nucleotide sequences from the database(FASTA)or the entire GenBank records.The database can be accessed through the WWW at the following URL:http://biobases.ibch.poznan.pl/ncRNA.ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThis work was supported by grants from the Polish State Committee for Scientific Research(M.S.and J.B.),the Fonds der Chemischen Industrie e.V.(V.A.E.)and the National Foundation for Cancer Research(M.S.,V.A.E.and J.B.). Funding to pay the Open Access publication charges for this article was provided by the Fonds der Chemischen Industrie e.V. Conflict of interest statement.None declared. 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英语六级听力真题长对话
英语六级听力真题长对话英语六级听力真题（长对话）（通用8篇）随着时间的推移，一年一度的六级考试马上就要到来了。
听力一直是六级考试的难点。
下面是yjbys网店铺提供给大家关于英语六级听力真题(长对话)，供大家参考。
英语六级听力真题长对话篇1Conversation OneM: So how long have you been a Market Research Consultant?W: Well, I started straight after finishing university.M: Did you study market research?W: Yeah, and it really helped me to get into the industry, but I have to say that it's more important to get experience in different types of market research to find out exactly what you're interested in.M: So what are you interested in?W: Well, at the moment, I specialize in quantitative advertising research, which means that I do two types of projects. Trackers, which are ongoing projects that look at trends or customer satisfaction over a long period of time. The only problem with trackers is that it takes up a lot of your time. But you do build up a good relationship with the client. I also do a couple of ad-hoc jobs which are much shorter projects.M: What exactly do you mean by ad-hoc jobs?W: It's basically when companies need quick answers to their questions about their consumers' habits. They just ask for one questionnaire to be sent out for example, so the time you spend on an ad-hoc project tends to be fairly short.M: Which do you prefer, trackers or ad-hoc?W: I like doing both and in fact I need to do both at the sametime to keep me from going crazy. I need the variety.M: Can you just explain what process you go through with a new client?W: Well, together we decide on the methodology and the objectives of the research. I then design a questionnaire. Once the interviewers have been briefed, I send the client a schedule and then they get back to me with deadlines. Once the final charts and tables are ready, I have to check them and organize a presentation.M: Hmm, one last question, what do you like and dislike about your job?W: As I said, variety is important and as for what I don't like, it has to be the checking of charts and tables.Questions 1 to 4 are based on the conversation you have just heard.Q1: What position does the woman hold in the company?Q2: What does the woman specialize in at the moment?Q3: What does the woman say about trackers?Q4: What does the woman dislike about her job?Conversation TwoW: Hello, I'm here with Frederick. Now Fred, you went to university in Canada?M: Yeah, that's right.W: OK, and you have very strong views about universities in Canada. Could you please explain?M: Well, we don't have private universities in Canada. They’re all public. All the universities are owned by the government, so there is the Ministry of Education in charge of creating the curriculum for the universities and so there is not much room for flexibility. Since it's a government operatedinstitution, things don't move very fast. If you want something to be done, then their staff do not have so much incentive to help you because he's a worker for the government. So I don't think it's very efficient. However, there are certain advantages of public universities, such as the fees being free. You don't have to pay for your education. But the system isn't efficient, and it does not work that well.W: Yeah, I can see your point, but in the United States we have many private universities, and I think they are large bureaucracies also. Maybe people don't act that much differently, because it’s the same thing working for a private university. They get paid for their job. I don’t know if they're that much more motivated to help people. Also, we have a problem in the United States that usually only wealthy kids go to the best schools and it's kind of a problem actually.M: I agree with you. I think it's a problem because you're not giving equal access to education to everybody. It’s no t easy, but having only public universities also might not be the best solution. Perhaps we can learn from Japan where they have a system of private and public universities. Now, in Japan, public universities are considered to be the best.W: Right. It's the exact opposite in the United States.M: So, as you see, it's very hard to say which one is better.W: Right, a good point.Questions 5 to 8 are based on the conversation you have just heard.Q5: What does the woman want Frederick to talk about?Q6: What does the man say about the curriculum in Canadian universities?Q7: On what point do the speakers agree?Q8: What point does the man make at the end of the conversation?英语六级听力真题长对话篇2Lecture 1The negative impacts of natural disasters can be seen everywhere. In just the past few weeks, the world has witnessed the destructive powers of earthquakes in Indonesia, typhoons in the Philippines, and the destructive sea waves that struck Samoa and neighboring islands.A study by the Center for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters finds that, between 1980 and 2007, nearly 8,400 natural disasters killed more than two-million people. These catastrophic events caused more than $1.5 trillion in economic losses.U.N. weather expert Geoffrey Love says that is the bad news. "Over the last 50 years, economic losses have increased by a factor of 50. That sounds pretty terrible, but the loss of life has decreased by a factor of 10 simply because we are getting better at warning people. We are making a difference. Extreme events, however, will continue to occur. But, the message is that they may not be disasters."Love, who is director of Weather and Disaster Risk Reduction at the World Meteorological Organization, says most of the deaths and economic losses were caused by weather, climate, or water-related extremes. These include droughts, floods, windstorms, strong tropical winds and wildfires.He says extreme events will continue. But, he says extreme events become disasters only when people fail to prepare for them."Many of the remedies are well-known. From a planning perspective, it is pretty simple. Build better buildings. Don’tbuild where the hazards will destroy them. From an early-warning perspective, make sure the warnings go right down to the community level. Build community action plans. ”The World Meteorological Organization points to Cuba and Bangladesh as examples of countries that have successfully reduced the loss of life caused by natural disasters by taking preventive action.It says tropical cyclones formerly claimed dozens, if not hundreds of lives, each year, in Cuba. But, the development of an early-warning system has reversed that trend. In 2008, Cuba was hit by five successive hurricanes, but only seven people were killed.Bangladesh also has achieved substantial results. Major storm surges in 1970 and 1991 caused the deaths of about 440,000 people. Through careful preparation, the death toll from a super tropical storm in November 2007 was less than 3,500.Q16. What is the talk mainly about?Q17. How can we stop extreme events from turning into events?Q18. What does the example of Cuba serve to show?Lecture 2As U.S. banks recovered with the help of American government and the American taxpayers, president Obama held meetings with top bank execut ives, telling them it’s time to return the favor. “The way I see it are banks now having a greater obligation to the goal of a wide recovery,” he said. But the president may be giving the financial sector too much credit. “It was in a free fall, and it was a very scary period.” Economist Martin Neil Baily said. After the failure of Lehman Brothers, many of the world’s largest banks feared the worst as the collapse ofthe housing bubble exposed in investments in risky loans.Although he says the worst is just over, Bailey says the banking crisis is not. More than 130 US banks failed in 2009. He predicts high failure rates for smaller, regional banks in 2010 as commercial real estate loans come due."So there may actually be a worsening of credit availability to small and medium sized businesses in the next year or so."Analysts say the biggest problem is high unemployment, which weakens demand and makes banks reluctant to lend. But US Bankcorp chief Richard Davis sees the situation differently."We're probably more optimistic than the experts might be.With that in mind, we're putting everything we can, lending is the coal to our engine, so we want to make more loans. We have to find a way to qualify more people and not put ourselves at risk."While some economists predict continued recovery in the future, Baily says the only certainty is that banks are unlikely to make the same mistakes - twice. "You know, forecasting's become a very hazardous business so I don't want to commit myself too much. I don't think we know exactly what's going to happen but it's certainly possible that we could get very slow growth over the next year or two.”If the economy starts to shrink again, Baily says it would make a strong case for a second stimulus -- something the Obama administration hopes will not be necessary.Q19. What dose president Obama hope the banks will do?Q20. What is Martin Neil Baily’s prediction about the financial situation in the future?Q21. What does U.S. Bankcorp chief Richard Davis say about its future operation?Q22. What does Martin Neil Baily think of a second stimulus to the economy?英语六级听力真题长对话篇3Section ADirections: In this section, you will hear two long conversations. At the end of eachconversation, you will hear four questions. Both the conversation and the questions will bespoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer. from the fourchoices marked A), B),C) and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with asingle line through the centre.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡1上作答。
世贸组织术语
世贸组织术语补贴协议）可诉补贴Actionable subsidy(纺织品与服装、农产品)一体化进程Integration process（服务贸易）境外消费Consumption abroad（服务贸易）跨境交付Cross border supply（服务贸易）商业存在Commercial presence(服务贸易)自然人natural person(服务贸易)自然人流动Presence of natural person(解决争端)被诉方Defendant（解决争端）调查结果Findings(解决争端)上诉Appeal(解决争端)申诉方Complaint(利益的)丧失和减损Nullification and impairment(农产品)国内支持Domestic support（农产品）综合支持量AMS (Aggregate Measurement of Support) （农产品国内支持）黄箱措施Amber Box measures（农产品国内支持）蓝箱措施BOP(Balance-of-payments) Provisions （农产品国内支持）绿箱措施Green Box measures(农业)多功能性Multifunctionality（欧盟）共同农业政策Common Agriculture Policy(争端解决)专家组Panel（知识产权）地理标识Geographical indications《巴黎公约》(关于保护工业知识产权的公约)Paris Convention《巴塞尔公约》（有关危险废弃物的多边环境协定）Basel Convention《北美自由贸易协定》NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement)《濒危物种国际贸易公约》Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species《伯尔尼公约》（有关保护文学和艺术作品版权的公约）Berne Convention《多种纤维协定》MFA (Multifibre Agreement)《纺织品与服装协议》ATC (Agreement on Textiles and Clothing)《服务贸易总协定》GATS (General Agreement on Trade in Services)《关于争端解决规则与程序的谅解》DSU(Understanding on Rules and Procedures Governing the Settlement of Disputes)《京都议定书》Kyoto Protocol《里斯本条约》（有关地理标识及其国际注册）Lisbon Agreement《蒙特利尔议定书》(有关保护大气臭氧层的多边环境协定)Montreal Protocol《农产品协议》特殊保障SSG (Special Safeguard)《农业协议》中关于反补贴的和平条款Peace clause《生物多样性公约》CBD(Convention on Biological Diversity)《信息技术协议》ITA (Information Technology Agreement)WTO最不发达国家高级别会议HLM (WTO High-level Meeting for LDCs)北美自由贸易区NAFTA (North American Free Trade Area)采取措施后Ex post采取措施前Ex ante产品生命周期分析LCA (Life Cycle Analysis)出口补贴Export subsidy出口实绩Export performance垂直兼并vertical merger当地含量Local content电子商务Electronic Commerce东部和南部非洲共同市场COMESA (Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa)东盟自由贸易区ASEAN Free Trade Area动植物卫生检疫措施SPS (Sanitary and Phytosanitary Standard )反补贴税Countervailing duty反倾销措施anti-dumping measures against...反向通知Counter-notification非配额产品quota-free products非生产性投资investment in non-productive projects非洲、加勒比和太平洋国家集团（洛美协定）ACP(African, Caribbean and Pacific Group) 风险管理/评估risk management/ assessment关贸总协定，世界贸易组织的前身GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade)规避Circumvention国际标准化组织ISO (International Organization for Standardization)国际纺织品服装局ITCB (International Textile and Clothing Bureau)国际货币基金组织IMF (International Monetary Fund)国际劳工组织ILO (International Labor Organization)国际贸易中心ITC (International Trade Center)国际贸易组织ITO (International Trade Organization)国际贸易组织临时委员会ICITO (Interim Commission for the International Trade Organization) 国际清算international settlement国际收支balance of international payments/ balance of payment国际收支条款BOP(Balance-of-payments) Provisions国际兽疫组织International Office of Epizootics国民待遇National treatment国内补贴Domestic subsidy国内生产Domestic production海关估价Customs valuation海关完税价值Customs value横向兼并horizontal merger环保型技术EST(Environmentally-sound technology)灰色区域措施Grey area measures货币留成制度Currency retention scheme货币贸易理事会CTG(Council for Trade in Goods)基础税率Base tariff level既定日程Built-in agenda交叉报复Cross retaliation进口差价税Import variable duties进口附加税Import surcharge进口环节税import linkage tax进口渗透Import penetration进口替代Import substitution进口许可Import licensing进口押金Import deposits经济合作与发展组织OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development) 垃圾融资junk financing联合国环境署UNEP (United Nations Environment Program)联合国开发计划署UNDP (United Nations Development Program)联合国粮农组织FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United States)联合国贸易与发展会议UNCTAD (United Nations Conference on Trade and Development) 粮食安全Food security慢性萧条chronic depression贸易和投资自由化和便利化TILF (Trade and Investment Liberalization and Facilitation) 贸易与发展委员会Committee on Trade and Development贸易与环境委员会Committee on Trade and Environment模式Modalities南方共同市场（或称南锥体共同市场）MERCOSUR (Southern Common Market)南亚区域合作联盟SAARC (South Asian Association for Regional cooperation)欧洲自由贸易联盟EFTA (European Free Trade Association)配额调整条款modulation of quota clause瓶颈制约'bottleneck' restrictions全球配额global quota上诉机构Appeal body申报制度reporting system; income declaration system生产补贴Production subsidy实行国民待遇grant the national treatment to实质损害Material injury食品法典委员会CAC(Codex Alimentaries Commission)世界海关组织WCO (World Customs Organization)世界贸易组织WTO (World Trade Organization)世界知识产权组织WIPO (World Intellectual Property Organization)市场准人的行政管理措施AAMA (Administrative Aspects of Market Access)市场准入Market access通知义务Notification obligation同类产品Like product乌拉圭回合Uruguay Round消费膨胀inflated consumption协调制度（商品名称及编码协调制度）HS (Harmonized Commodity and Coding System) 新议题New issues许可费License fee有秩序的市场安排Orderly market arrangements约束水平Bound level争端解决机构Dispute Settlement Body政府采购Government procurement知识产权IPRs (Intellectual property rights)直接支付Direct payment诸边协议Plurilateral agreement专门的营销机构Market boards转基因生物GMOs (Genetically Modified Organisms)祖父条款grandfather clause最不发达国家LDCs (Least-developed countries)最初谈判权(初谈权) INRs (Initial Negotiating Rights)最惠国待遇（现通常称'正常贸易关系'）MFN（most-favored-nation) treatment最惠国贸易地位(待遇)MFN (Most-favored-nation)(Treatment)WTO术语英文解释GeneralGATT - General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, which has been superseded as an international organization by the WTO. An updated General Agreement is now one of the WTO's agreements.GATT 1947 - The old (pre-1994) version of the GATT.GATT 1994 - The new version of the General Agreement, incorporated into the WTO, which governs trade in goods.Members - WTO governments (first letter capitalized, in WTO style).MFN - Most-favoured-nation treatment (GATT Article I, GATS Article II and TRIPS Article 4), the principle of not discriminating between one's trading partners.national treatment - The principle of giving others the same treatment as one's own nationals. GATT Article III requires that imports be treated no less favourably than the same or similar domestically-produced goods once they have passed customs. GATS Article XVII and TRIPS Article 3 also deal with national treatment for services and intellectual property protection.TPRB, TPRM - The Trade Policy Review Body is General Council operating under specialprocedures for meetings to review trade policies and practices of individual WTO members under the TradePolicy Review Mechanism.transparency - Degree to which trade policies and practices, and the process by which they are established, are open and predictable.Uruguay Round - Multilateral trade negotiations launched at Punta del Este, Uruguay in September 1986 and concluded in Geneva in December 1993. Signed by Ministers in Marrakesh, Morocco, in April 1994.Tariffsbinding, bound - see "tariff binding"electronic commerce - The production, advertising, sale and distribution of products via telecommunications networks.free-rider - A casual term used to infer that a country which does not make any trade concessions, profits, nonetheless, from tariff cuts and concessions made by other countries in negotiations under the most-favoured-nation principle.Harmonized System - An international nomenclature developed by the World Customs Organization, which is arranged in six digit codes allowing all participating countries to classify traded goods on a common basis. Beyond the six digit level, countries are free to introduce national distinctions for tariffs and many other purposes.ITA - Information Technology Agreement, or formally the Ministerial-Declaration on Trade in Information Technology Products, under which participants will remove tariffs on IT products by the year 2000.ITA II - Negotiations aimed at expanding ITA's product coverage.nuisance tariff - Tariff so low that it costs the government more to collect it than the revenue it generates.schedule of concessions - List of bound tariff rates.tariff binding - Commitment not to increase a rate of duty beyond an agreed level. Once a rate of duty is bound, it may not be raised without compensating the affected parties.tariff escalation - Higher import duties on semi-processed products than on raw materials, and higher still on finished products. This practice protects domestic processing industries and discourages the development of processing activity in the countries where raw materials originate.tariff peaks - Relatively high tariffs, usually on "sensitive" products, amidst generally low tariff levels. For industrialized countries, tariffs of 15% and above are generally recognized as "tariff peaks".tariffs - Customs duties on merchandise imports. Levied either on an ad valorem basis (percentage of value) or on a specific basis (e.g. $7 per 100 kgs.). Tariffs give price advantage to similar locally-produced goods and raise revenues for the government.WCO - World Customs Organization, a multilateral body located in Brussels through which participating countries seek to simplify and rationalize customs procedures.Non-tariff measuresanti-dumping duties - Article VI of the GATT 1994 permits the imposition of anti-dumping duties against dumped goods, equal to the difference between their export price and their normal value, if dumping causes injury to producers of competing products in the importing country.circumvention - Measures taken by exporters to evade anti-dumping or countervailing duties.countervailing measures - Action taken by the importing country, usually in the form of increased duties to offset subsidies given to producers or exporters in the exporting country.dumping - Occurs when goods are exported at a price less than their normal value, generally meaning they are exported for less than they are sold in the domestic market or third-country markets, or at less than production cost.NTMs - Non-tariff measures such as quotas, import licensing systems, sanitary regulations, prohibitions, etc.price undertaking - Undertaking by an exporter to raise the export price of the product to avoid the possibility of an anti-dumping duty.PSI - Preshipment inspection - the practice of employing specialized private companies to check shipment details of goods ordered overseas - i.e. price, quantity, quality, etc.QRs - Quantitative restrictions - specific limits on the quantity or value of goods that can be imported (or exported) during a specific time period. rules of origin - Laws, regulations andadministrative procedures which determine a product's country of origin. A decision by a customs authority on origin can determine whether a shipment falls within a quota limitation, qualifies for a tariff preference or is affected by an anti-dumping duty. These rules can vary from country to country.safeguard measures - Action taken to protect a specific industry from an unexpected build-up of imports - governed by Article XIX of the GATT 1994.subsidy - There are two general types of subsidies: export and domestic. An export subsidy is a benefit conferred on a firm by the government that is contingent on exports. A domestic subsidy is a benefit not directly linked to exports.tariffication - Procedures relating to the agricultural market-access provision in which all non-tariff measures are converted into tariffs.trade facilitation - Removing obstacles to the movement of goods across borders (e.g. simplification of customs procedures).VRA, VER, OMA - Voluntary restraint arrangement, voluntary export restraint, orderly marketing arrangement. Bilateral arrangements whereby an exporting country (government or industry) agrees to reduce or restrict exports without the importing country having to make use of quotas, tariffs or other import controls.Textiles and clothingATC - The WTO Agreement on Textiles and Clothing which integrates trade in this sector back to GATT rules within a ten-year period.carry forward - When an exporting country uses part of the following year's quota during the current year.carry over - When an exporting country utilizes the previous year's unutilized quota.circumvention - Avoiding quotas and other restrictions by altering the country of origin of a product.CTG - Council for Trade in Goods - oversees WTO agreements on goods, including the ATC. integration programme - The phasing out of MFA restrictions in four stages starting on 1 January 1995 and ending on 1 January 2005.ITCB - International Textiles and Clothing Bureau - Geneva-based group of some 20 developing country exporters of textiles and clothing.MFA - Multifibre Arrangement (1974-94) under which countries whose markets are disrupted by increased imports of textiles and clothing from another country were able to negotiate quota restrictions.swing - When an exporting country transfers part of a quota from one product to another restrained product.TMB - The Textiles Monitoring Body, consisting of a chairman plus ten members acting in a personal capacity, oversees the implementation of ATC commitments.transitional safeguard mechanism - Allows members to impose restrictions against individual exporting countries if the importing country can show that both overall imports of a product and imports from the individual countries are entering the country in such increased quantities as to cause - or threaten - serious damage to the relevant domestic industry.Agriculture/SPSAgenda 2000 - EC's financial reform plans for 2000?06 aimed at strengthening the union with a view to receiving new members. Includes reform of the CAP (see below).border protection - Any measure which acts to restrain imports at point of entry.BSE - Bovine spongiform encephalopathy, or "mad cow disease".box - Category of domestic support. - Green box: supports considered not to distort trade and therefore permitted with no limits. - Blue box: permitted supports linked to production, but subject to production limits and therefore minimally trade-distorting. - Amber box: supports considered to distort trade and therefore subject to reduction commitments.Cairns Group - Group of agricultural exporting nations lobbying for agricultural trade liberalization. It was formed in 1986 in Cairns, Australia just before the beginning of the Uruguay Round. Current membership: Argentina, Australia, Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Indonesia, Malaysia, New Zealand, Paraguay, Philippines, South Africa, Thailand and Uruguay.CAP - Common Agricultural Policy - The EU's comprehensive system of production targets and marketing mechanisms designed to manage agricultural trade within the EU and with the rest of the world.Codex Alimentarius - FAO/WHO commission that deals with international standards on food safety.distortion - When prices and production are higher or lower than levels that would usually exist in a competitive market.deficiency payment - Paid by governments to producers of certain commodities and based on the difference between a target price and the domestic market price or loan rate, whichever is the less.EEP - Export enhancement programme - programme of US export subsidies given generally to compete with subsidized agricultural exports from the EU on certain export markets.food security - Concept which discourages opening the domestic market to foreign agricultural products on the principle that a country must be as self-sufficient as possible for its basic dietary needs.internal support - Encompasses any measure which acts to maintain producer prices at levels above those prevailing in international trade; direct payments to producers, including deficiency payments, and input and marketing cost reduction measures available only for agricultural production.International Office of Epizootics - Deals with international standards concerning animal health.multifunctionality - Idea that agriculture has many functions in addition to producing food and fibre, e.g. environmental protection, landscape preservation, rural employment, etc. See non-trade concerns.non-trade concerns - Similar to multifunctionality. The preamble of the Agriculture Agreement specifies food security and environmental protection as examples. Also cited by members are rural development and employment, and poverty alleviation.peace clause - Provision in Article 13 of the Agriculture Agreement says agricultural subsidies committed under the agreement cannot be challenged under other WTO agreements, in particular the Subsidies Agreement and GATT. Expires at the end of 2003.reform process/program - The Uruguay Round Agriculture Agreement starts a reform process. It sets out a first step, in the process, i.e. a program for reducing subsidies and protection and other reforms. Current negotiations launched under Article 20 are for continuing the reform process.SPS regulations - Sanitary and Phytosanitary regulations - government standards to protect human, animal and plant life and health, to help ensure that food is safe for consumption.variable levy - Customs duty rate which varies in response to domestic price criterion.Intellectual propertyBerne Convention - Treaty, administered by WIPO, for the protection of the rights of authors in their literary and artistic works.CBD - Convention on Biological Diversity.compulsory licensing - For patents: when the authorities license companies or individuals other than the patent owner to use the rights of the patent - to make, use, sell or import a product under patent (i.e. a patented product or a product made by a patented process) - without the permission of the patent owner. Allowed under the TRIPS Agreement provided certain procedures and conditions are fulfilled. See also government use.counterfeit - Unauthorized representation of a registered trademark carried on goods identical or similar to goods for which the trademark is registered, with a view to deceiving the purchaser into believing that he/she is buying the original goods.exhaustion - The principle that once a product has been sold on a market, the intellectual property owner no longer has any rights over it. (A debate among WTO member governments is whether this applies to products put on the market under compulsory licences.) Countries' laws vary as to whether the right continues to be exhausted if the product is imported from one market into another, which affects the owner's rights over trade in the protected product. See also parallel imports.geographical indications - Place names (or words associated with a place) used to identify products (for example, "Champagne", "Tequila" or "Roquefort") which have a particular quality, reputation or other characteristic because they come from that placegovernment use - For patents: when the government itself uses or authorizes other persons to use the rights over a patented product or process, for government purposes, without the permission of the patent owner. See also compulsory licensing.intellectual property rights - Ownership of ideas, including literary and artistic works (protected by copyright), inventions (protected by patents), signs for distinguishing goods of an enterprise (protected by trademarks) and other elements of industrial property.IPRs - Intellectual property rights.Lisbon Agreement - Treaty, administered by WIPO, for the protection of geographical indications and their international registration.Madrid Agreement - Treaty, administered by WIPO, for the repression of false or deceptive indications of source on goods.mailbox - Refers to the requirement of the TRIPS Agreement applying to WTO members which do not yet provide product patent protection for pharmaceuticals and for agricultural chemicals. Since 1 January 1995, when the WTO agreements entered into force, these countries have to establish a means by which applications of patents for these products can be filed. (An additional requirement says they must also put in place a system for granting "exclusive marketing rights" for the products whose patent applications have been filed.)parallel imports - When a product made legally (i.e. not pirated) abroad is imported without the permission of the intellectual property right-holder (e.g. the trademark or patent owner). Some countries allow this, others do not.Paris Convention - Treaty, administered by WIPO, for the protection of industrial intellectual property, i.e. patents, utility models, industrial designs, etc.piracy - Unauthorized copying of materials protected by intellectual property rights (such as copyright, trademarks, patents, geographical indications, etc) for commercial purposes and unauthorized commercial dealing in copied materials.Rome Convention - Treaty, administered by WIPO, UNESCO and ILO, for the protection of the works of performers, broadcasting organizations and producers of phonograms.TRIPS - Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights.UPOV - International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of PlantsWashington Treaty - Treaty for the protection of intellectual property in respect of lay-out designs of integrated circuits.WIPO - World Intellectual Property Organization.Investmentexport-performance measure - Requirement that a certain quantity of production must be exported.FDI - Foreign direct investment.local-content measure - Requirement that the investor purchase a certain amount of local materials for incorporation in the investor's product.product-mandating - Requirement that the investor export to certain countries or region.trade-balancing measure - Requirement that the investor use earnings from exports to pay for imports.TRIMS - Trade-related investment measures.Dispute settlementAppellate Body - An independent seven-person body that, upon request by one or more parties to the dispute, reviews findings in panel reports.automaticity - The "automatic" chronological progression for settling trade disputes in regard to panel establishment, terms of reference, composition and adoption procedures.DSB - Dispute Settlement Body - when the WTO General Council meets to settle trade disputes.DSU - The Uruguay Round Understanding on Rules and Procedures Governing the Settlement of Disputes.nullification and impairment - Damage to a country's benefits and expectations from its WTO membership through another country's change in its trade regime or failure to carry out its WTOobligations.panel - Consisting of three experts, this independent body is established by the DSB to examine and issue recommendations on a particular dispute in the light of WTO provisions.Servicesaccounting rate - In telecoms, the charge made by one country's telephone network operator for calls originating in another country.commercial presence - Having an office, branch, or subsidiary in a foreign country.GATS - The WTO's General Agreement on Trade in Services.general obligations - Obligations which should be applied to all services sector at the entry into force of the agreement.Initial commitments - Trade liberalizing commitments in services which members are prepared tomake early on.modes of delivery - How international trade in services is supplied and consumed. Mode 1: cross border supply; mode 2: consumption abroad; mode 3: foreign commercial presence; and mode 4: movement of natural persons.multi-modal - Transportation using more than one mode. In the GATS negotiations, essentially door-to-door services that include international shipping.national schedules - The equivalent of tariff schedules in GATT, laying down the commitments accepted - voluntarily or through negotiation - by WTO members.natural persons - People, as distinct from juridical persons such as companies and organizations.offer - A country's proposal for further liberalization.protocols - Additional agreements attached to the GATS. The Second Protocol deals with the 1995 commitments on financial services. The Third Protocol deals with movement of natural persons.prudence, prudential - In financial services, terms used to describe an objective of market regulation by authorities to protect investors and depositors, to avoid instability or crises.schedule - "Schedule of Specific Commitments" - A WTO member's list of commitments regarding market access and bindings regarding national treatment.specific commitments - See "schedule".Regionalism/trade and developmentACP - African, Caribbean and Pacific countries. Group of 71 countries with preferential trading relation with the EU under the former Lom? Treaty now called the Cotonou Agreement.Andean Community - Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Venezuela.APEC - Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation forum.ASEAN - Association of Southeast Asian Nations. The seven ASEAN members of the WTO - Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Singapore and Thailand - often speak in the WTO as one group on general issues. The other ASEAN members are Laos and Vietnam.Caricom - The Caribbean Community and Common Market comprises 15 countries.CTD - The WTO Committee on Trade and DevelopmentCustoms union - Members apply a common external tariff (e.g. the EC).EC - European Communities (official name of the European Union in the WTO).EFTA - European Free Trade Association.free trade area - Trade within the group is duty free but members set own tariffs on imports from non-members (e.g. NAFTA).G15 - Group of 15 developing countries acting as the main political organ for the Non-Aligned Movement.G77 - Group of developing countries set up in 1964 at the end of the first UNCTAD (originally 77, but now more than 130 countries).G7 - Group of seven leading industrial countries: Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, United Kingdom, United States.GRULAC - Informal group of Latin-American members of the WTO.GSP - Generalized System of Preferences - programmes by developed countries granting preferential tariffs to imports from developing countries.HLM - WTO High-Level Meeting for LDCs, held in October 1997 in Geneva.ITC - The International Trade Centre, originally established by the old GATT and is now operated jointly by the WTO and the UN, the latter acting through UNCTAD. Focal point for technical cooperation on trade promotion of developing countries.LDCs - Least-developed countries.MERCOSUR - Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay.NAFTA - North American Free Trade Agreement of Canada, Mexico and the US.Quad - Canada, EC, Japan and the United States.SACU - Southern African Customs Union comprising Botswana, Lesotho, Namibia, South Africa and Swaziland.S&D - "Special and differential treatment" provisions for developing countries. Contained in several WTO agreements.UNCITRAL - United Nations Centre for International Trade Law, drafts model laws such as the one on government procurement.UNCTAD - The UN Conference on Trade and Development.Trade and environmentAgenda 21 - The Agenda for the 21st Century - a declaration from the 1992 Earth Summit (UN Conference on the Environment and Development) held in Rio de Janeiro.Article XX - GATT Article listing allowed "exceptions" to the trade rules.Basel Convention - An MEA dealing with hazardous waste.BTA - Border tax adjustmentCITES - Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species. An MEA.CTE - The WTO Committee on Trade and Environment.EST - Environmentally-sound technology.EST&P - EST and products.ex ante, ex post - Before and after a measure is applied.LCA - Life cycle analysis - a method of assessing whether a good or service is environmentally friendly.MEA - Multilateral environmental agreement.Montreal Protocol - An MEA dealing with the depletion of the earth's ozone layer.PPM - Process and production method.TBT - The WTO Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade.waiver - Permission granted by WTO members allowing a WTO member not to comply with normal commitments. Waivers have time limits and extensions have to be justified.。
国际商法期末复习重点英文版
IBL is the body of rules and norms that regulates international business trade and i n t e r n a t i o n a l b u s i n e s s o r g a n i z a t i o n s. Sources of IBLWhat does it mean by source of lawNational lawInternational treaties and conventionsTrade customs and usagesInternational model lawCommon law systemCommon law is the law as developed and pronounced by the courts in deciding cases; Competent courtThe reasoning of an adjudicationPrecedentCivil law systemCivil law is the codified law which is made by legislature to regulate specific relationships;1. Roman law2. Made and statutedefinition of partnershipDefined as a Profit-making economic organization which is Established of a partnership agreement, Make a Joint capital contributions, conduct business jointly,Share incomes and risks and bear unlimited joint and several liabilities for debts of the partnership enterprise.特点：Profit-making economic organization;Establishment of a partnership agreement;Joint capital contribution;Sharing of incomes and risks;Bearing of unlimited joint and several liabilities for debtsCreation of a partnership:①an association of two of more persons②carrying on a business ③co-ownership④for profit⑤intent目的⑥partnership by estoppelLimited liability partnership有限责任合伙的责任承担: In a limited liability partnership, some partners have limited liability,some partners have unlimited liability.General partnership普通合伙的责任承担:Bearing of unlimited joint and several liabilities for debts.出资方式：Capital contribution:in cash; tangible goods; land or land use rights; intellectual property; or other proprietary rights; or in the form of labor service if it is agreed by all of the partners;partners’ rights and duties：①A partner has the right of compensation补偿from the partnershipThe amount of compensation is decided by how the partners agreed in the partnership agreement②A partner has the right of sharing profit from the partnership③Partners owe a duty to devote full time and best efforts to the affairs of the partnership;④Self-interest is prohibited;⑤Secret profits in dealing with the partnershipis prohibited;⑥Partners owes a duty to disclose all information and facts from a third party to other partners;⑦Concealment of information and facts is prohibited;⑧That partners work hand in glove with in collusion with others for selfish purpose is prohibited;⑨Partners have a duty to account for any expenditures they make of the partnership funds;Partners have the duty to be joined as plaintiffs or defendants in legal suits合伙企业的管理：co-managementDissolution of the partnership means that the economic organization ceases to be associated as an entity to carry on a business;1.Non-wrongful dissolutiondissolutiondeath or bankruptcy of any partner automatically dissolves the partnership;court order or decree dissolves a partnership;Winding up:liquidation of the assets of the business of the partnership after dissolution happens;Continuation of the partnership by the remaining partners;Completion of work by the partnership before dissolution;Sharing of profits, bearing of debts, returning of assets;Definition of corporation:A corporation is a form of an economic organization in which the shareholders make investment, elect management and take limited liability for the debts of the corporation. 特征：legal status;must be permitted by government;is accomplished through the election of the shareholders;shareholders take limited liability;ownership interest of the corporation is freely transferable;taxation;legal status:A corporation is a legal person and a legal entity independent of its owners shareholders and its managers officers and the board of directors. Its life is unaffected by the retirement or death of its shareholders, officers, and directors.“Piercing the corporation veil” theory Means to prevent the company's independent personality abuse and protect the interests of the creditors and social public interests, the specific legal relationship of specific facts, denied that the company and its shareholders behind the independent personality and limited liability of shareholders, shall be ordered to the shareholder of the company including natural person shareholders and legal person shareholders to the company creditors or directly responsible for public interests, to achieve fairness and justice of the requirements and set up a kind of legal action.滥用权力的表现legal personality is capable of abuse by shareholders to evade legal obligations;of the corporation by shareholders;of corporation assets;Management of corporations：Management agencies；Board of directors;officers of the corporation; board of supervisors;Management of a corporation is elected by the shareholders;Termination of corporation:①Voluntary termination:Maturity of pre-agreed period; Completion of pre-agreed project;Agreement of the shareholders to terminate②Involuntary termination：Wrongful trading;Unable to pay its debts; Business of the corporation is not commenced within;Tax evasion;Court resolution;Shareholders’ rights :①shareholders’ meeting②shareholders’ election of directors③fundamental corporate changes④shareholders’ inspection and information rights⑤distribution to shareholders⑥Shareholders’ lawsuitShareholders’ liabilities:① Shareholders should be liable for short distribution and illegal distribution②If the shareholders abuse the corporate personality to evade legal obligations, they are liable for the debts of the corporationAn agency is defined as a fiduciary relationship that results when one person,the principal,consents that another person,the agent, shall act on behalf of the principal. Ostensible agency表见代理：in some situations,an agent’s powers are expanded neither by agreement with the principal nor by custom or emergency. Under the doctrine of apparent authority of ostensible authority, authority may be created or expanded when the principal causes third parties to reasonably believe the agent has authority. Express authority明示授权—employment contract; resolution of the board of directors; advisory memorandum; power of attorney;Implied authority默示授权—on the basis of express authority; in the customary fashion; emergencies; apparent authority and estoppel；secret limitations;Ratification追认：an agent exceeds the limited authority granted; a non-agent purported to act as agent;Unauthorized contract：1implied warranty of authority---whether the third party knew that the agent had no authority at the conclusion of the contract; 2non-existent principal;Termination of an agencyAct of the parties---accomplishment of contract purpose/occurrence of events; lapse of time; mutual agreement; unilateral termination;Operation of law---incapacity, bankruptcy, death; illegality; impracticality.Sel ler’s obligations:of the Goods–turning over of documentsseller’s assurance of the quality of the goodsseller’s assurance of ownership of the goodsseller’s assurance of ownership of the goods Exceptions ----The buyer knew or could not have been unaware of the charge or encumbrance upon the goods;The seller’s compliance with technical drawings, designs, formulas or other specifications furnished by the buyer;Buyer’s obligations :Payment of price;T aking delivery.Buyer’s remediesCompelling of specific performance---the buyer had not resorted to another remedy; the nonconformity constituted a fundamental breach; timely notice-giving of the nonconformity; timely request of specific performance.Avoidance---the seller’s breach of contract constitutes a fundamental breach; the seller rejects to perform within the nachfrist notice by the buyerPrice reduction---the buyer reduces a proportionate part of the purchase price in order to offset the shortage or to reflect the reduced value of the nonconforming goods. Refusing early delivery and excess quantitySeller’s remedies1. to compel specific performance;2. to avoid the contract for a fundamental breach or failure to cure a defect;3. to obtain missing specificationsRemedies available to both buyers and sellers1. suspension of performance;2. avoidance in anticipation of a fundamental breach;3. avoidance of an installment contract;4. avoidance;5. damages;Bill of ladingA bill of lading is a contract between a carrier seller, buyer or their agent and an ocean carrier for the carriage of goods.Characteristics of B/La certificate of receipt:as prima facie evidence between the shipper and the carrier,if B/L is not transferred; as final evidence between the carrier and the transferee of B/L;2. As an evidence of the carriage contract between the carrier and the shipper;a document of title:the carrier delivers the goods against the original B/L; Classifications of B/L提单的分类Loaded B/L;Named B/L;To the order B/L;Blank B/L;Antedated B/L倒签提单-it is issued earlier than the actual shipping date;Advanced B/L预借提单-it is issued before the shipping of the goods;Clean B/L 清洁提单issued through indemnity-it is issued through indemnity to cancel the “unclean” facts of the goods;。
时政类语篇型填空专项训练(老年人食堂满足了人口老龄化的需求)(上)-2025届高三英语一轮复习
2024年11月7日China Daily时政类语篇型填空专项训练（老年人食堂满足了人口老龄化的需求）（上）Canteens for seniors feed demands of aging populationPassage 1It's lunchtime, and the canteen in a residential community in Hangzhou, Zhejiang province, is filled with 1. (excite). Inside, an 2. (attract) array of freshly cooked dishes awaits the elderly residents of the neighborhood.A message flashes 3. a screen as one senior enters — "Mr Chen, seafood and soy products aren't 4. (suit) for you today". Personalized reminders appear on the screen for certain residents, and offer meal 5. (suggest) based 6. their health data.The canteen for seniors in Cuiyuan No 1 Community, 7. of the first government-subsidized dining halls for elderly people in Zhejiang, offers discounted meals and delivery 8. (serve) for senior residents.The community is home to over 9,800 people, a quarter of 9. are aged 60 or above. As the dietary needs of the seniors have evolved, so 10. the canteen's technology.Passage 2"Our canteen has become much 1. (smart)," said Xiang Feifei, director of the community residents' committee. "2. seniors who require special care, the day care center monitors their vital signs and feeds this data 3. the canteen's digital system. 4. someone is allergic to seafood, the system detects it and generates a customized menu advising them 5. to avoid," she said.To protect privacy and ensure 6. (secure), facial recognition and health data usage 7. (govern) by a privacy agreement. Both elderly residents and their children sign this agreement, ensuring the data 8. (use) only withtheir consent and strictly for non-commercial purposes, Xiang said.The initiative not only 9. (improve) the quality of life for the elderly, but also provides crucial support for younger family members, including those who have to work during the day and are unable to look 10. their parents at all times.Passage 3For 66-year-old Hu Huali, 1. (she) visits to the community's seniors canteen, which is just a five-minute walk from her home, 2. (become) a part of her daily routine."A hearty meal 3. one meat dish and two vegetable sides costs around 16 yuan ($2.25). It's delicious and affordable."she said.Chen Peng's parents, 4. of whom are 5. (near) 80, enjoy three discounted meals a day from Monday to Friday."In the past, their meals 6. (be) often makeshift — flatbread and fried dough in the morning, 7. (boil) porridge with pickled vegetables — sometimes they would eat like that all day," Chen said. "We were really 8. (worry)."Now, this burden has 9. (ease). "For elderly people like my parents, they can enjoy hot, affordable meals and have someone 10. (chat) with, which helps alleviate loneliness," he added.Passage 4China, like many 1. countries, is undergoing a demographic shift. The country has nearly 300 million citizens aged 60 or above, 2. (office) figures show. That number 3. (expect) to top 400 million by 2035 and approach 500 million by around 2050, 4. which point seniors will account 5. nearly 35 percent of the country's total population.At present, about 90 percent of elderly people in China choose home care, about 7 percent rely 6. community care, and 3 percent live in institutional care, survey data from the National Health Commission shows.In October last year, the State Council executive 7. (meet) reviewed and approved an action plan for actively developing elderly meal assistance services.This year, it was included in the China National Aging Committee's list of 8. (practice) matters for the elderly, with the central government 9. (allocate) 300 million yuan in guidance funds 10. (support) the development of assistance services to provide meals for the elderly.参考答案参考答案11.excitement2.attractive3.across4.suitable5.on6.suggestions7.one8.services9.whom 10.has参考译文1现在是午餐时间，浙江省杭州市一个小区的食堂里充满了兴奋的气氛。
国际商务英语单词
Unit1customs areavisible tradeinvisible tradegross domestic product（GDP）portfolio investmentstocksbondscertificate of depositlicensingfranchisingtrademarkpatentroyaltycopyrightlicensorlicenseefranchiserfranchiseemanagement contractvalue chaincontract manufacturingturnkey projectBOT （Build Operate Transfer） intellectual propertyUnit2national incomeGNP(Gross National Product）per capita incomePPP(purchasing power parity) consumerismincome distributionOrganization of Economic Cooperation a nd DevelopmentinfrastructureCommonwealth of Independent States staple goodscreditor countryASEANfactors of production 关税区有形贸易无形贸易国内生产总值证券投资股票债券大额存单许可经营特许经营商标专利专利使用费，许可使用费，版税 版权给予许可的人接受许可的人给予特许的人接受特许的人管理合同价值链承包生产“交钥匙”工程建设、经营、移交知识产权国民收入国民生产总值人均收入购买力平价消费，消费主义收入分布经济合作与发展组织基础设施独立国家联合体（独联体）大路货债权国东南亚国家联盟生产要素economic integrationput up barriersfree trade areatariff ratesquota restrictionsNorth American FreeTrade Agreement(NAFTA)customs unioncommon marketsovereign statepolitical entitysignatorysettlementbanknotescirculationexecutive bodyEuropean Commissioncommissionercouncil of ministersmulti-polarizationDual-Ministerial Meetingsub-committeecartedOPECin a detourterritory economics internationalizationinternational economic environment double digittechnical improvementsday-to-day runningjurisdictionaffiliateshare holdershost countriesnatural resourcesprimary commoditiesspecializationeconomies of scaleendowment of naturecapital,land and labourabsolute advantagecomparative advantagetariffs barriers 经济一体化设置障碍自由贸易区关税税率配额限制北美自由贸易协定关税同盟共同市场主权国家政治实体签字国，签字人结算纸币，钞票货币流通行政机构，执行机构 欧盟委员会委员，特派员，专员 部长理事会多极化双部长会议分委员会卡特尔，联盟石油输出国组织以迂回的方式区域性经济体国际化国际经济环境两位数字的技术进步日常管理权利，管理范围分支机构，附属机构 股东东道国自然资源初级产品专业化规模经济自然的赋予资本、土地和劳动力绝对利益比较利益关税壁垒quotacustoms unionimport dutiesexport dutiesad valorem dutiesspecific dutiescompound dutiesdrawbackmost-favoured-nation（MFN）treatment concessiontariff schedulenon-tariff barriermeans of transportinland water vesselscargo compartmentplaces of historical interest accommodationsimmigrantremittancetrade termstrading practicesamendmentpremisesdestinationroll on-roll off trafficcustoms clearancetrade fairstrunk callenquiryquotationvalidity periodoffereecounter offersales contractsales(purchase)confirmation business linecontract properconsignmentcontracting partiesforce majeurearbitrationcotton piece goodscotton yarnsarticle number 配额关税同盟进口关税出口关税从价税从量税复税，混合关税退税最惠国待遇让步税率表，税则非关税壁垒运输工具内河船只货仓古迹膳宿供应，招待设备移民汇款贸易术语；交易条件贸易惯例修正案；修正条款；修改（企业、机构等使用的）生产场所经营场址 目的地，终点滚装滚卸式运输结关商品交易会长途电话询盘，询价报价有效期收盘人还盘销售合同售货（购货）确认书业务范围，经营范围合同本身，合同正文寄售缔约方不可抗力仲裁棉布棉纱货号counter tradeterminologynet positionshyperinflationEuropean Payment Unioncompetitive devaluation photocopying machineclearing systemcompensation tradeprocessing tradeleasingagencypolicy objectivesprotectionismfinancial marketcentrally planned economiesdebtordebitfinancial standingcreditworthinessperiodic paymentscash in advancedraftbill of exchangedrawerdraweepayeeusance draft(tenor draft,term draft) documentary draftclean draftbill of ladingtitle to the goodsinsurance policydocumentary collectiondocuments against payment(D/P) documents against acceptance(D/A)go bankruptopen accountapplicantopening bankbeneficiarycorrespondent bankadvising bankconfirming bank 对销贸易；反向贸易术语实际头寸极度通货膨胀欧洲支付联盟竞争性贬值复印机清算系统，清算制度补偿贸易加工贸易租赁代理政策目标贸易保护主义金融市场中央计划经济国家债务人借方，记入借方的款财务状况资信可靠状况分阶段付款预付现金汇票汇票出票人受票人受款人远期汇票跟单汇票光票提单货物所有权保险单跟单托收付款交单承兑交单破产记账交易开证申请人（也叫opener或principal) 开证银行受益人往来行，关系行通支行保兑行unit pricepartial shipment transshipmentprice termscarrying vessel mechanismclean creditnon-trade settlement revocable credit irrevocable credit confirmed creditleading bankdouble assurancesight creditusance creditcapital turnoverface valuetransferable creditnon-transferable credit middlemannon-draft creditdeferred payment revolving credittake delivery of commissiondiscountshipping markssignaturein general termsmemos(memorandum) consignorcarriageconsigneenotify partyairway billcargo receiptthe insuredcurrencycommercial invoiceport of shipmentshipping advicenatural product provinces carriercommon carrier 单价分批装运转船价格条款，价格术语运载船只，载货船只机制光票信用证非贸易结算可撤销信用证不可撤销信用证保兑信用证主要银行双重保障即期信用证远期信用证资金周转面值可转让信用证不可转让信用证中间人无汇票信用证推迟付款循环信用证提（货）佣金折扣唛头，运输标记签字用概括性的词语，用一般性词语表达 备忘录，便笺托运人运输收货人被通知人空运提单铁路运单，货运收据被保险人货币商业发展发货港，起运港装船通知产品自然领域承运人，运载工具公共承运人contract carrierprivate carrier entrepreneurintermediate product finished productsper-unitshipperinventoryjust-in-time inventory logisticscost economiesintermediate products insurerenterprisepoolpremiumclaimclientmarginhandmaidenknown premiumrelease of fundstime lagunderwritersutmost good faithport of originbrand-newplatinumindemnitytie upcontributionpro rateFord carpercentagesubrogationnegligentforwarding charges proximate cause of the loss insurable interestthe capital tied up exchange rategold standardpar valuereserve currency 契约承运人自有承运人企业家，业主中间产品制成品每一单位托运人，发货人，货主存货，库存零库存物流节约成本，成本节约中间产品承保人企业，公司统筹的资金；共同款项保险费索赔顾客，主顾保证金起服务（或辅助）作用的事物已知的保险费腾出资金在时间上的间隔保险公司最大诚信货物原产地港口崭新的白金损失赔偿占用，冻结分摊按比例（美国）福特轿车百分比；（全部中的）所占比例：部分 代位；取代疏忽的，玩忽的交货费用导致损失的直接原因可保险权益占用的资金汇率，兑换率金本位制平价储备货币interactionclean floatdirty floatvice versaspecial drawing right BOP deficitdiscount rateidle fundsdirect quoteindirect quotebuying rateselling ratemedial ratemultilateralfinancial resources earningsspell outcriterionsubscription replenishments prerequisitepopulation-planning nutritioncornerstonecapital marketborrowing powergold tranchereservegrace periodprivate sectorequity investmentcut across sectoral lines standby arrangement investment returns beveragetunacannerybiogeneticsbiotechnology Volkswagencustomer mobility inventorytax holidayacquisition 交互作用清洁浮动肮脏浮动反过来也是这样，反之亦然特别提款权国际收支赤字贴现率邮资（汇率）直接标价（汇率）间接标价买入价卖出价中间价多边的，多国（或多方）参加的 资金收益，赢利详细说明，明确规定标准，准则捐助，认捐补充或增加的（资金）必备条件，先决条件人口计划营养基石资本市场借款权黄金份额储备金，准备金优惠期，宽限期私营经济股权投资超越部门界限备用（信贷）安排投资收益，投资回报饮料金枪鱼罐头食品厂生物遗传学生物工艺学大众汽车客户流动存货免税期并购start from scratchjoint ventureparentthe greenfield strategyinvestorsecuritiesstatuteequitiesindicesgilt-edged stocksbrokerjobbersecondary capital marketmarket floorlisted marketincome taxqualificationsstanding committeecriteriaVATshortfallpractitionerlong-term capitalprimary capital raisingoptionsaccession tobe traced back tocontroversyframeworkGeneralized System of Preferences non-discriminatepredecessorfull employmentthe most-favored nation clause trade-relatedfull-fledgedverdicttariff concessionroundinstitutional strengththresholdcounter-veiling measuresanti-dumpingnational treatment 白手起家，从零开始合资企业母公司，总公司，创始组织绿地战略投资者有价证券法令，法规，成文律（股息不定的）普通股，股票 （index的复数形式）指数金边证券经纪人，中介人，掮客股票买卖经纪人二级资本市场交易场地挂牌证券交易市场所得税资格常务委员会（criterion的复数形式）标准增值说（全称为value added tax） 亏空，不足开业者长期资本对新发行的有价证券的筹措活动 期权（合同），选购权加入追溯到争议，争论框架，机构普惠制不加区别的，非歧视的前任，原来的事物充分就业最惠国条款与贸易有关的完全合格的，名副其实的裁决，判决关税减让回合制度力量，行政力量门槛，开端反贴补措施反倾销国民待遇tariff quotafair tradeECOSOCforumterms of tradeescape clausesterritoryaction programmepreferential customs tariffsorganconferencepreferencenon-discrimination principledifferential treatment new international economic ordertransfer of technology 关税配额公平贸易联合国经济及社会理事会公开讨论的机会；论坛贸易条件免责条款，例外条款领土，领地行动纲领特惠税机构，机关（正式）会议（年会）优先（权）；优先选择（权） 无差别待遇原则差别待遇国际经济新秩序技术转让。
商务英语合同按一定逻辑顺序排列的句子
商务英语合同按一定逻辑顺序排列的句子全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1Business English contract is a vital tool in the business world, as it helps to establish the terms and conditions of a business agreement between two parties. In order to ensure clarity and avoid misunderstandings, it is important to arrange the clauses and sections of the contract in a logical order. Below is a suggested structure for organizing a business English contract in a logical sequence:1. Introduction: The contract should begin with a clear and concise introduction that outlines the purpose of the agreement and the parties involved.2. Definitions: Define any key terms or terms that may have a specific meaning within the context of the contract. This will help to avoid confusion and ensure that both parties are on the same page.3. Scope of Work: Outline the scope of work to be performed under the contract, including specific deliverables, deadlines, and any other relevant details.4. Payment Terms: Clearly state the payment terms of the agreement, including the total amount due, any deposit or installment payments, and the payment schedule.5. Terms and Conditions: Outline the terms and conditions of the agreement, including any warranties, liabilities, and obligations of both parties.6. Termination Clause: Include a termination clause that outlines the circumstances under which the contract may be terminated, as well as the process for doing so.7. Dispute Resolution: Include a section that outlines the process for resolving any disputes that may arise under the contract, including mediation or arbitration.8. Governing Law: Specify the governing law that will apply to the contract, as well as any jurisdictional issues that may arise.9. Signatures: Finally, include a signature block for both parties to sign and date the contract, indicating their agreement to the terms and conditions outlined.By following a logical sequence in organizing a business English contract, both parties can ensure that the agreement is clear, comprehensive, and legally enforceable. This can help toprotect the interests of both parties and avoid costly disputes in the future.篇2Creating a well-organized business English contract is essential for clear communication and the smooth operation of business transactions. In order to ensure clarity and coherence in the contract, it is important to follow a certain logical sequence when drafting the document.Firstly, the contract should start with the identification of the parties involved, including their full legal names, addresses, and contact information. This information is crucial for establishing the relationship between the parties and defining their respective roles and responsibilities in the agreement.Next, the contract should clearly outline the scope of the agreement, including the goods or services to be provided, the duration of the contract, and any specific terms or conditions that apply. This section should provide a detailed description of what is expected from each party and the goals and objectives of the agreement.Following this, the contract should specify the terms and conditions of payment, including the payment schedule, methodof payment, and any penalties or late fees that may apply. It is important to establish a clear and fair payment arrangement to avoid any misunderstandings or disputes later on.Additionally, the contract should include provisions for dispute resolution, such as mediation or arbitration, in case any disagreements arise between the parties. This section should outline the steps to be taken in the event of a dispute and the process for resolving it in a fair and efficient manner.Finally, the contract should end with signatures from all parties involved, indicating their agreement to the terms and conditions outlined in the document. This step is crucial for legally binding the agreement and ensuring that all parties are committed to fulfilling their obligations under the contract.In conclusion, organizing a business English contract in a logical sequence is essential for creating a clear and effective agreement. By following a structured approach and including all necessary information in the contract, businesses can ensure smooth and successful transactions that benefit all parties involved.篇3Commercial English contracts are essential documents that establish the terms of a business agreement between two or more parties. The proper arrangement of clauses and sections in a contract is crucial to ensure clarity and avoid misunderstandings. Here is a guide on how to organize a business English contract in a logical sequence:1. Title and Identification: The contract should begin with a clear and concise title that identifies the parties involved, the nature of the agreement, and the effective date. It should also include the full names and addresses of all parties.2. Definitions: Define any terms or phrases that may be ambiguous or specific to the contract. This section helps avoid confusion and ensures that all parties have a clear understanding of the terms used throughout the document.3. Scope of Agreement: Clearly outline the scope of the agreement, including the specific services to be provided, the duration of the agreement, and any limitations or restrictions.4. Obligations of Parties: Detail the specific duties and responsibilities of each party involved in the contract. This section should clearly define what is expected of each party and the consequences of failure to fulfill these obligations.5. Payment Terms: Specify the payment terms, including the amount of payment, the method of payment, and the schedule of payments. Include any penalties for late payments or breaches of contract.6. Termination Clause: Outline the conditions under which the contract can be terminated by either party, including notice periods and any penalties for early termination.7. Confidentiality and Non-Disclosure: Include clauses that protect the confidentiality of sensitive information shared during the course of the agreement. This section should define what information is considered confidential and the consequences of unauthorized disclosure.8. Dispute Resolution: Specify the procedure for resolving disputes that may arise during the term of the contract, including mediation, arbitration, or litigation.9. Governing Law: Determine the governing law that will apply to the contract, specifying which country's laws will govern the interpretation and enforcement of the agreement.10. Signatures: End the contract with signature lines for all parties involved, along with the date of execution. All partiesshould sign the document to signify their acceptance and agreement to the terms outlined.By following this logical sequence, businesses can create well-organized and legally binding contracts that protect their interests and ensure a smooth business transaction. It is important to consult with legal professionals when drafting or reviewing a contract to ensure that all terms are clear, enforceable, and compliant with relevant laws and regulations. Investing time and effort in creating a comprehensive and well-structured contract can prevent disputes and protect the interests of all parties involved.。
国际商务专业词汇(中英文对照)
1.全球化世界贸易组织:(World Trade Organization)国际货币基金组织:(International Monetary Fund)《关税及贸易总协定》:(General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade)世界银行:(World Bank)国际贸易:(international trade)对外直接投资:(foreign direct investment)对外直接投资存量:(stock of foreign direct investment)外国企业:(multinational enterprise)国际企业:(international business)2.政治经济中的国家差异政治经济:(political economy)政治体制:(political system)集体主义:(collectivism)社会主义者:(socialists)共产主义者:(communists)社会民主主义者:(social democrats)私有化:(privatization)个人主义:(individualism)民主:(democracy)极权:(totalitarianism)市场经济:(maeket economy)计划经济:(command economy)法律体系:(legal system)普通法:(common law)大陆法:(civil law system)宗教法:(theocratic law system)合同法:(contract law)财产权:(property rights)私下行为:(private action)公共行为:(public action)《反海外腐败法》:(Foreign Corrupt Practices Act)知识产权:(intellectual property)专利:(patent)版权:(copyrights)商标:(trademarks)产品安全法:(product safety laws)产品责任:(product liability)3.政治经济和经济发展人均国民收入:(gross national income)购买力平价:(purchasing power parity)人文发展指数:(Human Development Index)创新:(innovation)创业者:(entrepreneurs)放松管制:(deregulation)第一进入者优势:(first-mover advantages)后进者优势:(late-mover disadvantages)政治风险:(political risk)经济风险:(economic risk)4.文化差异跨文化知识能力:(cross-cultural literacy)价值观:(values)准则:(norms)社会:(society)社会习惯:(folkways)道德准则:(ethics)社会结构:(social structure)群体:(group)社会阶层:(social strata)社会流动性:(social mobility)等级制度:(caste system)阶级制度:(class system)阶级意识:(class consciousness)宗教:(religion)伦理体系:(ethical systems)关系:(relationship)联系:(connection)权利距离:(power distance)个人主义:(individualism versus)集体主义:(collectivism)不确定性规避:(uncertainty avoidance)男性主义和女性主义:(masculinity versus femininity)儒家动力:(confucian dynamism)种族中心主义:(ethnocentrism)5.国际商务伦理商业伦理:(business ethics)伦理策略:(ethics strategy)社会责任:(socisl responsibility)伦理困境:(ethical dilemmas)组织文化:(organizayion cultural)文化相对论:(cultural relativism)道德论者:(righteous moralist)非道德论者:(native immoralist)实用主义伦理:(utilitarian approaches)权利理论:(rights theories)公正分配:(just distribution)无知之幕:(veil of ignorance)道德公约:(code of ethics)利益相关者:(stakeholders)6.国际贸易理论自由贸易:(free trade)新贸易理论:(nwe trade theory)重商主义:(mercantilism)零和博弈:(zero-sum game)绝对优势:(absolute advantage)规模报酬率:(constant returns to specialization)要素禀赋:(factor endowments)规模经济:(economies of scale)国际收支账户:(balance-of-payments accounts)经常账户:(current account)经常账户赤字盈余:(current account deficit surplus)资本账户:(capital account)金融账户:(financial account)7.国际贸易中的政治经济自由贸易:(free trade)关税:(tariff)从量税:(specific tariffs)从价税:(ad valorem tariffs)补贴:(subsidy)进口配额:(import quota)关税配额:(tariff rate quota)自愿出口限制:(voluntary export restraint)配额租金:(quota rent)国产化规定:(local content requirement)行政管理贸易政策:(administrative trade policies)倾销:(dumping)反倾销政策:(antidumping policies)抵消性关税:(counter vailing duties)幼稚工业论:(infant industry argument)战略贸易政策:(strategic trade policy)8.国际直接投资新设投资:(greenfield invsetment)流量:(flow of FDI)存量:(stock of FDI)对外直接投资:(outflows of FDI)外来直接投资:(inflows of FDI)固定资本形成总额:(gross fixed capital formation)折中理论:(eclectic paradigm)出口:(exporting)技术授权:(licensing)内部化理论:(internalization theory)不完善理论:(market imperfections approach)寡头垄断行业:(oligopoly)多点竞争:(multipoint competition)区位优势:(location-specific advantages)外部性:(externalities)国际收支账户:(balance-of-payments accounts)经常项目:(current account)离岸生产:(offshore production)9.区域经济一体化区域经济一体化:(regional economic integration)自由贸易区:(free trade area)关税同盟:(customs union)共同市场:(common market)经济联盟:(economic union)政治联盟:(political union)贸易创造:(trade creation)贸易转移:(trade diversion)执行董事会:(executive board)监管董事会:(governing council)最优货币区:(optional currency area)10.外汇市场外汇市场:(foreign exchange market)汇率:(exchange rate)外汇风险:(foreign exchange risk)外汇投机:(currency speculation)套息交易:(carry trade)即期汇率:(spot exchange rate)远期外汇:(forward exchange)远期汇率:(forward exchange rate)掉期:(currency swap)套汇:(arbitrage)载体货币:(vehicle currency)一价定律:(law of one price)效率市场:(efficient market)应用材料:(applied materials)费雪效应:(Fisher effect)跟风效应:(bandwagon effect)效率市场:(efficient market)无效市场:(inefficient market)自由兑换:(freely convertible)对外可兑换:(externally convertible)不可兑换:(nonconvertible)资本外逃:(capital flight)对等贸易:(counter trade)交易风险:(transaction exposure)折算风险:(translation exposure)经济风险:(economic exposure)提前策略:(lead strategy)错后策略:(lag strategy)11.国际货币体系国际货币体系:(international monetary system)浮动汇率:(floating exchange rate)盯住汇率:(pegged exchange rate)管理浮动:(dirty float)固定汇率:(fixed exchange rate)金本位制度:(gold standard)黄金平价:(gold par value)贸易收支平衡:(balance-of-trade equilibrium)管理浮动制度:(managed-float system)货币局制度:(currency board)货币危机:(currency crisis)银行危机:(banking crisis)外债危机:(foreign debt crisis)裙带资本主义:(crony capitalism)道德风险:(moral hazard)12.全球资本市场共享方差:(shared variance)对冲基金:(hedge funds)游资:(hot money)耐心货币:(patient money)外国债券:(foreign bonds)13.国际企业的战略战略:(strategy)盈利能力:(profitability)投资资本收益率:(ROIC)利润增长:(profit growth)价值创造:(value creation)运营:(operations)核心竞争力:(core competence)区位经济:(location economies)全球网络:(global web)经验曲线:(experience curve)学习效应:(learning effects)规模经济:(economies of scale)普遍需要:(universal needs)全球标准化战略:(global standardization strategy)本土化战略:(localization strategy)跨国战略:(transnational strategy)国际战略:(international strategy)14.国际企业的组织组织构架:(organizational architecture)组织结构:(organizational structure)控制系统:(control systems)奖励:(incentives)流程:(processes)组织文化:(organizational culture)垂直差异化:(vertical differentiation)水平差异化:(horizontal differentiation)建立整合机构:(integrating mechanisms)国际分部:(intermational division)世界范围的地区结构:(worldwide area structure)世界范围的产品分部:(worldwide product division structure)全球矩阵结构:(global matrix structure)知识网络:(knowledge network)个人控制:(personal control)行政组织结构:(bureaucratic control)产出控制:(output control)文化控制:(cultural control)绩效模糊:(performance ambiguity)15.进入战略和战略联盟战略联盟:(strategic alliance)私营部门债务:(private-sector debt)进入时机:(timing of entry)先入者优势:(first-mover advantages)开拓成本:(pioneering costs)交钥匙工程:(turnkey project)技术授权协议:(licensing agreement)技术授权协议:(cross-licensing agreement)特许经营:(franchising)合资企业:(joint venture)全资子公司:(wholly owned subsidiary)16.出口、进口和对等贸易出口管理公司:(export management company)信用证:(letter of credit)汇票:(draft)即期汇票:(sight draft)远期汇票:(time draft)提单:(bill of lading)进出口银行:(Export-Import-Bank)对等贸易:(counter trade)易货贸易:(barter)互购:(counter purchase)抵销:(offset)转手贸易:(switch trading)回购:(buy back)从价关税:(ad valorem tariff)委托代销:(consignment)禁运:(embargo)全球配额:(global quota)无形贸易壁垒:(invisible barriers to trade)信用证:(letter of credit)重商主义:(mercantilism)201条款:(section 201)17.全球生产、外包与物流生产:(production)物流:(cogistics)全面质量管理:(total quality management)六西格玛:(six sigma)最小效率规模:(minimum efficient scale)柔性制造技术:(flexible manufacturing technology)精益生产:(lean production)大规模定制:(mass customization)柔性机器单元:(flexible machine cells)价值重量:(value-to-weight)全球学习:(global learning)来源决策:(make-or-buy decisions)专业化资产:(specialized asset)动态能力:(dynamic capabilities)即时存货:(just-in-time)电子数据交换:(electronic data inferchange) 18.全球营销与开发营销组合:(marketing)市场细分:(market segmentation)集中零售体系:(concentrated retail system)分散零售体系:(fragmented retail system)渠道长度:(channel length)独占性的分销渠道:(exclusive distribution channel)渠道质量:(channel quality)源效应:(source effects)原产国效应:(country of orign effects)噪声:(noisy)推策略:(push strategy)拉策略:(pull strategy)需求价格弹性:(price elasticity of demand)富有弹性:(elastic)缺乏弹性:(inelastic)策略性定价:(strategic pricing)掠夺性定价:(predatory pricing)多点定价:(multipoint pricing)经验曲线定价:(experience curve pricing) 19.全球人力资源管理人力资源管理:(human resource management)外派经理:(expatriate manager)人员配备政策:(staffing policy)企业文化:(corporate culture)外派人员:(expatriates)内派人员:(inpatriates)外派失败:(expatriate failure)自我倾向:(self-orientation)他人倾向:(others-orientation)感知能力:(perceptual ability)文化刚性:(cultural thoughness)20.国际企业会计和财务会计准则:(accounting standards)审计准则:(auditing standards)内部远期汇率:(internal forward rate)货币管理:(money management)交易成本:(transaction costs)双边净额:(bilateral netting)多边净额:(multilateral)税收抵免:(tax credit)税收条款:(tax treaty)延期准则:(deferral principle)避税港:(tax havens)特许权使用费:(royalties)转移价格:(transfer price)弗罗廷贷款:(fronting loan)。
商务英语05844总复习资料
商务英语05844总复习资料全国2011年4月高等教育自学考试国际商务英语及答案课程代码：05844Ⅰ. Translate the following words and expressions from English into Chinese. (10%)1. in a detour 迂回2. competitive devaluation 竞争性贬值3. consignor 寄售人4. customer mobility 客户流动性5. escape clauses 豁免条款6. share holders 股东7. potential loss 潜在损失8. carrying vessel 运载船只9. negligent 粗心大意10. specific duty 从量税Ⅱ. Translate the following words and expressions from Chinese into English. (10%)11.债权国The credit country12.国际合同International contract13.定期付款/分阶段付款Term payment14.被保险人The insured15.人口计划The population plan16.特惠税The preferential duty17.基础设施项目Infrastructure construction project18.装箱单Shipping list19.破产Disrupted20.土地和劳动力Land and labor forceⅢ. Match the words and expressions on the left with the explanations on the right. (10%)21. facilities( d )a. the price or cost of transportation22. premises( g ) b. easily to go bad23. middleman( f ) c. not to do something that has been arranged or decided upon24. perishable ( b ) d. something designed, built or installed to serve a specificfunction or perform a particular service25. access( j ) e. the act of paying a bill, debt, charge, etc.26. controversy( i ) f. trader through whom goods pass between the producer andthe customer27. carriage( a ) g. a tract of land including its buildings28. settlement( e ) h. an official group of persons who direct or supervise someactivities of a firm29. board( h ) i. public argument about something which many peopledisagree with30. cancel( c ) j. a way by which a place, esp. property can be reached orentered or usedⅣ. Make brief explanations of the following terms or give the full name of the abbreviation in English. (10%)31. term draft 远期汇票A draft which requires to pay after sight or in a given period of time after representation of relevant documents.32. transferable credit 可转让信用证Credit which can be transferred to other parties during the transportation of goods.33. direct quote 直接报价A certain amount of foreign currency, usually one unit or one hundred unit, is marked with equivalent amount of home currency.34. acquisition 收购Buying existing facilities35. GA TT 关税和贸易总协定The General Agreement of Tariff and Trade.V. Answer the following questions in English. (20%)36. What are the five major modes of the modern freight transportation system?Water, air, road, rail, pipeline37. What do ―valued‖ policies mean?Valued policies mean that a country provide investors with preferential policies for insured return in order to attract foreign investment.38. What is the purpose to establish GSP(the Generalized System of Preference)?The purpose of GSP is to help development of developing countries by provide tariff concession to them.39. What is the relationship between MNEs and their host countries?The relationship of MNEs and their host countries is interdependable and interactive.Ⅵ. Translate the following into Chinese. (15%)40. The Bank for International Settlement (BIS) is a unique institution. Many of its operations are of types normally performed by a commercial bank, but it is owned principally by central banks, and managed by central banks and its principal customers are central banks. The objects of BIS are to promote the cooperation among central banks and to provide additionalfacilities for international operations.国际结算银行是一个独特的机构。
中外合作经营企业合同英文版本翻译
Chinese-Foreign Equity Joint Venture Contract中外合资经营企业合同——华译网翻译公司提供翻译版本请注意：这个是英文译文，中文版原文文件请见另外一个文件：中外合作经营企业合同中文原文.doc。
该英文译文是10多年前翻译的，目前我们公司增加了外籍校对环节，而且译者资历要求也提高了，所以目前的翻译水平要远高于十年前的这个水平。
这里发布的中英文文件仅作为语料素材供参考，不能作为正式英文译文模板等使用。
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Chapter 1 General ProvisionsJoint Venture Company of XXXXXAAAAAA Industry and Commerce Co., ltd and BBBBBB International Co., ltd. agree to invest jointly in southwestern region to establish a joint venture company. For this purpose, on the basis of the principle of equality and mutual benefit the two parties conclude this contract through friendly negotiation between two parties and in accordance with the Law of the People’s Republic of China on Chinese-Foreign Equity Joint Ventures and other relevant Chinese laws and regulations.Chapter 2 Party A and Party B of the Joint Venture CompanyArticle 1: Parties to the contract are as follows:Party A: Joint Venture Company of XXXXX AAAAAA Industrial and Commercial Co., Ltd , approved by the People’ Government of XXXXX and registered by Industrial and Commercial Bureau of XXXXX.Legal domicile: 4th F of the Bureau of Communications, XXXXX Town, XXXXX CountyLegal representative:XXXX, the Chairman of the Board of Directors and general managerParty B to the contract: BBBBBB International Co., Ltd of USALegal representative: XXXXLegal domicile: XXXXX#,XXXXX XXXXX Avenue, New York, USAChapter 3 The establishment of Joint Venture CompanyArticle 2The both parties agree to establish the Joint Venture Company in China, the name of which is Sino-U.S. XXXXX XXXXX Metal Co., Ltd (hereinafter referred to as JVC).Article 3 The name of JVC is 中美合资XXXXX有色金属开发〔in Chinese〕. The name in English is Sino-U.S. XXXXX XXXXX Metal Co., Ltd.The legal domicile of the JVC: 4#, 4th Building, XXXXX Garden, XXXXX, China.Article 4All activities of JVC shall comply with laws, decrees and relevant regulations of PRC.Article 5 The JVC is a Limited Liability Company. The parties shall be responsible for their debts respectively according to their contribution to the investment. Each party shares the profits and bears the risks and damages in proportion to the registered capital.Chapter 4 Purpose, Business Scope and Scale of the JVCArticle 6The purpose of the JVC is to strengthen the survey, exploitation, choice, smelting, to increase import and export sales, to adopt advanced and suitable technology and scientific business management methods, to improve the quality of exploitation and develop new technology and to enhance the competitive ability in the field of quality, price etc in international market so as to increase economic results and make both parties gain satisfactory interests.Article 7 The business scope of the JVC is as follows:survey, exploitation, choice, smelting, import and export salesArticle 8 The productive scale of the JVC is as follows:1.The JVC improve the construction project and managerial systems rapidly.2.The JVC makes great efforts to innovate high technology with the development ofproduction and business and the expansion of the productive scale.Chapter 5 Total amount of Investment and Registered CapitalArticle 9The total amount of investment for the projects under the JVC is $120,000,000.Article 10The total amount of the registered capital is $ 29,880,000.Party A shall pay $ 7,470,000, amounting to 61,630,000 RMB, accounting for 25%;Party B shall pay $ 22,410,000 amounting to 184,883,000 RMB, accounting for 75%.Article 11 The two parties make their contributions as follows;Party A makes an investment of $ 7,470,000 in cash, amounting to 61,630,000 RMBParty B makes an investment of $ 22,410,000 in the form of ready bill of exchange, amounting to 184,883,000 RMBArticle 12 the two parties in proportion to their respective investment by one stage in two months shall pay the registered capital of the JVC.Article 13 Either party intends to assign all or part of his investment to a third party, consent should be obtained from the other party and approved by the original examination and approval authority (when one party to the JVC assigns all or party of its contribution, the other party has preemptive right to purchase under the same conditions.Chapter 6 The responsibilities of the parties to the JVCArticle 14 The two parties shall take responsibility to finish the issues as follows: The responsibilities of party A include:A. Making the appliance for approval, registration and receiving business license etc from the responsible authority of the People’s Government of China for the establishment of the JVC.B. Taking charge of going through the reporting formalities for the import of capital for the project in China.C. Taking charge of all the issues required by the concerning governmental document on the exploitation, choice, smelting of the XXXXX in XXXXX county, Ganzi prefecture of Southwestern Region.D. Taking charge of the purchase and rental of equipments, materials, raw materials, office appliances, means of transportation, equipments for energy equipments,accommodation and office buildings etc in China.E. Taking charge of the employment of the local Chinese personnel for business and management, technical personnel, working personnel and other needed personnel of the JVC.F. Assisting the foreign workmen in going through the formalities of receiving the needed entry visa, work license etc.G. Taking charge of other issues entrusted by the JVC.The responsibilities of party B include:A. Taking charge of the investment for the XXXXX metals and high technology project offered by party A.B. Taking charge of the guidance of the huge investment for the large-scale projects, which was offered by party A and was given an official reply by the nation.C. Taking charge of the accurate and due arrival of all the capital for the medium projects offered by approved by the concerning departments of party A and the Chinese Government.D. Paying the fee of purchasing equipments by party A.E. Taking charge of other issues of the JVC.Chapter 7 The Board of DirectorsArticle 15 The board of directors is composed of 7 directors, of which 5 shall be appointed by party A, 2 by party B. The president of the board shall be appointed by party B, and the vice-president by party A. The term of office for the directors, president and vice-presidents is four years; their term of office may be renewed if continuously appointed by the relevant party.Article 16 The board of directors is the supreme authority of the JVC, decide all major issues of JVC. The major issue shall be implemented in accordance with the Law of the People’s Republic of China on Chinese-Foreign Equity Joint Ventures and Article 36 of its implementing Rules.Article 17 The executive president is the legal representative of the JVC. In case of absence of the president, vice-president and other directors shall be authorized to be the temporary representative.Chapter 8 Business and Management OrganizationArticle 18 The JVC shall set up business and management organization to take charge of the daily business and management work of the JVC. The business and management organization shall employ a general manager recommended by party A and 4 deputy general managers recommended by party B. The board of directors shall employ the general manager, deputy general manager and general engineer whose office term shall be 4 years.Article 19 The functions and powers of the general manager are to carry out decisions of the board of directors, organize and guide the daily business and management work. The deputy manager assists the general manager.The business and management organization can employ several department managers, to take charge of the work of various department of the JVC, to handle the issues entrusted by the general manager and deputy general manager and to be responsible for the general manager and deputy general manager.Article 20 In case of graft or serious dereliction of duty on the part of general manager and deputy general manager, the board of directors shall have the power to dismiss them at any time.Chapter 9 Purchasing equipmentsArticle 21 Office buildings communications, traffic tools and office appliance etc needed by the JVC shall be first purchased.Article 22If the JVC entrusts the party B with the purchase of equipments in foreign markets, members of party A shall be invited to engage in it.Chapter 10 Preparation and ConstructionArticle 23 During the period of preparation and construction, preparatory office will be set up under the leadership of the board of directors. The preparatory office is composed of 4 members of whom one is appointed by party a, three by party B. The preparatory office shall have one director recommended by party A and one deputy director recommended by party A and one deputy director recommended by party B. The director and deputy director are appointed by the board.Article 24 The preparatory office takes charge of examining the design of projects. signing the construction contract, organizing the purchase and acceptance of the concerning equipments, materials etc, formulating the general schedule of the construction of projects, work out the fund-expending plan, controlling the financial payment of projects and final accounts of projects formulating the concerning management system, and preserving the documents, drawing, file and materials for the construction of projects and sorting them out etc.Article 25 The two parties designate several technical staffs to form technical group, which under the leadership of the preparatory office, is responsible for design, the quality of projects, equipments and materials and the examination, supervision and performance test of the import technologies etc.Article 26 The payment of the staff and the fee for the preparatory office are enlisted in the financial budget plan of projects after agreement is reached by two parties.Chapter 11 Labor ManagementArticle 27 Based on the plan formulated by the board of directors after study, labor contract covering the employment, dismissal and resignation, wages, labor insurance, labor safety, welfare, rewards, penalties and other matters concerning the staff and workers of the JVC shall be drawn up by the board of directors in accordance with the Regulation s of the People’s Republic of China on Labor Management in Chinese-Foreign Equity Joint Venture and its implementing Rules. And with the approval of the local labor management department, the labor contract shall be signed between the JVC and the trade union of the JVC as a whole or individual employee. Article 28 The appointment, wages, social insurance, welfare and standard of allowances for business trip of the high rank management personnel recommended by both parties shall be discussed and determined by the board of directors.Chapter 12 Tax, Finance, Audit, and foreign ExchangeArticle 29 The staff and workers of the JVC shall pay all items of taxation according to the relevant laws and regulations of China.Article 30 The staff and workers of the JVC draw the reserve funds, developmentfunds, bonus and welfare funds in accordance with the regulations of the Law of the People’s Republic of China on Chinese-Foreign Equity Joint Ventures. The annual drawing proportion shall be discussed and determined by the board of directors according to the business situation of the JVC.Article 32The fiscal year of the JVC shall be from January 1 to December 31. All vouchers, receipts, statistic statements, reports, and account books shall be written in Chinese.Article 33The JVC shall appoint a Chinese registered accountant to conduct financial audit and to report the results to the board of directors and general manager. If party B intends to appoint foreign auditors to verify the annual finance, consent shall be given by party A. party B shall bear all the fees accordingly.Article XXXXX Within the first three months of each fiscal year, the general manager shall prepare the previous years balance sheet, profits and loss statement and the disposal of profits and submit them to the board of directors for adoption.Article 35 All the foreign exchange matters of the JVC shall be handled in accordance with provisions of the Regulations on Foreign Exchange control of PRC and relevant regulations.Article 36 The JVC shall open accounts of RMB and foreign exchange with the Bank of China or other banks approved by the National Foreign Exchange Control Administration.Chapter 13 Corporation PeriodArticle 37The corporation period of the JVC is 20 years. The establishment date of the JVC shall be the date on which its business license is issued. An application for the extension of the duration, proposed by one party and unanimously adopted by the board of directors, shall be submitted to the External Commercial and Trade Ministry (or any entrusted examination and approval authority by it) for approval six months prior to the expiry date of the JVC.Chapter 14 The Disposal of Assets at the expiration of the DurationArticle 38 In case of the expiration of duration or termination of the contract aheadof time, the JVC shall conduct liquidation according to the net value in the account books in a legal way. The surplus in the account books shall be given priority to the debts and liquidation fees and then distributed between the two parties in proportion to their investmentChapter 15 InsuranceArticle 39 All insurance items of the JVC shall be insured by the People’s Insurance Company of China. The insurance types, the insurance value and the insurance period shall be discussed and determined by the board of directors of the JVC in accordance with the regulations of the People’s Insurance Company of China.Chapter 16 The Amendment, Modification and Termination of the ContractArticle 40 The amendment to this contract and its appendixes shall not be valid unless a written agreement is reached and signed by the two parties and submitted to the original examination and approval authority for approval.Article 41 Under the circumstances that the contract cannot be implemented due to the force majeure of the JVC have no ability to continue its business due to the continuous loss, the JVC, with the unanimous approval of the board of directors and the original examination and approval authority, may terminate the contract ahead of time.Article 42 Any failure to observe or perform the obligations regulated by the contract and articles or any serious breach of the provisions of this contract and articles which cause the failure of the business of the JVC or the impossibility of realizing the business purpose prescribed by the contract, shall be regarded as the unilateral termination of this contract by the party in default. Besides claim for compensation, the other party shall have the right to terminate this contract with the approval of the original examination and approval authority. If the two parties agree to continue its business, the party in default shall compensate for the economic loss of the JVC.Chapter 17 Liability for breach of contractArticle 43 If either party fails to make all its contribution on schedule in accordance with provisions of the chapter V of this contract. From the first month in delay, the party in default shall pay one percent of investment as default fine to the contract-abiding party, in addition to the claim for the payment of five percent of investment as default fine, shall have the right to terminate this contract according to article 55 of this contract and to demand the party in default to compensate for the loss.Article 44 Any fault, which leads to the failure of performance and full performance of this contract and its appendixes, shall be the liability of the party who cause the fault. If the parties are both responsible for the fault, the both parties shall be fined according to the liability for breach of this contract in view of the actual situation. Article 45In order to guarantee the performance of this contract and its appendixes, party A and party B shall offer bank guarantee for the performance of this contract each other.Chapter 18 Force MajeureArticle 46 In the event of any circumstances occur which are beyond the estimation and reasonable control of the two parties, (including earth quake, typhoon, flood, fire, war and other disasters, which have the effect of severely impairing the performance or making the parries fail to comply with any provisions of this contract, the party if affected by the circumstances of the above force majeure shall promptly notify the other by telegram. And within 15 days after the disaster, the reports of reasons for failing to perform or fully perform and the request for suspension of the operation shall be submitted to the other party by written notice. Notary authority of the area in which the disaster occurs shall offer these identification documents. According to the extent to which the performance of the contract is affected, it is decided through negotiation by the two parties to dissolve the contract or partially exempt the affected party from the liability of this contract or suspend the performance of this contract.Chapter 19 Application of the LawArticle 47 The formulation, validity, interpretation, implementation of this contractand the settlement of dispute shall be governed by the laws of PRC.Chapter 20 The settlement of DisputesArticle 48Any dispute occurring in the implementation of this contract and concerning this contract shall be settled through friendly negotiation, it shall be submitted to the China International Economic and Trade Arbitration Committee and be arbitrated in accordance with the Interim Arbitral Rules of Procedure of this committee. The decision of the arbitration is final decision and is binding on both parties.Article 49 In the process of arbitration, this contract, in addition to the parts which is controversial and being arbitrated, this contract shall be implemented continuously.Chapter 21 LanguageArticle 50 This contract is written both in Chinese and in English. The two versions shall be equally authentic. In case of discrepancy between the two versions, the Chinese version shall be the standards.Chapter 22 The validity of the contract and othersArticle 51 The accessory agreements concluded according to the principles regulated by this contract include the survey, exploitation, choice, smelting and the import and export sale which are composing parts of this contract.Article 52This contract and its appendixes shall be approved by the External Commercial and Trade Ministry of PRC (or other entrusted examination and approval authority) and take effect from the date on which they are approved.Article 53Any issue involving the right and obligations of the parties, if notified by telegraph, communications, shall be notified later by party B with written correspondence. The legal domicile of party A and party B in the contract is the address for correspondence of party A and party B.Article 54 This contract have 8 copies of the same form, of which 4 copies are submitted to the responsibly governmental bodies. Either party holds one copy in Chinese version. The contract takes effect after it is signed and sealed by the twoparties. And the two parties shall be legally liable for this contract. If there is any defect in this contract, the supplementary agreement contracted by two parties shall be equally authentic.Article 55 This contract is signed by the authorized representatives of the two parties on December 8, 2002, in XXXXX, Sichuan, China.Party A: The Joint Venture Company of XXXXX AAAAAA Industrial and Commercial Co., Ltd.Legal Representative:Telephone:Fax:Address: 4F of the Communication Bureau, XXXXX Toun, XXXXX county, XXXXX, China.Party B: Menglong International Co., Ltd of USALegal Representative:Representative:Telephone:Fax:Address: XXXXX#, XXXXX XXXXX Avenue, New York, USASino-U.S. XXXXX XXXXX Metal Co., Ltd。
农学英文分区
农学英文分区Agricultural zoning is a crucial aspect of land use planning that aims to regulate and organize the use of land for agricultural purposes. It is a tool used by local governments and policymakers to ensure the efficient and sustainable use of agricultural resources, protect farmland from urban encroachment, and maintain the viidity of rural communities. This essay will explore the concept of agricultural zoning its benefits and challenges, and its role in shaping the future of agriculture.One of the primary goals of agricultural zoning is to preserve farmland and prevent its conversion to non-agricultural uses. Urban sprawl and the expansion of residential and commercial development often threaten the availability of arable land, leading to the loss of valuable agricultural resources. Agricultural zoning can help mitigate this issue by designating specific areas for agricultural activities and restricting the development of non-farm uses in these zones. This not only protects the land itself but also helps to maintain the viability of farming operations, ensuring that farmers have access to the land they need to produce food and otheragricultural products.In addition to preserving farmland, agricultural zoning can also promote the diversification of agricultural activities within a region. By dividing land into different zones based on factors such as soil quality, climate, and existing land uses, zoning can encourage the cultivation of a wider range of crops and the development of specialized agricultural enterprises. This can lead to a more resilient and adaptable agricultural system, better able to withstand the challenges posed by changing market conditions, environmental factors, and consumer preferences.Another key benefit of agricultural zoning is its potential to support the local economy and rural communities. By protecting farmland and promoting the growth of agricultural businesses, zoning can help to maintain and even increase the number of jobs and income opportunities in rural areas. This can be particularly important in regions where agriculture is a significant contributor to the local economy. Furthermore, the preservation of agricultural land can enhance the aesthetic and recreational value of rural landscapes, attracting tourists and providing opportunities for agritourism and other rural-based economic activities.Despite the numerous benefits of agricultural zoning, there are also several challenges and considerations that must be addressed. Oneof the primary challenges is balancing the needs and interests of various stakeholders, including farmers, landowners, developers, and the broader community. Farmers may be concerned about the restrictions placed on their land use, while developers may view agricultural zoning as a barrier to economic growth and development. Policymakers must carefully navigate these competing interests and find a way to create a zoning framework that is fair, equitable, and responsive to the needs of all parties involved.Another challenge is the potential for agricultural zoning to have unintended consequences. For example, if zoning regulations are too restrictive, they may inadvertently limit the ability of farmers to adapt to changing market conditions or adopt new technologies and practices. Additionally, if zoning is not implemented in a coordinated and comprehensive manner across a region, it may lead to the fragmentation of agricultural land and the creation of isolated pockets of farmland, which can reduce the overall efficiency and productivity of the agricultural system.To address these challenges, it is important for policymakers and stakeholders to engage in a collaborative and transparent process when developing and implementing agricultural zoning policies. This may involve conducting thorough assessments of the local agricultural landscape, engaging with farmers and other stakeholders to understand their needs and concerns, and regularly reviewing andupdating zoning regulations to ensure that they remain relevant and effective.Furthermore, the success of agricultural zoning often depends on the availability of complementary policies and programs that support the agricultural sector. This may include investments in agricultural infrastructure, research and development, and extension services, as well as the provision of financial incentives and tax credits for farmers who adopt sustainable practices or preserve their land for agricultural use.In conclusion, agricultural zoning is a critical tool for protecting farmland, promoting the diversification of agricultural activities, and supporting the vitality of rural communities. While there are certainly challenges and considerations that must be addressed, the potential benefits of agricultural zoning make it a crucial component of a comprehensive approach to land use planning and sustainable development. By working collaboratively and adopting a holistic perspective, policymakers and stakeholders can ensure that agricultural zoning contributes to the long-term viability and resilience of the agricultural sector, ultimately benefiting both rural and urban communities alike.。
工程类竞争性磋商评标流程
工程类竞争性磋商评标流程1.委托单位确定评标委员会成员名单和评标委员会工作规则。
The client shall determine the list of members of the bid evaluation committee and the working rules of the bid evaluation committee.2.评标委员会成员应当独立、公正进行评标工作，不得接受任何形式的利益输送。
Members of the bid evaluation committee shall conduct the bid evaluation work independently and impartially, and shall not accept any form of benefit transmission.3.委托单位向评标委员会提供招标文件以及其他相关资料。
The client shall provide the bid evaluation committee with the bidding documents and other relevant materials.4.评标委员会成员对招标文件以及其他相关资料进行认真研究和分析。
Members of the bid evaluation committee shall carefully study and analyze the bidding documents and other relevant materials.5.评标委员会对投标文件进行资格预审，并确定具备资格的投标人名单。
The bid evaluation committee shall conduct prequalification of the tender documents and determine the list of qualified tenderers.6.委托单位组织投标文件的开标工作，并公开进行。
国际商务英语专有名词表
国际商务英语专有名词表Unit Oneinternational business exports/importsexporter/importerpatentstrademarkscopyrightsinternational trade transportationtourismbankingadvertisingconstructionretailing/wholesaling insuranceeducationmass communication specializationabsolute advantage comparative advantage input/outputopportunity cost opportunity cost ratios exchange rateoperating costsbank credit agreements clearing arrangements trade in goodstrade in servicesvisible goods/invisible goods international investments balance of payments foreign direct investment (FDI)manufactured goods cultural conflicts negotiationmarketingbusiness administration business public relations businessman businesspeoplesubsidiary/subsidiariesjoint venturesaffiliated businesses general manager executivesCEOcommercial riskfinancial riskspolitical risksregulatory riskstax risksantitrust lawsdouble taxationcommercial creditcommercial lendingpurchased merchandise onaccountadvances on salescommercial billa qualified lenderbank loanscurrent ratiocash assetsoutstanding indebtednesscollateralcredit historyfinancial profilethe commodity economyindustry capitalbusiness enterprisespersonal creditcreditorsliensinternational businessmanagementcreative consciousnessthe capacity of working onone’s ownglobal economic integrationinternationalizationWTOUruguay RoundGATTNegotiation forumDoha Development Agendatrade rulesside-effectswell-beingtrade disputesagriculturetextiles and clothingtelecommunicationsgovernment purchasesgovernment procurementindustrial standardsproduct safetyfood sanitationregulationsintellectual propertytrade withoutdiscriminationGATSTRIPs Agreementmost-favored-nation(MFN)customs duty ratecustoms dutiestariffsnational treatmenttransparencyTrade Policy ReviewMechanismannexpredictable and growingaccess to marketsfree-tradeimport bansquotaspredictabilitythe bound ratestransition economiesfair competitiondumpingsubsidieseconomic reformthe least-developedcountriesUnit Twointernational tradeworld tradeoverseas tradeindustrializationadvanced transportationglobalizationtransnational corporations2trade restrictions governmental quotas export tariffstrade barriersraw materialscapital-intensive products land-intensive products labor-intensive commodities heavy construction equipmentindustrial machinery consumer goodslabor costsproduction facilities farming technologymass production economic benefits domestic marketnatural resources technology resources human resourcescost of productionpolitical strengthtastespreferencesconsumption patternsre-export/re-import favorable trade balance active trade balanceexport surplustrade surplusunfavorable trade balance adverse trade balance import surplustrade deficitexport trade, import trade and transit tradedirect trade, indirect trade and entrepot trade tangible trade and intangible tradebarter trade and free-liquidation trade direct transit trade and indirect transit tradethe bonded warehouse the domestic transportationlinewarehouse chargestransshipmentprocessorIncotermsCISGUCP600bargainingan intervening mediumcash tradeterms and conditionsbusiness correspondenceletters, telexes, cables, faxes,e-mails, etc.inquiry/enquiry, offer,counter-offer, acceptanceand conclusion of a contractdocumentary creditshipment documentssettlementanalytical studycredit standingcapacityspecificationstrade termsFOB, FCA, FAS, CFR, CPT,CIF, CIP, EXW, DAF, DDU,DDP, DES, DEQ,L/Cshipping spacecharter a shipimport entryimport inspectionsmarket research, creditinquiry, making contactscontractual termsMOFTECChinese Embassyforeign trade corporationschambers of commerceinquiry agenciesbusiness connectionsinquirera bank referencetrader, dealertrade shows, direct sales,direct mail,manufacturer’srepresentatives, wholesalersand distributorsthe consulate officeICCannual sales volumebusiness culturebusiness negotiationbusiness talksinternational fairsthe China ExportCommodities Fairthe export sales contractforce majeuretile documentsthe total volume of tradepractitionersan essential conditionthe mandatory supervisionthe prerequisitecustoms formalitiesa certificate of qualitytraditions and practicesUNCTADairfreight, sea freightopen accountaccuracy, completeness,conciseness and promptnessgovernment controldocumentscommercial documentstransportation documentsinsurance documentsfinancial documentsgeneral useimport licenseforeign exchange licenseexport licensecertificate of origininspection certificateconsular invoicecustoms invoicethe licensing authoritiescentral banks3customs clearance economic sanctionsa notary publicthe country of destintion preferred import statusthe place of manufacture the Import and Export Commodity Inspection BureauChina Council for Promotion of International Tradethe Generalized System of Preferences (GSP)EUpreferential import duties Certificate of Origin of Textile ProductsExport Licenses of Textile ProductsShipment Certificate of Textile ProductssurveyorInspection Certificate of QualityInspection Certificate of WeightInspection Certificate of QuantityInspection Certificate of Health and Veterinary Inspection Certificate Inspection Certificate of QuarantineAQSIQthe importing countrythe exporting countrypro forma invoice commercial invoicequality certificateweight certificate preliminary invoicea quotationan irrevocable letter of creditconsular documents Buyer’s referenceOrder number/indentnumberInvoice number and dateExport or import licensenumberMethod of dispatchShipment termsNames and addresses of theseller and the buyerCountry from which theshipment is madeDescription of the goodsRebate or similar incentivesSignature of the exporterapplication form forinternational moneytransferdrafts (bills of exchange)banker’s draftcommercial draftsight drafttime draft (usance draft)application for documentaryletter of credit and letter ofcreditcash in advanceremitterdrawer/draweepayor, payer/payeethe payment instrument30 days sight50 days after sight90 days after the date of thisdraft30 days after the bill ofladingMethod of adviceDate of expirybeneficiaryadvising/paying/confirmingbankpartial shipmentsport of shipmentairport/port of dischargeairport/port of loadinga payment undertakingshipping notepacking listbill of ladingrail/road consignment noteair waybill (AWB)parcel post receiptcombined transportdocumentsarrival notificationon board his vessela delivery or receipt notea Mate’s Receiptthe on-board bill of ladinga supplimentary documentinsurance claimsclaim settlementsconsignor/consigneeplace of deliveryshipping markscontainer numbercarriershipperbulk cargocubic measurementgross weightthe notified partyrail transportthe departure/destinationstationtransferable or negotiablean instruciton sheeta straight or non-negotiablebill of ladingright of disposalthe shipping brokerthe insurer (insurancecompany), underwriterthe insuredan indispensable adjunctinsurance policyinsurance certificateopen policyinsurance coveragePICCmutual consent4legal avoidancebreach of contractcargo readiness customary packages seaworthy shipment packingCISGsole ownershipindustrial property rightL/Cfund shortagemarket fluctuation payment routelate shipmentthe amendment notification the shipping orderdelivery documents working fundsshipping operationtaking deliveryinspection reportUnit Threebusiness negotiationsocial interaction consultationbargainingmediationarbitrationlitigationwin-winprinciple/integrative bargaining/interest-based bargainingequality principlesincere cooperationkeep it flexible and fluid positional bargaining mutual success convergence of interests equality and mutual benefit law statusnegotiation strategies and tacticsthe negative effects preparation for negotiationthe negotiating teamgathering of informationthe negotiation briefan essential preconditionthe factual requirementinner depletionextra expensework-loadproduction organizaitoninvestment distributiona development projectan engineering projectthe chief negotiatortechnologistfinancial expertlegal specialistbackup onespublic relationscontingency abilitiescapital guaranteethe power of the collectivethe optimal effectexplicit responsibilitiesthe cooperation ofnegotiatorsa clear job-divisionthe cooperation betweenon-stage people andout-stage onesrepresentatives and deputiesfavorable moral charactersnecessary psychologicalmakingsnecessary professionalknowledgefavorable language skillsfavorable polical makingsthe physical factors (thetempo, intensity, flexibility,stability and so on )sanguine peoplebilious peoplephlegmatical peopledepressed peoplethe factual needsgeneralistscommercial warsbilateral and multilateralcommunicationidentifying issuesissues and objectivesa competitive negotiationa noncompetitivenegotiationa responsible sourcea contract priceinfrastructurelogistics systemsub-contractorsbusiness scopeannual sales volumespaybacka feasibility studypolitical and socialbackgroundsocial and economic analysisdetailed analysislocation and sitemain costsmanpowerschedul implementationfinancial and economicevaluaitonalternative approachesthe basic components andimplicationsplant capacitymarket demandoverhead costsadministrative overheadsa timeframefixed investmentsnet working capitalestimatesnegotiating brief andnegotiating planmemoranduman invitation to offeran invitation to make a bidpromotional communicationsales literature5offeror/offereeselling offer/buying offer offer with engagementoffer without engagement firm offerirrevocable offercommon practicea usual practicequotation sheetsfinal confirmationa contractual relationship purchase contractagency arrangement exclusive sales agreement absence of feedback satisfactionself-reinforcementtwo human biasesthe confirmation bias egocentrismmediocrityself-esteemseparate people from the problemfocus on interests not positionsbe well preparedbe patience and integrity legitimate concerns personal attacksblue-eyed weakness offensive and defensivea defensive-offensive stance a neutral stanceoutright acceptance outright rejectionqualified rejectiona nimble attackthe barrier of language cooperative language style competitive language style a longstanding relationship one-off contractsan all-purpose excuse deceptive strategiesjargon acronymscontractionstechnical termslanguage principlescourtesy, conciseness, clarity,correctness,constructiveness andconcessiontrade-offdeadlockmulti-nationsmulti-nationalitiescultural analysissub-cultural dynamicsinterculturalcommunicationbreakdownintergroupencode and decodecultural literacycultural implicationsgeneral guidelinesverbal/nonverbalfacial expressonseye contactgesturesbody movementsposturephysical appearancespacebody languageorientationmonochronic andpolychronicdominant culture settingssocioeconomic classcultural conflictsbusiness normsa sophisticated protocolguest-host relationshipunwritten rulesa fallback positionlinear communicationUnit FourInternational trade termsa price/export quotationsincidental chargesa foreign trade merchantIncoterms2000the price of commoditythe unit pricea name of currency, a unitprice, a measuring unit, atrade term, and a name ofdestination or shippingplacemiscellaneous expensesinternational rules andpractices on trade termsWarsaw-Oxford Rules 1932Revised American ForeignTrade Definition 1941The American Chamber ofCommercethe National ImportersAssociationthe American Foreign TradeAssociationthe US Export Quotationsand Abbreviations in 1919EX-point of originEx Factory, Ex Mill, ExMinenamed inland carriernamed inland of departurenamed point of destinationnamed place of destinationnamed port of destinationnamed port of shipmentnamed point of exportationnamed point of importationnamed point/placenamed inland point incountry of importationFreight Prepaid ToFreight Allowed ToC&F, EX-DOCKthe ship’s railthe risk of loss or of damagesales contract6the mode of transportmulti-modal transportsea or inland waterway transport/transportation marine insuranceobtain insurance only on minimum coverthe buyer’s/seller’s obligationsthe export/import permit and export/import traxthe loading/unloading cost the insurance premiumthe sea freightthe seller’s/buyer’s premises customary packing/manner a contract of carriageMT(metric ton) subsequent carriersthe first carrierat the disposal of the buyer basic/special packingthe loading berthib/IBa land frontierwarehouseterminaltransport stationcommon misconceptions property rightsvariants of Incoterms under tackleliner termsFOB trimmed/towedentry feeUnit Fivepricingpricing principlesprice and unit pricethe accompanying services the pulse of the marketsthe price of commodity, the unit price: a nature of currency, a unit price, a measuring unit, a tradeterm and a name ofdestination or shippingplacecost structurecosts of production, sellingand delivery costs, andcustoms dutiesancillary costthe factory pricefixed costsvariable costscommissionssales trip expensespricing methodslong-term objectiveshort-term objectiveprofitabilitymarket shareannual budgetssales volumecost-based pricingbreak-even pricingmarginal cost pricingmargin of profit, profitmargintarget costingthe break-even point (BEP)FC, P, VCtotal fixed pricemortgage interest/paymentsreal estate taxesmarginal costthe direct coststhe variable overheadsmoney of accountmoney of paymenthard currencysoft currencyvehicle currencyforeign exchange ratesforeign exchange riskfloating exchange ratesexposurehedgeforward marketforward ratespot marketbrokerage housesforward contractintermediary servicequantity discountcash discountspecial discountnet pricepricing strategiesthe marketing mixfollowing-the-leader pricingpenetration pricingcost-oriented pricingdemand-oriented pricingretail pricingthe break-even pointmarketerscomponent partsutilitiessuppliersoperating expensesadvertising campaignsmanufacturersfranchise marketersthe U.S Small BusinessAdministration (SBA)government regulationsload weightsspeed limitsa unit price: currency unit,unit price figure,measurement unit anddelivery termsinitial priceUnit Sixinternational transportationocean transportrail transportationair transportationcontainer transportinternational multi-modaltransportationsea ports7carrying capacityliner transportcharter transport / tramp transportthe four fixed: fixed sailing date, fixed route and fixed ports to call at, and relatively fixed freight rate consignor/consigneethe intermediate ports freight: basic freight + surchargesthe basic freight ratethe tariff of freight rate W, M, W/M, Ad Val., W/M or Ad Val.per metric tonweight tonper cubic meter measurement tonfreight toncharge surcharges transshipment surcharges fuel surcharges overweight and overlength surchargesa charter party: the charterer and the ship ownerbulk cargocrude oilraw timbertime chartervoyage charterthe loading/unloading rate demurragedispatch moneyliner term, free out (FO), free in (FI), free in and out (FIO)scheduled airliners chartered planes consolidated consignments by freight forwardersFull Container Load (FCL) Less than Container Load (LCL)a door to door servicedesk-to-desk serviceport to port shipmentthe Container FreightSation (CFS)the point of originthe place of destinationa multi-modal transportoperatorthe general carrierconveyancesub-carriersmarine bills of ladingseaway billsairway bills (AWB) or airconsignment notescombined transportdocumentsinland transport waybills(road waybill or CMRconsignment note andrailway bill or cargo receipt)courier receipt or postparcel receiptsshippingthe bill of lading (B/L)a traded objecta contract of carriagea receipt of goodsa title documentin apparent good orderparties of a bill of lading:the carrier and theshipper/the consignor, theconsignee, the notify partyand the transferee /theendorsee /holderdifferent ordersdemonstrative orderrestrictive orderbearer order“to order” and “to the orderof the shipper”“to the order of the issuingbank”“to the order of theimporter”“to bearer”under collectionnon-paymentnon-commercialtransactionsbe left blank“to the named consignee(importer)”blank endorsementspecial endorsementthe shipping company (thecarrier)the charting vesselthe voyae numberthe port of receipt/the portof loading/the port ofshipmentthe port of destination/theport of discharge/the port ofdeliverythe premises of theimporter/exportermarks and numbersboxes/cartons/casesbe prepaid or collectedfreight prepaid/freightcollectoriginal B/L, copiestypes of bill of ladingon board B/L (or shippedB/L) and a received forshipment B/Lin one’s custodyclean (or unclaused) B/Land unclean (or foul) B/Lnegotiable B/L (order B/Land bearer B/L or open B/L)and straight B/L (ornon-negotiable B/L or anamed consignee B/L)direct B/L andtransshipment B/Llong form B/L and shortform B/L8liner B/L and chartered B/L on deck B/Lstale B/Lante-dated B/L & advanced B/Lcontainer B/Lcontents leaking, packaging spoiled by contents, packaging broken / holed / torn / damaged, packaging contaminated, goods damaged / scratched, packaging badly dented, packaging damaged and contents exposed, insufficient packing, cases short shipped, goods unprotected / unboxed / partial protected, etc. Combined Transport Document (CTD) Combined Transport Operator (CTO)the estimated date of departure (ETD)the estimated time of arrival (ETA)forwarderNVD: no value declared The flight dateCMR, CIMadditional protocolEMS, DHL, UPS, FedEx the post officea courieran expedited delivery serviceexpedite (a.) servicesperils and lossesperils of the sea, maritime losses , maritime expenses lightergeneral perils of the sea and extraneous risksnatural calamities (vile weather, thunder, lightning, tsunami, earthquake, flood,etc.)fortuitous accidentsgeneral extraneous risksand special extraneous riskstheft, pilferage,contamination, leakage,breakage, sweating and/orheating, taint of odor,rusting, hook damage, freshand/or rain water damage,short-delivery andnon-delivery, shortage inweight, clashing, etc.political or military affairsor administrative ruleswar, strike, heightened duty,rejection, etc.total loss and partial lossactual total loss andconstructive total lossgeneral average (G. A.) andpartial average (P. A. )sue and labor expensessalvage chargesmarine insurance clausesthe acope of cover,exclusions, commencementand termination of cover,duty of the insured, time ofvalidity of a claim, etc.basic insurance andadditional insurancebasic marine insurancecoverage: FPA (Free FromParticular Average), WPAand All risksadditional risksgeneral risks and specialrisksCIC (China InsuranceClauses)warehouse to warehouseclause11 general additional risks:theft, pilferage andnon-delivery risk (TPND),fresh water and/or raindamage risk (FWRD), clashand breakage risks, leakagerisk, shortage risk,intermixture andcontamination risks, taint ofodor risk, sweat an heatingrisks, rust risk, breakage ofpacking risk, hook damagerisk8 special additional risks:war risk, strike risk, failureto delivery risk, import dutyrisk, on deck risk, rejectionrisk, aflatoxin risk, fire riskextersion clause for storageof cargo at destination inHong Kong, includingKowloon, or Macao (FREC)import and export cargoinsurance practicesinsurance amount andpremiumclaim for lossesadvice of lossesshipping clause(transportation clause )time of shipmenttime of deliverythe port/place of shipmentand destinationpartial shipment / shipmentby installmentstime policy, voyage policyand mixed policyinsurance policy, insurancecertificate, combinedcertificate and open policyunvalued policy and valuedpolicy9。
片区管养英语
片区管养英语作文Title:Area Management and MaintenanceIn modern society, the management and maintenance of an area play a crucial role in ensuring its proper functioning and the well - being of its inhabitants.An area can refer to various scales, such as a residential community, a commercial district, or an industrial park. Effective management and maintenance are essential for creating a pleasant, safe, and sustainable environment.Roads need to be regularly inspected for potholes and cracks. For example, in a large residential area, the management team should arrange for road repair crews to fix any damages promptly. This not only ensures the smooth flow of traffic but also prolongs the lifespan of the roads.Public facilities like street lights should be maintained well. Faulty street lights can pose a safety hazard, especially at night. Regular checks and timely replacement of bulbs or repair of electrical components are necessary.Garbage collection is a vital part of environmental management. The area management should organize a proper garbage collection schedule. Recyclable and non -recyclable waste should be separated at the source to promote environmental protection.Landscaping also falls under this category. Beautifully landscaped areas with well - maintained gardens, lawns, and trees can enhance the aesthetic value of the area. Regular watering, pruning, and pest control for plants are essential tasks.Security guards should be deployed in the area, especially in residential and commercial areas. They can patrol the area to prevent crimes such as theft and vandalism.Surveillance systems, such as CCTV cameras, should be installed and maintained. These cameras can monitor the area 24/7 and provide evidence in case of any illegal activities.For residents in a community, a well - maintained area means a more comfortable living environment. They can enjoy clean streets, beautiful scenery, and a sense of safety.In a commercial district, good area management and maintenance can attract more customers. For example, a shopping mall with a clean and well - organized exterior and interior is more likely to draw shoppers, which in turn can boost business revenues.By properly managing and maintaining an area, resources can be conserved. For instance, efficient water management in landscaping can save water resources, and proper waste management can reduce environmental pollution.In conclusion, area management and maintenance are multi - faceted tasks that require attention to various aspects. It is the responsibility of the relevant management departments or organizations to ensure that all aspects of management and maintenance are carried out effectively. Only in this way can an area thrive and provide a high - quality environment for its users.。