Frankfurt_FreedomoftheWillandtheConceptofaPerson
美国文学简史第三版复习常耀信
美国文学作者作品Edwards: 爱德华兹The Freedom of the Will 《论意志自由》Great Doctrine of Original Sin Defended 《论原罪》The Nature of True Virtue 《论真实德行的本原》名篇：Personal Narrative 《自述》Sinners in the hands of an Angry God 《愤怒上帝手中之罪》Benjamin Franklin:本杰明·富兰克林Poor Richard’s Almanac《穷理查德年历》Autobiography 《自传》Washington Irving:华盛顿·欧文A History of New York《纽约外传》The Sketch Book 《见文札记》名篇：Rip Van Winkle《瑞普·温·凡克尔》The Legend of Sleepy Hollow 《睡谷传奇》James Fenimore Cooper:詹姆斯·费尼莫尔·库柏Leatherstocking Tales 《皮袜子故事集》The Pioneer 《拓荒者》The Prairie 《大草原》The Last of Mohicans《最后的莫希干人》The Pathfinder《探路人》The Deerslayer 《猎鹿者》Ralph Waldo Emerson:拉尔夫·沃尔多·爱默生Nature 《论自然》Self-Reliance 《论自立》Essays 《随笔集》名篇：The American Scholar 《美国学者》（has been regarded as “American Declaration of Intellectual Independence”被誉为美国思想的独立宣言）The PoetHenry David Thoreau:亨利·戴维·梭罗Walden 《瓦尔登湖》Nathaniel Hawthorne:纳撒尼尔·霍桑The Scarlet Letter《红字》The House of the Seven Gables 《七个尖角阁的房子》Mosses from an Old Manse《古厦青苔》The Blithedale Romance《福谷传奇》The Marble Faun 《玉石神像》Ethan Brand 《伊桑布兰德》Young Goodman Brown 《好小伙子布朗》Dr. Heidggeger’s Experiment 《海德格博士的体验》The Ambitions Guest 《野心勃勃的客人》The Greast Stone Face 《巨石脸》Herman Melville:赫尔曼·梅尔维尔Moby Dick《白鲸》Omoo《欧穆》Mardi《玛地》Typee 《泰比》Redburn 《雷德本》White Jacket 《白外衣》Pierre《皮埃尔》Billy Budd《比利伯德》Benito Gereno《班纳托西兰尼》Walt Whitman:沃尔特·惠特曼Leaves of Grass《草叶集》Songs of Myself《自我之歌》There was a Child Went Forth《有个小孩走过来》I Sing the Body Electric《我歌唱带电的肉体》Out of the Cradle Endlessly Rocking《走出永不休止地摇动着的摇篮》Emily Dickenson:艾米莉·狄金森My Life Closed Twice before Its Close《我的生命已结束过两次》Because I Can’t Stop for Death《因为我不能等待死亡》I Heard a Fly Buzz—When I died《我死时听到了苍蝇的嗡嗡声》Mine—by the Right of the White Election《我的丈夫—选择如意情人的权利》Wild Nights—Wild Nights《暴风雨夜》William Dean Howells:豪威尔斯The Rise of Silas Lapham《塞拉斯·拉帕姆的发迹》Henry James:亨利·詹姆斯The American《美国人》Daisy Miller《黛西·米勒》The Portrait of a Lady《贵妇的画像》The Ambassadors《专使》The Wings of Dove《鸽翼》The Golden Bowl《金碗》Harriet Beecher Stowe:哈丽叶特·比切·斯托Oldtown Folks《老城的人们》Uncle Tom’s Cabin《汤姆叔叔的小屋》Bret Harte:布勒特·哈特The Luck of Roaring Camp《咆哮营的幸运儿》Hamlin Garland:哈姆林·加兰Main-Traveled Roads《大路条条》Sarah Orne Jewett:萨拉·奥恩·朱亚特Deephaven《深深拥有》Kate Chopin:凯特·肖邦Bayou Folk《路易斯安娜移民》A Night in Acadie《爱克迪之夜》The Awakening《觉醒》Mark Twain:马克吐温The Gilded Age《镀金时代》The Adventures of Tom Sawyer《汤姆索亚历险记》The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn《哈克贝利·芬历险记》Mysterious Stranger《神秘的陌生人》The Innocents Abroad《傻子出国记》Mark Twain Autobiography《马克吐温自传》Stephen Crane:斯蒂芬·克莱恩A Girl of the Streets《街头女郎麦琪》The Open Boat《海上扁舟》The Red Badge of Courage《红色英勇勋章》The Black Riders《黑骑手》Frank Norris:弗兰克·诺里斯McTeague《麦克提格》The Octopus《章鱼》The Pit《深渊》The Responsibilities of the Novelist《小说家的责任》Theodore Dreiser:西奥多·德莱塞Sister Carrie《嘉莉妹妹》Jennie Gerhardt《珍妮姑娘》The Financier《金融家》The Titan《巨人》The Stoic《斯多葛》The Genius《天才》An American Tragedy《美国悲剧》Jack London:杰克·伦敦The Call of the Wild《野性的呼唤》White Fang《白牙》The Sea Wolf《海狼》Martin Eden《马丁·伊登》The People of the Abyss《深渊中的人们》The Iron Heel《铁蹄》O·Henry:欧·亨利The Gift of the Magi《麦琪的礼物》After Twenty Years《二十年后》The Furnished Room《带家具出租的房间》Cope and the Anthem《警察与赞美诗》The Last Piece of Ivy Leaves《最后一片常春藤叶》Upton Sinclair: 厄普顿·辛克莱The Jungle《丛林》Ezra Pound:埃兹拉·庞德Cathay《华夏集》The Cantos《诗章》Hugh Selwyn Mauberley《休·塞尔温·毛伯利》T·S·Eliot:艾略特The Waste Land《荒原》Four Quartets《四个四重奏》Ash Wednesday《圣灰星期三》Hollow Man《空心人》The Love Song of J.Alfred Prufrock 《杰·阿尔弗雷德·普鲁弗洛克的情歌》Wallace Stevens华莱士·史蒂文斯Harmoniun《风琴》Collected Poems《诗集》Best-known poems: The Emperor of Ice-Cream《冰激凌皇帝》Anecdote of the Jar《坛子的故事》Sunday Morning《星期天早晨》The Idea of Order at Key West《基维斯特的秩序观念》William Carlos William威廉·卡洛斯·威廉斯Paterson《帕特森》Robert Frost罗伯特·弗罗斯特Poetry Anthology:A Boy’s Will《少年意志》North of Boston《波士顿以北》Mountain Interval《山间》New Hampshire《新罕普什尔》West-Running Brook《西流的溪涧》A Further Range《又一片牧场》A Witness Tree《一株作证的树》Well-known poem: The Road Not Taken《未选择的路》Carl Sandburg卡尔桑德堡Chicago Poems《芝加哥诗抄》Cornhuskers《剥玉米的人》The American Songbag《美国民歌集成》The Prairie Years《草原年代》The War Years《战争年代》The People, Yes《人民，是的》Complete Poems《诗歌全集》E·E·Cummings肯明斯The Enormous Room《巨大的房子》Hart Crane哈特·克兰The Bridge《桥》Marianne Moore玛丽安·穆尔Collected Poems《诗集》F·Scott Fitzgerald费茨杰拉德This Side of Paradise《人间天堂》The Great Gatsby《了不起的盖茨比》Tender is the Night《夜色温柔》Tales of the Jazz《爵士乐时代的故事》The Beautiful and the Damned《漂亮冤家》The Last Tycoon《最后的大亨》Flappers and Philosophers《轻佻女郎与哲学家》Ernest Hemingway海明威The Sun Also Rises《太阳照常升起》Death in the Afternoon《午后之死》The Old Man and the sea《老人与海》Green Hills of Africa《非洲青山》A Farewell to Arms《永别了武器》For Whom the Bell tolls《丧钟为谁而鸣》。
第3册 UNIT2 The Freedom Givers (中英)全新版大学英语
In 2004 a center in honor of the "underground railroad" opens in Cincinnati. The railroad was unusual. It sold no tickets and had no trains. Yet it carried thousands of passengers to the destination of their dreams.2004年，一个纪念“地下铁路”的中心将在辛辛那提州成立。
这条铁路不同寻常，它不出售车票，也无火车行驶。
然而，它将成千上万的乘客送往他们梦想中的目的地。
1 A gentle breeze swept the Canadian plains as I stepped outside the small two-story house. Alongside me was a slender woman in a black dress, my guide back to a time when the surrounding settlement in Dresden, Ontario, was home to a hero in American history. As we walked toward a plain gray church, Barbara Carter spoke proudly of her great-great-grandfather, Josiah Henson. "He was confident that the Creator intended all men to be created equal. And he never gave up struggling for that freedom."我步出这幢两层小屋，加拿大平原上轻风微拂。
心随自由之风的英语作文
The wind of freedom is a concept that has inspired countless individuals throughout history.It represents the idea of being unbound by the constraints of society,politics,or personal limitations.The following essay explores the essence of this liberating force and its impact on the human spirit.In the pursuit of freedom,one often finds a sense of exhilaration akin to the feeling of the wind rushing past as one moves swiftly through life.This metaphorical wind carries with it the power to uplift,to inspire,and to propel us forward on our journey towards selfdiscovery and fulfillment.The wind of freedom is not just a physical sensation it is a state of mind.It is the inner voice that encourages us to question the status quo,to challenge norms,and to seek out new horizons.It is the courage to stand up for ones beliefs,even when they may be unpopular or misunderstood.It is the determination to forge ones own path,regardless of the obstacles that may lie ahead.The history of humanity is filled with examples of individuals who have harnessed the wind of freedom to bring about change.From the civil rights activists who fought against racial discrimination to the suffragettes who campaigned for womens right to vote,these brave souls dared to defy the prevailing winds of their time.They chose to stand against the currents of oppression and inequality,and in doing so,they changed the course of history.In our own lives,the wind of freedom can be a powerful motivator.It can inspire us to break free from the shackles of our fears and doubts,to step out of our comfort zones, and to embrace the unknown.Whether it is pursuing a dream career,traveling to a foreign land,or simply trying something new,the wind of freedom urges us to take risks and to embrace the possibilities that life has to offer.However,it is important to remember that with freedom comes responsibility.The wind of freedom does not grant us the right to act without consideration for others or to disregard the consequences of our actions.True freedom is not about doing whatever we want without regard for others it is about making informed,responsible choices that align with our values and contribute to the greater good.In conclusion,the wind of freedom is a powerful force that has the potential to transform our lives and the world around us.It is a symbol of hope,a beacon of inspiration,and a catalyst for change.By embracing the wind of freedom,we can unlock our true potential and make a positive impact on the world.Let us not be afraid to catch the wind and let it carry us towards a future filled with possibility and promise.。
【阿兰德波顿,名言】阿兰·德波顿的双语名言+中英对照演讲稿
【阿兰德波顿,名言】阿兰·德波顿的双语名言+中英对照演讲稿阿兰·德波顿的双语名言+中英对照演讲稿阿兰·德波顿的双语名言Perhapsunhappinesscanstemfromhavingonlyoneperspectivetoplaywith.也许不快乐的源泉正)ithanyhalfwaydecentmeritocraticidea.iamameritocratinthatsense.Butithinkit'sinsanetobeli evethatwewillevermakeasocietythatisgenuinelymeritocratic.it'sanim possibledream.有什么方法可以解决刚才提到的，这些焦虑呢？是有的。
我想提出几项，先说“功绩主义”也就是相信每个人的地位忠实呈现他的能力，我认为这种想法太疯狂了，我可以支持所有相信这个想法的，无论是左倾还是右倾的政治家，我同样相信功绩主义，但我认为一个完全彻底以能力取决地位的社会，是个不可能的梦想，Theideathatwewillmakeasocietywhereliterallyeverybodyisgraded,thegood atthetop,andthebadatthebottom,andit'sexactlydoneasitshouldbe,is impossible.Therearesimplytoomanyrandomfactors:accidents,accidentsofb irth,accidentsofthingsdroppingonpeople'sheads,illnesses,etc.wewilln evergettogradethem,nevergettogradepeopleastheyshould.这种我们能创造一个，每个人的能力都忠实地被分级，好的就到顶端，坏的就到底部，而且保证过程毫无差错，这是不可能的，这世上有太多偶然的契机，不同的机运，出身，疾病，从天而降的意外等等，我们却无法将这些因素分级，无法完全忠实的将人分级，i'mdrawntoalovelyquotebySt.augustinein”ThecityofGod,”wherehesays,”it'sasintojudgeanymanbyhispost.”inmodernEnglishthatwouldmeanit'sa上页下页阿兰·德波顿的双语名言+中英对照演讲稿sintocometoanyviewofwhoyoushouldtalktodependentontheirbusinesscard. it'snotthepostthatshouldcount.accordingtoSt.augustine,it'sonly Godwhocanreallyputeverybodyintheirplace.andhe'sgoingtodothaton thedayofJudgmentwithangelsandtrumpets,andtheskieswillopen.insaneidea ,ifyou'reasecularistperson,likeme.Butsomethingveryvaluableinthatid ea,nevertheless.我很喜欢圣奥古斯丁在“上帝之城”里的一句话，他说“以社会地位评价人是一种罪”用现在的口吻说，看一个人的名片来决定你是否要和他交谈，是罪，对圣奥古斯丁来说，人的价值不在他的社会地位，只有神可以决定一个人的价值，他将在天使围绕、小号奏鸣，天空破开的世界末日给于最后审判，如果你是像我一样的世俗论者，这想法太疯狂了，但这想法有它的价值，inotherwords,holdyourhorseswhenyou'recomingtojudgepeople.You don'tnecessarilyknowwhatsomeone'struevalueis.Thatisanunkn ownpartofthem.andweshouldn'tbehaveasthoughitisknown.Thereisan othersourceofsolaceandcomfortforallthis.whenwethinkaboutfailinginlife,whenwethinkaboutfailure,oneofthereasonswhywefearfailingisnotjustaloss ofincome,alossofstatus.whatwefearisthejudgmentandridiculeofothers.andi texists.换句话说，最好在你开口评论他人之前悬崖勒马，你很有可能不知道他人的真正价值，这是不可测的，于是我们不该为人下定论，还有另一种慰藉，当我们想象人生中的失败，我们恐惧的原因并不只是，失去收入，失去地位，我们害怕的是他人的评论和嘲笑，它的确存在，Youknow,thenumberoneorganofridiculenowadays,isthenewspaper.andifyo uopenthenewspaperanydayoftheweek,it'sfullofpeoplewho'vem esseduptheirlives.They'vesleptwiththewrongperson.They'veta kenthewrongsubstance.They'vepassedthewrongpieceoflegislation.w hateveritis.andthenarefitforridicule.inotherwords,theyhavefailed.andtheya redescribedas”losers.”nowisthereanyalternativetothis?ithinkthewesterntraditionshowsusoneglori ousalternative,andthatistragedy.今日世界上最会嘲笑人的，便是报纸，每天我们打开报纸，都能看到那些把生活搞砸的人，他们与错误对象共枕，使用错误药物，通过错误法案，种种，让人在茶余饭后拿来挖苦的新闻，这些人失败了，我们称他们为“失败者”还有其它做法吗？西方传统给了我们一个光荣的选择，就是“悲剧”Tragicart,asitdevelopedinthetheatersofancientGreece,inthefifthcenturyB.c. ,wasessentiallyanartformdevotedtotracinghowpeoplefail,andalsoaccordingthemalevelofsympathy,whichordinarylifewouldnotnecessarilyaccordthem. irememberafewyearsago,iwasthinkingaboutallthis,andiwenttosee”TheSun daySport,”atabloidnewspaperthatidon'trecommendyoutostartreadingifyou 9;renotfamiliarwithitalready.iwenttotalktothemaboutcertainofthegreattrag ediesofwesternart.iwantedtoseehowtheywouldseizethebarebonesofcertain storiesiftheycameinasanewsitematthenewsdeskonaSaturdayafternoon.悲剧的艺术)fextraordinarythings.andsowetendtoworshipourselves.现代社会让我们焦虑的，另一个缘故是，我们除了人类以外没有其它重心，我们是从古至今的第一个无神社会，除了我们自己以外，我们不膜拜任何事物，我们对自己评价极高，为什么不呢，我们把人送上月球，达成了许多不可思议的事，我们习惯崇拜自己，ourheroesarehumanheroes.That'saverynewsituation.mostothersociet ieshavehad,rightattheircenter,theworshipofsomethingtranscendent:agod,as pirit,anaturalforce,theuniverse,whateveritis,somethingelsethatisbeingwors hiped.we'veslightlylostthehabitofdoingthat,whichis,ithink,whywe& #39;reparticularlydrawntonature.notforthesakeofourhealth,thoughit' softenpresentedthatway,butbecauseit'sanescapefromthehumananthill .it'sanescapefromourowncompetition,andourowndramas.andthat&# 39;swhyweenjoylookingatglaciersandoceans,andcontemplatingtheEarthfr omoutsideitsperimeters,etc.weliketofeelincontactwithsomethingthatisnon-human,andthatissodeeplyimportanttous.我们的英雄是人类，这是一个崭新的情况，历史中大部分的社会重心，都是敬拜一位人类以外的灵体，神，自然力、宇宙，总之是人类以外的什么，我们逐渐失去了这种习惯，我想这也是我们越来越被大自然吸引的原因，虽然我们时常显示是为了健康，但我不这么认为，我认为是为了逃避人群的蚁丘，逃避人们的疯狂竞争，我们的戏剧化，这便是为什么我们如此喜欢看海、观赏冰山，从外太空观赏地球等等，我们希望重新和那些“非人类”的事物有所连接，那对我们来说很重要，whatithinki'vebeentalkingaboutreallyissuccessandfailure.andoneoft heinterestingthingsaboutsuccessisthatwethinkweknowwhatitmeans.ifisaid toyouthatthereissomebodybehindthescreenwhoisveryverysuccessful,certai nideaswouldimmediatelycometomind.Youwouldthinkthatpersonmighthav emadealotofmoney,achievedrenowninsomefield.myowntheoryofsuccess--andi'msomebodywhoisveryinterestedinsuccess.ireallywanttobesucc essful.i'malwaysthinking,”Howcouldibemoresuccessful?”Butasigetolder,i'malsoverynuancedaboutwhatthatword”success”mightmean.我一直在谈论成功和失败，成功的有趣之处是，我们时常以为我们知道成功是什么，如果我现在说，这个屏幕后面站着一个非常成功的人，你心里马上就会产生一些想法，你会想，这个人可能很有钱，在某些领域赫赫有名，我对成功的理解是，首先，我是一个对成功非常有兴。
专八美国文学常识
美国文学Part 1. Colonial America Thomas Thomas Paine Paine 托马斯·潘恩1737-18091737-1809The Case of the Officers of Excise 税务员问题；Common Sense 常识；American Crisis 美国危机；Rights of Man 人的权利：Downfall of Despotism 专制体制的崩溃；The Age of Reason 理性时代 Philip Philip Freneau Freneau 菲利普·弗伦诺1752-18321752-1832The Rising Glory of America 蒸蒸日上的美洲；The British Prison Ship 英国囚船；To the Memory of the Brave Americans 纪念美国勇士纪念美国勇士-----同类诗中最佳；The Wild Honeysuckle 野生的金银花；The Indian Burying Ground 印第安人殡葬地印第安人殡葬地 Jonathan Edwards The Freedom of the Will The Great Doctrine of Original Sin defended The Nature of True V irtue Benjamin Franklin 本杰明·富兰克林1706-17901706-1790A Modest Inquiry into the Nature and Necessity of a Paper Money;Poor Richard ’s Almanack 穷查理历书；The Way to Wealth 致富之道；The Autobiography 自传自传 Part 2. American Romanticism Washington Irving 华盛顿·欧文1783-18591783-1859A History of New Y ork 纽约的历史-----美国人写的第一部诙谐文学杰作；The Sketch Book 见闻札记The The Legend Legend Legend of of of Sleepy Hollow Sleepy Hollow 睡谷的传说-----使之成为美国第一个获得国际声誉的作家；Bracebridge Hall 布雷斯布里奇田庄；Talks of Travellers 旅客谈；The Alhambra 阿尔罕伯拉 James James Fenimore Fenimore Fenimore Cooper Cooper 詹姆斯·费尼莫尔·库珀1789-18511789-1851The Spy 间谍;The Pilot 领航者;The Littlepage Manuscripts 利特佩奇的手稿;Leatherstocking Tales 皮裹腿故事集:The Pioneer 拓荒者；The Last of Mohicans 最后的莫希干人最后的莫希干人;The Prairie 大草原;The Pathfinder 探路者;The Deerslayer 杀鹿者杀鹿者 Part 3.New England Transcendentalism Ralf Ralf Waldo Waldo Emerson 拉尔夫·沃尔多·爱默生1803-18821803-1882Essays 散文集:Nature 论自然-----新英格兰超验主义者的宣言书;The The American American American Scholar Scholar 论美国学者;Divinity;The Oversoul 论超灵;Self-reliance 论自立;The Transcendentalist 超验主义者;Representative Men 代表人物;English Traits 英国人的特征;School Address 神学院演说 Concord Hymn 康考德颂;The Rhodo 杜鹃花;The Humble Bee 野蜂;Days 日子-首开自由诗之先河首开自由诗之先河 Henry David Threau 亨利·大卫·梭罗1817-18621817-1862Wadden,or Life in the Woods 华腾湖或林中生活;Resistance to Civil Government/Civil Disobedience 抵制公民政府;A Week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers Henry Wadsworth Longfellow 亨利·沃兹沃思·朗费罗1807-18821807-1882 The Song of Hiawatha 海华沙之歌----美国人写的第一部印第安人史诗;V oices of the Night 夜吟;Ballads and Other Poens 民谣及其他诗民谣及其他诗;Belfry of Bruges and Other Poems 布鲁茨的钟楼及其他诗;Tales of a Wayside Inn 路边客栈的故事路边客栈的故事---诗集：An April Day 四月的一天/A Psalm of Life 人生人生礼物/Paul Revere ’s Ride 保罗·里维尔的夜奔;Evangeline 伊凡吉琳;The Courtship of Miles Standish迈尔斯·斯坦迪什的求婚迈尔斯·斯坦迪什的求婚------------叙事长诗；叙事长诗；叙事长诗；Poems on Slavery Poems on Slavery 奴役篇奴役篇---------反蓄奴组诗反蓄奴组诗反蓄奴组诗Nathaniel Nathaniel Hawthorne Hawthorne 纳撒尼尔·霍桑1804-1864 Twice-told Tales 尽人皆知的故事;Mosses from an Old Manse 古屋青苔:Y :Young Goodman Brownoung Goodman Brown 年轻的古德曼·布朗;The ;The Scarlet Scarlet Scarlet Letter Letter 红字;The House of of the the the Seven Seven Seven Gables Gables 有七个尖角阁的房子--------心理若们罗曼史;The Blithedale Romance 福谷传奇;The Marble Faun 玉石雕像玉石雕像Herman Melville 赫尔曼·梅尔维尔1819-18911819-1891 Moby Dick/The White Whale 莫比·迪克莫比·迪克莫比·迪克//白鲸；白鲸；Typee Typee 泰比泰比;Omoo ;Omoo 奥穆奥穆;Mardi ;Mardi 玛地玛地;Redburn ;Redburn 雷得本得本;White Jacket ;White Jacket 白外衣白外衣;Pierre ;Pierre 皮尔埃皮尔埃;Piazza ;Piazza 广场故事广场故事;Billy Budd ;Billy Budd 比利·巴德比利·巴德Walt Whitman 沃尔特·惠特曼1819-18921819-1892 Leaves of Grass 草叶集:Song of the Broad-Axe 阔斧之歌阔斧之歌;I hear America Singing 我听见美洲在歌我听见美洲在歌唱;When Lilacs Lost in the Dooryard Bloom’d 小院丁香花开时;Democratic Vistas 民主的前景;The Tramp and Strike Question 流浪汉和罢工问题;Song of Myself 自我之歌自我之歌Emily Dickinson 埃米莉·迪金森1830-18861830-1886 The Poems of Emily Dichenson 埃米莉·迪金森诗集埃米莉·迪金森诗集---------------““Tell all the truth and tell it slant slant”迂回曲折的，玄学的”迂回曲折的，玄学的”迂回曲折的，玄学的Edgar Allan Poe 埃德加·爱伦·坡1809-18491809-1849（以诗为（以诗为诗；永为世人共赏的伟大抒情诗人-----叶芝）叶芝） Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque 怪诞奇异故事集;Tales 故事集;The Fall of the House of Usher 厄舍古屋的倒塌;Ligeia 莱琪儿;Annabel Lee 安娜贝尔·李----------歌特风格；歌特风格；首开近代侦探小说先河，又是法国象征主义运动的源头Tamerlane and Other Poems 帖木儿和其他诗;Al Araaf,Tamerlane and Minor Poems 艾尔·阿拉夫，艾尔·阿拉夫，帖木儿和其他诗;The Raven and Other Poems 乌鸦及其他诗:The Raven 乌鸦;The City in the Sea 海城;Israfel 伊斯拉菲尔;To Hellen 致海伦致海伦Harriet Beecher Stowe 哈丽特·比彻·斯托1811-1896 Uncle Tom ’s Cabin 汤姆叔叔的小屋;A Tale of the Great Dismal Swamp 德雷德阴暗大沼地的故事片;The Minister’s Wooing 牧师的求婚;The Pearl of Orr ’s Island 奥尔岛的珍珠;Oldtown Folks 老城的人们的人们 Part 4. The age of Realism William Dean Dean Howells Howells 威廉·狄恩·豪威尔斯1837-1920 The Rise of Silas Lapham 赛拉斯·拉帕姆的发迹赛拉斯·拉帕姆的发迹;A Modern Instance 现代婚姻; A Hazard of Now Fortunes 时来运转;A Traveller from Altruia 从利他国来的旅客;Through the Eye of the Needle 透过针眼----乌托邦小说;Criticism and Fiction;Novel-Writing and Novel-Reading 小说创作与小说阅读小说创作与小说阅读 23、Henry James 享利·詹姆斯1843-19161843-1916 小说：Daisy Miller 苔瑟·米乐；苔瑟·米乐；The Portrait of a Lady The Portrait of a Lady 贵妇人画像；贵妇人画像；The Bostonians The Bostonians 波士顿人；顿人；The Real Thing and Other Tales The Real Thing and Other Tales 真货色及其他故事；真货色及其他故事；The Wings of the Dove The Wings of the Dove 鸽翼；The Ambassadors 大使；大使；The Golden Bowl The Golden Bowl 金碗金碗评论集：French Poets and Novelists 法国诗人和小说家法国诗人和小说家;Hawthorne 霍桑;Partial Portraits 不完全的画像;Notes and Reviews 札记与评论;Art of Fiction and Other Essays 小说艺术小说艺术Part 5. Local Colorism Mark Mark Twain Twain 马克·吐温（Samuel LonghorneClemens ）------美国文学的美国文学的一大里程碑一大里程碑 The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County 加拉维拉县有名的跳蛙;The Innocent ’s Abroad 傻瓜出国记;The ;The Gilded Gilded Gilded Age Age 镀金时代;The ;The Adventures Adventures Adventures of of of Tom Tom Tom Sawyer Sawyer 汤姆·索耶历险记;The Prince and the Pauper 王子与贫儿;The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn 哈克贝利·费恩历险记;A Connecticut Connecticut Y Y ankee ankee in in in King King King Arthur Arthur Arthur’’s s Court Court 亚瑟王宫中的美国佬;The ;The Tragedy Tragedy Tragedy of of of Pudd Pudd Pudd’’nhead Wilson 傻瓜威尔逊;Personal ;Personal Recollections Recollections Recollections of of of Joan Joan Joan of of of Arc Arc 冉·达克;The ;The Man Man Man That That That Corrupted Corrupted Hadleyburg 败坏哈德莱堡的人How to Tell a Story 怎样讲故事怎样讲故事---对美国早期幽默文学的总结对美国早期幽默文学的总结Part 6. American Naturalism Stephen Stephen Crane Crane 斯蒂芬·克莱恩1871-19001871-1900Magic:A Girl of the Streets 街头女郎梅姬（美国文学史上首次站在同情立场上描写受辱妇女的悲惨命运）；The Red Badge of Courage 红色英勇勋章；The Open Boat 小划子;The Bride Comes to Y ellow Sky 新娘来到黄天镇新娘来到黄天镇 Frank Norris 弗兰克·诺里斯1870-19021870-1902Moran of the Lady Letty 茱蒂夫人号上的莫兰茱蒂夫人号上的莫兰（romantic ）;Mc-Teague 麦克提格（naturalistic ）;The Epic of the Wheat(realistic)小麦诗史(The Octopus 章鱼,The Pit 小麦交易所);A Deal in Wheat and Other Stories of the Old and New West 小麦交易所及其他新老西部故事小麦交易所及其他新老西部故事 Theodore Dreiser 西奥多·德莱塞1871-19451871-1945Sister Sister Carrie Carrie 嘉莉姐妹;Jennie ;Jennie Gerhardt Gerhardt 珍妮姑娘;Trilogy ;Trilogy of of of Desire Desire 欲望三部曲(Financer 金融家,The ,The Titan Titan 巨人,The ,The Stoic);An Stoic);An American Tragedy 美国的悲剧（被称为美国最伟大的小说）;Nigger Jeff 黑人杰弗黑人杰弗 Edwin Edwin Arlington Arlington Arlington Robinson Robinson鲁宾逊1869-1935 Captain Craig 克雷格上尉---诗体小说；The Town Down the River 河上的城镇;The Man Against the Sky 衬托着天空的人;Avon ’s Harvest 沃冯的收成;Collected Poems 诗集诗集 40、Jack London 杰克·伦敦1876-19161876-1916The Son of the Wolf 狼之子,The Call of the Wild 野性的呼唤;The Sea-wolf 海狼;White Fang 白獠牙;The People of the Abyss 深渊中的人们;The Iron Heel 铁蹄铁蹄;Marti Eden 马丁·伊登;How I become a Socialist 我怎样成为社会党人;The War of the Classes 阶级之间的战争;What Life Means to Me 生命对我意味着什么;Revolution 革命;Love ;Love of of of Life Life 热爱生命;The ;The Mexican Mexican 墨西哥人;Under ;Under the the Deck A wings 在甲板的天蓬下 Upton Upton Sinclair Sinclair 厄普顿·辛克莱尔1878-19681878-1968Spring and Harvest 春天与收获;The Jungle 屠场（揭发黑幕运动的代表作家）;King Coal 煤炭大王;Oil 石油;Boston 波士顿;Dragon ’s Teeth 龙齿龙齿 Part 7. The 1920s Imagism Ezra Ezra PoundPound 艾兹拉·庞德1885-19721885-1972 The Spirit of Romance 罗曼司精神罗曼司精神;The Anthology Des Imagistes 意像派诗选意像派诗选;Cathay 华夏（英译中国诗）;Literary ;Literary Essays Essays 文学论;Hugh ;Hugh Swlwyn Swlwyn Swlwyn Mauberley;A Mauberley;A Mauberley;A Few Few Few Don Don Don’’ts ts by by by Imagiste Imagiste 意像派戒条;Personage 面具;Polite ;Polite Essays Essays 文雅集;The Cantos of Ezra Pound 庞德诗章（109首及8首未完成稿）成稿）Thomas Thomas Stearns Stearns Stearns Eliot Eliot 托马斯·艾略特1888-19651888-1965 Prufrock and Other Observations 普罗夫洛克（荒原意识）普罗夫洛克（荒原意识）;The Waste Land 荒原(The Burial of the Dead 死者的葬礼;A Game of Chess 弈棋弈棋;The Fire Sermon 火诫;Death by Water 水边之死;What the Thunder Said 雷电之言); 名诗：Ash Wednesday 圣灰星期三;Four Quarters 四个四重奏四个四重奏诗剧：Murder in the Cathedral 大教堂谋杀案;Family Reunion 大团圆;Cocktail Party 鸡尾酒会鸡尾酒会Wallace Stevens 华莱士·史蒂文斯1879-19551879-1955 Harmonium 风琴;The Man With the Blue Guitar 弹蓝吉他的人;Notes Toward a Supreme Fiction 关于最高虚构的札记(Peter (Peter Quince Quince Quince at at at the the the Clavier Clavier 彼得·昆斯弹风琴;Sunday ;Sunday Morning Morning 礼拜天早晨);The Auroras of Autumn 秋天的晨曦;Collected Poems 诗集诗集William Carlos Williams 威廉·卡罗斯·威廉斯1883-19631883-1963 收入Des Imagistes 意像派（意像派的第一部诗选）诗集：Sour Grapes;Spring and All 春;The Desert Music;The Journey of Love 爱的历程;Collected Poems;Complete Poems;Collected Later Poems;Pictures from Brueghel 布留盖尔的肖像;Paterson 佩特森（5卷长诗）;Asphodal,That Green Flower 常青花日光兰（长诗）常青花日光兰（长诗）名诗：Red Wheelbarrow 红色手推车;The Widow ’s s Lament Lament in in Spring Spring 寡妇的春怨;The ;The Dead Dead Baby;The Sparrow ,to My Father 麻雀—致父亲;Proletarian Portrait 无产阶级画像（from An Early Martyr 先驱）; The Great American Novels 伟大的美国小说伟大的美国小说;In the American Grain 美国性格;Autobiography 自传自传 Robert Robert Frest Frest 罗伯特·弗罗斯特1874-19631874-1963 A Boy ’s Wish 少年心愿；North of Boston 波士顿之北(Mending Wall 修墙,After Apple-picking 摘苹果之后);Mountain Interval 山间（成熟阶段）(The Road Not taken 没有选择的道路没有选择的道路); West-running Brook 西流的溪涧;A Further Range 又一片牧场;A Witness Tree 一株作证的树一株作证的树Carl Carl Sandburg Sandburg 卡尔·桑德堡1878-19671878-1967 Always the Y oung Stranger 永远是陌生的年轻人s;In Reckless Ecstasy 肆无忌惮的狂热;The Prairie Y ears 草原的年代一、二;The War Y ears 战争的年代（林肯传记）;The American Songbag 美国歌袋;The People,Y es 人民，好;Honey and Salt 蜜与盐;Corn-huskers 辗米机（Fog 雾）;Smoke and Steel 烟与钢烟与钢E Cumings 肯明斯1894-1962 Tulips Tulips anddd anddd anddd Chimneys Chimneys 郁金香与烟囱;The ;The Enormous Enormous Enormous Room Room 大房间;XLI Poems 诗41首;Viva万岁;No ， Thanks 不，谢谢;Collected Poems 诗集;Eimi 爱米（访苏游记）F F Scott Scott Fitzgerald 弗朗西斯·菲茨杰拉德1896-1940(1896-1940(迷惘的一代迷惘的一代迷惘的一代)) The Side of Paradise 人间天堂人间天堂;The Beautiful and the Damned 美丽的和倒霉;The Great Gatsby 了不起的盖茨比;Tender in the Night 夜色温柔夜色温柔;The Last Tycoon 最后的巨头最后的巨头 短篇小说：Flappers and Philosophers 姑娘们和哲学家们;Tales of the Jazz 爵士时代的故事;Taps at Reveille 早晨的起床号→The Ice Palace 冰宫;May Days 五一节;The Diamond as Big as the Ritz 像里茨饭店那样大的钻石;Winter Dreams 冬天的梦;The Rich Boy 富家子弟;Babylon Revisted 重访巴比伦敦巴比伦敦 The Crack-up 崩溃（自传体文集）崩溃（自传体文集）Ernest Ernest Hemingway Hemingway 欧内斯特·海明威1899-1961（“迷惘的一代”的代表人物）惘的一代”的代表人物） In In Our Our Our Time Time 在我们的年代里;The ;The Torrents Torrents Torrents of of of Spring Spring 春潮;The ;The Sun Sun Sun Also Also Also Rises Rises 太阳照样升起;Farewell to Arms 永别了，武器;For Whom the Bell Tolls 丧钟为谁而鸣短篇小说：Men Men Without Without Without W W omen 没有女人的男人;The ;The Winners Winners Winners Take Take Take Notheing Notheing 胜者无所获;The Fifth Column and First Forty-nine Stories 第五纵队与首次发表的四十九个短篇政论：To Have and Have Not 贫与富贫与富 回忆录：A Moveable Feast 到处逍遥到处逍遥William Faulkner 威廉·福克纳1897-19621897-1962 The Marble Faun 云石林神（诗集）;Soldiers ;Soldiers’’ Pay 兵饷（小说）兵饷（小说）短篇小说：Dry September 干燥的九月;The Sound and the Fury 愤怒与喧嚣愤怒与喧嚣;As I lay dying 当我垂当我垂死的时候;Light in August 八月之光;Absalom,Absolam 押沙龙，押沙龙（家世小说）Sherwood Anderson 舍伍德·安德森1876-19411876-1941 Windy Windy McPherson McPherson McPherson’’s s Son Son 饶舌的麦克斐逊的儿子;Marching ;Marching Men Men 前进中的人们;Mid-American Chants 美国中部之歌;Winesburg,Ohio/The Book of the Grotesque 俄亥俄州的温斯堡俄亥俄州的温斯堡/畸人志;Poor White 穷苦的白人;Many Marriages 多种婚姻;Dark Laughter 阴沉的笑声The Triumph of the Egg and Other Stories 鸡蛋的胜利和其他故事;Death in the Woods and Other Stories 林中之死及其他故事;I Want to Know Why 我想知道为什么我想知道为什么我想知道为什么 Sinclair Lewis 辛克莱·刘易斯1885-1951(1885-1951(美国第一美国第一个获诺贝尔奖个获诺贝尔奖)) Dur Mr Wrenn 我们的雷恩先生;The Job 求职;The Main Street 大先进;Babbitt 巴比特;Arrowsmith艾罗史密斯;Elmer Gantry 艾尔默·甘特里;Dodsworth 多兹沃斯;It can ’t Happen Here 事情不会发生在这里;Kingsblood Royal 王孙梦王孙梦 V illa Sibert Cather 维拉·凯塞1873-19471873-1947 O,Pioneers 啊，先驱们;My Antonia我的安东尼亚;The Professor ’s House 教授之家;Death Comes for the Archibishop 大主教之死大主教之死Thomas Thomas W W olfe 托马斯·沃尔夫1900-19381900-1938 Look Homeward,Angel 天使，望乡→（续）Of Time and the River 时间与河流;The Web and the Rock 蛛网与岩石;Y ou Can ’t Go Home Again 有家归不得;The Hills Beyond 远山（未完成）远山（未完成）短篇小说：From Death to Morning 从死亡到早晨从死亡到早晨从死亡到早晨 Part 8. The 1930sJohn Dos Dos Passos Passos 帕索斯1896-1970 The Three Soldiers;Manhattan Transfer;U.S.A(The Forty-second Parallel;1919;The Big Money);District Money);District of of of Columbia Columbia 哥伦比亚大区(The (The Adventures Adventures Adventures of of of a a a Y Y oung oung Man Man 一个年轻人的冒险;Number One 第一号;The Grand Design 伟大的计划);Orient Express 东方特别快车（游记）东方特别快车（游记） John Steinbeck 约翰·斯坦贝克1902-19661902-1966 Cup Cup of of of Gold Gold 金杯;Tortilla ;Tortilla Flat Flat 煎饼房;In ;In Dubious Dubious Dubious Battle Battle 胜负未定;Of Mice and Men 鼠和人;The Grapes of Wrath 愤怒的葡萄;The Moon is Down 月亮下去了月亮下去了;Cannery Row 罐头厂街;The Pearl 珍珠短篇小说：The Red Pony 小红马(The Gift,The Great Mountains 大山大山;The Promise 许诺,The Leader of the People 人们的领袖) Part 9. Black American LiteratureFrederick Frederick Douglass Douglass 弗莱德里克·道格拉斯1817-1895 Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass an American Slave 弗莱德里克·道格拉斯，一个美国黑人的自述/My /My Bondage Bondage Bondage and and and My My My Freedom Freedom 我的枷锁与我的自由/The /The life life life and and and Time Time Time of of of Frederick Frederick Douglass 弗莱德里克·道格拉斯的生平与时代Booker T. Washington William E ·B Dubois 威廉·艾伯·杜波依斯1868-19631868-1963 Souls Souls of of of Black Black Black Folk Folk 黑人的灵魂(Of (Of Booker Booker Booker T T T Washington Washington and and Others);The Others);The Others);The Suppression Suppression Suppression of of of the the African Slave Trade into into the the the USA USA 制止非洲奴隶贸易进入美国;The Philadephia Negro;John Brown;The Black Flame 黑色的火焰（三部曲）James James Langston Langston Langston Hughes Hughes 詹姆斯·兰斯顿·休斯1902-19691902-1969Mulatto 混血儿（剧本）;The Weary Blues 疲倦的歌声;Dear Lovely Death 亲爱的死神;Shakespear in Harlem 哈莱姆的莎士比亚;I Wonder as I Wander 我漂泊我思考我漂泊我思考;The Best of Simple 辛普尔精选辛普尔精选辛普尔精选 Ralph Ellison 拉尔夫·埃利林1914-1914- 长篇小说：Invisible Man 看不见的人看不见的人散文集：Shadow and Act 影子与行动;Going to the Territory 步入文学界步入文学界James Baldwin 詹姆斯·鲍德温1924-19871924-1987散文集：Note of a Native Son 土生子的笔记;Nobody Knows My Name;Fire Next Time 下一次烈火;No Name in the Street 他的名字被遗忘;The Devil Finds Work 魔鬼找到工作 小说：Go Tell it on the Mountain 向苍天呼吁;Giovanni ;Giovanni’’s Room 乔万尼的房间;Another Country 另一个国度;Tell ;Tell Me Me Me How How How Long Long Long the the the Train Train Train’’s s Been Been Been Gone Gone 告诉我火车已开多久;If ;If Beale Beale Beale Street Street Street Could Could Talk 假如比尔能说话;Just Above My Head 就在我头上就在我头上短篇小说集：Going to Meet the Man 去见这个人去见这个人剧本：The Amen Corner 阿门角;Blues for Mister Charley 为查理先生唱布鲁斯/黑人怨;One Day When I was Lost 有一天当我迷失的时候有一天当我迷失的时候/迷路前后迷路前后Gwendolyn Brooks Part 10. American DramaEugene Oneil 尤金·奥尼尔1888-19531888-1953 独幕剧：Bound Bound East East East to to to Cardiff Cardiff 东航卡迪夫;The ;The Long Long Long V V oyage oyage Home Home 归途迢迢;The ;The Moon Moon Moon of of of the the Carribbeans 加勒比人之月多幕剧：Beyond the Horizon 天边外（其成名作）;Anna Christie 安娜·克里斯蒂;The Emperor Jones琼斯皇;The Hairy Ape 毛猿;All the God ’s Children Got Wings 上帝的儿女都有翅膀上帝的儿女都有翅膀The Great God Brown 大神布朗;The ;The Strange Strange Strange Interlude Interlude 奇异的插曲;Mourning ;Mourning Becomes Becomes Becomes Electr Electr 素娥怨/悲悼a;The Iceman Cometh 送冰的人来了;The Long Days Journey Into Night 进入黑夜的漫长旅程/日长路远夜常深沉夜常深沉Clifford Odets J J D D D Salinger Salinger 杰罗姆·大卫·塞林格1919-1919- 短篇小说：The Y oung Folks 年轻人年轻人 短篇小说集：Nine Stories 故事九篇中篇小说：Franny 弗兰尼;Zooey 卓埃;Raise ;Raise High High High the the the Roof Roof Roof Beam,Carpenters Beam,Carpenters 木匠们，把屋梁升高;Seymour:An Introduction 西摩其人西摩其人长篇小说：The Cather in the Rye 麦田守望者麦田守望者 Tennessee William 田纳西·威廉斯1911-19831911-1983 American Blues 美国的布鲁斯;Battle of Angels 天使的战斗;The Glass Menagerie 玻璃动物园;The Streetcar Streetcar Named Named Named Desire Desire 欲望号街车;Cat ;Cat on on on a a a Hot Tin Hot Tin Roof 热铁皮屋顶上的猫;The Night of of The The Iguana 鬣蜥之夜;Summer and Smoke 夏与烟;The Rose Tattoo 玫瑰纹;Sweet Bird of Y o ut out 可爱的青春鸟春鸟Arthur Arthur Miller Miller 阿瑟·米勒1915-1915- Situation Normal 情况正常;The Man Who Had All the Luck 吉星高照的人;All My Sons 都是我的儿子;The ;The Death Death Death of of of a a a Salesman Salesman 推销员;The ;The Crucible Crucible 严峻的考验/萨姆勒的女巫;A ;A V V iew iew from from from the the Bridge 桥头眺望;A Memory of Two Mondays 两个星期一的回忆;After the Fall 堕落之后堕落之后;Incident at V ichy 维希事件维希事件 ;The Price 代价;The Creation of the World and Other Business创世及其他;The Archbishop ’s Ceiling 大主教的天花板;The American Clock 美国时钟Edward Edward Albee Albee 爱德华·阿尔比1928-1928-The Zoo Story 动物园的故事;The Death of Bessie Smith 贝西·史密斯之死;The Sandbox 沙箱;The American Dream 美国梦;Who ’s Afraid of V irginia Woolf?谁害怕弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫;Tiny Alice 小爱丽丝;A ;A Delicate Delicate Delicate Balance Balance 脆弱的羊群;Seascape 海景;The ;The Lady Lady Lady from from from Dubuque Dubuque 来自杜布克的女人;The Man With Three Arms 在臂人在臂人 Part 11. The Post-W ar Scene: The Novel . PoetrySaul Bellow 索尔·贝娄1915-1915- 长篇小说：Dangling Man 晃来晃去/挂起来的人;The V ictim 受害者;The Adventure of Augie March 奥基·马奇历险记;Henderson the Rain King 雨王汉德逊雨王汉德逊;Herzog 赫索格;Mr Summlar’s Planet 塞姆勒先生的行星;Humboldt ’s Gift 洪堡的礼物洪堡的礼物中篇小说：Seize the Day 且乐今朝且乐今朝Norman Mailer 诺曼·米勒1923- (1923- (垮掉的一代；文垮掉的一代；文学恐怖主义者学恐怖主义者//亡命之徒亡命之徒)) 裸者与死者；Barbary Shore 巴巴里海滨;The Deer Park 廘苑;An American Dream 一场美国梦;The White Negro 白色黑人;Advertisement for Myself 为自己做广告;Why Are We in Vietnam?我们为什么要去越南;The Executioner ;The Executioner’’s Song 刽子手之歌;The Armies of the Night 夜色幕下的大军(History as a Novel/The Novel as History)—非虚构小说;New Journalism 新新闻报道新新闻报道Joseph Heller 约瑟夫·海勒1923-1923-长篇小说：Catch-22第二十二条军规;Something Happened 出了毛病;As Good as Gold 像高尔德像高尔德一样好一样好 剧本：We Bombed in New Haven 我们轰炸纽黑文我们轰炸纽黑文;Catch-22;Clevinger ;Catch-22;Clevinger’’s Trial 克莱文杰受审（据Catch-22第八章）第八章） John Barth 约翰·巴思1930-1930-长篇小说：The Floating Opera 漂浮的歌剧;The End of the Road 穷途末路;The Sot-weed Factor 烟草代理商;Letters 书信集;Giles ;Giles Goat-boy Goat-boy 山羊孩子贾尔斯;Lost ;Lost in in in the the the Funhouse Funhouse 迷失在开心馆里（Title 题目）;Chimera 客迈拉；客迈拉； Sabbatical 学院的轮休假;The ;The Friday Friday Friday Book:Essays Book:Essays Book:Essays and and and Other Other Nonfictions 星期五的书：论文及其他非小说 Thomas Pynchon 托马斯·品钦1937- (1937- (后现代后现代主义主义))Geography of a Horse Dreamer 马塞梦测者的地理;Angel City 天使城;The Tooth of Crime 罪恶的罪恶的牙齿;Family 家庭家庭 (Curse of the S tarving Class Starving Class 饥饿阶级的诅咒;Buried Child 被埋葬的孩子;True W est 真正的西部);Fool for Love 情痴;A Lie of the Mind 心灵的谎言;Paris/Texas 德州的巴黎德州的巴黎 Poetry: Stanley Kunitz Richard Wilbur Elizabeth Bishop Howard Nemerov 。
学术英语_社科Unit5五单元原文及翻译
UNIT 5 Sociology Matters1.Culture is the totality of learned,socially transmitted customs,knowledge,material objects,and behavior.It includes the ideas,values,customs,and artifacts of groups of people.Though culture differ in their customs,artifacts,and languages,they all share certain basic characteristics.Furthermore,cultural characteristics change as cultures develop ,and cultures infuence one another through their technological ,commercial, and artistic achievements.文化是指社会传播学，海关，知识，材料的对象，和行为。
它包括思想，价值观，习俗，和人群的文物。
尽管文化在他们的习俗，文物，和语言不同，但是他们都有一些共同的基本特性。
此外，当文化发展时文化特征也在变化，并且文化通过他们的技术，商业，艺术成就相互影响。
Cultural universals文化共性2.All societies,despite their differences,have developed certain general practices known as cultural universals.Many cultural universals are ,in fact,adaptations to meet essential human needs ,such as people’s need for food ,shelter,and clothing. Anthropologist George murdock compiled a list of cultural that included athletic sports, cooking ,funeral ceremonies,medicine,and sexual restrictions.所有的社会，尽管他们的差别，已经形成了一定的一般做法被称为文化的共性。
哈佛大学校长德鲁·福斯特英语演讲稿：建立未来的意识和行动
哈佛大学校长德鲁·福斯特英语演讲稿：建立未来的意识和行动Drew Faust, the President of Harvard University, has long been a voice of leadership and inspiration within the academic world. Her speeches have often touched on topics related to the future of education and society, speaking to the importance of creating a sense of awareness and action in order to establish a better future for our world.In a recent English language speech, Faust spoke to the idea of creating a “consciousness of the future” in our everyday lives. This consciousness, she argued, was necessary in order to address the many challenges that face us as a society, from issues of inequality to environmental degradation and beyond.To build this consciousness, Faust discussed the importance of education in instilling an understanding of the interconnectedness of our world. By teaching students tothink beyond their own individual experiences and to examine the larger global context, she argued, we can inspire a sense of empathy and appreciation for the fragility of the world we inhabit.Beyond education, Faust also encouraged individuals to take action in their own lives. She spoke to the importance of small, everyday choices, from deciding to recycle to making more sustainable choices as consumers. Through these small acts of commitment, she argued, we can collectively begin to shift the trajectory of our society towards a more positive future.Faust also spoke to the importance of collective action, highlighting the power of movements such as the recent global climate strikes as evidence of the potential for widespread mobilization. When individuals come together with a shared vision for the future, she argued, they can act as a powerful force for positive change.Finally, Faust emphasized the need for leadership in establishing a consciousness of the future. She spoke to the importance of public figures and those in positions of power to use their platforms to promote awareness and action, highlighting the role of Harvard as a leading institution in shaping a more sustainable and progressive future for our world.In closing, Faust encouraged her audience to embrace the challenge of creating a consciousness of the future, recognizing that the path towards a better world is a collective and ongoing journey. Through education, individual action, collective mobilization, and leadership, she argued, we can build a brighter and more sustainable future for generations to come.。
Chaos… of a dripping faucet - University of Roches
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CompDutAeTrAlagArNesAuLltYsSinISm: isSsoedurdcroepssof Error
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CHAOS… OF A DRIPPING
FAUCET
Dan Allan and
Adam Bublitz
RECONSTRUCTION, PHASE 2
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rewrote the LabView vi
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《论自由意志》英文版
《论自由意志》英文版On the Freedom of Will.The concept of free will has been a subject of intense debate and speculation throughout the ages, occupying a central place in philosophy, theology, and even modern psychology. The question of whether human beings possess free will—the ability to make choices independently of external forces or predetermined factors—is fundamental to our understanding of ourselves and our place in the universe.In exploring the nature of free will, it is important to distinguish between two broad perspectives: compatibilism and incompatibilism. Compatibilists arguethat free will can coexist with determinism, the beliefthat all events, including human actions, are caused by previous events and are therefore inevitable. According to this view, people can still make meaningful choices even if their decisions are ultimately determined by a complex webof causes.In contrast, incompatibilists maintain that free will and determinism are incompatible. They argue that true freedom requires the ability to act outside of any causal chain, making choices that are not determined by past events or external forces. This view often finds support in the idea of an immortal soul or a transcendent aspect of human nature that can transcend the limitations of physical causality.The debate between compatibilism and incompatibilism has been激烈的 for centuries, with philosophers from various traditions offering differing perspectives. Some argue that free will is an illusion, pointing to the apparent deterministic nature of the universe and the influence of genetics, environment, and subconscious motives on human behavior. Others maintain that free will is a fundamental aspect of human dignity and morality, essential for responsible agency and moral accountability.Modern neuroscience and psychology have also enteredthe fray, offering new perspectives on the question of free will. Studies of brain function and decision-making processes suggest that choices may be influenced by factors outside of conscious awareness, leading some to argue that free will may be more limited than we previously believed. However, others argue that the complexity of the brain and the emergence of consciousness itself suggest thepossibility of true free will.At the heart of the debate lies a fundamental tension between the apparent deterministic nature of the universe and the subjective experience of making free choices. While the question of whether free will exists may never be fully resolved, it remains a crucial one for understanding our place in the world and the meaning of our actions.In conclusion, the debate over free will is a complex and multifaceted one, involving considerations frommultiple disciplines. It challenges our understanding of human nature and the nature of causality itself. While there may be no definitive answer, the question of freewill remains a vital one for human thought and inquiry.。
托马斯·杰斐逊思想英语作文
托马斯·杰斐逊的思想与遗产Thomas Jefferson, one of the Founding Fathers of the United States, left an indelible mark on the nation heloved and served. His legacy is not only in the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution, which he authored,but also in the principles and ideals he lived by.Jefferson's thoughts on democracy, individual rights, and the role of government are as relevant today as they werein his own era.Jefferson's belief in the sovereignty of the people was central to his political philosophy. He believed that the government existed to serve the people and that it shouldbe limited in its powers to prevent abuse and tyranny. This理念 was reflected in his drafting of the Declaration of Independence, which proclaimed the inalienable rights ofall men and the duty of governments to protect those rights. Jefferson also advocated for a strict interpretation of the Constitution, arguing that it should be a document that enumerated the powers of the federal government and leftthe rest to the states and the people.Jefferson was a staunch advocate of individual rights, particularly the right to property ownership. He believed that property ownership was essential to the pursuit of happiness and the foundation of a free society. Jefferson's own life was a testament to this belief, as he was a successful planter and architect who designed his own home, Monticello. His belief in the primacy of individual rights also extended to issues of slavery, which he saw as a moral wrong that needed to be addressed.Jefferson's thoughts on education were equally as profound. He believed that education was the key to personal growth and societal progress. Jefferson founded the University of Virginia, which was groundbreaking in its time for its emphasis on practical learning and the sciences. He also advocated for the establishment of a national system of public education, believing that it was essential to the democratic process and the development of a well-informed citizenry.Jefferson's thoughts on religion were also noteworthy. He was a Deist who believed in a Creator but rejected organized religion and its dogmas. Jefferson saw religionas a personal matter that should be kept separate from government and politics. His views on this topic were controversial in his time, but they have becomeincreasingly relevant in today's world, where issues of religious freedom and the separation of church and state are once again at the forefront of public debate.Thomas Jefferson's thoughts and contributions have had a profound impact on the United States and the world. His belief in the sovereignty of the people, the primacy of individual rights, the importance of education, and the separation of religion and government are as relevant today as they were in his own era. Jefferson's legacy is a testament to the power of ideas and the importance of upholding democratic principles and ideals.**托马斯·杰斐逊的思想与遗产**托马斯·杰斐逊，美国开国元勋之一，为他所热爱和服务的国家留下了不可磨灭的印记。
乔治·奥威尔语录
乔治·奥威尔语录“Freedom is the freedom to say that two plus two make four. If that is granted, all else follows.” George Orwell.In today's world, the concept of freedom is often taken for granted. We live in a society where we have the freedom to express ourselves, to voice our opinions, and to think for ourselves. However, it is important to remember that this freedom is not always guaranteed, and we must be vigilant in protecting it.George Orwell's quote reminds us that the freedom to speak the truth is fundamental to all other freedoms. It is the cornerstone of a democratic society, and without it, all other rights and liberties are at risk. In Orwell's novel "1984," the protagonist Winston Smith is tortured and brainwashed by the oppressive government, which seeks to control not only his actions, but also his thoughts and beliefs. This chilling portrayal serves as a stark reminder of the dangers of losing our freedom to think and speak independently.In today's world, we are faced with numerous challenges to our freedom of speech. Censorship, political correctness, and the suppression of dissenting voices all threaten our ability to speak the truth. It is essential that we remain vigilant in protecting this fundamental right, and that we continue to fight for the freedom to speak our minds without fear of reprisal.Furthermore, Orwell's quote serves as a reminder that truth is not subjective. Two plus two will always make four, regardless of what anyone may say. In a world where misinformation and fake news abound, it is crucial that we stand up for the truth and reject attempts to manipulate or distort it.Ultimately, George Orwell's words remind us that freedom is not something to be taken for granted. It is a precious and fragile gift that must be defended at all costs. We must never forget the importance of speaking the truth, and we must always be willing to fight for our right to do so. As long as we have the freedom to say that two plus two make four, we can ensure that all other freedoms will follow.。
乔治华盛顿卡佛的英语名言
乔治华盛顿卡佛的英语名言乔治·华盛顿·卡佛（George Washington Carver）是一位美国的农学家、植物学家和发明家，他对农业科学做出了重要贡献。
以下是一些他的英语名言：1. "When you do the common things in life in an uncommon way, you will command the attention of the world."（当你用不寻常的方式做生活中的寻常事情时，你将吸引世界的注意。
）。
这句名言强调了创新和与众不同的重要性，通过在日常生活中展现独特的方式和思维，我们可以引起世界的关注。
2. "Education is the key to unlock the golden door of freedom."（教育是打开自由黄金之门的钥匙。
）。
卡佛认为教育是实现自由和成功的关键，它能够开启我们的潜力和机会，为我们创造更好的未来。
3. "Ninety-nine percent of the failures come frompeople who have the habit of making excuses."（99%的失败来自于那些有找借口习惯的人。
）。
这句名言告诫我们不要给自己找借口，而是要勇敢面对挑战和困难，只有这样才能取得成功。
4. "Where there is no vision, there is no hope."（没有愿景，就没有希望。
）。
卡佛强调了拥有远见和目标的重要性，只有有远见的人才能看到希望，并为之努力奋斗。
5. "How far you go in life depends on your being tender with the young, compassionate with the aged, sympatheticwith the striving, and tolerant of the weak and strong. Because someday in life you will have been all of these."（你在生活中走多远，取决于你对年轻人的温柔，对年长者的同情，对奋斗者的同情，对弱者和强者的宽容。
英美法系重视程序的名言
英美法系重视程序的名言every law has no atom of stregth, as far as no public opinion supports it. (wendell phillips, american leader against slavery)若是没有公众舆论的支持，法律是丝毫没有力量的。
(美国废奴运动领袖菲力普斯 w)good order is the foundation of all things. (e.burke, btritish statesman)良好的秩序是一切的基础。
(英国政治家伯克 e)guilt always hurries towards its complement, punishment; only there doesits satisfaction lie. (lawence durrell, british writer)犯罪总是以惩罚相补偿;只有处罚才能使犯罪得到偿还。
(英国作家达雷尔 l)i disapprove of what you say, but i will defend to the death your right to say it. (voltaire, frech writer)我不同意你说的话，但是我愿意誓死捍卫你说话的权利。
(法国作家伏尔泰)if there were no bad people, there would be no good lawyers. (charles dickens, british novelist)倘若世上没有坏人，也就不会有好的律师。
(英国小说家狄更斯 c)if we only had some god in the countrys laws, instead of beng in such a sweat to get him into the constitution, it would be better all around. (mark twain, american writer)如果我们国家的法律中只有某种神灵，而不是殚精竭虑将神灵揉进宪法，总体上来说，法律就会更好。
论自由英文版
论自由英文版Freedom is a fundamental concept that has played a significant role in shaping our modern society. It encompasses the idea of being able to act, think, and speak without restraint or interference. The concept of freedom has been debated by philosophers, scholars, and activists throughout history, as it touches upon various aspects of human life. One essential aspect of freedom is political freedom, which refers to the ability of individuals to participate in the political process and make decisions that impact their lives. This includes the right to vote, the freedom of speech, and the right to peacefully assemble. Political freedom allows citizens to have a say in the governance of their country and ensures that their voices are heard.Another crucial component of freedom is economic freedom, which refers to the ability of individuals to pursue economic activities without undue government intervention. It includes the freedom to choose one's occupation, own property, and engage in trade. Economic freedom promotes innovation, entrepreneurship, and competition, leading to economic growth and improved living standards.Furthermore, freedom also encompasses personal freedom,which refers to the autonomy and liberty of individuals to make choices about their personal lives. This includes the freedom of thought, conscience, religion, and the right to privacy. Personal freedom ensures that individuals can express themselves, practice their beliefs, and live according to their own values without fear of oppression or discrimination.However, it is important to note that freedom does not mean an absence of responsibility. With freedom comes the duty to exercise it responsibly and respect the rights and freedoms of others. The principle of freedom should be balanced with the need for social order and the general welfare of society.In conclusion, freedom is a fundamental concept that encompasses political, economic, and personal aspects of human life. It is a cornerstone of modern society, enabling individuals to participate in the decision-making process, pursue economic opportunities, and live according to their own values. However, freedom also comes with responsibility and the need to respect the rights of others. It is a delicate balance that requires continuous dialogue, debate, and vigilance to ensure that freedom is upheld and protected for all.。
站在道德选择面前——论《发条橙》中的自由意志
一、引言 约翰·安东尼·伯吉斯·威尔逊 （ＪｏｈｎＡｎｔｈｏｎｙＢｕｒｇｅｓｓＷｉｌｓｏｎ，１９１７—１９９３） 是英国著名作 家、作曲家、文学评论家、语言学家。他的反乌托邦小说 《发条橙》 中的 “发条橙” （ “Ａｃｌｏｃｋ ｗｏｒｋｏｒａｎｇｅ”） 是伦敦的一句民间谚语，形容某物或某人古怪或反常。通过引用这句话，伯吉斯意 在讽刺将机械的道德应用于甜美多汁的生物体的方式。小说出版于 １９６２年。安东尼·伯吉斯出生 于天主教家庭，深受天主教原罪和救赎观念的影响。这些观念的早期倡导者圣·奥勒留·奥古斯 丁 （ＳａｉｎｔＡｕｒｅｌｉｕｓＡｕｇｕｓｔｉｎｕｓ） 和圣·托马斯·阿奎纳 （ＳａｉｎｔＴｈｏｍａｓＡｑｕｉｎａｓ） 强调人的自由意 志，认为人类之所以不同于其他物种，是因为人类有自由意志，上帝只是为人们选择思考提供了 基础，并没有为特定行为提供现成的答案，罪恶的原因是人滥用了上帝赋予的自由意志。① 《发条橙》 除了有争议的暴力和色情描写之外，还因其独创的语言和优雅的音乐成为了近年的
为了证实本文的论点，本文研究方法将包括解释和比较文献资料，还将引用传记和历史材料， 以给小说 《发条橙》 和安东尼·伯吉斯的 “自由意志” 的观点提供支持。同时，还会用哈里·Ｇ ·法兰克福提出的 “二阶意志” 的概念来支持该研究，用科学的方法来分析人的性格。
二、完全滥用自由意志
“那接下来怎么办呢，嗯？” 这是 《发条橙》 的主角亚历克斯的口头语。伯吉斯在小说的第一 部分花了大篇幅描述亚历克斯对古典音乐的热爱和亚历克斯及其三个流氓团伙成员的一系列暴力 行径。通过对这些场景的描写，安东尼·伯吉斯意在突出亚历克斯滥用自由意志会带来的严重社 会后果。
荒诞的世界_虚无的人生_解读卡夫卡的小说_城堡_
鞍山师范学院学报J ou rna l of A nshan N or m a l U n iversity2007206,9(3):50-54荒诞的世界,虚无的人生———解读卡夫卡的小说《城堡》姜 瑞(北京师范大学文学院,北京100000)摘 要:弗兰兹・卡夫卡的创作一直是值得评论家研究的对象,孤独、阴郁、困惑、虚无、荒诞等等是卡夫卡作品中表现出来的主要艺术风格。
在卡夫卡的作品中,《城堡》最具代表性地表现出了这些特点。
“城堡”和“K”都成为了抽象的符号化的象征,代表着“现代人的困境”,是卡夫卡将现实和理想连接在一起时探索出的艺术境界。
本文将虚无和荒诞作为研究卡夫卡的切入点,去发现此中具有相同特征的人生境界,并分析其心理特点。
而将这两大境界结合在一起时,卡夫卡小说所带有的预言性特点就彰显出来了。
关键词:卡夫卡;《城堡》;虚无;荒诞;心理中图分类号:I106 文献标识码:A 文章篇号:100822441(2007)0320050205Fan t a sti c W orld and Nonex isten t L i fe———An I nter p retati on of Kafka’s Novel The CastleJ I A NG Rui(B eijing N or m al U niversity,School of Chinese L anguage and L iterature,B eijing100000,China)Abstract:It is Franz Kafka’s p r oducti ons that are worth researching for revie wers.There are sev2eral words t o rep resent the art style of his works,e.g.is olati on,distress,be wilder ment,nothing2 ness,fantasy.The Castle is the most rep resentative one with these qualities of Kafka’s p r oduc2ti ons.“Castle”and“K”have become the sy mbol of abstract mark,exp ressing“the Predica ment ofModern”,which is the art real m when Kafka tried t o connect the realistic with the ideal.This paper starts with the nothingness and fantasy,finding the life real m of the sa me features and analy2zing the p sychol ogical characteristic.Putting the t w o real m s t ogether,the p redictability of Kafka’s novels will be exposed.Key words:Kafka;The Castle;Nothingness;Fantasy;Psychol ogy 弗兰兹・卡夫卡,1883年生于布拉格一个讲德语的犹太商人家庭。
卡尔波普尔的语录
卡尔波普尔的语录卡尔波普尔，全名经济学家弗里德里希·奥古斯特·冯·哈耶克（Friedrich August von Hayek），是20世纪最重要的经济学家之一。
他是新古典主义经济学的代表人物，也是自由主义经济学的奠基人之一。
卡尔波普尔对经济学、政治学和社会学都做出了重要的贡献，他的思想对于当今世界的发展仍然具有深远的影响。
下面是一些卡尔波普尔的经典语录，让我们一起来探索其中的智慧和深意。
1. "I do not think it is an exaggeration to say history is largely a historyof inflation, and usually of inflations engineered by governments and for government purposes."（我认为这样说并不夸张，历史大部分都是一部通货膨胀的历史，而且通常是由政府为政府目的而操纵的通货膨胀。
）2. "If we wish to preserve a free society, it is essential that we recognize that the desirability of a particular object is not sufficient justification for the use of coercion."（如果我们希望保持一个自由社会，有必要认识到，对于某个特定物品的可取性并不足以正当使用强制手段。
）3. "The curious task of economics is to demonstrate to men how little they really know about what they imagine they can design."（经济学的奇妙任务就是向人们展示他们对于他们设想的东西知之甚少。
弗兰克·赫伯特语录
弗兰克·赫伯特语录1. "Fear is the mind-killer." - Dune2. "I must not fear. Fear is the mind-killer. Fear is the little-death that brings total obliteration. I will face my fear. I will permit it to pass over me and through me. And when it has gone past, I will turn the inner eye to see its path. Where the fear has gone, there will be nothing. Only I will remain." - Dune3. "Without change, something sleeps inside us, and seldom awakens. The sleeper must awaken." - Dune4. "Deep in the human unconscious is a pervasive need for a logical universe that makes sense. But the real universe is always one step beyond logic." - Dune5. "The mystery of life isn't a problem to solve, but a reality to experience." - Dune6. "Survival is the ability to swim in strange water." - Dune7. "The mind can go either direction under stress—toward positive or toward negative: on or off. Think of it as a spectrum whose extremes are unconsciousness at the negative end and hyperconsciousness at the positive end. The way the mind will lean under stress is strongly influenced by training." - Dune8. "The greatest and most important problems of life are all in a certain sense insoluble. They can never be solved, but only outgrown." - Dune9. "There is no escape—we pay for the violence of our ancestors." - Dune10. "The concept of progress acts as a protective mechanism to shield us fromthe terrors of the future." - Dune11. "Seek freedom and become captive of your desires. Seek discipline and find your liberty." - Chapterhouse: Dune12. "The first step in avoiding a trap is knowing of its existence." - Dune13. "To suspect your own mortality is to know the beginning of terror, to learn irrefutably that you are mortal is to know the end of terror." - Dune Messiah 14. "It is impossible to live in the past, difficult to live in the present and a waste to live in the future." - Dune15. "Hope clouds observation." - Dune16. "The difference between sentiment and being sentimental is the following: Sentiment is when a driver swerves out of the way to avoid hitting a rabbit on the road. Being sentimental is when the same driver, when swerving away from the rabbit, hits a pedestrian." - Heretics of Dune17. "The most persistent principles of the universe are accident and error." - The Dosadi Experiment18. "The people who can destroy a thing, they control it." - Dune19. "You cannot go against nature, because when you do, go against nature, it's part of nature too." - God Emperor of Dune20. "A process cannot be understood by stopping it. Understanding must move with the flow of the process, must join it and flow with it." - Chapterhouse: Dune 21. "When religion and politics travel in the same cart, the riders believe nothing can stand in their way. Their movements become headlong – faster and fasterand faster. They put aside all thoughts of obstacles and forget that a precipice does not show itself to the man in a blind rush until it's too late." - Dune22. "The highest function of ecology is understanding consequences." - Heretics of Dune23. "The future remains uncertain and so it should, for it is the canvas upon which we paint our desires. Thus always the human condition faces a beautifully empty canvas. We possess only this moment in which to dedicate ourselves continuously to the sacred presence which we share and create." - Chapterhouse: Dune24. "When I am weaker than you, I ask you for freedom because that is according to your principles; when I am stronger than you, I take away your freedom because that is according to my principles." - God Emperor of Dune 25. "Absolute power does not corrupt absolutely, absolute power attracts the corruptible." - Chapterhouse: Dune26. "The greatest mistake you can make in life is to be continually fearing you will make one." - Dune27. "It is a wise man who knows where courage ends and stupidity begins." - Dune28. "The concept of progress acts as a protective mechanism to shield us from the terrors of the future." - Dune29. "The proximity of a desirable thing tempts one to overindulgence. On that path lies danger." - Dune30. "The future is a jigsaw, not a puzzle with a single answer." - Heretics of Dune 这些语录均出自弗兰克·赫伯特的作品《沙丘》及其系列续集。
人类终极的自由---选择的自由
⼈类终极的⾃由---选择的⾃由字号：⼤中⼩⼈类终极的⾃由---选择的⾃由作者：史蒂芬·柯维最令⼈⿎舞的事实，莫过于⼈类确实能主动努⼒以提升⽣命价值。
——梭罗(Henry David Thoreau)，美国⽂学家及哲学家⼈性本质是主动⽽⾮被动的，不仅能消极选择反应，更能主动创造有利环境。
采取主动并不表⽰要强求、惹⼈厌或具侵略性，只是不逃避为⾃⼰开创前途的责任。
现在请尝试跳出⾃我，把意识转移到室内屋顶的某个⾓落。
然后以客观的⾓度，观察你阅读本书的情况。
你能够把⾃⼰当作⼀个不相⼲的⼈来观察吗?再换个⽅式，想⼀想现在的⼼情如何，你能够⽤语⾔形容吗？接下来，请检讨⼼智是否反应灵敏，是否正在为这个实验的⽬的⽽纳闷。
以上这些都是⼈类特有的精神活动，⽽动物则缺乏这种⾃觉(self-awareness)，也就是⾃我觉察的能⼒。
这是⼈之所以为万物之灵，以及能够不断进步的关键；同时也是我们能从经验中汲取教训，并且改善习性的根本缘由。
凭借⾃觉意识，我们可以客观检讨我们是如何“看待”⾃⼰——也就是我们的“⾃我思维”(self-paradigm)。
所有正确有益的观念都必须以这种“⾃我思维”为基础，它影响我们的⾏为态度以及如何看待别⼈，可说是⼀张属于个⼈的⼈性本质地图。
有了这种认识之后，将⼼⽐⼼，我们也就不难体会他⼈的想法。
否则难免会以⼰之⼼度⼈之意，以致于表错情会错意。
幸好⼈类独有的⾃我意识，使我们能够检讨⾃⼰的⾃我思维究竟确实发⾃内在，还是来⾃社会的制约与环境的影响。
社会眼中的我如果我们对⾃⼰的惟⼀想象来⾃“社会眼中的我”(social mirror)——依照时下流⾏的价值观以及四周⼈群的看法来衡量⾃⼰，那么所看到的景象就仿佛是从哈哈镜⾥反射出来的⾃⼰。
“你从不守时。
”“你为什么不能保持整洁?”“你准是⼀名艺术家!”“你真能吃!”“我不相信你会赢!”“这么简单的事，你都弄不懂。
”然⽽，这些⽀离破碎的评语不见得代表真正的你，充其量不过反映说话者⾃⾝的想法与缺点⽽已。
什么是自由的真谛英语作文
The essence of freedom is a profound and multifaceted concept that has been explored and debated throughout history. It is a fundamental human desire, deeply rooted in our nature as individuals who seek autonomy, selfexpression, and the ability to make choices that shape our lives. In this essay, we will delve into the various dimensions of freedom, examining its significance and the challenges that come with it.Firstly, freedom is often associated with the absence of external constraints or coercion. It means being able to act according to ones own will without being forced or manipulated by others. This form of freedom is crucial for personal growth and development, as it allows individuals to explore their interests, talents, and passions without limitations. It is the freedom to pursue ones dreams and aspirations, to make decisions that align with ones values and beliefs.However, true freedom goes beyond mere physical or legal constraints. It also encompasses the internal realm of the mind and spirit. Emotional freedom, for instance, involves being liberated from the shackles of fear, anger, and resentment. It is the ability to let go of past traumas and to live in the present moment with a sense of peace and contentment. This type of freedom is essential for mental wellbeing and overall happiness.Intellectual freedom is another critical aspect of the true essence of freedom. It refers to the capacity to think independently, to question established norms and beliefs, and to engage in openminded dialogue with others. This freedom is vital for the advancement of knowledge, as it fosters creativity, innovation, and the pursuit of truth.Moreover, freedom is closely linked to the concept of responsibility. With the power to make choices comes the obligation to consider the consequences of our actions. True freedom is not about acting recklessly or selfishly it is about making informed, ethical decisions that contribute to the greater good. It is about using our autonomy to promote justice, equality, and compassion in society.However, achieving and maintaining freedom is not without its challenges. There are various forces that can threaten our autonomy, such as oppressive governments, societal pressures, and even our own insecurities and biases. To preserve our freedom, we must be vigilant and proactive in defending our rights and liberties. This may involve engaging in political activism, advocating for social change, or simply cultivating a strong sense of selfawareness and selfrespect.In conclusion, the true essence of freedom is a complex and multidimensional concept that encompasses physical, emotional, and intellectual autonomy. It is about the ability to make choices that reflect our values and contribute to our wellbeing and the wellbeing ofothers. While freedom comes with its own set of responsibilities and challenges, it remains a fundamental aspect of the human experience, one that we must strive to protect and uphold.。
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Freedom of the Will and the Concept of a Person Harry G. Frankfurt The Journal of Philosophy, Vol. 68, No. 1. (Jan. 14, 1971), pp. 5-20.
Stable URL: /sici?sici=0022-362X%2819710114%2968%3A1%3C5%3AFOTWAT%3E2.0.CO%3B2-G The Journal of Philosophy is currently published by Journal of Philosophy, Inc..
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THE JOURNAL OF PHILOSOPHY
verbal," it does significant harm. For it gratuitously diminishes our philosophical vocabulary, and it increases the likelihood that we will overlook the important area of inquiry with which the term 'person' is most naturally associated. It might have been expected that no problem would be of more central and persistent concern to philosophers than that of understanding what we ourselves essentially are. Yet this problem is so generally neglected that it has been possible to make off with its very name almost without being noticed and, evidently, without evoking any widespread feeling of loss. There is a sense in which the word 'person' is merely the singular form of 'people' and in which both terms connote no more than membership in a certain biological species. In those senses of the word which are of greater philosophical interest, however, the criteria for being a person do not serve primarily to distinguish the members of our own species from the members of other species. Rather, they are designed to capture those attributes which are the subject of our most humane concern with ourselves and the source of what we regard as most important and most problematical in our lives. Now these attributes would be of equal significance to us even if they were not in fact peculiar and common to the members of our own species. What interests us most in the human condition would not interest us less if it were also a feature of the condition of other creatures as well. Our concept of ourselves as persons is not to be understood, therefore, as a concept of attributes that are necessarily species-specific. It is conceptually possible that members of novel or even of familiar nonhuman species should be persons; and it is also conceptually possible that some members of the human species are not persons. We do in fact assume, on the other hand, that no member of another species is a person. Accordingly, there is a presumption that what is essential to persons is a set of characteristics that we generally suppose-whether rightly or wrongly-to be uniquely human. It is my view that one essential difference between persons and other creatures is to be found in the structure of a person's will. Human beings are not alone in having desires and motives, or in making choices. They share these things with the members of certain other species, some of whom even appear to engage in deliberation and to make decisions based upon prior thought. It seems to be peculiarly characteristic of humans, however, that they are able to form what I shall call "second-order desires" or "desires of the second order."