Mitigation of methane air explosion in a closed vessel by ultrafine water fog-武杰-机电研13级

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middle distillate 中间馏份Mitigation 减少，减排Mtce 一种能量单位百万吨标煤NOx 氮氧化物noxious material 有害物质Off the shelf 现货供应One-through design 一次通过方式Operating &maintenance / O&M 运行维护Overnight 隔夜oxygenated fuel 氧化燃料Oxygen-blown gasification 氧吹气化Ozone 臭氧paraffin 石蜡Pilot plant scale 试验厂规模PM for particulate matter 颗粒物Poly-generation 多联产Poly-generation technology 多联产技术Power island 动力岛power sector 电力行业ppb level 十亿分率水平pressurized canister 加压罐Process configuration 工艺配置Process heat 工艺用热Production cost 生产成本Propane 丙烷public good 公共福利Purge gas 净化气体Quench 冷Reaction conditions: P for pressure T for temperature 反应条件: P 代表压力，T代表温度Recycle design 循环方式reduce 还原;减少refinery 炼油renewable energy 可再生能源residual 渣油Saturator 饱和器semi-refined 半精制的Single(or One)-pass conversion 一次通过的转化率Slurry 浆SO2 二氧化硫social cost 社会成本Soot 烟灰Spark-ignition engine 火花引燃式发动机Stand-alone 单独的Streamline 简化使有效率Sulfur 硫Syncrude 合成原油Syngas or synthesis gas 合成气Syngas park 合成气园Synthesis 合成Synthesis conversion 合成转化率synthesis reactor 合成反应器Synthetic fuel 合成燃料TFESTTI for Technical Infrastructure 技术基础设施toxic metal 有毒金属物Unreacted 未反应的USDOE 美国能源部Vapor pressure 蒸汽压Vent 排放Water gas shift / WGS 水煤气变换aerosol propellant气溶胶喷射剂aftertreatment 后处理ammonia 氨Annual capacity factor年均利用率Annual capital charge rate 年均资本回收率aromatic 芳族化合物As-received收到基(煤)atmospheric pollution 大气污染Auto-ignition temperature自燃温度，自燃点biodiesel 生物柴油Biomass 生物质Blend 混和Boiling point沸点Capacity 容量capital intensity 资本强度Carbon emission 二氧化碳排放Carbon sequestration 埋存碳(二氧化碳)Carbon(CO2) capture and storage 回收并储存碳(二氧化碳) Catalyst 催化剂CBM 煤层气C-C bond 碳-碳化学键Cetane (number) 十六烷值Chemical feedstock 化工原料Chemicals 化工产品CNG 压缩天然气CO2 二氧化碳Coal (syngas) polygeneration 煤气化多联产Coal derived 煤基Coal mining 采煤Coal slurry 水煤浆coal steam-electric plant 火电厂Coalsteam plant with FGD 火力发电厂烟气脱硫Co-capture / Co-storage (或CC+CS) 联合回收/联合存储cold start 冷态启动Commercial scale 大规模、工业规模Compression-ignition engine or CIE 压燃式发动机Cool Water demonstration 冷水示范电厂Cooling water 冷却水coproduct 副产物Co-production 联产Cost estimate 成本估计Cracking catalyst 裂化催化剂Crude oil 原油DCL / Direct coal liquefaction 煤直接液化Dehydration of methanol 甲醇脱水反应Density 密度Desulfurization 脱硫diesel engine 柴油发动机Dimethyl ether or DME CH3OCH3 二甲醚Direct liquefaction technology 直接液化技术Disengagement zone 分离区electricity or power generation 发电Energy Mix 能源构成Equilibrium limit 化学平衡限制Equivalent 等价物ER for emission rate 排放率Externality 外部因素Financial cost 经济成本，财务成本Fischer-Tropsch synthesis or F-T 费脱合成Flammability limits 可燃极限FTL for F-T liquids 费脱合成液体燃料Fuel cycle 燃料循环Gasification 气化Gasoline 汽油Gas-phase reactor 气相反应器GHG emissions mitigation 减排温室气体Global warming 全球变暖Greenhouse gas or GHG 温室气体Grid 电网Grind 碾碎GTL for Gas To Liquids 气变油H2/CO ratio or H/C ratio 合成气中氢气/一氧化碳含量比，氢碳比H2S 硫化氢HC for hydrocarbon 烃，碳氢化合物HC fuel 烃类燃料Health cost 健康损害Heating 采暖heavy-duty 重型的Hybrid-electric 混合电能hydrogenation 加氢作用ICL for Indirect Coal Liquefaction 煤间接液化IGCC plant 整体煤气化联合循环电厂Installed capital cost 建设投资成本intellectual property 知识产权JV for joint venture 合资企业Life cycle 全生命周期Liquefaction 液化Liquid-phase 液相Liquid-phase reactor 液相反应器Location factor 区域因子LowEff Low efficiencyLower heat value 低位热值LPG 液化石油气Lube oil 润滑油methane 甲烷Methanol or MeOH CH3OH 甲醇middle distillate 中间馏份Mitigation 减少，减排Mtce 一种能量单位百万吨标煤NOx 氮氧化物noxious material 有害物质Off the shelf 现货供应One-through design 一次通过方式Operating &maintenance / O&M 运行维护Overnight 隔夜oxygenated fuel 氧化燃料Oxygen-blown gasification 氧吹气化Ozone 臭氧paraffin 石蜡Pilot plant scale 试验厂规模PM for particulate matter 颗粒物Poly-generation 多联产Poly-generation technology 多联产技术Power island 动力岛power sector 电力行业ppb level 十亿分率水平pressurized canister 加压罐Process configuration 工艺配置Process heat 工艺用热Production cost 生产成本Propane 丙烷public good 公共福利Purge gas 净化气体Quench 激冷Reaction conditions: P for pressure Tfor temperature 反应条件: P代表压力，T代表温度Recycle design 循环方式reduce 还原;减少refinery 炼油renewable energy 可再生能源residual 渣油Saturator 饱和器semi-refined 半精制的Single(or One)-pass conversion 一次通过的转化率Slurry 浆SO2 二氧化硫social cost 社会成本Soot 烟灰Spark-ignition engine 火花引燃式发动机Stand-alone 单独的Streamline 简化使有效率Sulfur 硫Syncrude 合成原油Syngas or synthesis gas 合成气Syngas park 合成气园Synthesis 合成Synthesis conversion 合成转化率synthesis reactor 合成反应器Synthetic fuel 合成燃料TI for Technical Infrastructure 技术基础设施toxic metal 有毒金属物Unreacted 未反应的USDOE 美国能源部Vapor pressure 蒸汽压Vent 排放Water gas shift / WGS 水煤气变换aerosol propellant 气溶胶喷射剂aftertreatment 后处理ammonia 氨Annual capacity factor 年均利用率Annual capital charge rate 年均资本回收率aromatic 芳族化合物As-received 收到基(煤)atmospheric pollution 大气污染Auto-ignition temperature 自燃温度，自燃点biodiesel 生物柴油Biomass 生物质Blend 混和Boiling point 沸点Capacity 容量capital intensity 资本强度Carbon balance 碳平衡Carbon emission 二氧化碳排放Carbon sequestration 埋存碳(二氧化碳)Carbon(CO2) capture and storage 回收并储存碳(二氧化碳) Catalyst 催化剂CBM 煤层气C-C bond 碳-碳化学键Cetane (number) 十六烷值Chemical feedstock 化工原料Chemicals 化工产品CNG 压缩天然气CO2 二氧化碳Coal (syngas) polygeneration 煤气化多联产Coal derived 煤基Coal mining 采煤Coal slurry 水煤浆coal steam-electric plant 火电厂Coalsteam plant with FGD 火力发电厂烟气脱硫Co-capture / Co-storage (或CC+CS) 联合回收/联合存储cold start 冷态启动Commercial scale 大规模、工业规模Compression-ignition engine or CIE 压燃式发动机Cool Water demonstration 冷水示范电厂Cooling water 冷却水coproduct 副产物Co-production 联产Cost estimate 成本估计Cracking catalyst 裂化催化剂Crude oil 原油DCL / Direct coal liquefaction 煤直接液化Dehydration of methanol 甲醇脱水反应Density 密度Desulfurization 脱硫diesel engine 柴油发动机Dimethyl ether or DME CH3OCH3 二甲醚Direct liquefaction technology 直接液化技术Disengagement zone 分离区electricity or power generation 发电Energy balance 能量平衡Energy Mix 能源构成Equilibrium limit 化学平衡限制Equivalent 等价物ER for emission rate 排放率Externality 外部因素Financial cost 经济成本，财务成本Fischer-Tropsch synthesis or F-T 费脱合成Flammability limits 可燃极限FTL for F-T liquids 费脱合成液体燃料Fuel cycle 燃料循环Gasification 气化Gasoline 汽油Gas-phase reactor 气相反应器GHG emissions mitigation 减排温室气体Global warming 全球变暖Greenhouse gas or GHG 温室气体Grid 电网Grind 碾碎GTL for Gas To Liquids 气变油H2/CO ratio or H/C ratio 合成气中氢气/一氧化碳含量比，氢碳比H2S 硫化氢HC for hydrocarbon 烃，碳氢化合物HC fuel 烃类燃料Health cost 健康损害Heating 采暖heavy-duty 重型的Hybrid-electric 混合电能hydrogenation 加氢作用ICL for Indirect Coal Liquefaction 煤间接液化IGCC plant 整体煤气化联合循环电厂Installed capital cost 建设投资成本intellectual property 知识产权JV for joint venture 合资企业Life cycle 全生命周期Liquefaction 液化Liquid-phase 液相Liquid-phase reactor 液相反应器Location factor 区域因子LowEff Low efficiencyLower heat value 低位热值LPG 液化石油气Lube oil 润滑油methane 甲烷Methanol or MeOH CH3OH 甲醇middle distillate 中间馏份Mitigation 减少，减排Mtce 一种能量单位百万吨标煤NOx 氮氧化物noxious material 有害物质Off the shelf 现货供应One-through design 一次通过方式Operating &maintenance / O&M 运行维护Overnight 隔夜oxygenated fuel 氧化燃料Oxygen-blown gasification 氧吹气化Ozone 臭氧paraffin 石蜡Pilot plant scale 试验厂规模PM for particulate matter 颗粒物Poly-generation 多联产Poly-generation technology 多联产技术Power island 动力岛power sector 电力行业ppb level 十亿分率水平pressurized canister 加压罐Process configuration 工艺配置Process heat 工艺用热Production cost 生产成本Propane 丙烷public good 公共福利Purge gas 净化气体Quench 冷Recycle design 循环方式reduce 还原;减少refinery 炼油renewable energy 可再生能源residual 渣油Saturator 饱和器semi-refined 半精制的Single(or One)-pass conversion 一次通过的转化率Slurry 浆SO2 二氧化硫social cost 社会成本Soot 烟灰Spark-ignition engine 火花引燃式发动机Stand-alone 单独的Streamline 简化使有效率Sulfur 硫Syncrude 合成原油Syngas or synthesis gas 合成气Syngas park 合成气园Synthesis 合成Synthesis conversion 合成转化率synthesis reactor 合成反应器Synthetic fuel 合成燃料TFESTTI for Technical Infrastructure 技术基础设施toxic metal 有毒金属物Unreacted 未反应的USDOE 美国能源部Vapor pressure 蒸汽压Vent 排放Water gas shift / WGS 水煤气变换China Coal Right Element For Chemical FirmsFor years China has been a magnet for the chemicals industry, attracting European and American companies with its cheap production costs and growing market.Now China has another attraction for the energy-intense chemical industry: vast supplies of coal that can replace oil and natural gas as raw materials for chemical production.In the last two years, China has built nearly 20 plants that convert coal into a gas that can be used to make such things as plastic and pharmaceuticals, according to the Gasification Technologies Council, an industry trade group. The new plants draw on technology developed by companies such as General Electric Co. and Royal Dutch Shell PLC. Now, Western chemical firms are getting in on the action. Celanese Corp. opened a plant this year that uses coal-based feedstock to make a chemical used in paints and food sweeteners. Dow Chemical Co. has partnered with Chinese energy company Shenhua Group Corp. to study a project to convert coal into plastics. Mining company Anglo American PLC is also looking at a coal-to-chemicals project. Suppliers to the chemical industry, such as Praxair Inc., are vying to open accounts with the new coal-to-chemical plants.'Coal to chemicals is an opportunity that's literally exploding [in China] right now,' says Timothy Vail, chief executive and president of Synthesis Energy Systems Inc., a company that builds coal-gasification plants. Launching their own coal-to-chemicals projects in China represents one way Western companies are fighting to keep their competitive edge. In the past decade, chemicals makers based in Europe and North America have lost market share to their counterparts in Asia, where demand for chemicals is rapidly growing.China's government, meanwhile, has orchestrated the buildup of the coal-to-chemicals industry in an effort to reduce the nation's growing dependence on imported natural gas. Using China's vast coal deposits to make chemicals and plastics provides a more reliable source of raw materials that can feed the expansion of China's main economic growth engine, its manufacturing sector. The new plants also replace older, soot-belching chemical factories that have earned the government a bad reputation for the pollution they create in Chinese cities.Gasification technology, which uses high temperatures and pressure to break the molecular bonds in coal to produce gases that can be recombined into a variety of fuels and chemicals, has existed for more than a century. Germany gasified coal to fuel its planes during World War II. China has made fertilizers through gasification for decades. But there had been little incentive for the global chemical industry to gasify coal until prices began soaring for natural gas and oil.North America has its own huge reserves of coal, sparking interest in gasification plants in that continent as well. But development has been slowed by concerns that the projects would contribute to growing emissions of the gases that cause global warming. Among fossil fuels, coal emits an especially large amount of carbon dioxide when being burned, and man-made carbon dioxide is one of the most prevalent gases that human activities are contributing to earth's rising temperatures. Gasifying coal to produce chemicals emits less carbon dioxide than does burning coal as fuel, but the process still ejects more carbon dioxide into the atmosphere than using natural gas would produce, says Eric Larson, a research engineer at the Princeton Environmental Institute.The U.S. government doesn't yet limit nationwide the amount of global-warming emissions industry can release into the air. But the future prospect of such rules, along with coal's dirty reputation, has kept coal gasification from catching on in the U.S. on the same scale as it has in China, analysts say. 'There is a stigma about coal because of its historical environmental and safety concerns,' says Edward Glatzer, director of technology at Nexant Inc., a San Francisco-based consulting firm.Some of the Western companies planning to jump into the sector in China, including Dow Chemical, are considering ways to offset or store the global-warming emissions their projects will generate. One possibility -- a process that would inject carbon dioxide deep underground for storage -- is a largely untested technology that is likely to be very expensive. In the meantime, gasification projects are getting speedily green-lighted in China without concern over emissions.China is poised to surpass the U.S. as the No. 1 emitter of greenhouse gases in the world. Studies show that about one-fourth of China's global-warming emissions are released in the process of making the tennis shoes, toys, computers, shirts and other products that the country exports abroad.While the Chinese government agrees on the need to reduce carbon emissions, it prefers to achieve that through increased energy efficiency and by using more alternative energy. It has no plans to cap carbon emissions because it believes such a move would limit economic growth. Government officials have smoothed the way for gasification projects by fast-tracking permits and helping companies to secure capital, industry executives say. 'In anywhere between 24 to 32 months they have [plants] built and operating,' says John Lavelle, general manager of GE Energy's gasification business. 'It's pretty remarkable.'Cheap labor and minimal regulations mean coal-gasification plants in China can be built for about two-thirds to one-half the cost of a project in the U.S. or Europe. Coal-to-chemical plants built in the last two years have expanded Chinese capacity by 1,575 cubic feet of gas a day that can be used as chemical feedstocks, according to the Coal Gasification Council. The plants slated for construction in the next four years will double that capacity.Western companies involved in China's coal-to-chemical industry argue that coal gasification has the potential to be environmentally friendly. Because the gasification process separates out carbon dioxide, the global-warming gas can be more easily captured and stored once an affordable technology is developed. Dow, for example, says it is studying ways to sequester carbon dioxide -- or to offset its environmental impact by reducing emissions elsewhere through projects such as planting carbon-dioxide-consuming trees.Celanese says it is committed to controlling greenhouse-gas emissions in all its operations, reducing them by 30% from 2005 to 2010. 'Reducing emissions means you are more efficient,' says David Weidman, the company's CEO and also a member of the board for environmental group the Conservation Fund.Chinese companies aren't sweating the issue, say analysts at the China Petroleum and Chemical Industry Association. Only China's two biggest oil and chemical firms, the state-owned giant China Petroleum & Chemical Corp., known as Sinopec, and China National Petroleum Corp., parent of the listed PetroChina, are studying how to store carbon emissions.多年来中国对化学工业来说一直是一块“磁石”，其低廉的生产成本和不断扩大的市场吸引了众多欧美公司。

211050371_正负压一体式无空气X_射线光电子能谱原位转移仓的开发及研制

第 29 卷第 1 期分析测试技术与仪器Volume 29 Number 1 2023年3月ANALYSIS AND TESTING TECHNOLOGY AND INSTRUMENTS Mar. 2023大型仪器功能开发(30 ~ 36)正负压一体式无空气X射线光电子能谱原位转移仓的开发及研制章小余，赵志娟，袁　震，刘　芬（中国科学院化学研究所，北京　100190）摘要：针对空气敏感材料的表面分析，为了获得更加真实的表面组成与结构信息，需要提供一个可以保护样品从制备完成到分析表征过程中不接触大气环境的装置. 通过使用O圈密封和单向密封柱，提出一种简便且有效的设计概念，自主研制了正负压一体式无空气X射线光电子能谱（XPS）原位转移仓，用于空气敏感材料的XPS测试，利用单向密封柱实现不同工作需求下正负压两种模式的任意切换. 通过对空气敏感的金属Li片和CuCl粉末进行XPS分析表明，采用XPS原位转移仓正压和负压模式均可有效避免样品表面接触空气，保证测试结果准确可靠，而且采用正压密封方式转移样品可以提供更长的密封时效性. 研制的原位转移仓具有设计小巧、操作简便、成本低、密封效果好的特点，适合给有需求的用户开放使用.关键词：空气敏感；X射线光电子能谱；原位转移；正负压一体式中图分类号：O657; O641; TH842 文献标志码：B 文章编号：1006-3757（2023）01-0030-07 DOI：10.16495/j.1006-3757.2023.01.005Development and Research of Inert-Gas/Vacuum Sealing Air-Free In-Situ Transfer Module of X-Ray Photoelectron SpectroscopyZHANG Xiaoyu， ZHAO Zhijuan， YUAN Zhen， LIU Fen（Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China）Abstract：For the surface analysis of air sensitive materials, and from the sample preparation to characterization, it is necessary to provide a device that can protect samples from exposing to the atmosphere environment so as to obtain accurate and impactful data of the surface chemistry. Through the use of O-ring and one-way sealing, a simple and effective design concept has been demonstrated, and an inert-gas/vacuum sealing air-free X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic (XPS) in-situ transfer module has been developed to realize the XPS analysis of air sensitive materials. The design of one-way sealing was achieved conveniently by switching between inert-gas and vacuum sealing modes in face of different working requirements. The XPS analysis of air-sensitive metal Li sheets and CuCl powders showed that both the sealing modes (an inert-gas/vacuum sealing) of the XPS in-situ transfer module can effectively avoid air contact on the sample surface, and consequently, can ensure the accuracy and reliability of XPS data. Furthmore, the inert gas sealing mode can keep the sample air-free for a longer time. The homemade XPS in-situ transfer module in this work is characterized by a compact design, convenient operation, low cost and effective sealing, which is suitable for the open access to the users who need it.收稿日期：2022−12−07；　修订日期：2023−01−17.基金项目：中国科学院化学研究所仪器孵化项目[Instrument and Device Functional Developing Project of Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences]作者简介：章小余（1986−），女，硕士，工程师，主要研究方向为电子能谱技术及材料表面分析，E-mail：xyiuzhang@ .Key words：air-sensitive；X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy；in-situ transfer；inert-gas/vacuum sealingX射线光电子能谱（XPS）是一种表面灵敏的分析技术，通常用于固体材料表面元素组成和化学态分析[1]. 作为表面分析领域中最有效的方法之一，XPS广泛应用于纳米科学、微电子学、吸附与催化、环境科学、半导体、冶金和材料科学、能源电池及生物医学等诸多领域[2-3]. 其中在催化和能源电池材料分析中，有一些样品比较特殊，比如碱金属电池[4-6]、负载型纳米金属催化剂[7-8]和钙钛矿材料[9]对空气非常敏感，其表面形态和化学组成接触空气后会迅速发生改变，直接影响采集数据的准确性和有效性，因此这类样品的表面分析测试具有一定难度. 目前，常规的光电子能谱仪制样转移过程通常是在大气环境中，将样品固定在标准样品台上，随后放入仪器进样室内抽真空至1×10−6 Pa，再转入分析室内进行测试. 这种制备和进样方式无法避免样品接触大气环境，对于空气敏感材料，其表面很容易与水、氧发生化学反应，导致无法获得材料表面真实的结构信息.为了保证样品表面状态在转移至能谱仪内的过程中不受大气环境影响，研究人员采用了各种技术来保持样品转移过程中隔绝空气. 比如前处理及反应装置与电子能谱仪腔室间真空传输[10-12]、外接手套箱 [13-14]、商用转移仓[15-16]、真空蒸镀惰性金属比如Al层（1.5~6 nm）[17]等. 尽管上述技术手段有效，但也存在一些缺点，例如配套装置体积巨大、试验过程不易操作、投入成本高等，这都不利于在普通实验室内广泛应用. 而一些电子能谱仪器制造商根据自身仪器的特点也研发出了相应配套的商用真空传递仓，例如Thermofisher公司研发的一种XPS 真空转移仓，转移过程中样品处于微正压密封状态，但其价格昂贵，体积较大，转移过程必须通过手套箱大过渡舱辅助，导致传递效率低，单次需消耗至少10 L高纯氩气，因此购置使用者较少，利用率低.另外有一些国内公司也研发了类似的商品化气体保护原位传递仓，采用微正压方式密封转移样品，但需要在能谱仪器进样室舱门的法兰上外接磁耦合机械旋转推拉杆，其操作复杂且放置样品的有效区域小，单次仅可放置尺寸为3 mm×3 mm的样品3～4个，进样和测试效率较低. 因此，从2016年起本实验团队开始自主研制XPS原位样品转移装置[18]，经过结构与性能的迭代优化[19]，最终研制出一种正负压一体式无空气XPS原位转移仓[20]（本文简称XPS原位转移仓），具有结构小巧、操作便捷、成本低、密封效果好、正压和负压密封两种模式转移样品的特点. 为验证装置的密封时效性能，本工作选取两种典型的空气敏感材料进行测试，一种是金属Li材料，其化学性质非常活泼，遇空气后表面迅速与空气中的O2、N2、S等反应导致表面化学状态改变. 另一种是无水CuCl粉末，其在空气中放置短时间内易发生水解和氧化. 试验结果表明，该XPS 原位转移仓对不同类型的空气敏感样品的无空气转移均可以提供更便捷有效的密封保护. 目前，XPS原位转移仓已在多个科研单位的实验室推广使用，支撑应用涉及吸附与催化、能源环境等研究领域.1　试验部分1.1　XPS原位转移仓的研制基于本实验室ESCALAB 250Xi型多功能光电子能谱仪器（Thermofisher 公司）的特点，研究人员设计了XPS原位转移仓. 为兼顾各个部件强度、精度与轻量化的要求，所有部件均采用钛合金材料.该装置从整体结构上分为样品台、密封罩和紧固挡板三个部件，如图1（a）~（c）所示. 在密封罩内部通过单向密封设计[图1（e）]使得XPS原位转移仓实现正负压一体，实际操作中可通过调节密封罩上的螺帽完成两种模式任意切换. 同时，从图1（e）中可以直观看到，密封罩与样品台之间通过O圈密封，利用带有螺钉的紧固挡板将二者紧密固定. 此外，为确保样品台与密封罩对接方位正确，本设计使用定向槽定位样品台与密封罩位置，保证XPS原位转移仓顺利传接到仪器进样室.XPS原位转移仓使用的具体流程：在手套箱中将空气敏感样品粘贴至样品台上，利用紧固挡板使样品台和密封罩固定在一起，通过调节密封罩上的螺帽将样品所在区域密封为正压惰性气氛（压强为300 Pa、环境气氛与手套箱内相同）或者负压真空状态，其整体装配实物图如图1（d）所示. 该转移仓结构小巧，整体尺寸仅52 mm×58 mm×60 mm，可直接放入手套箱小过渡舱传递. 由于转移仓尺寸小，其第 1 期章小余，等：正负压一体式无空气X射线光电子能谱原位转移仓的开发及研制31原料成本大大缩减，整体造价不高. 转移仓送至能谱仪进样室后，配合样品停放台与进样杆的同时双向对接，将转移仓整体固定在进样室内，如图1（f ）所示. 此时关闭进样室舱门开始抽真空，当样品台与密封罩内外压强平衡后密封罩自动解除真空密封，但仍然处于O 圈密闭状态. 等待进样室真空抽至1×10−4Pa 后，使用能谱仪进样室的样品停放台摘除脱离的密封罩[如图1（g ）所示]，待真空抽至1×10−6Pa ，即可将样品送入分析室进行XPS 测试.整个试验过程操作便捷，实现了样品从手套箱转移至能谱仪内不接触大气环境.1.2　试验过程1.2.1　样品准备及转移试验所用手套箱是布劳恩惰性气体系统（上海）有限公司生产，型号为MB200MOD （1500/780）NAC ；金属Li 片购自中能锂业，纯度99.9%；CuCl 购自ALFA 公司，纯度99.999%.金属Li 片的制备及转移：将XPS 原位转移仓整体通过手套箱过渡舱送入手套箱中，剪取金属Li 片用双面胶带固定于样品台上，分别采用正压、负压两种密封模式将XPS 原位转移仓整体从手套箱中取出，分别在空气中放置0、2、4、8、18、24、48、72 h 后送入能谱仪内，进行XPS 测试.CuCl 粉末的制备及转移：在手套箱中将CuCl 粉末压片[21]，使用上述同样的制备方法，将XPS 原位转移仓整体在空气中分别放置0、7、24、72 h 后送入能谱仪内，进行XPS 测试.1.2.2　样品转移方式介绍样品在手套箱中粘贴完成后，分别采用三种方式将其送入能谱仪. 第一种方式是在手套箱内使用标准样品台粘贴样品，将其装入自封袋密封，待能谱仪进样室舱门打开后，即刻打开封口袋送入仪器中开始抽真空等待测试，整个转移过程中样品暴露空气约15 s. 第二种方式是使用XPS 原位转移仓负压密封模式转移样品，具体操作步骤：利用紧固挡板将样品台和密封罩固定在一起，逆时针（OPEN ）旋动螺帽至顶部，放入手套箱过渡舱并将其抽为真空，此过程中样品所在区域也抽至负压. 取出整体装置后再顺时针（CLOSE ）旋动螺帽至底部，将样品所在区域进一步锁死密封. 样品在负压环境中转移至XPS 实验室，拆卸掉紧固挡板，随即送入能谱仪进样室内. 第三种方式是使用XPS 原位转移仓正压密封模式转移样品，具体操作步骤：利用紧固挡板将样品台和密封罩固定在一起，顺时针（CLOSE ）旋螺帽抽气管限位板单向密封柱密封罩主体O 圈样品台紧固挡板(e) 密封罩对接停放台机械手样品台对接进样杆(a)(b)(c)(d)(g)图1　正负压一体式无空气XPS 原位转移仓系统装置（a ）样品台，（b ）密封罩，（c ）紧固挡板，（d ）整体装配实物图，（e ）整体装置分解示意图，（f ）样品台与密封罩在进样室内对接完成，（g ）样品台与密封罩在进样室内分离Fig. 1　System device of inert-gas/vacuum sealing air-free XPS in-situ transfer module32分析测试技术与仪器第 29 卷动螺帽至底部，此时样品所在区域密封为正压惰性气氛. 直至样品转移至XPS 实验室，再使用配套真空抽气系统（如图2所示），通过抽气管将样品所在区域迅速抽为负压，拆卸掉紧固挡板，随即送入能谱仪进样室内.图2　能谱仪实验室内配套真空抽气系统Fig. 2　Vacuum pumping system in XPSlaboratory1.2.3　XPS 分析测试试验所用仪器为Thermo Fisher Scientific 公司的ESCALAB 250Xi 型多功能X 射线光电子能谱仪，仪器分析室基础真空为1×10−7Pa ，X 射线激发源为单色化Al 靶（Alk α，1 486.6 eV ），功率150 W ，高分辨谱图在30 eV 的通能及0.05 eV 的步长等测试条件下获得，并以烃类碳C 1s 为284.8 eV 的结合能为能量标准进行荷电校正.2　结果与讨论2.1　测试结果分析为了验证XPS 原位转移仓的密封性能，本文做了一系列的对照试验，选取空气敏感的金属Li 片和CuCl 粉末样品进行XPS 测试，分别采用上述三种方式转移样品，并考察了XPS 原位转移仓密封状态下在空气中放置不同时间后对样品测试结果的影响.2.1.1　负压密封模式下XPS 原位转移仓对金属Li片的密封时效性验证将金属Li 片通过两种（标准和负压密封）方式转移并在空气中放置不同时间，对这一系列样品进行XPS 测试，Li 1s 和C 1s 高分辨谱图结果如图3（a ）（b ）所示，试验所测得的Li 1s 半峰宽值如表1所列. 根据XPS 结果分析，金属Li 片采用标准样品台进样（封口袋密封），短暂暴露空气约15 s ，此时Li 1s 的半峰宽为1.62 eV. 而采用XPS 原位转移仓负压密封模式转移样品时，装置整体放置空气18 h 内，Li 1s 的半峰宽基本保持为（1.35±0.03） eV. 放置空气24 h 后，Li 1s 的半峰宽增加到与暴露空气15 s 的金属Li 片一样，说明此时原位转移仓的密封性能衰减，金属Li 片与渗入内部的空气发生反应生成新物质导致Li 1s 半峰宽变宽. 由图3（b ）中C 1s 高分辨谱图分析，结合能位于284.82 eV 的峰归属为C-C/污染C ，位于286.23 eV 的峰归属为C-OH/C-O-CBinding energy/eVI n t e n s i t y /a .u .Li 1s半峰宽增大暴露 15 s密封放置 24 h 密封放置 18 h 密封放置 8 h 密封放置 4 h 密封放置 0 h6058565452Binding energy/eVI n t e n s i t y /a .u .C 1s(a)(b)暴露 1 min 暴露 15 s 密封放置 24 h 密封放置 18 h 密封放置 0 h292290288284282286280图3　金属Li 片通过两种（标准和负压密封）方式转移并在空气中放置不同时间的（a ）Li 1s 和（b ）C 1s 高分辨谱图Fig. 3　High-resolution spectra of (a) Li 1s and (b) C 1s of Li sheet samples transferred by two methods (standard andvacuum sealings) and placed in air for different times第 1 期章小余，等：正负压一体式无空气X 射线光电子能谱原位转移仓的开发及研制33键，位于288.61~289.72 eV的峰归属为HCO3−/CO32−中的C[22]. 我们从C 1s的XPS谱图可以直观的看到，与空气短暂接触后，样品表面瞬间生成新的结构，随着暴露时间增加到1 min，副反应产物大量增加（HCO3−/CO32−）. 而XPS原位转移仓负压密封模式下在空气中放置18 h内，C结构基本不变，在空气中放置24 h后，C结构只有微小变化. 因此根据试验结果分析，对于空气极其敏感的材料，在负压密封模式下，建议XPS原位转移仓在空气中放置时间不要超过18 h. 这种模式适合对空气极其敏感样品的短距离转移.表 1 通过两种（标准和负压密封）方式转移并在空气中放置不同时间的Li 1s的半峰宽Table 1　Full width at half maxima (FWHM) of Li 1stransferred by two methods (standard and vacuum sealings) and placed in air for different times样品说明进样方式半峰宽/eV密封放置0 h XPS原位转移仓负压密封模式转移1.38密封放置2 h同上 1.39密封放置4 h同上 1.36密封放置8 h同上 1.32密封放置18 h同上 1.32密封放置24 h同上 1.62暴露15 s标准样品台进样（封口袋密封）1.622.1.2　正压密封模式下原位转移仓对金属Li片的密封时效性验证将金属Li片通过两种（标准和正压密封）方式转移并在空气中放置不同时间，对这一系列样品进行XPS测试，Li 1s高分辨谱图结果如图4所示，所测得的Li 1s半峰宽值如表2所列. 根据XPS结果分析，XPS原位转移仓正压密封后，在空气中放置72 h内，Li 1s半峰宽基本保持为（1.38±0.04） eV，说明有明显的密封效果，金属Li片仍然保持原有化学状态. 所以对于空气极其敏感的材料，在正压密封模式下，可至少在72 h内保持样品表面不发生化学态变化. 这种模式适合长时间远距离（可全国范围内）转移空气敏感样品.2.1.3　负压密封模式下XPS原位转移仓对空气敏感样品CuCl的密封时效性验证除了金属Li片样品，本文还继续考察XPS原位转移仓对空气敏感样品CuCl的密封时效性. 图5为CuCl粉末通过两种（标准和负压密封）方式转移并在空气中放置不同时间的Cu 2p高分辨谱图. XPS谱图中结合能[22]位于932.32 eV的峰归属为Cu+的Cu 2p3/2，位于935.25 eV的峰归属为Cu2+的Cu 2p3/2，此外，XPS谱图中位于940.00~947.50 eV 处的峰为Cu2+的震激伴峰，这些震激伴峰被认为是表 2 通过两种（标准和正压密封）方式转移并在空气中放置不同时间的Li 1s的半峰宽Table 2　FWHM of Li 1s transferred by two methods(standard and inert gas sealings) and placed in air fordifferent times样品说明进样方式半峰宽/eV 密封放置0 h XPS原位转移仓正压密封模式转移1.42密封放置2 h同上 1.35密封放置4 h同上 1.35密封放置8 h同上 1.34密封放置18 h同上 1.38密封放置24 h同上 1.39密封放置48 h同上 1.42密封放置72 h同上 1.38暴露15 s标准样品台进样（封口袋密封）1.62Binding energy/eVIntensity/a.u.Li 1s半峰宽比正压密封的宽半峰宽=1.62 eV半峰宽=1.38 eV暴露 15 s密封放置 72 h密封放置 48 h密封放置 24 h密封放置 18 h密封放置 0 h605856545250图4　金属Li片通过两种（标准和正压密封）方式转移并在空气中放置不同时间的Li 1s高分辨谱图Fig. 4　High-resolution spectra of Li 1s on Li sheet samples transferred by two methods (standard and inert gas sealings) and placed in air for different times34分析测试技术与仪器第 29 卷价壳层电子向激发态跃迁的终态效应所产生[23]，而在Cu +和Cu 0中则观察不到.根据XPS 结果分析，CuCl 在XPS 原位转移仓保护（负压密封）下，即使放置空气中72 h ，测得的Cu 2p 高分辨能谱图显示只有Cu +存在，说明CuCl 并未被氧化. 若无XPS 原位转移仓保护，CuCl 粉末放置空气中3 min 就发生了比较明显的氧化，从测得的Cu 2p 高分辨能谱图能够直观的看到Cu 2+及其震激伴峰的存在，并且随着放置时间增加到40 min ，其氧化程度也大大增加. 因此，对于空气敏感的无机材料、纳米催化剂和钙钛矿材料等，采用负压密封模式转移就可至少在72 h 内保持样品表面不发生化学态变化.3　结论本工作中自主研制的正负压一体式无空气XPS原位转移仓在空气敏感样品转移过程中可以有效隔绝空气，从而获得样品最真实的表面化学结构.试验者可根据样品情况和实验室条件选择转移模式，并在密封有效时间内将样品从实验室转移至能谱仪中完成测试. 综上所述，该XPS 原位转移仓是一种设计小巧、操作简便、密封性能优异、成本较低的样品无水无氧转移装置，因此非常适合广泛开放给有需求的试验者使用. 在原位和准原位表征技术被广泛用于助力新材料发展的现阶段，希望该设计理念能对仪器功能的开发和更多准原位表征测试的扩展提供一些启示.参考文献：黄惠忠. 论表面分析及其在材料研究中的应用[M ].北京: 科学技术文献出版社, 2002: 16-18.［ 1 ］杨文超, 刘殿方, 高欣, 等. X 射线光电子能谱应用综述[J ]. 中国口岸科学技术，2022，4（2）：30-37.[YANG Wenchao, LIU Dianfang, GAO Xin, et al.TheapplicationofX -rayphotoelectronspectroscopy [J ]. China Port Science and Technology ，2022，4 （2）：30-37.]［ 2 ］郭沁林. X 射线光电子能谱[J ]. 物理，2007，36（5）：405-410. [GUO Qinlin. X -ray photoelectron spectro-scopy [J ]. Physics ，2007，36 （5）：405-410.]［ 3 ］Malmgren S, Ciosek K, Lindblad R, et al. Con-sequences of air exposure on the lithiated graphite SEI [J ]. Electrochimica Acta ，2013，105 ：83-91.［ 4 ］Zhang Y H, Chen S M, Chen Y, et al. Functional poly-ethylene glycol-based solid electrolytes with enhanced interfacial compatibility for room-temperature lithium metal batteries [J ]. Materials Chemistry Frontiers ，2021，5 （9）：3681-3691.［ 5 ］周逸凡, 杨慕紫, 佘峰权, 等. X 射线光电子能谱在固态锂离子电池界面研究中的应用[J ]. 物理学报，2021，70（17）：178801. [ZHOU Yifan, YANG Muzi,SHE Fengquan, et al. Application of X -ray photoelec-tron spectroscopy to study interfaces for solid-state lithium ion battery [J ]. Acta Physica Sinica ，2021，70（17）：178801.]［ 6 ］Huang J J, Song Y Y, Ma D D, et al. The effect of thesupport on the surface composition of PtCu alloy nanocatalysts: in situ XPS and HS-LEIS studies [J ].Chinese Journal of Catalysis ，2017，38 （7）：1229-1236.［ 7 ］Koley P, Shit S C, Sabri Y M, et al. Looking into moreeyes combining in situ spectroscopy in catalytic bio-fuel upgradation with composition-graded Ag-Co core-shell nanoalloys [J ]. ACS Sustainable Chemistry &Engineering ，2021，9 （10）：3750-3767.［ 8 ］Opitz A K, Nenning A, Rameshan C, et al. Enhancingelectrochemical water-splitting kinetics by polarization-driven formation of near-surface iron(0): an in situ XPS study on perovskite-type electrodes [J ]. Ange-wandte Chemie (International Ed in English)，2015，54（9）：2628-2632.［ 9 ］Czekaj I, Loviat F, Raimondi F, et al. Characterization［ 10 ］Binding energy/eVI n t e n s i t y /a .u .Cu 2pCu +Cu 2+暴露 3 min暴露 40 min 密封放置 7 h 密封放置 72 h 密封放置 24 h密封放置 0 h960950945935925955940930920图5　CuCl 粉末通过两种（标准和负压密封）方式转移并在空气中放置不同时间的Cu 2p 高分辨谱图Fig. 5　High-resolution spectra of Cu 2p on CuCl powder samples transferred by two methods (standard and vacuumsealings) and placed in air for different times第 1 期章小余，等：正负压一体式无空气X 射线光电子能谱原位转移仓的开发及研制35of surface processes at the Ni-based catalyst during the methanation of biomass-derived synthesis gas: X -ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS)[J ]. Applied Cata-lysis A:General ，2007，329 ：68-78.Rutkowski M M, McNicholas K M, Zeng Z Q, et al.Design of an ultrahigh vacuum transfer mechanism to interconnect an oxide molecular beam epitaxy growth chamber and an X -ray photoemission spectroscopy analysis system [J ]. Review of Scientific Instruments ，2013，84 （6）：065105.［ 11 ］伊晓东, 郭建平, 孙海珍, 等. X 射线光电子能谱仪样品前处理装置的设计及应用[J ]. 分析仪器，2008（5）：8-11. [YI Xiaodong, GUO Jianping, SUN Haizhen, et al. Design of a sample pretreatment device for X -ray photoelectron spectrometer [J ]. Analytical Instrumentation ，2008 （5）：8-11.]［ 12 ］Aurbach D, Weissman I, Schechter A, et al. X -ray pho-toelectron spectroscopy studies of lithium surfaces pre-pared in several important electrolyte solutions. A comparison with previous studies by Fourier trans-form infrared spectroscopy [J ]. Langmuir ，1996，12（16）：3991-4007.［ 13 ］Światowska-Mrowiecka J, Maurice V, Zanna S, et al.XPS study of Li ion intercalation in V 2O 5 thin films prepared by thermal oxidation of vanadium metal [J ].Electrochimica Acta ，2007，52 （18）：5644-5653.［ 14 ］Weingarth D, Foelske-Schmitz A, Wokaun A, et al. Insitu electrochemical XPS study of the Pt/[BF 4]system [J ]. Electrochemistry Communications ，2011，13 （6）：619-622.［ 15 ］Schneider J D, Agocs D B, Prieto A L. Design of asample transfer holder to enable air-free X -ray photo-electron spectroscopy [J ]. Chemistry of Materials ，2020，32 （19）：8091-8096.［ 16 ］Karamurzov B S, Kochur A G, Misakova L B, et al.Calculation of the pure surface composition of the bin-ary alloy according to XPS data obtained after the al-loy surface contact with air [J ]. Journal of Structural Chemistry ，2015，56 （3）：576-581.［ 17 ］章小余, 赵志娟. 一种半原位XPS 样品转移装置: 中国, 201620925237.5[P ]. 2017-02-15.［ 18 ］章小余, 袁震, 赵志娟. 一种半原位X 射线光电子能谱分析仪的样品转移装置: 中国, 201720056623.X [P ]. 2017-12-08.［ 19 ］袁震, 章小余, 赵志娟. 一种样品转移装置及转移方法: 中国, 2011203822.1[P ]. 2022-03-01.［ 20 ］刘芬, 赵志娟, 邱丽美, 等. XPS 分析固体粉末时的样品制备法研究[J ]. 分析测试技术与仪器，2007，13（2）：107-109. [LIU Fen, ZHAO Zhijuan, QIU Limei, et al. Study of sample preparation method for XPS analysis of powdered samples [J ]. Analysis and Testing Technology and Instruments ，2007，13 （2）：107-109.]［ 21 ］Wagner C D, Riggs W M, Davis L E, et al. Handbookof X -ray photoelectron spectroscopy [M ]. Eden Prair-ie, Minnesota, 1978.［ 22 ］Watts J F, Wolstenholme J. 表面分析(XPS 和AES)引论[M ]. 吴正龙, 译. 上海: 华东理工大学出版社,2008.［ 23 ］36分析测试技术与仪器第 29 卷。

黄耀简历 - The Chinese University of Hong Kong

黄耀简历黄耀，男，研究员。

1982和1986年分别获南京气象学院（现更名为南京信息工程大学）理学学士和理学硕士学位，1997年获美国莱斯大学（Rice University）哲学博士学位。

1999年入选中国科学院“引进国外杰出人才计划”，并在大气物理研究所工作至2010年底；2011年初调到中国科学院植物研究所，任植被与环境变化国家重点实验室主任。

主要研究兴趣为陆地生态系统碳氮循环与温室气体排放、气候变化对陆地碳氮过程和农业植被的影响等。

先后主持和参加中国科学院、自然科学基金、国家有关部（委）和国际合作项目10余项。

共在国内外发表科研论文160余篇，其中SCI检索论文60余篇，出版专著4部。

研究成果“中国农田温室气体排放过程与模型研究”获2008年度教育部自然科学二等奖(第一完成人)；“中国陆地碳收支评估的生态系统碳通量联网观测与模型模拟系统”获2010年度国家科技进步二等奖(第三完成人)。

自主开发了稻田甲烷排放模型和农田碳收支模型，并分别用于编制中国政府向联合国提交的国家稻田甲烷排放清单和农田土壤有机碳变化清单，稻田甲烷排放模型是《2006年IPCC国家温室气体清单指南》Tier 3推荐引用的两个农田温室气体排放清单编制模型之一。

黄耀是国际期刊Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 和Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 编委, 美国奥本大学（Auburn University）客座教授。

代表性论文论著1、近五年代表性论文（*为通信作者）[1]Sun WJ and Huang Y*, 2012. Synthetic fertilizer management for China’s cerealcrops has reduced N2O emissions since the early 2000s, Environmental Pollution, 160: 24–27[2]Yu YQ, Huang Y*, Zhang W, 2012. Modeling soil organic carbon change incroplands of China, 1980–2009, Global and Planetary Change, 82–83:115–128 [3]Sun W and Huang Y*, 2011. Global warming over the period 1961–2008 did notincrease high-temperature stress but did reduce low-temperature stress in irrigated rice across China, Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 151:1193–1201[4]Chen J, Huang Y*, Tang YH, 2011. Quantifying economically and ecologicallyoptimum nitrogen rates for rice production in south-eastern China, Agriculture,Ecosystems and Environment,doi:10.1016/j.agee.2011.05.005[5]Huang Y*, Sun WJ, Zhang W, Yu YQ, Su YH and Song CC, 2010. Marshlandconversion to cropland in northeast China from 1950 to 2000 reduced the greenhouse effect. Global Change Biology, 16:680–695[6]Huang Y*, Tang YH, 2010. An estimate of greenhouse gas (N2O and CO2)mitigation potential under various scenarios of nitrogen use efficiency in Chinese croplands. Global Change Biology, 16:2958–2970[7]Huang Y*, Sun WJ, Zhang W &Yu YQ, 2010. Changes in soil organic carbon ofterrestrial ecosystems in China: A mini-review. Science China Life Sciences,53(7):766–775[8]Sun WJ, Huang Y*, Zhang W, Yu YQ, 2010. Carbon sequestration and its potentialin agricultural soils of China. Global Biogeochemical Cycles，24, GB3001,doi:10.1029/2009GB003484[9]Qin ZC & Huang Y*, 2010. Quantification of soil organic carbon sequestrationpotential in cropland: A model approach. Science China Life Sciences，53(7):868–884[10]Z ou JW, Lu YY, Huang Y*, 2010. Estimates of synthetic fertilizer N-induced directnitrous oxide emission from Chinese croplands during 1980–2000. Environmental Pollution, 158:631–635[11]J iang JY, Hu ZH, Sun WJ, Huang Y*, 2010. Nitrous oxide emissions from Chinesecropland fertilized with a range of slow-release nitrogen compounds. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 135:216–225[12]L i TT, Huang Y*, Zhang W and Song CC, 2010. CH4MOD wetland: A biogeophysicalmodel for simulating methane emission from natural wetlands. Ecological Modelling, 221:666–680[13]P iao SL, Ciais P, Huang Y, Shen ZH, Peng SS, Li JS, Zhou LP, Liu HY, Ma YC,Ding YH, Friedlingstein P, Liu CZ, Tan K, Yu YQ, Zhang TY, and Fang JY, 2010.The impacts of climate change on water resources and agriculture in China. Nature, 467:43–51[14]H uang Y*, Yu YQ, Zhang W, Sun WJ, Liu SL, Jiang J, Wu JS, Yu WT, Wang Y,Yang ZF, 2009. Agro-C: A biogeophysical model for simulating the carbon budget of agroecosystems. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 149(1):106–129[15]P iao SL, Fang JY, Ciais P, Peylin P, Huang Y, Sitch S & Wang T, 2009. The carbonbalance of terrestrial ecosystems in China. Nature, 458:1009–1013[16]H uang Y*, Zhang W, Sun WJ, Zheng XH, 2007. Net primary production of Chinesecroplands from 1950 to 1999, Ecological Applications, 17(3):692−7012、专著[1]黄耀，周广胜，吴金水，延晓冬 (著)，中国陆地生态系统碳收支模型. 北京:科学出版社，2008[2]陈泮勤，黄耀，于贵瑞 (编著)，地球系统碳循环. 北京:科学出版社，2004[3]黄耀(著)，地气系统碳氮交换—从实验到模型. 北京:气象出版社，2003。

Determination of explosion parameters of methane-airmixtures in the chamber of 40dm3

Determination of explosion parameters of methane-air mixturesin the chamber of40dm3at normal and elevated temperatureM.Gieras*,R.Klemens,G.Rarata,P.Wolan´skiWarsaw University of Technology,Warsaw,PolandReceived27January2005;received in revised form10May2005;accepted11May2005AbstractThe experimental results of the measurements of the explosion pressure and rate of explosion pressure rise as a function of molar methane concentration in the mixture with air in the40dm3explosion chamber are presented.The research was aimed at determination of the explosion limits,according to the EU Standard.The inﬂuence of initial temperature of the mixture(changing in the range of293–473K)on the fundamental explosion parameters was also investigated.The ignition source was an induction electrical spark of the power equal to approximately10W.It was stated,that the increase of initial temperature of the methane-air mixture causes a signiﬁcant increase of the explosion range.q2005Elsevier Ltd.All rights reserved.Keywords:Methane-air mixture;Bomb method;Explosion;Ignition;Gas-air mixtures1.IntroductionKnowledge of the fundamental explosion parameters of gas-air mixtures,like maximum explosion pressure, maximum rate of explosion pressure rise,lower and upper explosion limits,plays a signiﬁcant role in formulating safe working conditions for various industrial installations.The knowledge of the appropriate values of the main explosion parameters is necessary,because various explosion research centers have published data,which often differ signiﬁcantly from each other,for instance: Dwyer,Hansel,&Philips(2000),Eltschlager(2001), Glassman(2001),Halliday(2004).Results of experiments depend on many different parameters of the investigated process,such as energy and type of ignition source,size and shape of explosion chamber,initial temperature and pressure of theﬂammable mixture(Shebeko et al.(1995)). Distributions of the obtained results of the measured explosion parameter also depend upon conditions of carrying out the research.For this reason,the details of the apparatus parameters and research procedures used in the investigations should be taken into consideration, (Takahashi et al.(1998)).It seems that the so far applied measuring methods do not solve all the problems concerned with univocal determi-nation of values of the investigated explosion parameters. There is still a lack of totally adequate theories and experimental research methods for explosion limits deter-mination.For example,Coward&Jones(1965)have suggested one particular technique as their standard one,for determining explosion limits.In this method,the gaseous mixture to be tested for explosion limits is placed in the tube and ignited at the lower(open)end.Ifﬂame propagates through the entire length of the tube to the upper end,the mixture is then called aﬂammable one.If theﬂame extinguishes somewhere inside the tube during propagation, the mixture is then called a non-ﬂammable one.It is known, however,that in case of upward propagationﬂame in a tube, the explosion limits are wider than in a case of downward propagation.In fact,a mixture whose composition is in-between of the upward and downward propagation limits determined in a tube,ignited at a center of a large vessel, will burn up to the top of that vessel,leaving a fair portion of the fuel-air mixture unburned in the lower part of the vessel. This had been observed many times in the experiments described in the paper,and for this reason the explosion pressure was suggested as an indicator of an explosionlimit.Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries19(2006)263–270/locate/jlp0950-4230/$-see front matter q2005Elsevier Ltd.All rights reserved.doi:10.1016/j.jlp.2005.05.004*Corresponding author.Tel.:C48226605222;fax:C48228250565.E-mail address:gieras@.pl(M.Gieras).In the presented paper,the inﬂuence of the initial temperature of the gas-air mixture upon the fundamental explosion parameters (in particular lean and rich explosion limits)was also investigated.Research were conducted according to the European Standard (2003)using ‘bomb method’-where the quiescent test mixturelocated in a closed vessel is subjected to an ignition source.2.Research stand with 40dm 3explosion chamber The current study was aimed at determining the fundamental explosion parameters of methane-air mixtures at normal and elevated temperature.Parameters such as:maximum explosion pressure,maximum rate of explosion pressure rise,lean explosion limit (LEL),upper explosion limit (UEL)and optimal explosion concentration were found.Experiments were carried out in a 40dm 3volume explosion chamber.The general view of the research stand is shown in Fig.1and a scheme of the apparatus is presented in Fig.2.The stand consists of explosion chamber and systems of:ignition,data acquisition,pressure and temperature measuring and equipment for preparing the required mixtures.The cylindrical steel explosion chamber of internal diameter equal to 340mm is the main element of the stand.The initial temperature of the mixture inside the chamber can be increased by means of three electrically powered ﬂat bands located on the external surface of the chamber.The ignition system was prepared according to recommen-dations of the EU Standard.The electrodes were positioned in the center of the vessel.The distance between the tips was 5G 0.1mm.A high voltage transformer K 15kV and a short circuit current of 25mA were used to produce the ignition spark.The spark discharge time was adjusted to 0.2s.If a spark discharge time of 0.2s did not result in ignition of the tested mixture,the experiment was repeated with a spark discharge time of 0.5s.Fig.1.General view of 40dm 3explosionchamber.Fig.2.Scheme of research stand with 40dm 3explosion chamber.M.Gieras et al./Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries 19(2006)263–270264The pressure inside the explosion chamber was measured by means of piezo-electric transducer manufactured by Kistler.The thermocouple was used for measuring the temperature of the test mixture inside the test vessel.The data acquisition system was based on the ESSAM-3000computer card.It enables continuous registration of obtained measurement results.For preparing combustible mixture of the required composition in the bottle outsidethe test vessel,the stand shown in Fig.3was constructed.The stand enabled the mixture to be prepared by using the partial pressure method.The stand is equipped with a steel bottles,a vacuum pump and a set of precise manometers of high reading accuracy equal to 0.001bar.The experimental procedure was as follows:pumping out the test chamber to a pressure !5mbar and ﬁlling it in with the speciﬁc methane/air mixture,then preheating the test vessel containing the test mixture to the required tempera-ture,igniting the quiescent test mixture and recording an explosion overpressure inside the chamber.The test mixture is considered as an explosive one,if the measured explosion overpressure is equal to or greater than theoverpressureFig.3.General view of the stand for precise preparing of the testmixtures.Fig.4.Effect of initial mixture temperature on explosion pressure as a function of time,close to the lower explosionlimit.Fig.5.Effect of initial mixture temperature on explosion pressure as a function of time,close to the upper explosionlimit.Fig.6.Effect of initial mixture temperature on explosion pressure as a function of time,close to the stoichiometric methane/air mixture (9.5%CH 4).M.Gieras et al./Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries 19(2006)263–270265formed by the ignition source itself,plus (5G 0.1)%of the initial pressure.3.ExperimentsResults obtained from experiments at the different initial mixture temperatures are presented in Figs.4–22.Fig.4illustrates the measured explosion pressure as a function of time for methane concentration close to the lean explosion limit and for initial mixture temperature equal to 293,373and 473K,respectively.It is possible to compare how the initial temperature of ﬂammable mixture inﬂuences the course of explosion pressure in these conditions.The maximum pressure exceeds the value of 1.05bar accepted for determination of the lower explosion limit (the EuropeanStandard).In the Figs.5and 6,it is possible to compare how the initial temperature of ﬂammable mixture inﬂuences the course of explosion pressure for methane concentration close to the upper explosion limit and close to the stoichiometry (9.5%CH 4),respectively.The lower explosion limit for the methane-air mixture at normal temperature (293K)can be determined from the results presented in Fig.7.It was found,that at ambient temperature,the value of the lean explosion limit is equal to 4.65%CH 4molar fraction in air.The above value was determined in conditions,when ﬁve successive tests had not caused ignition of the tested mixture (explosion pressure was below 1.05bar).Because of the safety aspects,the following parameters had to be stated as the result of the conducted experiments:LEL:value conﬁrmed by5Fig.7.Explosion pressure near the lean explosion limit as a function of methane concentration in the mixture for temperature 293K.Fig.8.Rate of explosion pressure rise near the lean explosion limit as a function of methane concentration in the mixture for temperature 293K.Fig.9.Explosion pressure near the lean explosion limit as a function of methane concentration in the mixture for temperature 373K.Fig.10.Rate of explosion pressure rise near the lean explosion limit as a function of methane concentration in the mixture for temperature 373K.M.Gieras et al./Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries 19(2006)263–270266tests K absolute deviation (which was stated as equal to 0.2%);UEL:value conﬁrmed by 5tests C absolute deviation.Dynamics of explosion represented by rate of explosion pressure rise for the methane-air mixture near the lean explosion limit is shown in Fig.8.Near the lean explosion limit the value of (d p /d t )is close to 0.0bar/s.Figs.9and 10present explosion pressure and rate of explosion pressure rise,respectively,as a function of methane concentration in the mixture near the lean explosion limit for initial mixture temperature equal to 373K.It was found,that in these conditions the value of the lower explosion limit is equal to 4.2%CH 4molar fraction in air.Figs.11and 12present explosion pressure and rate of explosion pressure rise,respectively,as a function ofmethane concentration in the mixture near the lean explosion limit for initial mixture temperature equal to 473K.It was found,that in this case the value of the lean explosion limit is equal to 3.8%CH 4molar fraction in air.It was observed,that close to the rich explosion limit,a slight increase in methane concentration causes a rapid decrease of explosion pressure.This relation can be clearly observed in Fig.13,where the value of the rich explosion limit is equal to approximately 15.5%CH 4molar fraction in air for initial mixture temperature 293K.Dynamics of the explosion for methane-air mixture near the rich explosion limit for the same temperature is shown in Fig.14.Figs.15and 16present explosion pressure and rate of explosion pressure rise,respectively,as a function of methane concentration in the mixture near the rich explosion limit for initial mixture temperature equaltoFig.11.Explosion pressure near the lean explosion limit as a function of methane concentration in the mixture for temperature 473K.Fig.12.Rate of explosion pressure rise near the lean explosion limit as a function of methane concentration in the mixture for temperature 473K.Fig.13.Explosion pressure near the rich explosion limit as a function of methane concentration in the mixture for temperature 293K.Fig.14.Rate of explosion pressure rise near the rich explosion limit as a function of methane concentration in the mixture for temperature 293KM.Gieras et al./Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries 19(2006)263–270267373K.Value of the rich explosion limit is equal to 16.5%CH 4molar fraction in air (Fig.15).Figs.17and 18present explosion pressure and rate of explosion pressure rise,respectively,as a function of methane concentration in the mixture near the rich explosion limit for initial mixture temperature equal to 473K.Value of the rich explosion limit is equal to 17.5%CH 4molar fraction in air (Fig.17).As it can be seen,the range of explicability increases along with the increase of the initial temperature of the methane-air mixture,i.e.the lean explosion limit decreases but the rich explosion limit increases.It was found,that the lean explosion limit decreases of 0.45and of 0.4%(that is about 9.5%of the initial value of LEL)for the temperature increase from 293to 373K and from 373to 473K,respectively.However,the rich explosion limit increases of1%(that is more than 6%of the initial value of UEL)for the temperature increase from 293to 373K,as well as from 373to 473K.The change of LEL as well as UEL versus initial methane-air mixture temperature can be approximated by means of linear function (Fig.19).Besides,the determination of the values of lean and rich explosion limits,experiments were also conducted for concentrations within the range of methane/air mixture ﬂammability.The inﬂuence of initial mixture temperature on the course of explosion pressure,as well as of rate of explosion pressure rise,as a function of methane molar fraction in the mixture,are presented in Figs.20and 22,respectively.It can be seen,that maximum values of explosion pressure and rate of explosion pressure rise are obtained for methane concentration close to stoichiometric one.For this concentration,the maximum valueofFig.15.Explosion pressure near the rich explosion limit as a function of methane concentration in the mixture for temperature 373K.Fig.16.Rate of explosion pressure rise near the rich explosion limit as a function of methane concentration in the mixture for temperature 373K.Fig.17.Explosion pressure near the rich explosion limit as a function of methane concentration in the mixture for temperature 473K.Fig.18.Rate of explosion pressure rise near the rich explosion limit as a function of methane concentration in the mixture for temperature 473K.M.Gieras et al./Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries 19(2006)263–270268explosion pressure equal to 8bar was obtained for initial mixture temperature 293K.It can be observed,that in the case of the increase of initial temperature of the mixture,the maximum explosion pressure decreases.It means,that the maximum explosion pressure (in those conditions)is determined mainly by the mass of the fuel (as well as of chemical energy)drop as a result of the temperature increase at constant initial pressure of the mixture inside the test vessel.The change of the maximum explosion pressure versus initial methane-air mixture temperature can be approxi-mated by means of linear function,(Fig.21).It can be seen,that the increase of the initial temperature of the methane/air mixture causes a slight increase of the maximum rate of explosion pressure rise,(Fig.22).This means,that the rate of explosion pressure rise (in those conditions)is probably determined by two opposite phenomena:deceleration of the chemical reaction rate (during explosion)caused by a drop of the fuel mass on one hand,and acceleration of the reaction rate caused by the increase of initial temperature of the mixture inside the test vessel,on the other hand.4.Conclusions†The increase of initial temperature of the methane-air mixture causes a signiﬁcant increase of the explosion range i.e.the lower explosion limit decreases but therichFig.19.Lower and upper explosion limits as a function of initial temperature of methane-airmixture.Fig.20.Explosion pressure as a function of the methane concentration for different initial temperature of the methane/airmixture.Fig.21.Maximum explosion pressure as a function of initial temperature of methane-airmixture.Fig.22.Rate of explosion pressure rise as a function of the methane concentration for different initial temperature of the methane/air mixture.M.Gieras et al./Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries 19(2006)263–270269explosion limit increases.The change of lower as well as upper explosion limit versus initial temperature of the methane-air mixture can be approximated by means of a linear function.†The increase of the initial temperature of the methane-air mixture at constant initial pressure decreases the maximum explosion pressure,and this pressure decrease is the highest for the stoichiometric mixture.Also maximum explosion pressure versus initial temperature of the methane-air mixture can be approximated by means of a linear function.†The increase of the initial temperature of the methane-air mixture at constant initial pressure does not inﬂuence signiﬁcantly the rate of explosion pressure rise. AcknowledgementsThe work was supported by E.U.Project SAFEKINEX—Safe and Efﬁcient Hydrocarbon Oxidation Processes by Kinetics and Explosion Expertise and Development of Computational Process Engineering Tools,Contract nr EVG1-CT-2002-00072.ReferencesCoward,H.F.,&Jones,G.W.(1965).US Bureau of Mines Bulletin,503, 155.Dwyer,J.,Hansel,J.G.,&Philips,T.(2000).Temperature inﬂuence on the ﬂammability limits of heat treating atmospheres.Allentown:Air Products and Chemicals.Eltschlager,K.K.(2001).Technical measures for the investigation and mitigation of fugitive methane hazards in areas of coal mining.Pittsburgh:US Department of The Interior Ofﬁce of Surface Mining.European Standard EN1839:2003E(2003E,2003).Determination of explosion limits of gases and vapours.Glassman,I.(2001).Combustion(3rd ed.).San Diego:Academic Press p.162(Chapter4).Halliday,D.J.(2004).Investigation of natural gas explosions.London: Forensic Science Service Metropolitan Laboratory.Shebeko,Y.N.,Tsarichenko,S.G.,Korolchenko, A.Y.,Trunev,A.V.,Navzenya,V.Y.,Papkov,S.N.,&Zaitzev,A.A.(1995).Burning velocities andﬂammability limits of gaseous mixtures at elevated temperatures and bustion and Flame,102, 427–437.Takahashi,A.,Urano,Y.,Tokuhashi,K.,Nagai,H.,Kaise,M.,&Kondo,S.(1998).Fusing ignition of various metal wires for explosion limits measurement of methane/air mixture.Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries,11,353–360.M.Gieras et al./Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries19(2006)263–270 270。

英语作文 air pollution

英语作文 air pollutionTitle: The Menace of Air Pollution。

Air pollution, an insidious threat looming over modern societies, has become a pressing concern in recent decades. Its detrimental effects on human health, the environment, and the global climate demand urgent attention and concerted efforts for mitigation. In this essay, we will delve into the causes, consequences, and potentialsolutions to combat this pervasive issue.First and foremost, industrial activities represent a significant contributor to air pollution. Factories, power plants, and manufacturing facilities release harmful pollutants such as sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and particulate matter into the atmosphere. These emissions not only degrade air quality but also contribute to the formation of hazardous smog and acid rain, posing serious health risks to populations residing in affected areas.Moreover, vehicular emissions constitute another major source of air pollution, especially in urban areas characterized by heavy traffic congestion. Exhaust fumes from automobiles contain a cocktail of pollutants,including carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, and fine particulate matter, which not only deteriorate air quality but also exacerbate respiratory ailments and cardiovascular diseases among exposed individuals.Furthermore, agricultural practices, particularly livestock farming and the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, release significant amounts of pollutants into the air. Methane emissions from livestock contribute to greenhouse gas accumulation, exacerbating climate change, while ammonia and other agricultural pollutants can react with other compounds in the atmosphere to form secondary pollutants, further compromising air quality.The consequences of air pollution are manifold and far-reaching. Short-term exposure to polluted air can trigger respiratory distress, aggravate asthma symptoms, and increase the risk of cardiovascular events such as heartattacks and strokes. Prolonged exposure to air pollutants has been linked to chronic respiratory diseases, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and lung cancer, as well as neurodevelopmental disorders and adverse pregnancy outcomes.Furthermore, air pollution exacts a heavy toll on the environment, disrupting ecosystems, depleting biodiversity, and impairing the quality of soil, water, and vegetation. Acid rain, resulting from the deposition of sulfur and nitrogen compounds, damages forests, freshwater bodies, and aquatic habitats, jeopardizing the survival of numerous plant and animal species. Moreover, air pollution contributes to global warming and climate change by enhancing the greenhouse effect and altering weather patterns, leading to more frequent and severe heatwaves, storms, and natural disasters.To address the scourge of air pollution, concerted action at the local, national, and international levels is imperative. Governments must enact stringent regulations to limit emissions from industrial facilities, enforce vehicleemission standards, and promote the adoption of clean energy technologies. Investing in public transportation infrastructure, promoting sustainable urban planning, and incentivizing the use of electric vehicles can help reduce reliance on fossil fuels and mitigate vehicular emissions in urban areas.Furthermore, fostering public awareness and education about the health and environmental impacts of air pollution is crucial for promoting individual and collective action. Encouraging behavioral changes such as carpooling, cycling, and using eco-friendly products can contribute to reducing personal carbon footprints and mitigating air pollution at the grassroots level. Additionally, supporting research and innovation in clean energy technologies, pollution control measures, and sustainable agriculture is essential for developing effective solutions to combat air pollution and safeguard public health and environmental integrity for future generations.In conclusion, air pollution poses a grave threat to human health, the environment, and the global climate,necessitating urgent and concerted action to mitigate its adverse effects. By addressing the root causes of air pollution, implementing stringent regulations, fostering public awareness, and investing in clean energy and sustainable practices, we can work towards a cleaner, healthier, and more sustainable future for all.。

有关温室效应的英语作文

The Greenhouse Effect:Earth's Warming ChallengeThe greenhouse effect stands as a pivotal natural phenomenon,crucial for life on Earth,yet it is also a central concern in discussions about global warming and climate change.This essay aims to explore the essence of the greenhouse effect,its critical role in maintaining life-sustaining temperatures,the impact of human activities on this delicate balance,and the urgent need for global efforts to mitigate adverse effects.Understanding the Greenhouse EffectAt its core,the greenhouse effect refers to the process by which certain gases in the Earth's atmosphere trap heat from the sun,preventing it from escaping back into space.This natural insulating layer is primarily composed of water vapor,carbon dioxide(CO2),methane(CH4),nitrous oxide(N2O),and ozone(O3).These"greenhouse gases"absorb solar energy,warming the Earth's surface to a life-supporting average of about15°C(59°F).Without this natural greenhouse effect,our planet would be too cold to sustain most forms of life,averaging a frigid-18°C (0°F).The Human ImpactWhile the greenhouse effect is a natural and necessary phenomenon, human activities have significantly amplified its intensity,primarily through the emission of CO2from burning fossil fuels like coal,oil,and natural gas.Deforestation further exacerbates the situation by reducing the number of trees available to absorb CO2.As a result,the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere has reached levels unprecedented in at least the last800,000years,leading to an enhanced greenhouse effect that causes the Earth's temperature to rise. Consequences of Enhanced Greenhouse EffectThe repercussions of an intensified greenhouse effect are profound and far-reaching.Global temperatures are rising,leading to melting polar ice caps and glaciers,rising sea levels,and increasingly extreme weather patterns.These changes pose significant threats to ecosystems,biodiversity,and human societies.For instance,rising sea levels can inundate coastal communities,while altered weather patterns can affect agricultural productivity,leading to food shortages and increased competition for resources.Mitigation and AdaptationAddressing the challenge posed by the enhanced greenhouse effect requires a twofold approach:mitigation and adaptation.Mitigation efforts aim to reduce the output of greenhouse gases and increase the Earth's capacity to absorb them.This can be achieved through transitioning to renewable energy sources,enhancing energy efficiency, and promoting sustainable agriculture and forestry practices.Adaptation strategies,on the other hand,focus on adjusting to the changes that are already underway or inevitable,such as strengthening infrastructure to withstand more extreme weather events and developing drought-resistant crops.ConclusionThe greenhouse effect is a natural mechanism that makes life on Earth possible,but human activities have tipped its balance,leading to global warming and climate change.The consequences of an enhanced greenhouse effect are already being felt worldwide,underscoring the urgent need for global cooperation and action to mitigate its impacts.By embracing sustainable practices and technologies,humanity can curb greenhouse gas emissions,safeguard the environment,and ensure a habitable planet for future generations.。

工厂排放大量的废气作文英语

工厂排放大量的废气作文英语英文回答：Factories have become a significant source of air pollution, contributing to the release of harmfulpollutants into the atmosphere. The emissions from factory operations can have severe consequences on human health and the environment. This essay discusses the detrimentaleffects of factory waste gas emissions and analyzespotential solutions to mitigate their impact.One of the primary concerns associated with factory waste gas emissions is the release of toxic substances. These pollutants, often invisible and odorless, include volatile organic compounds (VOCs), nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulfur oxides (SOx), and particulate matter. Exposure to these compounds has been linked to a range of health issues, including respiratory problems, cardiovascular disease, cancer, and developmental disorders.The environmental impacts of factory waste gasemissions are equally distressing. The release of greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide and methane, contributes to climate change and global warming. Furthermore, nitrogen oxides and sulfur oxides react with other pollutants in the atmosphere to form acid rain, damaging ecosystems and infrastructure.To address the harmful effects of factory waste gas emissions, several mitigation strategies can be implemented. One crucial step is to enhance emission control technologies. Advanced pollution control devices, such as scrubbers, electrostatic precipitators, and catalytic converters, can effectively reduce the release of pollutants. Additionally, factories can adopt cleaner production processes that minimize the generation of waste gases.Another approach is to encourage the use of renewable energy sources. Factories that rely on fossil fuels as an energy source are significant contributors to air pollution. By transitioning to solar, wind, or hydropower, factoriescan reduce their carbon footprint and mitigate their environmental impact.Moreover, governments can play a vital role by implementing strict environmental regulations and enforcing compliance. Establishing clear emission standards and imposing fines or penalties for violations encourages factories to prioritize pollution control. Additionally, providing incentives for the adoption of cleaner technologies can further incentivize responsible practices.In conclusion, factory waste gas emissions pose significant risks to human health and the environment. By implementing comprehensive mitigation strategies that encompass emission control technologies, cleaner production processes, renewable energy sources, and effective regulations, we can work towards reducing the impact of factory emissions and creating a healthier and more sustainable future.中文回答：工厂排放大量的废气，对人类健康和环境造成了严重的影响。

建筑专业英语词汇（M-N）

建筑专业英语词汇(M-N)macadam aggregate 锁结式集料machine 机械machine application 机械粉饰machine cavern 地下机械室machine made brick 机制砖machine mixed concrete 机拌混凝土machinery and equipment yard 机械设备堆集场地machinery foundation 机迄座machinery room 机房macrography 肉眼检查macrostructure 宏观结构made ground 填土magnesia brick 镁砖magnesia cement 镁氧水泥magnesia insulation 镁质绝缘材料magnesite brick 镁砖magnet 磁铁magnetic crack detection 磁力探伤magnetic separator 磁力分离器magnetism 磁力magnetization 磁化magnitude 大小main 干线main air duct 昼道main bar 种筋main beam 趾main bridge members 知桥梁杆件main canal 干渠main dike 痔main door 正门main drain 峙水沟main face 正面main girder 趾main pressure differential 周压差main rafter 知main reinforcement 种筋main runner 脂条main stair 芝梯main structural part 知结构配件main tie 值材main truss 朱架main valve 支main wall 纸mains distribution box 干线配电箱mains failure 电力网毁坏mains supply 干线供给mains water 自来水maintenance 维护maintenance cost 保养费maintenance hangar 修理棚maintenance overhaul 维修检查major axes of stress ellipse 应力椭圆的长径major axis 长径major overhaul 大修make up air 补偿空气make up pump 补充水泵make up water 补给水mall 木大锤mallet 木锤man 人man made stone 人造石management 管理manager program 操纵程序manhole 人孔manhole cover 检查井盖manhole rings 人孔环manhole step irons 人孔踏步铁manifold 集合管manilla rope 马尼拉麻绳索manometer 压力计manometric pressure 计示压力mansard 复折屋顶mansard dormer window 折线形屋顶窗mansard roof 折线形屋顶mansard roof construction 折线形屋顶结构mansion 住宅mantelpiece 壁炉台mantelshelf 壁炉台manual batcher 手动计量器manual cycling control 循环工程手动操纵manual damper 手动档板manual press 手压机manual proportioning control 手工称量控制manufacture 制造manufactured construction materials 人造建筑材料manufactured sand 人工砂manufacturing process 生产过程many roomed apartment 一套多房间公寓map 地图map cracking 网状裂缝marble 大理石marble gravel 大理石砾石marbling 仿制的大理石margin 边缘margin of safety 安全系数margin of stability 稳定性限marginal concrete strip finisher 混凝土边缘修整机marginal strip 路缘带marine clay 海成粘土marine construction 海洋建筑物marine glue 防水胶marine paint 海船油漆marine park 海蚀公园marine sand 海砂marine structures 海洋建筑物marine works 海洋建筑物mark 标记marker 标识器marker line 标志线marker post 标志杆market 市场market building 市场房屋marking 标识marking gauge 划线刀marl 泥灰岩marquee 雨罩marquetry 镶嵌装饰品marsh 沼泽地marshalling 砌体marshy ground 沼泽地mashroom valve 园锥形活门mason 石工mason's adjustable suspension scaffold 砖石工用可迭挂式脚手架mason's hammer 砖石工锤mason's mortar 圬工灰浆mason's scaffold 圬工脚手架masonry 砌石masonry anchor 圬工锚碇masonry arch 砌石拱masonry block 砌筑块masonry bridge 圬工桥masonry cement 砌切筑水泥masonry construction 砌筑结构masonry drill 圬工钻masonry mortar 圬工灰浆masonry nail 砖石钉masonry plate 座板masonry sand 圬工砂masonry veneer 表层砌体mass concrete 大块混凝土mass curve 土方曲线mass force 质量力mass foundation 块状基础mass haule curve 土方曲线mass produced structural units 成批生产的结构部件mass runoff 径量massive concrete structures 块状混凝土结构masstone 天然色调mast arm 灯具悬臂mast cap spider 紧桅箍星形轮mast with arm 带臂电杆master plan 总体规划mastic 玛脂mastic asphalt 石油沥青砂胶mastic cement 水泥砂胶mastic cooker 地沥青砂胶加热锅mat 底板mat coat 罩面mat foundation 板式基础mat reinforcement bender 钢筋网弯曲机match marking 装配标记match plane 开槽刨matchboarding 企口镶板matched ceiling 企口顶棚material 材料material aggressive to concrete 混凝土侵蚀材料material behavior 材料特性material debris chute 残渣滑槽material handling 材料装卸material handling bridge 材料转运桥material handling system 材料转运系统material hose 原料软管material list 材料酶表material retained on sieve 筛上筛余物material strength 材料强度material test 材料试验materials testing laboratory 材料试验室matt paint 无光泽涂料matte surface glass 毛面玻璃matted glass 毛面玻璃mattress 柴排mattress revetment 沉排铺面matured cement 长期贮存的老化水泥matured concrete 成熟混凝土maturing 老化maturing of concrete 混凝土的熟化maul 木大锤maximum 最大maximum allowable concentration 最大容许浓度maximum allowable emission 最大容许发散maximum capacity of well 井的最高容量maximum density grading 最大密度级配maximum density of soil 土壤的最大密度maximum dry density 最大干密度maximum flood discharge 最大洪水量maximum gradient 最大坡度maximum load 最大负荷maximum load design 最大荷载重设计法maximum rated load 最大额定荷载maximum safe load 最大安全载荷maximum simultaneous demand 最大同时需要量maximum size 最大尺寸maximum value 最大值meager lime 贫石灰mean cycle stress 循环应力的平均值mean depth 平均深度mean radiant temperature 平均辐射温度mean temperature difference 平均温差mean velocity of flow 平均临means of conveyance 传送工具means of egress 出口装置means of slinging 吊税置means of transportation 传送工具measure 尺寸measured drawing 实测图measurement 测定measurement data 测定资料measuring apparatus 测量仪器measuring chain 测量链measuring element 测定元件measuring frame 配料量斗measuring tank 计量槽measuring tape 卷尺measuring worm conveyor 测量螺旋输送机mechanical aeration 机械通风mechanical analysis 机械分析mechanical application 机械粉饰mechanical area 机械布置空间mechanical bond 机械结合mechanical calculation 力学计算mechanical classification 机械分级mechanical cooling 机械冷却mechanical core 技术设施中心带mechanical core wall 设有设施装置的心墙mechanical coupling link 机械轴节连杆mechanical draft cooling tower 机动气龄却塔mechanical dust collector 机械除尘器mechanical filter 机械滤器mechanical operator 机动装置mechanical rake 机械耙mechanical rammer 机械夯具mechanical refrigerating system 机械冷冻系统mechanical refrigeration 机械制冷mechanical stabilisation 机械稳定处理mechanical strength characteristics 力学强度特性mechanical testing 机械试验mechanical tooling of concrete 混凝土的机械加工mechanical treatment of sawage 污水的机械净化mechanical trowel 抹灰机mechanical ventilation 机械通风mechanics 力学mechanics of materials 材料力学mechanism 机构mechanization 机械化median barrier 路中护栏medium burned brick 标准烧成砖medium duty scaffold 中型脚手架medium grained asphalt concrete 中粒级配地沥青混凝土meeting rail 窗框的横挡meeting stile 连接板条member 构件membrane concrete curing 用膜混凝土养护membrane curing 薄膜养护法membrane filter 薄膜过滤器membrane fireproofing 隔膜防火层membrane forming type bond braker 粘结制止膜形成剂membrane theory 薄膜理论membrane waterproofing 薄膜防水memorial 纪念碑memorial architecture 纪念性建筑memorial table 纪念雕版menstruum 溶媒mercury arc lamp 汞弧灯meridian stress 经线应力mesh 筛目mesh analysis 筛分析mesh laying jumbo 钢筋网敷设设备mesh reinforced shotcrete 钢筋网加强喷射混凝土mesh reinforcement 钢筋网mesh series 筛一套mesh size 筛目大小metal 金属;铺路碎石metal clad cable 金属包皮电缆metal clad fire door 有金属包层的防火门metal construction 金属结构metal curtain wall 铁骨架悬挂壁metal door 金属门metal floor decking 金属楼板铺面metal form 金属模板metal furniture 金属家具metal gauze 金属网metal grating 金属栅板metal hose 金属蛇管metal lathing 钉钢丝网metal mesh fabric 金属网metal plate 金属板metal plating 镀metal runner 金属滑条metal sash putty 金属窗框油灰metal sheet 金属板metal sheet roof covering 金属薄板metal shingle 金属鱼鳞板metal stud 金属立杆metal tube 金属管metal valley 金属沟槽metal water stop 金属带密封metallic cement 熔渣硅酸盐水泥metallic sprayed coating 喷镀金属膜meteorological observation 气象观测meteorology 气象学meter 米methane tank 沼气桶method 方法method of curing 养护法method of elastic weights 弹性荷载法method of joint isolation 结点法method of least work 最小功法method of minimum strain energy 最小功法method of moment 力矩法method of redundant reactions 弯矩面积法method of sections 断面法method of the substitute redundant members 超静定构件取代法method of zero moment points 零点力矩法metro 地下铁道metropolitan area 大城市区域mezzanine 中二楼mica 云母micro crack 微细龟裂micro strainer 微孔滤网microclimate 小气候micrometer 微米microparticle 微粒micropolitan 居住区microscope 显微镜microstructure 微结构middle girder 中间梁middle strip 中间带middle surface 中面midget construction crane 小型建筑起重机midspan 中跨midspan deflection 中跨挠度midspan load 跨中荷载midwall 间隔墙mild steel reinforcement 低碳钢钢筋milk of lime 石灰乳mill 粉碎机mill construction 厂房结构millboard 麻丝板milled joint 研压接缝mineral aggregate 矿质骨料mineral dust 矿物粉末mineral fiber tiles 矿物纤维板mineral fibers 矿物纤维mineral filled asphalt 填充细矿料的沥青mineral filler 矿物质填料mineral pigment 矿物颜料mineral wool 矿物棉mineralogical composition of aggregates 集料的矿物的组成miniaturization 小型化mining shovel 采矿机铲mining town 矿业城镇mirror 镜mission tile 半圆形截面瓦mist 烟雾mist spraying 喷雾miter cut 斜切割miter gate 人字间门miter joint 斜角连接mitigation 水的软化mix 混合mix control 混合控制mix design 配合比设计mix in place machine 就地拌和机mix in place travel plant 就地拌和机mix ingredients 混合物成分mix proportions 混合比mixed cement 混合水泥mixed concrete 拌好的混凝土mixed construction 混合构造mixed greenery 混合式绿化区mixed in place construction of road 就地拌和法筑路mixed in place method 就地拌和法mixer 混合机mixer drum 混合圆筒mixer efficiency 混合机效率mixer skip 拌和机装料斗mixer trestle 混合机栈桥mixer truck 混凝土搅拌车mixing 混合mixing box 混合室mixing chamber 混合室mixing cycle 混合周期mixing damper 混合档板mixing drum 混合圆筒mixing of concrete 混凝土的搅拌mixing placing train 混合与灌筑综合装置mixing plant 搅拌装置mixing platform 拌和台mixing rate 混合物比率mixing ratio 混合比mixing screw 混合用螺旋mixing speed 拌和速度mixing tank 混合槽mixing temperature 混合温度mixing time 拌和时间mixing tower 混合塔mixing valve 混合阀mixing water 搅拌用水mixometer 拌和计时器mixture 混合mobile bituminous mixing plant 移动式沥青混合设备mobile crane 自行吊车mobile field office 移动式工地办公室mobile form 移动式模壳mobile hoist 移动式卷杨机mobile job crane 移动式起重机mobile load 活动荷载mobile scaffold tower 塔式机动脚手架mobile site office 移动式工地办公室mobile space heater 移动式空气加热器mobile tower crane 可移动塔式起重机mobile work platform 移动式工专mobility of concrete 混凝土怜性mode of buckling 压屈状态mode of failure 毁坏模式model 模型model testing 模型试验modern architecture 现代建筑modern city 现代城市modernization 现代化modification 更改modified i beam 改进的i型梁modified portland cement 改良硅酸盐水泥modular brick 符合模数尺寸的砖modular building 模数法建筑modular building unit 模数化建筑物单元modular constuction 模数化构造modular coordination 模数协调modular design 模数法设计modular dimension 模数尺寸modular ratio 模量化modular ratio method 模量比法modular size 标准化尺寸modular system 模数制modular unit 模数化构件modulator 爹器module 尺度modulus 系数modulus of creep 蠕变模量modulus of deformation 形变模量modulus of elasticity 弹性模量modulus of foundation support 地基反力系数modulus of resilience 回弹模量modulus of rigidity 抗剪模量modulus of rupture 挠折模量modulus of section 断面模量modulus of subgrade reaction 地基反力系数moist air cabinet 保湿箱moist room 湿气室moisture 湿气moisture barrier 防潮层moisture gradient 湿度梯度moisture laden air 潮湿空气moisture migration 水分移动moisture movement 水分移动moisture proof luminaire 防湿灯moisture resistant insulating material 耐湿性绝热材料moisture seal 防潮层moisture sensing probe 测湿器moisture tons 潜热冷冻负荷mold 模型mold oil 脱模油mold release 脱模剂molded brick 模制砖molded gutter 模制天沟molded insulation 模制塑料绝缘molded plywood 成型胶合板moldings 线脚molds reuseability 模重复使用能力mole 防波堤mole drain 地下排水沟mole drainage 地下排水工程moler brick 硅藻土砖moling 地下排水沟设置moment 力矩moment area 力矩面积moment area method 弯矩面积法moment at fixed end 支承挠矩moment at support 弯矩钢筋moment bar 弯矩杆moment buckling 力矩弯曲moment curvature law 力矩与曲率定律moment diagram 力矩分配法moment distribution 弯矩分配moment distribution method 力矩分配法moment equation 力矩方程moment influence line 力矩影响线图moment of couple 力偶矩moment of deflection 弯曲力矩moment of friction 摩擦力矩moment of inertia 惯性矩moment of load 负载矩moment of resistance 抗力矩moment of rupture 裂断力矩moment of span 跨矩moment of stiffness 刚性力矩moment reinforcement 弯曲钢筋moment resisting space frame 抗力矩空间构架moment resulting from sidesway 侧倾力矩moment splice 力矩的拼接moment zero point 零力矩点monastic building 寺院房屋monat cement 无熟料的矿渣水泥monitor 天窗monitor roof 通风的屋顶monitoring 监视monkey 起重机小车monkey wrench 螺丝板手monocable 单塑空死monolithic 整体式monolithic concrete 整体浇灌混凝土monolithic construction 整体式构造monolithic finish 整体修整monolithic grillage 整体式格床monolithic slab and foundation wall 整体式楼板与基础壁monolithic terrazzo 整块水磨石monolithic topping 整体式上部覆盖monopitch roof 单斜屋顶monorail 单轨道monorail system 单轨运输系统monorail transporter 单线运送机monorailway 单轨铁路monotower crane 单塔式起重机monsoon 季节风montage 装配monument 界标moon 月亮moor 沼泽地mooring accessories 系船设备mooring appurtenances 系船设备mooring dolphin 系船柱mooring ring 系船环mordant 腐蚀剂mortar 灰浆mortar additive 灰浆附加剂mortar admixture 灰浆附加剂mortar bar 灰浆棒mortar base 灰浆底座mortar bed 灰浆层mortar bond 灰浆砌筑mortar box 灰浆层mortar cube 灰浆立方块mortar fraction 灰浆部分mortar from chamotte 灰泥灰浆mortar from trass 火山灰灰浆mortar grouting 灌浆mortar gun 灰浆喷枪mortar mill 灰泥混合机mortar mixer 灰泥混合机mortar mixing machine 灰泥混合机mortar of dry consistency 干硬稠度灰浆mortar plasticizer 灰浆增塑剂mortar pump 灰浆泵mortar sand 灰浆用砂mortar spreader 灰浆撒布机mortar walling 灰浆砌筑mortarboard 灰板mortice 榫槽mortise 榫槽mortise chisel 錾mortise gauge 划榫器mortise joint 镶榫接头mortise lock 插锁mortise pin 梢子mosaic 镶嵌砖mosaic floor 镶嵌地板mosaic glass 嵌镶玻璃mosaic structure 镶嵌结构mosaic tile 镶嵌地砖moss 沼泽motel 汽车旅馆mother town 母域motion 运动motomixer 混凝土搅拌车motor 发动机motor bug 机动小车motor bus 公共汽车motor car 轿车motor damper 电动气邻器motor generator set 电动发电机motor grader 自行式平地机motor in head vibrator 电动振动棒motor operated valve 电动阀motor scraper 自动铲运机motorized solar control blinds 机动遮阳帘motorway 汽车路mottle effect 斑点样褪色mottled discoloration 斑点样褪色mottled surface 斑点样表面mould 型mould releasing agent 脱模剂moulded brick 模制砖moulded concrete 模制混凝土moulding plaster 模制用石膏moulding sand 型砂mound breakwater 堆石防波堤mounter 装配工mounting shop 装配车间mouthpiece 嘴子movable barrack 移动式工棚movable bridge 开合桥movable dam 活动堰movable distributor 活动配水器movable joint 活接头movable partition 可动间壁movable rocker bearing 活动振动机支承movable scaffolding 移动式脚手架movable span 可动桥跨movable tangential bearing 活动切线支承movable weir 活动堰moving form 移动式模壳moving form construction 活动模板建造moving load 活动荷载moving ramp 跳板moving staircase 自动升降梯moving walk 滑动步道muck loader 装渣机mucker 装渣机mucker belt 装岩机引带mucking 清理坍方mucosity 粘性mud 软泥mud box 泥渣分离箱mud outlet 污泥排泄口mud room 前厅mud soil 泥土mud trap 泥渣分离箱mudcapping 外部装药爆破mudsill 排架座木muffle furnace 高温烘炉muffler 消声器mullion 竖框mulseal 乳化沥青multi arch dam 连拱坝multi bucket dredger 多斗采砂船multi bucket excavator 多斗挖土机multi cell battery mould 多格仓式模板multi cell dust collector 多孔式积尘器multi compartment building 多户住宅multi compartment settling basin 多槽式沉淀池multi cored brick 多孔砖multi degree system 多自由度系multi lane roadway 多车道道路multi layer consolidation 多层固结multi legged sling 多支吊索multi point heater 多位置加热器multi purpose coating plant 多用途混合装置multi purpose scheme 综合利用设计multi rubber tire roller 多轴碾压机multi span structure 多跨结构multi wheel roller 多轴碾压机multi zone system 多区的空档统multiblade damper 多重叶瓣式节气闸multicolor brick 多色砖multicolor finish 多彩色终饰multideck screen 多层筛multielement member 多单元装配件multielement prestressing 多单元构件预加应力multifamily housing 多户住房multifolding door 卷折式门multilayer insulation 多层绝缘multilevel guyed tower 多位缆风拉紧的塔multimixer 通用混合器multipass aeration tank 多撂曝气池multiple 倍数multiple aeration tank 多撂曝气池multiple arch 连拱multiple arch bridge 连拱桥multiple bay frame 多跨框架multiple dome dam 弓顶连拱坝multiple dwelling 多户住房multiple dwelling building 多户住宅multiple flue chimney 多路烟囱multiple glass 多层玻璃multiple glazing 多层玻璃窗施工multiple leaf damper 多重叶瓣式节气闸multiple pipe inverted siphon 多管式倒虹吸管multiple purpose project 综合利用设计multiple purpose reservoir 综合利用水库multiple row heating coil 多行供热盘管multiple sedimentation tank 多路沉淀池multiple span bridge 多跨桥multiple span structure 多跨构造物multiple web systems 多肋式系统multiply plywood 多层夹板multiplying factor 倍加系数multistage construction 分阶段建筑multistage fan 多级风扇multistage gas supply system 多级供煤气系统multistage stressing 多级施加应力multistorey building 多层房屋;多层建筑物multistorey parking space 多层停车场multistoried building 多层房屋multistoried garage building 多层车库multiuse building 多用途建筑物multiway junction 复合交叉口municipal engineering 市政工程municipal facilities 市政工程设施municipal sanitary 城市卫生municipal sanitary engineering 城市卫生工程学municipal service 市政业务municipal sewage 城市污水municipal sewers 城市下水道网municipal treatment plant 城市污水处理场muntin 窗格条museum 博物馆mushroom construction 无粱板构造mushroom floor 环辐式楼板mushroom head column 无粱式楼板支承柱mushroom slab 无粱楼板mushy concrete 连混凝土mutual action of steel and concrete 钢筋和混凝土的共同酌n truss n字桁架n year flood n年周期洪水nail 钉nail claw 钉拔nail float 钉板抹子nail plate 钉接板nail puller 钉拔nailable concrete 受钉混凝土nailcrete 受钉混凝土nailed beam 钉梁nailed connection 钉结合nailed joint 钉结合nailed roof truss 钉固屋架nailer 可钉条nailing 打钉nailing block 可受钉块nailing marker 标记钉模naked flooring 毛面地板name block 名牌names of parts 部件品目narrow gauge 窄轨narrow gauge railway 窄轨铁路national architecture 民族建筑national highway 国道national style 民族形式natural adhesive 天然粘合剂natural aeration 自然通风natural aggregate 天然骨料natural angle of slope 自然倾斜角natural asphalt 天然沥青natural building sand 天然建筑砂natural cement 天然水泥natural circulation 自然循环natural color 天然色natural concrete aggregate 天然混凝土骨料natural convection 自然对流natural convector 自然对僚热器natural depth 天然深度natural draft 自然通风natural draft cooling tower 自然通风凉水塔natural drainage 自然排水natural finish 天然装饰natural flow 自然量natural foundation 天然地基natural grade 自然坡度natural ground 天然地基natural head 天然水头natural illumination factor 自然采光照玫数natural light 自然光natural lighting 天然照明natural mineral materials 天然矿物质材料natural pigment 天然颜料natural rock asphalt 沥青岩natural sand 天然砂natural sett 天然铺石natural slope 天然坡度natural stone 天然石natural stone slab 天然石板natural stone veneer 天然石表层natural stonework 天然石砌筑natural ventilation 自然通风natural water level 自然水位nature park 自然公园navier's hypothesis 纳维尔假说navigable canal 航行运河navigable construction 通航构造navigation canal 航行运河navigation facilities 通航设施navigation lock 通航船闸neat cement grout 净水泥浆neat cement mortar 净水泥灰浆neat cement paste 净水泥浆neat line 准线neat portland cement 纯波特兰水泥necking 颈缩现象needle 横撑杆needle beam 针梁needle beam scaffold 小梁托撑脚手架needle gate 针形闸门needle valve 针阀needle vibrator 针状振捣器needling 横撑杆negative friction 负摩擦negative moment 负力矩negative pressure 负压negative reaction 负反力negative reinforcement 负挠钢筋negative well 渗水井neighbourhood unit 近里单位neoprene paint 氯丁橡胶涂料nerve 交叉侧肋nervure 交叉侧肋nest of sieves 一套筛子net 网net area 净面积net cut 净挖方net duty of water 净用水量net fill 净填方net floor area 地板或楼层净面积net line 墙面交接线net load 净载荷net positive suction head 净吸引压头net residential area 居住净面积net room area 房间净面积net sectional area 净断面面积net settlement 净沉降net structure 网状结构netting 铁丝网network 格网络network of chains 三角测量网network of coordinates 坐标格网network of underground 地下管网neutral axis 中性轴neutral plane 中性面neutral pressure 中性压力neutral surface 中性面neutralisation tank 中和槽neutron shield 中子防护屏new construction 新建工程new town 新城市newel 螺旋楼梯中柱newel post 螺旋楼梯中柱newel stair 有中柱的螺旋楼梯newly placed concrete 新浇混凝土nibbed tile 有挂脚的瓦niche 壁龛nick break test 缺口冲辉验nidged ashlar 琢石nigged ashlar 琢石nigging 砍修石头night population 夜间人口night setback 夜间温度降低nippers 钳子nipple 短连接管nissen hut 金属结构掩蔽棚屋nitrogen 氮no bond prestressing 无粘结纲筋的后预应力no bond stretching 无粘结纲筋的后预应力no bond tensioning 无粘结纲筋的后预应力no fines concrete 无细集料混凝土no hinged frame 无铰的框架no slump concrete 干硬混凝土nodal forces 节点力node 节点nog 木栓nogging 填墙木砖;系柱横撑nogging piece 横撑noise 噪声noise abatement 减声noise abatement wall 减声壁noise absorption factor 噪声吸收系数noise attenuation 减声noise barrier 消音屏noise control 噪声控剂noise criteria curves 噪声标准曲线noise damper 消音器noise level 噪音级noise meter 噪声计noise nuisance 噪声危害noise rating 噪声评价noise rating curves 噪声评级曲线noise reduction coefficient 噪声降低系数nominal bore 公称直径nominal diameter 公称直径nominal dimension 标称尺寸nominal horsepower 标称马力nominal maximum size of aggregate 骨料的额定最大粒径nominal mix 标称配合比nominal size 公称尺寸nomogram 计算图表non air entrained concrete 非含气的混凝土non bonded joint 不粘着的楼缝non carbonate hardness 非碳酸盐硬度non clogging filter 不堵塞的过滤器non clogging screen 不堵塞的筛non concussive tap 无冲机头non fireproof construction 非防火建筑non load bearing partition 非承重隔墙non load bearing wall 非承重墙non pressure drain 无压排水渠non pressure pipe 无压管non redundant structure 静定结构non retern valve 逆止阀non scouring velocity 不冲刷临non shrinking cement 不收缩水泥non silting velocity 不淤临non slewing crane 非回转式吊机non slip floor 防滑楼板non structural component 非构造部件non tilting drum mixer 直卸料式拌合机nonagitating unit 途中不搅拌的混凝土运送车nonbearing partition 非承重隔墙nonbearing structure 非承压结构nonbearing wall 非承重墙nonbreakable glass 刚性玻璃noncohesive soil 不粘结的土质noncombustible construction 非燃结构noncombustible materials 非燃建筑材料noncreeping material 无蠕变材料nondestructive testing 非破坏性试验nondomestic building 非住宅楼nondomestic premises 非居住房产nonelastic deformation 非弹性变形nonelastic range 非弹性段nonhomogeneity of materials 材料的非均质性nonhomogeneous state of stress 不均等应力状况nonhydraulic lime 非水化石灰nonhydraulic mortar 非水硬性灰浆nonlinear distribution of stresses 应力的非线形分布nonlinear elastic behavior 非线性弹性状态nonlinear elasticity 非线性弹性nonlinear plastic theory 非线性塑性理论nonoverflow section 非溢水部分nonparallel chord truss 非平行弦杆桁架nonprestressed reinforcement 非预应力的钢筋nonresidential building 非居住建筑物nonrigid carriageway 非刚性车道nonrigid pavement 非刚性路面nonrotating rope 不旋转绳nonshrink concrete 抗缩混凝土nonsimultaneous prestressing 非同时预应力nonskid carpet 防滑毡层nonskid surfacing 防滑铺面nonstaining cement 无玷污水泥nonstaining mortar 不生锈的灰浆nonstandard component 非标准构件nonsticky soil 非粘结性土壤nonstorage calorifier 快速加热装置nonsymmetry 非对称nonvolatile matter 非挥发性物质nonvolatile vehicle 非挥发性媒液noon 正午noria 斗式提升机norm 标准norm of construction 建筑规范norm of material consumption 材料消耗定额norm of work 工专额normal concrete 普通混凝土normal consistency 正常稠度normal force 法向力normal force diagram 法向力图表normal heavy concrete 普通重混凝土normal portland cement 普通波特兰水泥normal section 正常断面normal weight concrete 正常重量混凝土normalization 标准化normalization of production 生产正规化normally hydrated cement 正常水化水泥north easter 东北风north light glazing 朝北锯齿形采光屋面装配玻璃north light gutter 朝北锯齿形屋顶边沟north wester 伪风northlight roof 朝北锯齿形屋面norton tube well 管井nose of groyne 丁顶前端noser 强迎面风nosing 梯级突边not water carriage toilet facility 非水冲厕notation 标记notch 切口notch board 梯级侧板notch fall 带缝隙的阶梯式构造notch impact strength 刻痕冲豢度notch shock test 刻痕冲辉验notch toughness 刻痕韧性notched bar test 切口试样冲辉验notched bars 变形钢筋notched specimen 切口试样notching 凹槽连结;刻痕notching machine 齿形刀片栽剪机novelty flooring 新颖花绞地板novelty siding 下垂坡叠板noxious fumes 有毒炮烟nozzle 喷嘴nozzle meter 管嘴式临计ntatorium 游泳池nuclear energy structures 原子力发电厂构造物nuclear reactor 核反应堆nursery 育儿室nursery garden 育苗区nut 螺母nut anchorage 带螺母锚nut runner 螺帽扳手nut socket driver 螺母扳手nut torque 拧螺母转矩nylon 尼龙nylon rope 尼龙绳。

外文翻译---煤矿通风系统中瓦斯散发的控制

英文原文Mitigation of Methane Emissions from Coal Mine Ventilation AirPeter Carothers and Milind D.DeoABSTRACTU．S．EPA’s coalbed methane outreach program ,(CMOP)has prepared a technical assessment of techniques that combust trace amounts of coal mine methane contained in ventilation air. Control of methane emissions from mine ventilation systems has been an elusive goal because of the magnitude of a typical airflow and the very low methane concentrations. One established and cost-effective use feeds the air into a prime mover in lieu of ambient combustion air. This method usually consumes just a fraction of the flow available from each ventilation shaft. The authors evaluated the technical and economic feasibility of two emerging systems that may accept up to 100% of the flow from a nearby shaft, oxidize the contained methane, and produce marketable energy. Both systems use regenerative, flow-reversal reactors. One system operates at 1000℃，and the other uses a catalyst to reduce the combustion temperature by several hundred degrees. Above certain minimum methane concentrations the reactors can exchange high quality heat with a working fluid such as compressed air or pressurized water. This paper discusses two illustrative energy projects where the reactors produce energy revenue and greenhouse gas credits and yield an attractive return on invested capital.KEYWORDS: Coal, Methane, Mining, Ventilation, Combustion, Regenerative, and Greenhouse Gas.INTRODUCTIONThis paper presents a summary of a draft U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U．S．EPA) report. It is a technical assessment of existing and emerging processes capable of removing trace amounts of methane contained in ventilation air streams at gassy underground coal mines.Coaled methane (CBM) is methane that is formed during the coalification process and that resides within the coal seam and adjacent rock strata. Coal mining activity releases methane that has not been captured with drainage systems. The methane then passes into mine workings and on to the atmosphere. Gassy underground mines release significant quantities of such methane, which is referred to as coal mine methane (CMM). When allowed to accumulate in mineworking, CMM presents a substantial danger of fire and explosion. To assure miner safety and maintain continuous production, operators of gassy mines must degasify their mines.The most universally used method of degasification is dilution by ventilation. Ventilation systems consist of inlet and exhaust shafts and powerful fans that move large volumes of air through the mine workings to maintain a safe working environment. Exhausted ventilation air contains a very diluted amount of methane; typical concentrations range between 0.2 to 0.8% methane, well below the explosion limits. To date (with very few exceptions) ventilation systems release the air-methane mixture to the atmosphere, thus emitting or liberating the methane without attempting to capture and use it. Operators may supplement ventilation with another form of degasification, methane drainage technology, which forcibly extracts methane from coal strata in advance of, or after, mining.Some operators to employ a variety of proven methods, capture and use drained CMM but the majority of drained ventilation air. Methane emissions from ventilation air comprise the largest portion of all CMM liberation worldwide, and they are the most difficult to control. This paper examines the current and future possibilities for destroying and potentially using ventilation air methane.Global Importance of Ventilation Air EmissionsMethane is a potent greenhouse gas, approximately 21 times more effective per unit of weight than carbon dioxide in terms of causing global warming over a 100-year time frame. Coal mine methane emissions account for approximately 10% of anthropogenic methane emissions worldwide, and they are the fourth largest source of methane release in the US. By far the largest portion of this methane leaves the mines through the ventilation system. Therefore, the most logical and direct way to reduce CMM emissions would be to find methods to capture, process, and use methane that exits the ventilation shaft. This paper assesses technologies that can be expected to handle the entire ventilation stream from a single shaft. A typical shaft at a gassy mine in the U.S. will move between 100 to 250 cubic-meters of air per second (m3/s) or approximately 212,000 to 530,000 cubic feet per minute (cfm). Illustrations in this paper assume a unit capacity of 100 m3/s ,a practical modular size that mines could use singly or in multiples. A 100 m3/s ventilation flow containing 0.5%methane will emit 43,200 m of methane per day or about 1.525 mmcfd.Barriers to Current Recovery and UseVentilation airflows are very large, and the contained methane is so diluted that conventional combustion processes cannot oxidize it without supplemental fuel. Ventilation air s characteristics make it extremely difficult to handle and process and constitute technical barriers to its recovery and use.Costly Air Handling SystemsTypical ventilation airflows are so enormous that a processing system will have to be very large and expensive. Each processing system will have to include a fan to neutralize any pressure drop caused by the reactor and avoid having the mines face costly increases in electric power.Low methane concentrations.A methane-in-air mixture is explosive in a concentration range between about 4.5 and 15% .below 4.5% methane will not ignite or sustain combustion unless it can remain in an environment where temperatures exceed 1,000. therefore, any conventional method proposed to use ventilation air as a fuel, or even to destroy it, would require an endothermic reaction.Variable flows and changing locationsMine operators will face the flow variations typically exhibited by a ventilation system. As mine operations progress underground the working face tends to move away from the original ventilation shaft. A processing system built to accept a given flow will experience short-term periodic fluctuations and a probable decline over time as other, more distant exhaust shafts take over. IDENTIFICATION OF APPLICABLE TECHNOLOGIES The technologies available to mitigate ventilation air emissions divide into two basic categories: ancillary uses and principal uses.Ancillary usesThe focus of projects in this category is on a primary fuel that is not ventilation air; thus employment of ventilation air is ancillary and restricted to amounts that are convenient for the project. For example, a power plant of other prime mover may use ventilation air(instead of ambient air) as combustion air. Projects of this type normally use only a fraction of the ventilation air. The technique requires a modest air handling and transport system that serves to bring ventilation air from the shaft exit to the prime mover s air intake. The Appin and tower projects owned by BHP steel collieries division in Australia provide an outstanding example of ancillary use. Two facilities totaling 40 and 54MW each produce electric power with a series of one-megawatt caterpillar internalcombustion engine generators. Gob gas drained from the two mines is the primary fuel, but it is supplemented with methane (averaging about 0.7%) contained in the mine ventilation air that is used as each unit’s combustion air in place of ambient air. This strategy increases the quantity of fuel available to the project by about 10% and consumes up to 20% of ventilation emissions. Since the project must rely on natural gas to supplement its primary fuel during periods of low CMM availability, the methane from ventilation air represents a significant cost savings. While BHP has not identified separate capital and operating expenditures for the air substitution part of the project, a caterpillar spokesman stated that these were modest. They consisted of ducting installed from just above the ventilation fan to each engine’s air intake, the air filtration system, and some additional programming at the control centers. There are no additional fans in the ductwork because the engines generate enough suction power to move ventilation air to their intake systems. One can conclude from the foregoing that the ventilation air substitution system is a simple, practical, and profitable technique for CMM use that could be replicated at many gassy mine settings where electric generation using gob gas may be viable.Combustion turbines, or gas turbines, may also use ventilation air as combustion air. Since it contains useable fuel, the operator can cut back on the quantity of primary fuel. Solar Turbines, a division of Caterpiller Inc., has investigated this strategy for use with small (e.g., 3to 8MW) turbines located near mine ventilation shafts. Although the company has no field experience with the applications, albeit within very strict methane concentration limits that they impose to guarantee the safe operation of the equipment.Principal usesTechnologies in this category would use ventilation air as the primary fuel and attempt to consume up to 100% of the ,ethane emitting fro, a single exhaust shaft. As discussed below, these systems ,ay also employ more concentrated fuels such as gob gas to enhance the utility or profitability of a given project. The authors identified two processes: a thermal oxidation process called the VOCSIDIZER, and a catalytic oxidation process called the Catalytic Flow-Reversal Reactor (CFRR). A description of each system follows:CFRRIn 1995 researchers at ERDL/Natural Resources Canada in Varennes,Quebec (also known as CANMET and NRCan) conceived of and developed the Catalytic Flow-Reversal Reactor expressly for use on coal mine ventilation air. The research team was aware of and wished to improve upon the TFRR to process mine ventilation air at lower temperatures, CANMET selected catalysts that reduce the combustion temperature of methane by several hundred degrees Celsius.They have demonstrated the CFRR technology over a range of simulated conditions at small scale. CANMET and several Canadian private and government entities have formed a consortium to finance, design, build, and operate an industrial-scale demonstration plant (approximately 8 to 10 m3/s) at the Phalen Mine in Nova Scotia. CANMET is also studying energy recovery options that are appropriate for the CFRR, especially the gas turbine option. Principles of operationFigure 1 shows a schematic of a reverse-flow-reactor. This is a simple apparatus that consists of a large bed of silica gravel or ceramic heat exchange medium with a set of electric heating elements in the center. Airflow equipment such as plenums, ducts, valves, and insulation elements are fitted around and within the bed. Controls and ancillary equipment are mounted nearby. The TFRR and CFRR have the same general appearance except the CFRR has zones on either side of the heat exchanger that contain catalyst pellets (not shown). The process employs the principle of regenerative heat exchange between a gas (ventilation air) and a solid (bed of heat exchange media selected t efficiently store and transfer heat) in the reaction zone. To start the operation, electric heating elements preheat the middle of the bed to the temperature required to initiate combustion (i.e., 1000℃-1100℃in the case of the TFRR). During the first half of the first cycle, ventilation air at ambient temperature enters and lows through the reactor in one direction. ,ethane oxidation takes place near the center of the bed when the mixture begins to exceed 1000℃.Thus, if these temperatures can be maintained in the bed, practically 100% conversion of methane (to carbon dioxide and water) can be achieved. All three sections of the reactor are well-insulated so that very little heat is lost to the surroundings.If the gas is not heated to the combustion temperature o methane, the reaction will not start because there is no heat source. This situation is called a non-starter. Even if the reaction does start, the final conversion must be completeenough to heat the media, and in turn, the gas in the next cycle to the auto-combustion temperature. Otherwise, the reactor will cool down over a number of cycles. This situation is called a blow-out.After the initial cycles of a sustained operation, hot products of combustion and unreacted air continue through the bed, losing heat to the far side of the bed in the process. When the far side of the bed is sufficiently hot and the near side has cooled, the reactor automatically reverses the direction of ventilation airflow. New ventilation air enters the far side of the bed and becomes hotter by taking heat from the bed. Close to the reactor’s center the methane reaches combustion temperature, oxidizes, and produces heat to be transferred to the near side of the bed before exiting.In an ideal situation the temperature profile in the bed would be as shown in Figure 2. When the ventilation air flows from bottom to top it picks up heat from contact with the hot solid media and its temperature increases. The gas temperature lags the solid temperature by a few degrees (about 20 to 50℃in existing units) both while gaining and losing heat according to MEGTEC. As the flow continues in the initial half cycle, the high temperature zone, with respect to both the solid and the gas, tends to migrate upward (for the bottom-to-top illustrative flow configuration). The flow reversal arrests this upward migration and prevents it from traveling too far from the center. The next half cycle flow (top-to-bottom) produces a new temperature profile, also shown in Figure 2. By switching flow direction at pre-calculated time periods, typically between two and ten minutes, the hot zone can be maintained in the center of the reactor.As is observed in Figure 2, even with very efficient heat transfer the exit air temperature is at least a few degrees higher than the incoming ventilation air. As a result, if no energy is being generated internally, the bed would eventually cool. Both vendors claim that if the methane concentration in the incoming air is consistently about 0.15%and if the unit has been optimized to meet that parameter, the operation would be auto-thermic (i.e. it would support itself without additional applied heat or fuel), this would mean that oxidizing this quantity of methane will produce enough heat to compensate for an approximate 40 temperature rise in the exit gas flow relative to incoming gas temperature.. the goal of the technical assessments and numerical modeling is to verify vendor claims.中文译文煤矿通风系统中瓦斯散发的控制摘要美国环境保护委员会的关于煤体瓦斯扩散的项目,(CMOP)为点燃矿井通风空气中包含的瓦斯的技术提供了一个技术评价。

ipcc温室气体清单指南英文版

ipcc温室气体清单指南英文版The IPCC Greenhouse Gas Inventory Guidelines provide a comprehensive framework for countries to report on their greenhouse gas emissions, which are the main driver of global climate change. These guidelines are essential for understanding the sources and trends of greenhouse gas emissions, as well as for evaluating the effectiveness of mitigation measures.The guidelines cover all major greenhouse gases, including carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), and fluorinated gases. They specify detailed methods for estimating emissions from different sectors, such as energy, agriculture, waste, and industrial processes. By following these guidelines, countries can ensure that their inventory data is accurate, consistent, and comparable with other countries.One key aspect of the guidelines is the concept of "transparency," which emphasizes the need for countries to provide clear and complete documentation of their emission estimates. This helps build trust in the integrity of the data and enables other countries and stakeholders to verify the information.The guidelines also provide guidance on how to account for uncertainties in emission estimates, which is crucial for assessing the reliability of the data. Uncertainty is inherent in greenhouse gas inventories due to factors such as incomplete data, measurement errors, and assumptions made in the estimation process. By quantifying and reporting uncertainties, countries can provide a more accurate picture of the reliability of their emissions data.In addition to emissions, the guidelines also cover removals of greenhouse gases by sinks, such as forests and soils. These removals play a crucial role in offsetting emissions and are important for achieving net-zero emissions, a key goal of the Paris Agreement.Overall, the IPCC Greenhouse Gas Inventory Guidelines are an essential tool for countries to track their emissions and progress towards their climate targets. By following these guidelines, countries can improve the quality and transparency of their emission data, which is essential for effective climate action at both national and global levels.。

温室效应英语作文

The greenhouse effect is a natural process that occurs when certain gases in the Earths atmosphere trap heat,preventing it from escaping into space.This phenomenon is essential for maintaining the Earths temperature at a level suitable for life.However, human activities have significantly increased the concentration of these gases,leading to an enhanced greenhouse effect and global warming.Causes of the Greenhouse Effect:1.Burning of Fossil Fuels:The primary cause of the enhanced greenhouse effect is the burning of fossil fuels such as coal,oil,and natural gas.This process releases large amounts of carbon dioxide CO2into the atmosphere.2.Deforestation:Trees absorb CO2,acting as a natural carbon sink.The removal of forests for agriculture,urbanization,and logging reduces this natural absorption, increasing the amount of CO2in the atmosphere.3.Industrial Processes:Certain industrial activities release gases like methane and nitrous oxide,which are potent greenhouse gases.4.Agricultural Practices:Farming,especially rice cultivation and livestock farming, contributes to methane emissions.Consequences of the Greenhouse Effect:1.Rising Temperatures:The most direct consequence is the increase in global temperatures,leading to heatwaves and altering weather patterns.2.Melting Ice Caps and Rising Sea Levels:The warming of the planet causes polar ice caps and glaciers to melt,contributing to rising sea levels that threaten coastal cities and islands.3.Extreme Weather Events:There is an increase in the frequency and intensity of extreme weather events such as hurricanes,droughts,and floods.4.Impact on Biodiversity:Changes in climate can disrupt ecosystems,leading to the extinction of species that cannot adapt to new conditions.Mitigation Strategies:1.Renewable Energy:Shifting from fossil fuels to renewable energy sources like solar, wind,and hydroelectric power can significantly reduce CO2emissions.2.Energy Efficiency:Improving energy efficiency in buildings,transportation,and industrial processes can lower the demand for energy and reduce emissions.3.Reforestation and Afforestation:Planting trees and restoring forests can increase the Earths capacity to absorb CO2.4.Carbon Capture and Storage:Technologies that capture CO2emissions from industrial sources and store them underground can help reduce atmospheric CO2levels.5.Sustainable Agriculture:Changing agricultural practices to reduce methane and nitrous oxide emissions,such as managing manure and promoting sustainable rice farmingtechniques.Conclusion:The greenhouse effect is a critical environmental issue that requires global cooperation and immediate action.By understanding the causes and consequences,and by implementing mitigation strategies,we can work towards a more sustainable future and mitigate the impacts of global warming.。

了解气候变化的原因及应对措施英语作文

了解气候变化的原因及应对措施英语作文Climate change is primarily caused by human activities, particularly the burning of fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas. When these fuels are burned, they release greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide and methane into the atmosphere. These gases trap heat from the sun, leading to an increase in global temperatures. Deforestation and industrial processes also contribute to the release of greenhouse gases, further exacerbating the issue.In addition to human activities, natural factors such as volcanic eruptions and solar radiation can also affect the Earth's climate. However, the current rate of climate change is largely driven by human actions.To address climate change, a combination of mitigation and adaptation strategies is needed. Mitigation involves reducing the amount of greenhouse gases being released into the atmosphere, while adaptation focuses on adjusting to the changes that are already occurring. Some key mitigation strategies include transitioning to renewable energy sources, improving energy efficiency, and implementingpolicies to limit carbon emissions. Adaptation measures may include strengthening infrastructure to withstand extreme weather events, implementing water conservation strategies, and supporting sustainable agriculture practices.In addition to these strategies, international cooperation is crucial in addressing climate change. The Paris Agreement, which aims to limit global warming to well below 2 degrees Celsius, is a key example of global efforts to combat climate change. By working together, countries can share knowledge and resources to develop effective solutions.In conclusion, climate change is a complex issue driven by human activities and natural factors. To address this challenge, it is essential to implement both mitigation and adaptation strategies, as well as to promote international cooperation. By taking decisive action, we can work towards a more sustainable and resilient future for our planet.气候变化的主要原因是人类活动，特别是燃烧化石燃料，如煤、石油和天然气。

缓解全球变暖的措施英语作文

缓解全球变暖的措施英语作文英文回答：Mitigating Climate Change: Addressing a Global Crisis.Climate change, a multifaceted threat to our planet and its inhabitants, poses significant challenges that necessitate immediate action. The consequences of unchecked global warming are dire, including rising sea levels, extreme weather events, and the degradation of ecosystems. To mitigate the effects of climate change and safeguard the future of our planet, it is imperative to implement comprehensive measures across various sectors.1. Transition to Renewable Energy Sources:The combustion of fossil fuels is a primary contributor to greenhouse gas emissions. Transitioning to renewable energy sources, such as solar, wind, and geothermal, can drastically reduce our reliance on fossil fuels andmitigate climate change.2. Promote Energy Efficiency:Improving energy efficiency in buildings, transportation, and industrial processes can significantly reduce energy consumption. This can be achieved through energy-efficient building designs, insulation, efficient appliances, and public transportation.3. Protect Forests and Wetlands:Forests and wetlands act as carbon sinks, absorbing and storing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Protecting and restoring these ecosystems is crucial for mitigating climate change.4. Promote Sustainable Agriculture:Agricultural practices, such as deforestation, contribute to greenhouse gas emissions. Promoting sustainable agriculture practices, such as agroforestry,regenerative farming, and reduced fertilizer use, can mitigate climate change while enhancing food security.5. Reduce Methane Emissions:Methane, a potent greenhouse gas, is primarily emitted from livestock and landfills. Implementing measures to reduce methane emissions, such as capturing and utilizing biogas from landfills and improving livestock management practices, can contribute to climate change mitigation.6. Carbon Capture and Storage:Carbon capture and storage technologies, such as direct air capture and geological storage, have the potential to remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. These technologies can play a role in reducing the overall concentration of greenhouse gases.7. Invest in Research and Development:Investing in research and development of innovativetechnologies is vital for developing more effective and economical solutions to climate change. This includes research on renewable energy, energy storage, and carbon capture technologies.8. International Collaboration:Climate change is a global issue that requires international collaboration. Countries around the world must work together to implement mitigation measures, share best practices, and provide financial and technical support to developing countries.9. Raise Public Awareness and Education:Raising public awareness about the causes and consequences of climate change is essential for fostering individual and collective action. Education campaigns, media outreach, and community engagement can raise awareness and promote behavioral change.10. Climate Justice:Mitigating climate change requires addressing climate justice. Communities disproportionately affected by climate change often lack resources and opportunities to adapt. Ensuring equitable access to climate adaptation and mitigation measures is crucial for creating a sustainable and just future.中文回答：缓解全球变暖，应对全球危机。

为全球变暖献计献策英语作文

为全球变暖献计献策英语作文Combating Global Warming: Strategies and Solutions.Global warming is a pressing issue that demands immediate action. As the Earth's temperature rises, so do the risks of extreme weather events, melting ice caps, and rising sea levels. To address this global challenge, we must take a comprehensive approach that involves individuals, communities, and governments worldwide. Inthis article, we will explore some of the key strategies and solutions for mitigating global warming.1. Reducing Carbon Emissions.The primary cause of global warming is the accumulation of greenhouse gases, particularly carbon dioxide, in the atmosphere. To address this issue, we must reduce our carbon emissions. This can be achieved through various means, including:Transitioning to renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, and hydroelectric power.Improving energy efficiency in buildings, appliances, and transportation.Encouraging the use of electric vehicles and public transportation.Investing in carbon capture and storage technologies.2. Promoting Sustainable Agriculture.Agriculture is a significant contributor to greenhouse gas emissions. To reduce these emissions, we must promote sustainable agricultural practices that reduce soil erosion, increase carbon sequestration, and minimize the use of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides. This can be achieved through:Adopting regenerative agricultural practices such as crop rotation and composting.Encouraging the use of sustainable livestock production methods.Supporting local and organic food production.3. Preserving and Restoring Forests.Forests are crucial for mitigating global warming as they absorb carbon dioxide and release oxygen. To preserve and restore forests, we must:Protect existing forests from deforestation and degradation.Plant more trees to increase carbon sequestration.Restore degraded forests through reforestation and afforestation programs.4. Improving Waste Management.Waste management is another crucial aspect of global warming mitigation. Improper waste disposal leads to the release of methane, a potent greenhouse gas. To improve waste management, we must:Promote recycling and composting to reduce waste generation.Implement proper waste disposal methods to minimize methane emissions.Encourage the use of biodegradable products and packaging.5. Encouraging Individual Action.Individuals can play a significant role in mitigating global warming by adopting sustainable lifestyle practices. This includes:Reducing energy consumption by conserving electricity and water.Eating a plant-based diet to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from the agricultural sector.Buying local and sustainable products to support sustainable production methods.Participating in community-based climate action projects such as tree planting and waste reduction initiatives.6. Encouraging Policy Change.Governments must also take action to address global warming. This includes:Implementing policies that encourage the transition to renewable energy and energy efficiency.Providing incentives for sustainable agriculture and forestry practices.Enforcing strict regulations on waste management and pollution.Funding research and development in climate change mitigation technologies.In conclusion, global warming is a complex issue that requires a multifaceted approach. By reducing carbon emissions, promoting sustainable agriculture, preserving and restoring forests, improving waste management, encouraging individual action, and implementing policy changes, we can mitigate the impacts of global warming and create a more sustainable future for ourselves and our planet. It is crucial that we all play our part in this global effort to protect our shared home.。

阻止温室效应英语作文

阻止温室效应英语作文Climate change is one of the most pressing issues facing our planet today. The primary driver of this phenomenon is the greenhouse effect, a natural process that helps regulate the Earth's temperature by trapping heat from the sun's rays. However, human activities, such as the burning of fossil fuels, deforestation, and industrial processes, have significantly increased the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, leading to an enhanced greenhouse effect and global warming.The greenhouse effect is a crucial process that makes life on Earth possible. Without it, the planet would be too cold to sustain life as we know it. The sun's energy reaches the Earth's surface, and some of this energy is absorbed by the planet's surface, while the rest is reflected back into the atmosphere. Greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O), act like a blanket, trapping the reflected heat and preventing it from escaping into space. This natural process helps maintain the Earth's average temperature at a comfortable level, allowing for the development and sustenance of life.However, the problem arises when the concentration of these greenhouse gases in the atmosphere increases beyond their natural levels. Human activities, particularly the burning of fossil fuels for energy production, transportation, and industrial processes, as well as deforestation and agriculture, have significantly contributed to the rise in greenhouse gas emissions. As a result, the Earth's temperature has been steadily increasing, leading to a range of environmental and societal consequences.The effects of global warming are already being felt around the world. Extreme weather events, such as heatwaves, droughts, wildfires, and floods, have become more frequent and intense, causing significant damage to infrastructure, agriculture, and human lives. Sea levels are rising, threatening coastal communities and small island nations. Glaciers and Arctic sea ice are melting at an alarming rate, disrupting ecosystems and affecting the availability of fresh water. Additionally, the increased temperatures and changing weather patterns are leading to the spread of infectious diseases, the loss of biodiversity, and the disruption of food production.To address this pressing issue, it is crucial that we take immediate and comprehensive action to mitigate the effects of climate change and prevent further environmental degradation. This requires a multi-pronged approach involving governments, businesses, andindividuals working together to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and promote sustainable practices.One of the key strategies to combat the greenhouse effect is to transition from fossil fuels to renewable energy sources, such as solar, wind, and hydropower. This transition will not only reduce our reliance on non-renewable and polluting energy sources but also create new job opportunities in the growing clean energy sector. Governments can play a crucial role in this transition by implementing policies that incentivize the use of renewable energy, such as carbon pricing, renewable energy targets, and subsidies for clean energy technologies.Another important aspect of addressing the greenhouse effect is to improve energy efficiency across all sectors, including transportation, buildings, and industry. This can be achieved through the development and widespread adoption of energy-efficient technologies, such as LED lighting, high-efficiency appliances, and electric vehicles. Governments can also promote energy-efficient building codes and support the retrofitting of existing buildings to improve their energy performance.Deforestation is another major contributor to the greenhouse effect, as forests act as natural carbon sinks, absorbing and storing large amounts of CO2. Protecting and restoring forests, as well aspromoting sustainable land-use practices, are crucial steps in mitigating climate change. Governments and international organizations can implement policies and initiatives to curb deforestation, support reforestation efforts, and incentivize sustainable agriculture and forestry practices.Individuals can also play a significant role in addressing the greenhouse effect by adopting sustainable lifestyle choices. This includes reducing energy consumption, using public transportation or electric vehicles, supporting renewable energy sources, and reducing waste and consumption. Educating the public about the importance of individual actions and providing them with the tools and resources to make sustainable choices can amplify the impact of these efforts.In addition to these mitigation strategies, it is also essential to invest in adaptation measures to help communities and ecosystems become more resilient to the impacts of climate change. This includes improving infrastructure to withstand extreme weather events, developing early warning systems, and supporting the development of climate-smart agriculture practices.Addressing the greenhouse effect and climate change will require a global, coordinated effort. Governments, businesses, and individuals must work together to implement comprehensive solutions thataddress the root causes of the problem and build a more sustainable future. By taking immediate and decisive action, we can mitigate the worst effects of climate change and ensure a livable planet for generations to come.。

关于气候变化的报告英语作文

关于气候变化的报告英语作文Climate Change Report.Climate change, a phenomenon characterized by long-term shifts in global or regional climate patterns, has become one of the most pressing environmental challenges facing humanity. Its impacts are far-reaching, affecting various aspects of our planet, including ecosystems, economies, and human well-being.Causes of Climate Change.The primary cause of climate change is the increasing concentration of greenhouse gases in the Earth's atmosphere. These gases, such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide, trap heat from the sun, leading to a gradual rise in global temperatures.Human activities, particularly the burning of fossil fuels for energy production and deforestation, contributesignificantly to greenhouse gas emissions. These activities release large amounts of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, intensifying the greenhouse effect.Impacts of Climate Change.The impacts of climate change are multifaceted and can be observed across the globe. Some of the most notable effects include:Rising Sea Levels: As global temperatures increase, glaciers and ice caps melt, contributing to sea-level rise. This poses a significant threat to coastal communities, infrastructure, and ecosystems.Extreme Weather Events: Climate change is exacerbating the frequency and intensity of extreme weather events, such as hurricanes, floods, droughts, and heat waves. These events can cause widespread damage, loss of life, and economic disruption.Changes in Ecosystems: Climate change is altering the distribution and composition of plant and animal species. Rising temperatures, changes in precipitation patterns, and ocean acidification are disrupting ecosystems and jeopardizing biodiversity.Health Impacts: Climate change has direct and indirect impacts on human health. Extreme heat, air pollution, and water scarcity can contribute to cardiovascular and respiratory problems, heat-related illnesses, andinfectious diseases.Mitigation and Adaptation.Addressing climate change requires a multifaceted approach involving both mitigation and adaptation strategies. Mitigation measures aim to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, while adaptation strategies focus on adjusting to the impacts of climate change.Mitigation Strategies:Transition to renewable energy sources, such as solar, wind, and geothermal energy.Improve energy efficiency in buildings, transportation, and industry.Promote sustainable land-use practices, such as reforestation and conservation.Implement carbon capture and storage technologies.Adaptation Strategies:Develop early warning systems for extreme weather events.Build flood barriers and other infrastructure toprotect coastal areas.Improve water management systems to address droughts and floods.Support climate-resilient agriculture and fisheries.International Cooperation.Climate change is a global issue that requires international cooperation and collaboration. The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) provides a platform for countries to negotiate and implement collective actions to address climate change.The Paris Agreement, adopted by nearly 200 countries in 2015, aims to limit global temperature rise to well below 2°C, preferably to 1.5°C, compared to pre-industrial levels. It sets out ambitious targets for greenhouse gas emission reductions and encourages climate resilience and sustainable development.Conclusion.Climate change poses a significant threat to the health of our planet and the well-being of its inhabitants. Understanding the causes and impacts of climate change iscrucial for developing effective strategies to mitigate its effects and adapt to its consequences. International cooperation, scientific research, and public awareness are essential to address this urgent global challenge.。

有关气体污染的英语作文

有关气体污染的英语作文Title: The Impact of Air Pollution and Strategies for Mitigation。

Air pollution is a significant environmental issue that affects people's health, ecosystems, and the global climate. It arises from various sources, including industrial activities, transportation, agriculture, and natural processes. In this essay, we will explore the detrimental effects of air pollution and discuss strategies to mitigate this pressing problem.Firstly, air pollution poses severe threats to human health. The emission of pollutants such as particulate matter (PM), nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulfur dioxide (SO2), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and carbon monoxide (CO) can lead to respiratory diseases, cardiovascular problems, and even premature death. Vulnerable populations such as children, the elderly, and individuals with pre-existing health conditions are particularly at risk.Furthermore, air pollution has detrimental effects on the environment. It can lead to the acidification of soils and water bodies, damage to vegetation, and the depletion of the ozone layer. Ecosystems suffer from reduced biodiversity, impaired reproductive success, and disruption of natural processes. Additionally, air pollution contributes to climate change by releasing greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4), which trap heat in the atmosphere and lead to global warming.To address these challenges, various strategies for mitigating air pollution are being implemented worldwide. One approach is the adoption of cleaner technologies and renewable energy sources. By transitioning from fossilfuels to renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, and hydroelectric power, we can reduce emissions of greenhouse gases and other pollutants. Additionally, advancements in vehicle technology, such as electric and hybrid vehicles, can help decrease emissions from the transportation sector.Another important strategy is the implementation ofstringent environmental regulations and policies. Governments play a crucial role in setting emission standards, enforcing regulations, and promoting sustainable practices. Measures such as emissions trading schemes, carbon taxes, and subsidies for clean energy canincentivize industries to reduce their environmental footprint and invest in cleaner production methods.Public awareness and education also play a vital rolein combating air pollution. By raising awareness about the health and environmental consequences of air pollution, individuals can make informed choices and adopt sustainable behaviors. Efforts to promote energy efficiency, reduce waste, and conserve resources can contribute to improving air quality and mitigating climate change.International cooperation is essential in addressing transboundary air pollution and global environmental challenges. Countries must collaborate to share knowledge, technology, and best practices for reducing emissions and protecting the planet's atmosphere. Initiatives such as the Paris Agreement demonstrate the commitment of theinternational community to combat climate change and promote sustainable development.In conclusion, air pollution is a complex issue withfar-reaching consequences for human health, ecosystems, and the climate. However, by implementing comprehensive strategies such as adopting cleaner technologies, implementing environmental regulations, raising public awareness, and fostering international cooperation, we can mitigate the impact of air pollution and create a healthier and more sustainable future for generations to come.。

保护环境相关英语作文

保护环境相关英语作文Title: Environmental Protection: A Global Responsibility。

In recent decades, the issue of environmentalprotection has emerged as one of the most pressing challenges facing humanity. With rapid industrialization, urbanization, and population growth, our planet faces unprecedented threats to its ecosystems, biodiversity, and climate stability. Addressing these challenges requires concerted efforts at both local and global levels. In this essay, I will delve into the importance of environmental protection and propose several effective strategies to mitigate environmental degradation.First and foremost, environmental protection is crucial for safeguarding the health and well-being of current and future generations. Pollution from industries, transportation, and agriculture has resulted in air and water contamination, leading to respiratory diseases,waterborne illnesses, and ecosystem destruction. Moreover, deforestation, habitat loss, and overexploitation ofnatural resources threaten countless species with extinction, disrupting delicate ecological balancesessential for human survival. By protecting the environment, we not only preserve the beauty and diversity of our planet but also ensure sustainable livelihoods and a healthy environment for all living organisms.Furthermore, environmental protection is intrinsically linked to the mitigation of climate change, one of the greatest existential threats facing humanity. The burningof fossil fuels for energy generation and transportation releases greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide and methane, which trap heat in the Earth's atmosphere, causing global temperatures to rise. This leads to a myriad of consequences, including more frequent and severe weather events, rising sea levels, and disruptions to agricultural systems. To mitigate climate change, it is imperative to transition to renewable energy sources, improve energy efficiency, and implement policies to reduce carbon emissions. Additionally, protecting forests and othernatural carbon sinks can help absorb and store atmospheric carbon, mitigating the impacts of climate change.To effectively address environmental degradation, it is essential to adopt a multifaceted approach that encompasses policy interventions, technological innovations, and individual behavioral changes. Governments play a central role in enacting and enforcing environmental regulations, such as emission standards, waste management policies, and protected area designations. Additionally, incentivizing sustainable practices through economic instruments such as carbon pricing and subsidies for renewable energy can encourage businesses and individuals to adopt environmentally friendly behaviors. Moreover, investing in research and development of clean technologies, such as renewable energy, electric vehicles, and sustainable agriculture, is crucial for transitioning to a low-carbon economy.However, environmental protection is not solely the responsibility of governments and policymakers. Individuals also have a vital role to play in promoting sustainabilityand conservation in their daily lives. Simple actions such as reducing, reusing, and recycling waste, conserving water and energy, and supporting environmentally responsible products and businesses can collectively make a significant difference. Furthermore, raising awareness about environmental issues through education, advocacy, and community engagement can inspire collective action andfoster a culture of environmental stewardship.In conclusion, environmental protection is a global imperative that requires collective action from governments, businesses, communities, and individuals. By recognizingthe interconnectedness of environmental, social, and economic systems, we can work together to mitigate environmental degradation, address climate change, andbuild a more sustainable and resilient future for generations to come. As stewards of the planet, it is our responsibility to protect and preserve the natural worldfor the benefit of all life on Earth.。

垃圾分类的重要性英语作文

垃圾分类的重要性英语作文Title: The Importance of Waste Classification。

In today's world, waste classification has emerged as a pivotal practice in environmental conservation and sustainable development. The significance of waste classification cannot be overstated, as it plays a vital role in mitigating environmental degradation, conserving resources, and fostering a healthier ecosystem. This essay will delve into the various reasons why wasteclassification is of paramount importance.First and foremost, waste classification facilitates effective waste management. By sorting waste into different categories such as recyclables, biodegradables, and hazardous materials, it becomes easier to handle and dispose of them appropriately. Proper waste management helps prevent pollution of land, air, and water, thereby safeguarding both human health and the environment.Moreover, waste classification promotes resource conservation and recycling. Recyclable materials such as paper, glass, plastics, and metals can be recovered and processed into new products, reducing the need for virgin resources. By recycling, we can conserve energy, reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and alleviate the strain on natural ecosystems caused by resource extraction.Additionally, waste classification fosters public awareness and environmental consciousness. When individuals actively participate in sorting their waste, they become more mindful of their consumption habits and the environmental impact of their actions. This heightened awareness can lead to behavioral changes, such as reducing waste generation, reusing products, and making sustainable choices.Furthermore, waste classification contributes to the circular economy model. In a circular economy, resources are continuously reused, recycled, and regenerated, minimizing waste generation and maximizing resource efficiency. By segregating waste streams and reintroducingmaterials into the production cycle, waste classification supports the transition towards a more circular and sustainable economic system.Moreover, waste classification can generate economic benefits. Recycling and proper waste management create employment opportunities in various sectors, including collection, sorting, processing, and manufacturing. Additionally, the recycled materials market offers revenue streams and cost savings for businesses engaged in sustainable practices.Furthermore, waste classification plays a crucial role in combating climate change. Improper waste disposal, such as landfilling organic waste, leads to the emission of methane, a potent greenhouse gas. By diverting organic waste from landfills through composting or anaerobic digestion, we can reduce methane emissions and mitigate climate change.In conclusion, waste classification is indispensable for environmental conservation, resource efficiency, andsustainable development. By promoting effective waste management, resource conservation, public awareness, the circular economy, economic opportunities, and climate change mitigation, waste classification serves as a cornerstone of modern environmental stewardship. It is imperative that individuals, communities, businesses, and governments collaborate to prioritize waste classification and embrace a more sustainable approach to waste management. Only through collective action and concerted efforts can we build a cleaner, greener, and more resilient future for generations to come.。

浅谈气候变化英语作文

浅谈气候变化英语作文Title: A Discussion on Climate Change。

Climate change, a phenomenon with far-reaching implications, has garnered significant attention in recent years. From rising global temperatures to extreme weather events, its impacts are evident worldwide. In this essay,we delve into the complexities of climate change, exploring its causes, effects, and potential solutions.First and foremost, it's essential to understand the primary drivers of climate change. Human activities, particularly the burning of fossil fuels and deforestation, have significantly increased the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide trap heat within the Earth's atmosphere, leading to the warming of the planet—a process known asthe greenhouse effect. Additionally, industrial processes, agricultural practices, and land-use changes contribute to the release of these gases, exacerbating the problem.The consequences of climate change are manifold and multifaceted. One of the most prominent effects is the rise in global temperatures, resulting in melting ice caps, shrinking glaciers, and rising sea levels. Coastal communities face the threat of inundation, while island nations confront the risk of disappearance due to sea-level rise. Moreover, changes in temperature and precipitation patterns have profound implications for agriculture, water resources, and biodiversity. Extreme weather events, such as hurricanes, droughts, and heatwaves, are becoming more frequent and intense, posing significant challenges to human societies and ecosystems alike.Addressing climate change requires concerted efforts at the local, national, and international levels. Mitigation strategies aim to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and limit the extent of global warming. This involves transitioning to renewable energy sources, improving energy efficiency, and implementing policies to curb carbon emissions. Furthermore, afforestation and reforestation initiatives can help absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere,mitigating the impacts of climate change.In addition to mitigation, adaptation measures are crucial for building resilience to the impacts of climate change. This includes investing in infrastructure that can withstand extreme weather events, developing early warning systems for natural disasters, and implementing sustainable land-use practices. Furthermore, enhancing education and awareness about climate change can empower individuals and communities to take action and adopt sustainable lifestyles.International cooperation is paramount in addressingthe global nature of climate change. The Paris Agreement, adopted in 2015, represents a significant step forward in this regard, with countries committing to reducing their greenhouse gas emissions and enhancing climate resilience. However, concerted efforts are needed to ensure theeffective implementation of these commitments and to rampup ambition in line with the goals of limiting global warming to well below 2 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels.In conclusion, climate change poses a profoundchallenge to humanity, with wide-ranging implications for the environment, society, and economy. While the causes of climate change are primarily anthropogenic, its solutions require collective action and political will on a global scale. By implementing mitigation and adaptation measures, fostering innovation, and promoting sustainable development, we can work towards a more resilient and sustainable future for generations to come.。

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Thclusions
1.Introduction
2.Mathematical model
• 2.1.The mathematical model of vaporization
• 2.2.The mathematical model of the pollutant dispersion in the atmosphere
• 图4和5所示，与时间有关的在不同风速下的有毒影响区域面积
• 区域面积的致命有毒剂量用，区域面积的中毒阈剂量用。 • 区域面积的中毒阈剂量，在事故之后大大地增加，但是变化趋势的本质并不改变。
5.Conclusions
• 1.本文的数学模型是用来预测一旦液态氨瞬时释放会造成的有毒害的影响区域。 • 该模型描述了基本的物理现象：决定有毒云的形成的动力学，即云层中蒸发的气溶胶，在水塘中沸腾和蒸发气化形成的，水滴存在于分散的大气层中，水蒸气在云层中凝结。 • 2.本文就风速和障碍对于有毒影响区域特性、主云层中气溶胶蒸发的动力学和水塘蒸发参数进行研究。 • 3.防止液态氨瞬时释放，主要贡献是整个区域受初始气溶胶云层影响的发展，在事故初始阶段受重力的影响各个方向的扩散都是均匀的并且覆盖很大的面积。这也就解释了这个致命影响区域的面积从一开始就增加，然后在很短的时间后，就保持不变。初始云层的重力扩散导致了再逆风方向上的影响有毒品的形成。
putation results
• • • • • • • • • • • • • 其余参数的值： Dm = 1.9×10−5m2/s; g = 1.015×10−5 kg/(m s); a = 1.78×10−5 kg/(m s); Cs = 1; CP,g = 2158 J/(kg K); CP,a = 1006 J/(kg K); CP,liq = 4380 J/(kg k); g = 0.0247 W/(m K); a = 0.0242 W/(m K); Hg = 1,370,000 J/kg; grd = 1.28 W/(m K), CP,grd = 1130 J/(kg K),
3.Verification of computational model
• 3.1.Verification of the evaporation model
• 3.2.Verfication of the mathematical model of gas dispersion in the atmosphere
Numerical simulation of the consequences of liquefied ammonia instantaneous release using FLUENT software
报告：武杰
目录
Induction
Mathematical model
Verification of computational model Computation results
• 最大影响区域的风速是1m/s，在考虑的风速当中是最小的。在给定的有毒影响区域的风速受障碍（位于下游的排放）存在的影响非常小，由于重力的影响主要作用在有毒气体的扩散方面。当风速增加时，在影响区域的障碍的一个像变得更加明显。 • 云层路径中存在的障碍能够促进沿着轴向通过释放源中心顺着风的方向的有毒气体减少。 • 地面附近的有毒值在背风一侧远超一个数量级低于迎风面。在这种情形下，风速越大，在迎风面和背风面的障碍对于有毒气体值的影响越大。