环境专业英语英汉

Unit 10、Unit 12、Unit 13考试内容句子翻译1、Pollution of our water resources can occur directly from sewer outfalls or industrial discharges (point sources) or indirectly from air pollution or agricultural or urban runoff (nonpoint sources).水资源的污染可能是被污水的排放或工业废水的排放直接造成（点源），也可能是被大气污染或农业、城市排水间接造成的（非点源）。

2、Chemically pure water is a collection of H20 molecules—nothing else. Such a substance is not found in nature—not in wild streams or lakes, not in clouds or rain, not in falling snow, nor in the polar ice caps.化学纯水是水分子的收集（只有水分子）。

在自然界是不存在化学纯的水，在天然的溪水或天然湖水里，在云朵或雨水里，在下的雪或在极地的冰箱里都不存在化学纯的水。

3、Suspended solids (SS) and volatile suspended solids (VSS) are the most useful. SS and BOD (biochemical oxygen demand) are used as measures of wastewater strength and process performance.悬浮固体和挥发性悬浮固体是很有用的两个参数，悬浮固体和生化需氧量是用来测量废水的污染强度和处理性能。

4、BOD is the most important parameter in water pollution control. It is used as a measure of organic pollution，as a basis for estimating the oxygen needed for biological processes, and as an indicator of process performance.在水污染控制中，生物化学需氧量是很重要的参数。

可用来作为表示有机污染的测量方法，可作为估计生物处理时所需的氧量的基础，并可做为处理性能的指示性参数。

5、Water molecules have no memory. and therefore it is silly to talk about the number of times that the water you drink has been polluted and repurified, as if the molecules gradually wore out. All that is important is how pure it is when you drink it.水分子是没有记忆力的，所以谈论被污染和被净化的饮用水的次数是没意义的，例如分子的逐渐损耗。

而当我们饮水的时候到底它有多纯净才是最重要的。

6、When the sewage reaches the treatment plant, it first passes through a series of screens that remove large objects such as rats or grapefruits, and then through a grinding mechanism that reduces any remaining objects to a size small enough to be handled effectively during the remaining treatment period.当生活污水到达污水处理厂时，它首先通过一系列的滤网以除去如老鼠，葡萄柚似的大物体，和在接下来的处理时期里，通过一架磨碾机以减少剩下的物体的尺寸使其足够小能有效地被处理。

7、The treatment methods available to cope with these troublesome wastes are necessarily specific to the type of pollutant to be removed, and they are generally expensive. A few of these techniques are described below.用于应付这些麻烦废水的处理方式是必需专门除去这类污染物，而且它们一般很昂贵。

如下描述几种这些技术。

8、By bubbling air through water, or by creating contact between air and water by spraying, dissolved iron or manganese (Fe2+,Mn2+) is oxidized to a less soluble form (Fe3+,Mn4+), which precipitates out and can be removed in s settling tank or filter.通过空气气泡进入水中，或通过喷洒引起空气和水接触，溶解性的铁和锰（Fe2+,Mn2+）被氧化成一种溶解性水的形式（Fe3+,Mn4+），它们被析出然后能在一个沉淀池或过滤器中被去除。

9、Softening of water is a process that removes hardness, caused by the presence of divalent metallic ions, principally Ca2+and Mg2+. Hardness in water is the result of contact with soil and rock, particularly limestone, in the presence of CO2水的软化是将水除去硬度的一个过程，硬度的产生由于二价金属离子的存在（尤其是钙离子和镁离子），水的硬化正是由于水与土壤或岩石接触反应的结果，对于在有二氧化碳存在下的石灰石，水的硬化更为明显。

10、Activated Carbon is an extremely adsorbent material used in water treatment to remove organic contaminants. Activated carbon is produced in a two-stage process. First, a suitable base material such as wood, pest, vegetable matter, or bone is carbonized by heating the material in the absence of sir. Then the carbonized material is activated by heating it in the presence of sir, CO2 , or steam to burn off any tars it has and to increase its pore size. Adsorption of gases, liquids, and solids by activated carbon is influenced by the temperature and pH of the water as well 55 the complexity of the organics being removed.活性炭是一种很好的吸附剂被广泛用于水处理中来除去有机污染物。

活性炭的制备要经过两个过程。

第一，适合的基本材料例如木头，泥炭块，植物材料，或者在缺少空气中被加热炭化的骨头。

然后在存在空气，二氧化碳的情况下，加热这种炭化的物质使其有活性，或者蒸发烧掉其含有的任何焦油来增大它的气孔。

用活性炭吸附气体、液体、以及固体的去除效果会受水的温度、pH 值和有机物的复杂性的影响。

11、In reverse osmosis (RO), fresh water is forced through a semipermeable membrane in the direction opposite to that occurring in naturalosmosis. Because the membrane removes dissolved salts, the main application for RO has been in desalination. However, the process also removes organic materials, bacteria, and viruses, and its application in water treatment is growing.反渗透（RO）是指以自然渗透逆方向通过半透膜的过程。

因为渗透膜可以去除了溶解盐，所以反渗透的最主要应用是用于脱盐。

然而，这过程中的有机原材料，细菌和病毒也被去除了，所以反渗透在污水处理中的应用还有待进一步发展改进。

段落翻译Organic matter. Proteins and carbohydrate& constitute 90 percent of the organic matter in domestic sewage. The sources of these biodegradable contaminants include excreta and urine from humans; food wastes form sinks; soil and dirt from bathing; washing, and laundering; plus various soaps, detergents, and other cleaning products.Various parameters are used as a measure of the organic strength of wastewater. One method is based on the amount of organic carbon (total organic carbon, or TOC®) present in the waste. TOC is determined by measuring the amount of CO2 produced when the organic carbon in the sample is oxidized by a strong oxidizer and comparing it with the amount in a standard of known TOC.Most of the other common methods are based on the amount of oxygen required to convert the oxidizable material to stable end products. Since the oxygen used is proportional to the oxidizable material present, it serves as a relative measure of wastewater strength. The two methods used most frequently to determine the oxygen requirements of wastewater are the CODS and BOD tests. The COD. or chemical oxygen demand, of the wastewater is the measured amount of oxygen needed to chemically oxidize the organics present; the BOD. or biochemical oxygen demand, is the measured amount of oxygen required by acclimated microorganisms to biologically degrade the organic matter in the wastewater.BOD is the moat important parameter in water pollution control. It is used as a measure of organic pollution. as a basis for estimating the oxygen needed for biological processes, and as an indicator of process performance.The amount of organic matter in water or wastewater can be measured directly (as TOO, for example), hut this doesn’t’ t tell us whether the organics are biodegradable or not, To measure the amount of biodegradable organics, we use an indirect method in which we measure the amount of oxygen used by a growing microbial population to convert (oxidize) organic matter to CO2 and H20 in a closed system. The oxygen consumed. or biochemical oxygen demand (HOD). is proportional to the organic matter converted, and therefore BOD is a relative measure of the biologically degradable organic matter present in the system. Because biological oxidation continues indefinitely, the test for ultimate BOD has been arbitrarily limited to 20 days. when perhaps 95 percent or more of the oxygen requirement has been met. Even this period, however, is too long to make measurement of BOD useful, so a five-day test. BOD®, carried out at 20t. has become standard. The rate of the BOD reaction depends on the type of waste present and the temperature and is assumed to vary directly with the amount of organic matter (organic carbon) present.有机物生活污水中的有机物90％是由蛋白质和碳水化合物组成。