Lesson two public goods

11、expected cost 预期成本 expired cost 过期成本 12、 labor union 工会 13、 13 public provision provision公共提供 14、public production 公共生产 15、common goods 共享品 16、club goods 俱乐部产品 17、 local public goods 地方性公共产品 18、congestible goods 拥挤性产品
Fiscal federalism: 6、The freedom of a lower level of
government to make independent decisions about budgets and revenues
Fiscal autonomy:
Coarse Theorem:
failure.
A system of multiple levels of government with some distinct areas of responsibility and sources of revenue as well as some shared revenues and responsibilities.
maximize welfare by making marginal cost equal to marginal benefit
Economic efficiency
3、A situation in which no change can

be made that makes some people better off without making at least one person worse off. Pareto optimality 4\ An outcome of government process that reduces or fails to improve economic efficiency Government
1、consumer preference 消费者偏好 2、 environmental deterioration 环境恶化 3、blight植物枯萎 4、 public bads公害品 semantics语义学 5、 revitalization 新生 6、 in terms of 根据, 按照, 用..的话, 在..方面 7、gatehouse 警卫室 8、tollbooth 收费亭 9、intellectual property 知识产权 10、compliance cost 税务执行费用
inefficient marginal dwell territory interference charge curtail toll auction overlap render strive approach analyse decision-making vital literally unitary manner
26 local public goods Public goods for which most of the benefits accrue to residents of a particular local area 27 congestible goods Non-rival in consumption until they reach capacity,after which the consumption by one person reduces the availability to another
17、freeway 高速公路 18、 recreation facilities娱乐设施 19、 Lindahl prices Prices for a public good that are set equal to the marginal benefit for each user. 林达尔价格： 20、 Two-part tariff: A charge for a service with two components, a flat fee for every user regardless of quantity and an additional charge per unit consumed. 二部定价法
Provided that transactions costs are negligible, an efficient solution to an externality problem is achieved as long as someone is assigned property rights , independent of who is assigned those rights.
Lesson one public goods
一、 Vocabulary Individual consumption subtraction parcel exclude inevitably withhold marketable deny pay Clear-cut scope regulatory pollution Protection quasi-public benefit derive incentive personal ignore failure partake mutual
Goods and services that are non-rival in consumption and not excludable for non-payers and not be produced at all or not in sufficient quantity by the private market Public goods (social goods, collective goods) Pure public goods Quasi-public goods Characteristic of a public good ,consumption by one person does not diminish the amount available to another Non- rivalry
Free riding and streetlights
Sidewalk initiative ditch pothole fumble chancy chip Halloween万圣节前夕 annex附加 Bask感到温暖 edify启发
realistic description clique peculiar defence civilian afford impact exert aggregative evaluation means collectivelly sacrifice legislature executive bureaucracy outcome constraint vary constituency revenue monopoly externality committee subject
The inability to keep non-payers from consuming a good without incurring a cost greater than the value of the additional revenue Non-excludability Free-rider Marginal cost Market mechanism Marginal benefit Better off in the case of
21、Positive externalities 正的外部性，外部经济 external economy 22、Negative externalities 负的外部性，外部不经济 external diseconomy 23、 Marginal social benefit 边际社会收益 24、Marginal social cost 边际社会成本
二、 Special Terms
1、The field of economics that
addresses the revenue and expenditure activities of government.
public sector economics:
2、Allocation of resources so as to
25、Internalizing externalities Actions to make individuals bear the external costs or receive the internal benefits of their own actions so that they will make decisions that are both socially and privately optimal. 外部性的内在化 外部性的内在化的情况出现在，当商品或服务的使用 者将其决策的边际私人成本或收益调整为边际社会成 本或收益的时候。在有负外部性的情况下，要将其内 在化就需把边际外部成本加到边际私人成本之上。而 对于正外部性，要将其内在化则必须把边际外部收益 加到边际私人收益之上。外部性的内在化导致价格变 化，以便反映某一商品的全部边际社会成本或收益。