Resource allocation for relay assisted cognitive radio network
Resource Allocation Policies for Fault Detection and Removal Process(IJMECS-V6-N11-7)
Prashant Johri and Udayan Chanda
School of Computing Science and Engineering, Galgotias University, Gr. Noida, India Department of Management, Birla Institute of Technology & Science (BITS) Pilani. India Email: {johri.prashant, udayanchanda}@
Abstract—In software testing, fault detection and removal process is one of the key elements for quality assurance of the software. In the last three decades, several software reliability growth models were developed for detection and correction of faults. These models were developed under strictly static assumptions. The main goal of this article is to investigate an optimal resource allocation plan for fault detection and removal process of software to minimize cost during testing and op. For this we develop a mathematical model for fault detection and removal process and Pontryagain‘s Maximum principle is applied for solving the model. Genetic algorithm is used to find the optimal allocation of fault detection and removal process. Numerical example is also solved for resource allocation for fault detection and remoal process. Index Terms—SRGM, Testing Effort Allocation, Correction-Removal Process, Optimal Control Theory, Genetic Algorithm.
智能反射面增强的多无人机辅助语义通信资源优化
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1003-3114.2024.02.018引用格式:王浩博,吴伟,周福辉,等.智能反射面增强的多无人机辅助语义通信资源优化[J].无线电通信技术,2024,50(2): 366-372.[WANG Haobo,WU Wei,ZHOU Fuhui,et al.Optimization of Resource Allocation for Intelligent Reflecting Surface-enhanced Multi-UAV Assisted Semantic Communication[J].Radio Communications Technology,2024,50(2):366-372.]智能反射面增强的多无人机辅助语义通信资源优化王浩博1,吴㊀伟1,2∗,周福辉2,胡㊀冰3,田㊀峰1(1.南京邮电大学通信与信息工程学院,江苏南京210003;2.南京航空航天大学电子信息工程学院,江苏南京211106;3.南京邮电大学现代邮政学院,江苏南京210003)摘㊀要:无人机(Unmanned Aerial Vehicle,UAV)为无线通信系统提供了具有高成本效益的解决方案㊂进一步地,提出了一种新颖的智能反射面(Intelligent Reflecting Surface,IRS)增强多UAV语义通信系统㊂该系统包括配备IRS的UAV㊁移动边缘计算(Mobile Edge Computing,MEC)服务器和具有数据收集与局部语义特征提取功能的UAV㊂通过IRS 优化信号反射显著改善了UAV与MEC服务器的通信质量㊂所构建的问题涉及多UAV轨迹㊁IRS反射系数和语义符号数量联合优化,以最大限度地减少传输延迟㊂为解决该非凸优化问题,本文引入了深度强化学习(Deep Reinforce Learn-ing,DRL)算法,包括对偶双深度Q网络(Dueling Double Deep Q Network,D3QN)用于解决离散动作空间问题,如UAV轨迹优化和语义符号数量优化;深度确定性策略梯度(Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient,DDPG)用于解决连续动作空间问题,如IRS反射系数优化,以实现高效决策㊂仿真结果表明,与各个基准方案相比,提出的智能优化方案性能均有所提升,特别是在发射功率较小的情况下,且对于功率的变化,所提出的智能优化方案展示了良好的稳定性㊂关键词:无人机网络;智能反射面;语义通信;资源分配中图分类号:TN925㊀㊀㊀文献标志码:A㊀㊀㊀开放科学(资源服务)标识码(OSID):文章编号:1003-3114(2024)02-0366-07Optimization of Resource Allocation for Intelligent ReflectingSurface-enhanced Multi-UAV Assisted Semantic CommunicationWANG Haobo1,WU Wei1,2∗,ZHOU Fuhui2,HU Bing3,TIAN Feng1(1.School of Communications and Information Engineering,Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications,Nanjing210003,China;2.College of Electronic and Information Engineering,Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics,Nanjing211106,China;3.School of Modern Posts,Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications,Nanjing210003,China)Abstract:Unmanned Aerial Vehicles(UAV)present a cost-effective solution for wireless communication systems.This article introduces a novel Intelligent Reflecting Surface(IRS)to augment the semantic communication system among multiple UAVs.The system encompasses UAV equipped with IRS,Mobile Edge Computing(MEC)servers,and UAV featuring data collection and local semantic feature extraction functions.Optimizing signal reflection through IRS significantly enhances communication quality between drones and MEC servers.The formulated problem entails joint optimization of multiple drone trajectories,IRS reflection coefficients,and the number of semantic symbols to minimize transmission delays.To address this non-convex optimization problem,this paper introduces a Deep收稿日期:2023-12-31基金项目:国家重点研发计划(2020YFB1807602);国家自然科学基金(62271267);广东省促进经济发展专项资金(粤自然资合[2023]24号);国家自然科学基金(青年项目)(62302237)Foundation Item:National K&D Program of China(2020YFB1807602);National Natural Science Foundation of China(62271267);Key Program of Marine Economy Development Special Foundation of Department of Natural Resources of Guangdong Province(GDNRC[2023]24);National Natural Sci-ence Foundation of China(Young Scientists Fund)(62302237)ＲｅｉｎｆｏｒｃｅｍｅｎｔＬｅａｒｎｉｎｇ（ＤＲＬ）ａｌｇｏｒｉｔｈｍ．Ｓｐｅｃｉｆｉｃａｌｌｙ，ｔｈｅＤｕｅｌｉｎｇＤｏｕｂｌｅＤｅｅｐＱＮｅｔｗｏｒｋ（Ｄ３ＱＮ）ｉｓｅｍｐｌｏｙｅｄｔｏａｄｄｒｅｓｓｄｉｓｃｒｅｔｅａｃｔｉｏｎｓｐａｃｅｐｒｏｂｌｅｍｓｓｕｃｈａｓｄｒｏｎｅｔｒａｊｅｃｔｏｒｙａｎｄｓｅｍａｎｔｉｃｓｙｍｂｏｌｑｕａｎｔｉｔｙｏｐｔｉｍｉｚａｔｉｏｎ．Ａｄｄｉｔｉｏｎａｌｌｙ，ＤｅｅｐＤｅｔｅｒｍｉｎｉｓｔｉｃＰｏｌｉｃｙＧｒａ ｄｉｅｎｔ（ＤＤＰＧ）ａｌｇｏｒｉｔｈｍｉｓｕｔｉｌｉｚｅｄｔｏｓｏｌｖｅｃｏｎｔｉｎｕｏｕｓａｃｔｉｏｎｓｐａｃｅｐｒｏｂｌｅｍｓ，ｓｕｃｈａｓＩＲＳｒｅｆｌｅｃｔｉｏｎｃｏｅｆｆｉｃｉｅｎｔｏｐｔｉｍｉｚａｔｉｏｎ，ｅｎａｂｌｉｎｇｅｆｆｉｃｉｅｎｔｄｅｃｉｓｉｏｎ ｍａｋｉｎｇ．Ｓｉｍｕｌａｔｉｏｎｒｅｓｕｌｔｓｄｅｍｏｎｓｔｒａｔｅｔｈａｔｔｈｅｐｒｏｐｏｓｅｄｉｎｔｅｌｌｉｇｅｎｔｏｐｔｉｍｉｚａｔｉｏｎｓｃｈｅｍｅｏｕｔｐｅｒｆｏｒｍｓｖａｒｉｏｕｓｂｅｎｃｈｍａｒｋｓｃｈｅｍｅｓ，ｐａｒｔｉｃｕｌａｒｌｙｉｎｓｃｅｎａｒｉｏｓｗｉｔｈｌｏｗｔｒａｎｓｍｉｓｓｉｏｎｐｏｗｅｒ．Ｆｕｒｔｈｅｒｍｏｒｅ，ｔｈｅｉｎｔｅｌｌｉｇｅｎｔｏｐｔｉｍｉｚａｔｉｏｎｓｃｈｅｍｅｐｒｏｐｏｓｅｄｉｎｔｈｉｓｐａｐｅｒｅｘｈｉｂｉｔｓｒｏｂｕｓｔｓｔａｂｉｌｉｔｙｉｎｒｅｓｐｏｎｓｅｔｏｐｏｗｅｒｃｈａｎｇｅｓ．Ｋｅｙｗｏｒｄｓ：ＵＡＶｎｅｔｗｏｒｋ；ＩＲＳ；ｓｅｍａｎｔｉｃｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｃａｔｉｏｎ；ｒｅｓｏｕｒｃｅａｌｌｏｃａｔｉｏｎ０ 引言当前技术飞速发展的背景下，无人机（ＵｎｍａｎｎｅｄＡｅｒｉａｌＶｅｈｉｃｌｅ，ＵＡＶ）已经成为无线通信系统中一种重要的技术［１］。
工作述职报告 英语翻译
工作述职报告英语翻译I. IntroductionThis work performance report aims to provide an overview of my job responsibilities and achievements during the reporting period. It highlights the key tasks I undertook, the challenges encountered, as well as the results achieved in my role.II. Job Responsibilities1. Project ManagementAs part of my role, I was responsible for managing multiple projects simultaneously. This included defining project objectives, creating project plans, allocating resources, and tracking progress.I ensured that projects were delivered on time, within budget, and met the required quality standards.2. Team SupervisionI supervised a team of five individuals, providing guidance, support, and motivation to ensure optimal performance. I performed regular performance evaluations, identified training needs, and assisted team members in their professional development.3. Client Relationship ManagementMaintaining strong relationships with clients was crucial in my role. I liaised with clients to understand their requirements, address any concerns, and ensure their satisfaction throughout the project lifecycle. I was the primary point of contact for client communication and ensured effective communication channelswere in place.4. Budgeting and Financial ManagementI was responsible for developing and managing project budgets. This involved forecasting project costs, tracking expenses, and ensuring adherence to the allocated budget. I regularly reported on the financial status of projects to senior management.III. Challenges and Solutions1. Resource AllocationOne of the main challenges I faced was allocating resources effectively to various projects. To address this, I developed a resource allocation plan that took into consideration the workload, skills, and availability of team members. This helped ensure that projects were adequately staffed without overburdening any particular team member.2. Stakeholder CommunicationEffective communication with stakeholders, both internal and external, was essential for project success. To overcome communication challenges, I implemented regular status updates, established efficient communication channels, and encouraged feedback from all stakeholders. This helped improve transparency and decision-making processes.IV. Achievements and Results1. Successful Project CompletionThroughout the reporting period, I successfully completed allassigned projects within the defined timelines, budgets, and quality standards. This included delivering multiple projects that exceeded client expectations and received positive feedback.2. Improved Team PerformanceBy implementing a performance evaluation system, identifying training needs, and providing mentorship, I significantly improved the performance and productivity of my team. This resulted in enhanced project outcomes and increased client satisfaction.3. Cost Savings and Budget AdherenceThrough diligent financial management and cost control measures, I achieved significant cost savings on several projects. I consistently met or exceeded the allocated budgets, ensuring effective utilization of resources.V. ConclusionIn conclusion, I have effectively fulfilled my job responsibilities by successfully managing multiple projects, supervising a team, ensuring client satisfaction, and maintaining financial control. Despite the challenges faced, I have been able to achieve positive results and contribute to the overall success of my organization. I will continue to strive for excellence in my role and seek opportunities for further growth and professional development.。
test-Chapter 1 Introduction to Management and Organizations
Chapter 1 Introduction to Management and Organizations1) Today's managers are just as likely to be women as they are men.Answer: TRUEPage Ref: 4 Topic: Who Are Managers?2) In order to be considered a manager, an individual must coordinate the work of others. Answer: TRUEPage Ref: 5 Topic: Who Are Managers?3) Supervisors and foremen may both be considered first-line managers.Answer: TRUEPage Ref: 6 Topic: Who Are Managers?4) Effectiveness is concerned with the means of getting things done, while efficiency is concerned with the attainment of organizational goals.Answer: FALSEPage Ref: 7 Topic: What Is Management?5) A goal of efficiency is to minimize resource costs.Answer: TRUEPage Ref: 7 Topic: What Is Management?6) Managers who are effective at meeting organizational goals always act efficiently. Answer: FALSEPage Ref: 7 Topic: What Is Management?7) The four contemporary functions of management are planning, organizing, leading, and controlling.Answer: TRUEPage Ref: 8 Topic: What Do Managers Do?8) Directing and motivating are part of the controlling function of management.Answer: FALSEPage Ref: 8 Topic: What Do Managers Do?9) Fayol's management functions are basically equivalent to Mintzberg's management roles. Answer: FALSEPage Ref: 8-9 Topic: What Do Managers Do?10) Mintzberg's informational management role involves receiving, collecting, and disseminating information.Answer: TRUEPage Ref: 9 Topic: What Do Managers Do?11) Resource allocation and disturbance handling are both considered decisional roles. Answer: TRUEPage Ref: 9 Topic: What Do Managers Do?12) A finance manager who reads the Wall Street Journal on a regular basis would be performing the figurehead role.Answer: FALSEPage Ref: 9 Topic: What Do Managers Do?13) Katz concluded that managers need three essential skills: technical, human, and conceptual. Answer: TRUEPage Ref: 10-11 Topic: What Do Managers Do?14) Conceptual skills become less important as a manager moves into top management. Answer: FALSEPage Ref: 11 Topic: What Do Managers Do?15) In today's world, organizational managers at all levels and in all areas need to encourage their employees to be on the look-out for new ideas and new approaches.Answer: TRUEPage Ref: 13 Topic: What Do Managers Do?16) Only first-line managers and employees need to be concerned with beingcustomer-responsive.Answer: FALSEPage Ref: 13 Topic: What Do Managers Do?17) Which of the following statements regarding managers in today's world is accurate?A) Their age range is limited to between 30 and 65.B) They are found only in large corporations.C) They can be found exclusively in for-profit organizations.D) The single most important variable in employee productivity and loyalty is the quality of the relationship between employees and their direct supervisors.Answer: DPage Ref: 5 Topic: Who Are Managers?18) Someone who works with and through other people by coordinating their work activities in order to accomplish organizational goals is ________.A) an assembly line workerB) a laborerC) a managerD) a salespersonAnswer: CPage Ref: 5 Topic: Who Are Managers?19) In the past, nonmanagerial employees were viewed as employees who ________.A) reported to top executivesB) reported to middle managersC) supervised othersD) had no others reporting to themAnswer: DPage Ref: 5 Topic: Who Are Managers?20) Which of the following types of managers is responsible for making organization-widedecisions and establishing the plans and goals that affect the entire organization?A) first-line managersB) top managersC) production managersD) research managersAnswer: BPage Ref: 6 Topic: Who Are Managers?21) All levels of management between the supervisory level and the top level of the organization are termed ________.A) middle managersB) first-line managersC) supervisorsD) foremenAnswer: APage Ref: 6 Topic: Who Are Managers?22) Which of the following levels of management is associated with positions such as executive vice president, chief operating officer, chief executive officer, and chairman of the board?A) team leadersB) middle managersC) first-line managersD) top managersAnswer: DPage Ref: 7 Topic: Who Are Managers?23) Agency head or plant manager is most likely associated with which of the following?A) team leadersB) middle managersC) first-line managersD) top managersAnswer: BPage Ref: 6 Topic: Who Are Managers?24) The lowest level of management is ________.A) a nonmanagerial employeeB) a department of research managerC) a vice presidentD) a first-line managerAnswer: DPage Ref: 5 Topic: Who Are Managers?25) Which of the following best reflects the management structure of a traditional organization?A) pyramidB) circleC) hub with spokesD) infinite lineAnswer: APage Ref: 6 Topic: Who Are Managers?26) ________ is the process of getting activities completed efficiently and effectively with and through other people.A) LeadingB) ManagementC) SupervisionD) ControllingAnswer: BPage Ref: 6 Topic: What Is Management?27) The distinction between a managerial position and a nonmanagerial position is ________.A) planning the work of othersB) coordinating the work of othersC) controlling the work of othersD) organizing the work of othersAnswer: BPage Ref: 6 Topic: What Is Management?28) Which of the following is an example of an efficient manufacturing technique?A) cutting inventory levelsB) increasing the amount of time to manufacture productsC) increasing product reject ratesD) decreasing product outputAnswer: APage Ref: 7 Topic: What Is Management?29) Wasting resources is considered to be an example of ________.A) efficiencyB) effectivenessC) inefficiencyD) ineffectivenessAnswer: CPage Ref: 7 Topic: What Is Management?30) Effectiveness is synonymous with ________.A) cost minimizationB) resource controlC) goal attainmentD) efficiencyAnswer: CPage Ref: 7 Topic: What Is Management?31) Efficiency refers to ________.A) the relationship between inputs and outputsB) the additive relationship between costs and benefitsC) the exponential nature of costs and outputsD) increasing outputs regardless of costAnswer: APage Ref: 7 Topic: What Is Management?32) In successful organizations, ________.A) low efficiency and high effectiveness go hand in handB) high efficiency and low effectiveness go hand in handC) high efficiency and high effectiveness go hand in handD) high efficiency and high equity go hand in handAnswer: CPage Ref: 7 Topic: What Is Management?33) ________ was a French industrialist who first identified the basic management functions.A) WeberB) TaylorC) HerzbergD) FayolAnswer: DPage Ref: 8 Topic: What Do Managers Do?34) Today, the basic management functions are considered to be ________.A) planning, coordinating, staffing, and directingB) planning, organizing, leading, and directingC) commanding, organizing, leading, and staffingD) planning, organizing, leading, and controllingAnswer: DPage Ref: 8 Topic: What Do Managers Do?35) Writing an organizational strategic plan is an example of the ________ management function.A) leadingB) coordinatingC) planningD) organizingAnswer: CPage Ref: 8 Topic: What Do Managers Do?36) Organizing includes ________.A) defining organizational goalsB) hiring organizational membersC) motivating organizational membersD) determining who does what tasksAnswer: DPage Ref: 8 Topic: What Do Managers Do?37) A manager resolving conflict among organizational members is performing what function?A) controllingB) commandingC) directingD) leadingAnswer: DPage Ref: 8 Topic: What Do Managers Do?38) The process of monitoring, comparing, and correcting is called ________.A) controllingB) coordinatingC) leadingD) organizingAnswer: APage Ref: 8 Topic: What Do Managers Do?39) ________ developed a categorization scheme for defining what managers do, consisting of10 different but highly interrelated roles.A) Henri FayolB) Henry FordC) Henry MintzbergD) Henry MorrisAnswer: CPage Ref: 9 Topic: What Do Managers Do?40) According to Mintzberg's management roles, the ________ roles are those that involve people and other duties that are ceremonial and symbolic in nature.A) informationalB) interpersonalC) technicalD) decisionalAnswer: BPage Ref: 9 Topic: What Do Managers Do?41) The roles of disseminator, figurehead, negotiator, liaison, and spokesperson are more important at the ________ levels of the organization.A) lowerB) middleC) higherD) supervisoryAnswer: CPage Ref: 9 Topic: What Do Managers Do?42) A human resource manager attending a local Society for Human Resource Management meeting would be functioning in which role?A) informationalB) leaderC) liaisonD) disseminatorAnswer: CPage Ref: 9 Topic: What Do Managers Do?43) The ________ role is more important for lower-level managers than it is for either middle- or top-level managers.A) leaderB) entrepreneurC) spokespersonD) disseminatorAnswer: APage Ref: 10 Topic: What Do Managers Do?44) According to Mintzberg's management roles, the ________ roles involve receiving, collecting, and disseminating information.A) interpersonalB) informationalC) technicalD) decisionalAnswer: BPage Ref: 9 Topic: What Do Managers Do?45) All of the following are examples of informational roles according to Mintzberg except________.A) liaisonB) monitorC) disseminatorD) spokespersonAnswer: APage Ref: 9 Topic: What Do Managers Do?46) All of the following are managerial roles that are more important at the higher levels of the organization except ________.A) leaderB) disseminatorC) figureheadD) negotiatorAnswer: APage Ref: 10 Topic: What Do Managers Do?47) Which of the following represents the most useful way of describing the manager's job?A) rolesB) functionsC) skillsD) organizational levelAnswer: BPage Ref: 10 Topic: What Do Managers Do?48) All three of Mintzberg's interpersonal roles are part of the ________ function.A) organizingB) planningC) leadingD) controllingAnswer: CPage Ref: 9 Topic: What Do Managers Do?49) Which of the following individuals identified the three essential managerial skills?A) KatzB) LewisbergC) RainesD) ChambersAnswer: APage Ref: 10 Topic: What Do Managers Do?50) The three essential managerial skills include ________.A) technical, human, and empiricalB) human, empirical, and conceptualC) technical, interpersonal, and controllingD) technical, human, and conceptualAnswer: DPage Ref: 10 Topic: What Do Managers Do?51) Which of the following is true concerning technical and managerial skills?A) Human skills and technical skills remain equally important as managers move to higher levels.B) Technical-skill needs remain necessary and human skills decrease as managers move to higher levels.C) Human skills remain necessary and technical-skill needs decrease as managers move to higher levels.D) Both human-skill and technical-skill needs decrease as managers move to higher levels. Answer: CPage Ref: 10 Topic: What Do Managers Do?52) Managers with good ________ are able to communicate, motivate and lead to get the best out of their people.A) human skillsB) conceptual skillsC) technical skillsD) visual skillsAnswer: APage Ref: 11 Topic: What Do Managers Do?53) Technical skills include ________.A) leadership and efficiency in a certain specialized fieldB) knowledge of and proficiency in a certain specialized fieldC) familiarity with and interest in a general field of endeavorD) skill and interest in a general field of endeavorAnswer: BPage Ref: 10 Topic: What Do Managers Do?54) The ability to work well with other people, both individually and in a group, describes which of the following skills ________.A) technical skillsB) assessment skillsC) planning skillsD) human skillsAnswer: DPage Ref: 11 Topic: What Do Managers Do?55) Which of the following skills are more important at lower levels of management, as these managers are dealing directly with employees doing the organization's work?A) humanB) technicalC) conceptualD) empiricalAnswer: BPage Ref: 10 Topic: What Do Managers Do?56) Budgeting is associated with the management functions of planning and ________.A) directingB) organizingC) leadingD) controllingAnswer: DPage Ref: 8 Topic: What Do Managers Do?57) Mentoring is primarily associated with the management function of ________.A) planningB) organizingC) leadingD) controllingAnswer: CPage Ref: 8 Topic: What Do Managers Do?58) An organization is ________.A) the physical location where people workB) a collection of individuals working for the same companyC) a deliberate arrangement of people to accomplish some specific purposeD) a group of individuals focused on profit making for their shareholdersAnswer: CPage Ref: 14 Topic: What Is an Organization?59) A deliberate arrangement of people to accomplish some specific purpose is ________.A) a structureB) a processC) an organizationD) an assembly operationAnswer: CPage Ref: 14 Topic: What Is an Organization?60) A difference between traditional organizations and new organizations is that the new organizations tend to be more ________.A) stableB) command orientedC) rule orientedD) dynamicAnswer: DPage Ref: 14 Topic: What Is an Organization?61) Which of the following best describes the concept that management is needed in all types and sizes of organizations, no matter the country in which they're located?A) the partiality of managementB) the segmentation of managementC) the universality of managementD) the cultures of managementAnswer: CPage Ref: 14 Topic: Why Study Management?62) Universality of management means that ________.A) all managers in all organizations perform the four management functionsB) all managers in all organizations can perform their job the same wayC) all organizations can hire any manager to perform the management jobsD) any manager can work in any organization and perform any management job Answer: APage Ref: 15 Topic: Why Study Management?63) Organizations that are well managed ________.A) choose the best suppliers for their productsB) compete on an international basis because they have the best productsC) always have the lowest-cost productsD) develop a loyal customer base, grow, and prosperAnswer: DPage Ref: 15 Topic: Why Study Management?64) Which of the following types of managerial positions is most likely to involve clerical duties?A) shift supervisorB) regional department headC) project managerD) chief executive officerAnswer: APage Ref: 16 Topic: Why Study Management?65) A manager's success is typically ________.A) dependent on how hard the manager worksB) how closely the manager supervises the employeesC) based on how skilled the manager is at the technical elements of the jobD) dependent on others' work performanceAnswer: DPage Ref: 16 Topic: Why Study Management?66) A primary responsibility of managers is creating a work environment that ________.A) is safe and well litB) is clean and organizedC) allows employees to do their work to the best of their abilityD) provides excellent customer serviceAnswer: CPage Ref: 16 Topic: Why Study Management?67) Which of the following represents a challenge of management?A) enjoy relatively easy workB) work with a variety of peopleC) have little influence on organizational outcomesD) have to deal with a variety of personalitiesAnswer: DPage Ref: 16 Topic: Why Study Management?68) Each of the following represents a challenge of management except ________.A) must operate with limited resourcesB) are highly valued by organizationsC) must motivate workers in uncertain situationsD) success depends on others' performanceAnswer: BPage Ref: 16 Topic: Why Study Management?69) In a short essay, list and discuss the 10 managerial roles developed by Mintzberg. Include specific examples of each role and group each according to interpersonal, informational, and decisional roles.Answer:Interpersonal Rolesa. Figurehead symbolic head; obliged to perform a number of routine duties of a legal or social nature. Examples include greeting visitors and signing legal documents.b. Leader responsible for the motivation and activation of subordinates; responsible for staffing, training, and associated duties. Examples include performing virtually all activities that involve subordinates.c. Liaison maintains self-developed network of outside contacts and informers who provide favors and information. Examples include acknowledging mail, doing external board work, and performing other activities that involve outsiders.Informational Rolesa. Monitor seeks and receives wide variety of internal and external information to develop thorough understanding of organization and environment. Examples include reading periodicals and reports, and maintaining personal contacts.b. Disseminator transmits information received from outsiders or from subordinates to members of the organization. Examples include holding informational meetings and making phone calls to relay information.c. Spokesperson transmits information to outsiders on organization's plans, policies, actions, results, and so on. Examples include holding board meetings and giving information to the media.Decisional Rolesa. Entrepreneur searches organization and its environment for opportunities and initiates "improvement projects" to bring about changes. Examples include organizing strategy and review sessions to develop new programs.b. Disturbance handler responsible for corrective action when organization faces important, unexpected disturbances. Examples include organizing strategy and review sessions that involve disturbances and crises.c. Resource allocator responsible for the allocation of organizational resources of allkinds making or approving all significant organizational decisions. Examples include scheduling, requesting authorization; performing any activity that involves budgeting and the programming of subordinates' work.d. Negotiator responsible for representing the organization at major negotiations. Examplesinclude participating in union contract negotiations.The interpersonal roles are roles that involve people and other duties that are ceremonial and symbolic in nature. The three interpersonal roles include being a figurehead, leader, and liaison. The informational roles involve receiving, collecting, and disseminating information. The three informational roles include a monitor, disseminator, and spokesperson. Finally, the decisional roles revolve around making choices. The four decisional roles include entrepreneur, disturbance handler, resource allocator, and negotiator.Page Ref: 8-9Topic: What Do Managers Do?。
英文项目管理模板
英文项目管理模板1A general English project management template is a powerful tool that can guide us through the complex process of bringing a project to fruition! It typically consists of several key components. Firstly, there's the project scope definition, which clearly outlines what the project aims to achieve. Then, we have the detailed project schedule, mapping out the timelines and milestones. Don't forget the resource allocation section, determining who and what is needed at each stage.Let's take organizing an English speech competition at school as an example. To plan using this template, we'd define the scope by specifying the number of participants, the judging criteria, and the topics. The schedule would include dates for registration, preliminaries, and the final event. Resources would cover the judges, equipment, and the venue.During the execution phase, we'd closely follow the schedule and ensure the resources are in place. Monitoring is crucial! We'd constantly ask questions like, "Are we on track with the schedule?" and "Are the resources being utilized effectively?" If there are any deviations, we'd take corrective actions promptly.In conclusion, a well-structured English project management template is essential for the success of any project. It provides clarity, direction, andcontrol!2Project management is of vital importance in various fields, and different types of projects demand specific management templates. Let's take business expansion projects and scientific research projects as examples. In business expansion projects, the focus of the management template is often on market analysis, financial planning, and risk assessment! How crucial these aspects are for the success of the project? The template emphasizes strategic decision-making and resource allocation to ensure maximum profit and market share. On the contrary, in scientific research projects, the template pays more attention to the research design, data collection and analysis, and the validation of results. Isn't it interesting to note the differences? Here, the accuracy and reliability of the research process are of paramount importance. However, both types of projects share some common elements such as clear goals, timelines, and team communication. But the emphasis and weight given to each element vary significantly. So, understanding the characteristics and differences of these management templates is essential for effectively managing and achieving the success of different projects. Isn't that so?3Project management is a crucial aspect of achieving success in anyundertaking. A well-crafted English project management template can be a game-changer! But how do we customize it to meet the specific needs of a project? Let's take an innovative community service project as an example.First and foremost, we need to clearly define the project's objectives. For this community service project, is it to provide free educational classes to underprivileged children? Or to organize a volunteer-driven environmental cleanup campaign? Once the objectives are clear, we can tailor the template accordingly.The task breakdown should be detailed and specific. For instance, if it's the educational classes, we need to list tasks like finding qualified teachers, preparing teaching materials, and arranging the classroom. Oh my goodness! This requires meticulous planning.The timeline is of utmost importance! When will the classes start? How often will they be held? We must set realistic deadlines to ensure smooth progress.Resource allocation is another key factor. Do we have enough funds for textbooks and equipment? What about human resources? Are there enough volunteers?In conclusion, customizing an English project management template for a specific project is no easy task, but with careful thought and planning, it can lead to amazing results! Isn't that exciting?Project management is of great significance in today's fast-paced business world. English project management templates play a crucial role in enhancing the efficiency and quality of projects. Imagine a successful corporate training project! How could it achieve remarkable results? The answer lies in the effective utilization of an English project management template.A well-structured template provides a clear roadmap. It helps define project goals, tasks, timelines, and responsibilities precisely. With everything organized and documented, team members know exactly what to do and when to do it. This eliminates confusion and reduces the chances of errors or delays.For instance, in a recent corporate training project, the template was used to schedule training sessions, assign trainers, and monitor progress. The template made it easy to identify potential issues in advance and take corrective actions promptly. Wasn't it amazing how smoothly the project went?In conclusion, English project management templates are not just tools; they are powerful assets that can lead to project success. So, why not embrace them and unlock their potential for better project outcomes?In the ever-evolving landscape of project management, the future of English project management templates holds tremendous promise and exciting possibilities! As technology continues to advance at a breathtaking pace, one can't help but wonder how these templates will transform. Will they seamlessly integrate artificial intelligence-assisted features to streamline processes and offer real-time insights? It's highly likely! Imagine having an intelligent assistant within the template that suggests optimal strategies based on historical data and current project parameters. This could revolutionize the way we plan, execute, and monitor projects.Moreover, could we expect templates to become more customizable and adaptive to the unique needs of different industries and project types? The answer is undoubtedly yes! With the rise of agile and hybrid project management methodologies, templates need to be flexible enough to accommodate rapid changes and evolving requirements.So, what else lies on the horizon for English project management templates? Will they incorporate advanced visualization tools to present complex data in a more intuitive and understandable manner? Will they enable seamless collaboration across geographically dispersed teams in real-time? The potential for innovation is vast, and the future looks incredibly bright. We must keep our eyes wide open and embrace these changes to stay at the forefront of efficient project management.。
提名国家自然科学奖项目公示
提名国家自然科学奖项目公示提名国家自然科学奖项目公示项目名称移动终端协作通信基础理论研究提名单位教育部项目简介：未来无线数据流量增长将超出网络负载能力，由于“固定基础设施数量以及接入信道”的限制，传统通过密集部署提升网络容量的方案受到严峻挑战。
因此，要从进一步提高无线频谱资源利用的有效性，需要改进现有的无线通信体系框架，引入新的“通信自由度”，这是一个挑战性的问题，解决该问题将为蜂窝网络发展提供重要科学支撑。
该项目在国家自然基金委优秀青年基金和青年973等项目的持续支持下，在传统蜂窝网络中增加“移动终端直通协作层”，揭示了通过终端复用提升网络容量机理，建立了协作信道模型，提出了高效传输和优化方案。
主要科学发现如下：1. 揭示了移动终端复用提升网络容量机理：发现了移动接入点数量和网络容量指数递增的规律，首次提出了通过在蜂窝网络中引入终端通信自由度提升网络容量的方法，建立终端直通局域网络架构和优化理论，逼近了蜂窝网络容量极限。
2. 建立了移动终端间协作通信信道模型：提出了基于动态散射体密度的终端间直通几何统计信道建模方法，首次给出了区域散射体密度的概念，建立了一套完整的终端间协作信道模型，已被广泛作为无线终端间协作通信技术理论研究的统一信道平台。
3. 提出了移动终端网络安全传输和优化方法：阐明了动态拓扑结构的多跳终端协作系统中路径选择对网络性能的影响，剖析了移动中继信道安全容量，提出了自适应无线网络安全编码，大幅度提升无线中继系统的鲁棒性。
8篇代表性论文被SCI 论文他引700余次，其中5篇入选ESI高被引用论文, 1篇获IEEE ComSoc的伦纳德•亚伯拉罕奖（Leonard G. Abraham Prize，IEEE JSAC最佳论文奖）。
共发表SCI 论文50 余篇，相关工作获得专利8 项，5项联合提案被第四代移动通信国际标准规范采纳（3GPP LTE）。
第一完成人是杰青以及首届青年973项目负责人，第二完成人是获得国家自然基金委优秀青年基金和IEEE亚太地区杰出科学家奖。
英语作文-康复护理服务市场逐渐成熟,行业格局日趋清晰
英语作文-康复护理服务市场逐渐成熟，行业格局日趋清晰The market for rehabilitation nursing services has been steadily maturing, with a clear trend towards a more defined industry landscape. This evolution is driven by various factors, including demographic shifts, advances in medical technology, and changing healthcare policies. As these forces interact, they reshape the dynamics of rehabilitation nursing, influencing service delivery, patient care, and the overall market structure.Firstly, demographic changes play a pivotal role in shaping the rehabilitation nursing market. The aging population, particularly in developed economies, has led to an increased prevalence of chronic conditions and disabilities requiring long-term care. This demographic shift has fueled demand for specialized rehabilitation services aimed at enhancing quality of life and functional independence among elderly individuals and those with disabilities.Moreover, advancements in medical technology have revolutionized the rehabilitation nursing landscape. Innovations such as robotic-assisted therapies, virtual reality rehabilitation programs, and wearable health monitoring devices have expanded treatment options and improved patient outcomes. These technological advancements not only facilitate more effective rehabilitation interventions but also contribute to the differentiation of service offerings within the market.Furthermore, the evolving regulatory environment and healthcare policies have influenced the operational framework of rehabilitation nursing services. Government initiatives aimed at promoting patient-centered care, reducing hospital readmissions, and enhancing care coordination have prompted healthcare providers to adopt integrated care models. These models emphasize interdisciplinary collaboration among healthcare professionals to optimize rehabilitation outcomes and streamline service delivery.In parallel, market dynamics have driven consolidation among rehabilitation nursing providers. The emergence of large healthcare networks and alliances has reshaped the competitive landscape, fostering economies of scale and enhancing resource allocation efficiency. This trend towards consolidation is accompanied by a growing emphasis on outcome-based reimbursement models, where healthcare providers are incentivized based on patient recovery and functional outcomes rather than volume of services delivered.Additionally, consumer preferences and expectations have evolved, influencing the market demand for rehabilitation nursing services. Patients and their families increasingly seek personalized care experiences, transparency in treatment options, and accessibility to rehabilitation facilities that prioritize patient comfort and safety. Healthcare providers are responding by investing in patient engagement strategies, enhancing care coordination platforms, and leveraging digital health solutions to meet evolving consumer needs.Looking ahead, the future of the rehabilitation nursing market will likely be shaped by ongoing advancements in medical science, shifts in healthcare policy, and continued demographic changes. As the industry matures, stakeholders must remain adaptable to emerging trends and technological innovations while maintaining a steadfast commitment to improving patient outcomes and enhancing the overall quality of rehabilitation nursing services.In conclusion, the rehabilitation nursing market is experiencing a phase of maturation characterized by a clearer industry landscape and evolving market dynamics. This evolution is driven by demographic shifts, advancements in medical technology, changes in healthcare policies, and shifting consumer expectations. By navigating these factors effectively, stakeholders can capitalize on emerging opportunities and contribute to the advancement of rehabilitation nursing as a critical component of modern healthcare delivery.。
药学领域英文作文
药学领域英文作文Title: Advancements in Pharmaceutical Sciences: A Comprehensive Overview。
Introduction。
The field of pharmaceutical sciences has undergone remarkable advancements in recent years, driven by the convergence of multidisciplinary approaches, technological innovations, and evolving healthcare needs. This essay aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the key developments in pharmaceutical sciences, highlighting their impact on drug discovery, development, and delivery.Drug Discovery and Development。
In drug discovery, the integration of computational modeling, high-throughput screening, and artificial intelligence (AI) has revolutionized the identification of potential drug candidates. Virtual screening techniques,such as molecular docking and pharmacophore modeling, expedite the process of lead compound identification by predicting their interactions with biological targets. Furthermore, AI algorithms analyze vast datasets to uncover novel drug-target associations, accelerating the identification of therapeutic targets and drug repurposing opportunities.Moreover, advancements in synthetic chemistry have facilitated the synthesis of complex molecules with enhanced pharmacological properties and reduced toxicity. Techniques such as microwave-assisted synthesis, flow chemistry, and click chemistry enable the rapid generationof diverse chemical libraries for screening purposes. Furthermore, the development of novel drug delivery systems, including nanoparticles, liposomes, and microneedle patches, enhances the bioavailability and targeting of therapeutic agents, thereby improving their efficacy and minimizingside effects.Clinical Trials and Regulatory Considerations。
3GPP常用英文缩写全称大全
3GPP常用英文缩写全称大全3G是3GPP的简写形式，3GPP在英文里的全称是:the 3rd Generation Partner Project 中文的全称是:第三代合作伙伴计划,是领先的3G技术规范机构，旨在研究制定并推广基于演进的GSM核心网络的3G标准，它负责WCDMA标准的制定，R4标准是其中较为成熟的一个版本。
3GPP:3GP是一种3G流媒体的视频编码格式，是目前手机中最为常见的一种视频格式.简单的说，该格式是“第三代合作伙伴项目”（3GPP)制定的一种多媒体标准，使用户能使用手机享受高质量的视频、音频等多媒体内容。
3GPP常用英文缩写全称大全3GPP 3rd Generation Partnership ProjectAAL ATM Adaptation LayerAAL2 ATM Adaptation Layer of type 2AAL5 ATM Adaptation Layer of type 5A＆C Authentication and CipheringACFE Access Control Function EntityAI Acquisition IndicationAICH Acquisition Indication ChannelALCAP Access Link Control Application PartAM Acknowledged Mode (of RLC)AMR Adaptive Multi Rate (Transcoder)AN Access NetworkAOA Angle Of ArrivalAP Application ProcessAPDU Application Protocol Data UnitAPId Access Point IdentifierAPN Access Point NameAPS Automatic Protection SwitchingARIB Association of Radio Industries and BusinessARQ Automatic Repeat RequestASAP Alarm Severity Assignment ProfileATC ATM Transfer CapabilityATM Asynchronous Transfer ModeAUG Administrative Unit GroupAU-n Administrative Unit n with n being 4 or 3AUTN Authentication TokenAWGN Added White Gaussian NoiseBCCH Broadcast Control ChannelBCH Broadcast ChannelBER Bit Error RateBLER Block Error RateBMC Broadcast Multicast ControllerBPSK Binary Phase Shift KeyingBS Base StationBSC Base Station ControllerBSS Base Station SystemBTS Base Transceiver StationC- Control—CA Capacity AllocationCAA Capacity Allocation AcknowledgementCAC Connection Admission ControlCAMEL Customized Applications for Mobile network Enhanced Logic CAS Channel Associated SignallingCASC Current Alarm Summary ControlCBR Constant Bit RateCC Call ControlCCBS Call Completion Busy SubscriberCCCH Common Control ChannelCCH Control ChannelCCP Communication Control PortCCPCH Common Control Physical ChannelCCTrCH Coded Composite Transport ChannelCD Capacity Deallocation （radio context）CD Calibration Data （O＆M context)CDA Capacity Deallocation AcknowledgementCDMA Code Division Multiple AccessCDR Charging Detail RecordCDV Cell Delay VariationCDVT Cell Delay Variation ToleranceCFN Connection Frame NumberCID Channel IdentifierCk Cipher KeyCLP Cell Loss PriorityCM Configuration ManagementCM Call Management (in e.g. CM Service Request）CmCH Common Transport ChannelCMIP Common Management Information ProtocolCMIS Common Management Information ServiceCMISE Common Management Information Service ElementCN Core NetworkC—n Container-n (n=1—4）COL Collocated EquipmentCP Chip PeriodCPCH Common Packet ChannelCPICH Common Pilot ChannelCPS Common Part SublayerCRC Cyclic Redundancy CheckCRCI CRC IndicatorCRC—N Cyclic Redundancy Check—NCRNC Controlling RNCc—RNTI RNTI allocated by CRNCCS Circuit SwitchedCSES Consecutive Severely Errored SecondCSN Ciphering Sequence NumberCSUM ChecksumCTCH Common Traffic ChannelCTDMA Code Time Division Multiple AccessCTP Connection Termination Point (OAM context)CTP Common Transport Protocol (Protocol context）DBR Deterministic Bit RateDC Dedicated Control （SAP)DCA Dynamic Channel AllocationDCCH Dedicated Control ChannelDCH Dedicated ChannelDCN Data Communication NetworkDL DownLinkDoCoMo Do Communication with MobilesDPCCH Dedicated Physical Control ChannelDPCH Dedicated Physical ChannelDPDCH Dedicated Physical Data ChannelDRAC Dynamic Resource Allocation ControlDRNC Drift RNCDRNS Drift RNSDRX Discontinuous ReceptionDS—CDMA Direct—Sequence Code Division Multiple Access DSCH Downlink Shared ChannelDT Data TransportDTCH Dedicated Traffic ChannelDTX Discontinuous TransmissionEBER Excessive Bit Error RatioECASC Extended Current Summary Alarm ControlEFCI Explicit Forward Congestion IndicationEFD Event Forwarding DiscriminatorEIR Equipment Identity RegisterEIRP Equivalent Isotropic Radiated PowerE—OTD Enhanced OTDES Errored SecondETSI European Telecommunication Standardisation Institute F8 access link encryption functionFACH Forward Access ChannelFAUSCH Fast Uplink Signalling ChannelFBI Feed Back IndicatorFCS Frame Check SequenceFDD Frequency Division DuplexFDMA Frequency Division Multiple AccessFEC Forward Error CorrectionFEEB Far End Errored BlockFEES Far End Errored SecondFER Frame Erasure RateFESES Far End Severely Errored SecondFFS For Further StudyFM Fault ManagementFP Frame ProtocolFTAM File Transfer Access ManagementFTP File Transfer ProtocolGb Gb interface (between SGSN and BSC）GC General Control (SAP）GCRA Generic Cell Rate AlgorithmGFR Guaranteed RateGGSN Gateway GPRS Serving NodeGMM MM for GPRS servicesGMSK Gaussian Minimum Shift KeyingG-PDU T-PDU plus GTP headerGPRS General Packet Radio ServiceGPRS—CSI GPRS CAMEL Subscription Information GPS Global Positioning SystemGRNC Generic RNCGSM Global System for Mobile communications GTP GPRS Tunnelling ProtocolGTP-u GTP user planeHCS Hierarchical Cell StructureHE Home EnvironmentHEC Header Error ControlHFN Hyper Frame NumberHHO Hard HandoverHO HandoverHOP High Order PathHOVC Higher Order Virtual ContainerIBTS uplink Interference signal power level at Node B ICB Inter Carrier BoardICD Interface Control DocumentICH Indicator CHannelICI Inter Carrier InterfaceIE Information ElementIEC Incoming Error CountIETF Internet Engineering Task ForceIK Integrity KeyIMA Inverse Multiplexing for ATMIMEI International Mobile Equipment IdentityIMEISV International Mobile Equipment Identity Software VersionIMSI International Mobile Subscriber Identity (identical for IMUI; used in GSM context)IMUI International Mobile User Identity （identical to IMSI； seems to replace IMSI in UMTS context) INI Inter Network InterfaceIP Internet ProtocolISCP Interference Signal Code PowerISDN Integrated Services Digital NetworkISF Incoming Signal FailureIS—FL Idle Slot Forward LinkISID Idle Signal IdentificationISO International Organisation for StandardizationIT Information TechnologyITU International Telecommunication UnionIu Reference point between Access and Serving Network domainsIub Iub interface (between Node B and RNC）Iu—CS Iu towards the Circuit Switched-Service Domain of the Core NetworkIu—PS Iu towards the Packet Switched—Service Domain of the Core NetworkIur Iur interface （between RNC and RNC)IWF Inter Working FunctionIWU Inter Working UnitJD Joint DetectionKbps kilo—bits per secondKSI Key Set IdentifierKsps kilo—symbols per secondL1 Layer 1 （physical layer）L2 Layer 2 （data link layer）L3 Layer 3 （network layer）L3-CE Layer 3 Compression EntityLAC Link Access ControlLAI Location Area IdentityLAN Local Area NetworkLAPD Link Access Protocol for D-channelLB Laser BiasLCAF Location Client Authorisation FunctionLCCF Location Client Control FunctionLCCTF Location Client Coordinate Transformation FunctionLCD Loss of Cell Delineation (transmission context)LCD Low Constrained Delay (traffic context）LCF Location Client FunctionLCS Localisation Client ServiceLDD Low Delay DataLIR Limited IP Routing entity （in the RNC）LLC Link Layer ControlLMT Local Maintenance TerminalLNA Low Noise AmplifierLOF Loss of FrameLOP Low Order PathLOP Loss of PointerLOS Loss of SignalLPA Linear Power AmplifierLSA Localised Service AreaLSB Least Significant BitLSBF Location System Billing FunctionLSCF Location System Control FunctionLSN Local Sub NetworkLSPF Location Subscriber Privacy FunctionLT Laser TemperatureLTOA Latest Time of ArrivalMA Multiple AccessMAC Medium Access ControlMAC—c MAC entity handling common channels (RACH, FACH)MAC—d MAC entity handling dedicated channels (DCH）MAC-I Message Authentication Code used for data Integrity of signalling messages MAC-sh MAC entity handling shared channel (DSCH)MAHO Mobile Assisted HandoverMBS Maximum Burst SizeMCC Mobile Country CodeMCD Manual Configuration DataMcps Mega-chips per secondMD Macro—diversityME Mobile EquipmentMEHO Mobile evaluated handoverMIB Management Information BaseMM Mobility ManagementMNC Mobile Network CodeMNRG Mobile station Not Reachable for GPRS flagMNRR Mobile station Not Reachable ReasonMO Mobile OriginatedMOHO Mobile Originated HandoverMS Multiplex Section (transmission context)MS Mobile Station (GSM or security context)MS—AIS Multiplex Section Alarm Indication SignalMSB Most Significant BitMSC Multi—Slot Cell (MPSR context）MSC Mobile services Switching Centre （Core Network Context) MSID Mobile Station IdentifierMSOH Multiplex Section OverheadMSP Multiplex Section ProtectionMS-RDI Multiplex Section Remote Defect IndicationMS-REI Multiplex Section Remote Error IndicationMSTE Multiplex Section Terminating ElementMT Mobile Terminated (call context)MT Mobile Terminal (equipment context)MTP Message Transfer PartMUI Mobile User IdentifierNAS Non Access StratumNBAP Node B Application PartNCP Node B Control PortNCSES Number of Consecutive Severely Errored SecondNDF New Data FlagNE Network ElementNEHO Network evaluated handoverNEM Network Element ManagerNMC Network Management CentreNNI Network Node Interface （includes INI and ICI interfaces）NP Nectar PilotNPC Network Parameters ControlNRT Non—Real TimeNSS Network Sub SystemNT Nectar TelecomNt Notification （SAP)NW NetworkN—PDU Network PDUO＆M Operation and MaintenanceOAM Operation Administration and MaintenanceOCCCH ODMA Common Control ChannelODCCH ODMA Dedicated Control ChannelODCH ODMA Dedicated ChannelODI Outgoing Defect IndicationODMA Opportunity Driven Multiple AccessODTCH ODMA Dedicated Traffic ChannelOEI Outgoing Error IndicationOFS Out of Frame SecondOMC Operation and Maintenance CentreOOF Out of FrameORACH ODMA Random Access ChannelOS Operation SystemOSF Offset FieldOSI Open System InterconnectionOSL Optical Signal LevelOTD Observed Time DifferenceOVSF Orthogonal Variable Spreading FactorPA Power AmplifierPC Power ControlPCCH Paging Control ChannelPCF Positioning Calculation FunctionPCH Paging ChannelPCM Pulse Code ModulationPCR Peak Cell RatePDCP Packet Data Convergence protocolPDH Plesiochronous Digital HierarchyPDN Packet Data NetworkPDP Packet Data ProtocolPDU Protocol Data UnitPG Processing GainPHY Physical layerPhyCH Physical ChannelPI Paging IndicatorPICH Page Indicator ChannelPID Packet IdentificationPJC Pointer Justification CountPJE Pointer Justification EventPkg PackagesPLM Payload MismatchPLMN Public Land Mobile NetworkPM Performance Management/Performance Monitoring PMM MM for PS domainPN Pseudo NoisePOH Path OverheadPPI Plesiochronous Physical InterfacePPM Parts Per MillionPRACH Physical Random Access ChannelPRCF Positioning Radio Co-ordination FunctionPS Packet SwitchedPSAP Presentation Service Access PointPSC Protection Switch CountPSD Protection Switch DurationPSMF Positioning Signal Measurement FunctionPSN Plane Switch NodePSTN Public Switched Telephone NetworkPTE Path Terminating ElementPVC Permanent Virtual ConnectionP-TMSI Packet TMSI (equivalent to P-TMUI, used in GPRS context）P—TMUI Packet TMUI – (equivalent to P—TMSI, new name for it in the UMTS context）PTR PointerPUF Power Up FunctionQE Quality EstimateQoS Quality of ServiceQPSK Quadrature Phase Shift KeyingRA Routing AreaRAB Radio Access BearerRAC Routing Area CodeRAC Radio Admission ControlRACH Random Access ChannelRAI Routing Area Identity （GPRS or Iu—PS context）RAI Remote Alarm Indication （transmission context）RAID Redundant Array of Independent DisksRAN Radio Access NetworkRANAP Radio Access Network Application PartRAND Random ChallengeRB Radio BearerRDI Remote Defect IndicationRDN Relative Distinguished NameREI Remote Error IndicationRF Radio FrequencyRFC Request For CommentRFN Reference Frame NumberRLC Radio Link ControlRLCP Radio Link Control ProtocolRLS Radio Link SetRLs Radio LinksRNC Radio Network ControllerRNCC Radio Network Connection ControlRNS Radio Network SubsystemRNSAP Radio Network Subsystem Application PartRNTI Radio Network Temporary IdentityRP Radio ProcessingRRC Radio Resource ControlRRM Radio Resource ManagementRS Regenerator sectionRSCP Received Signal Code Power after despreadingRSOH Regenerator Section OverheadRSSI Received Signal Strength IndicatorRT Real TimeRU Resource UnitRX ReceiveSAAL Signalling AAL （equivalent to SSCF over SSCOP over AAL5) SACCH Slow Associated Control ChannelSAP Service Access PointSBR Statistical Bit RateSC Service ControlSCCH Synchronization Control ChannelSCCP Signalling Connection Control PartSCD Selective Cell DiscardSCH Synchronization ChannelSCR Sustainable Cell RateSCTP Simple Control Transmission ProtocolSD Supervision Data (context configuration management)SD Signal Degrade （context SDH)SDCCH Stand-Alone Dedicated Control ChannelSDH Synchronous Digital HierarchySDU Service Data UnitSES Severely Errored SecondSF Signal Fail （transmission context）SF Spreading Factor (radio context)SFN System Frame NumberSG Study GroupSGSN Serving GPRS Support NodeSHO Soft Hand OverSIM Subscriber Information ModuleSIR Signal-to—Interference RatioSLM Signal Label MismatchSMS Short Message ServiceSN Serving NetworkSN Sequence NumberSNMP Simple Network Management ProtocolSOH Section OverheadSONET Synchronous Optical NetworkSP Switching PointSPA Signalling Point AccessibleSPI Signalling Point Inaccessible （SS7 context）SPI Synchronous Physical Interface (SDH context)SPROC System PROCessorSRNC Serving RNCSRNS Serving RNSs-RNTI RNTI allocated by SRNCSSA Signalling Subsystem AccessibleSSADT Service Specific Assured Data TransferSSCF Service Specific Coordination FunctionSSCOP Service Specific Connection-Oriented ProtocolSSP Signalling Subsystem ProhibitedSSSAR Service Specific Segmentation And ReassemblySSTED Service Specific Transmission Error DetectionSTF Start FieldSTM Synchronous Transport ModuleSTM（-N) Synchronous Transport Module (—N）STS(—N) Synchronous Transport Signal （—N)STTD Space Time Transmit DiversityTB Transport BlockTBC To Be ConfirmedTBD To Be DefinedTBF Transport Block FormatTBS Transport Block SetTCH Traffic ChannelTCM Tandem Connection MonitoringTCOH Tandem Connection OverheadTCP Transport Control ProtocolTCP Transport Control ProtocolTC—RDI Tandem Connection Remote Defect IndicationTC—REI Tandem Connection Remote Error IndicationTCT Tandem Connection TraceTCTE Tandem Connection Terminating ElementTDD Time Duplex DivisionTE Terminal EquipmentTEID Tunnel Endpoint IDTFCI Transport Format Combination IndicatorTFCS Transport Format Combination SetTFI Transport Format IndicatorTFS Transport Format SetTFT Traffic Flow TemplateTFTP Trivial File Transfer ProtocolTIM Trace Identifier MismatchTLLI Temporary Logical Link IdentifierTM Transparent Mode (of RLC)TMN Telecommunication Management NetworkTMSI Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity （used in GSM context， equivalent to TMUI）TMUI Temporary Mobile User Identity (new name for TMSI in the UMTS context)TN Termination NodeTOA or ToA Time Of ArrivalTOAWE TOA Window End pointTOAWS TOA Window Start pointTP Termination PointTPC Transmit Power ControlT-PDU Original packet, for example an IP datagram, from UE or an external PDNTR Threshold ResetTRX Transmitter/ReceiverTSID Test Signal IdentificationTSS Telecommunication Standardization SectorTTC Telecommunication Technology CommitteeTTI Time Transmission Interval (Radio Context）TTI Trail Trace Identifier （O&M context)TTP Trusted Third Party (security context)TTP Trail Termination Point (transmission context）TU Tributary UnitTUG Tributary Unit GroupTUG(-n） Tributary Unit Group （-n)TU-n Tributary Unit—nTX TransmitU— User—UARFCN UTRA Absolute Radio Frequency Channel NumberUAS Unavailable SecondUBR Unspecified Bit RateUDD Unconstrained Delay DataUDP User Datagram ProtocolUE User EquipmentUEA UMTS Encryption AlgorithmUEFN User Equipment Frame NumberUIA UMTS Integrity AlgorithmUL UpLinkUM Unacknowledged Mode (of RLC)UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunication SystemUNEQ UnequippedUNI User to Network InterfaceUP User PlaneUPC Usage Parameters ControlURA User Registration AreaUSCH Uplink Shared CHannelUSIM UMTS Subscriber Identity ModuleUTRA UMTS Terrestrial Radio AccessUTRAN UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access NetworkUu Reference point between User Equipment and Infrastructure domains, UMTS radio interface UUI User to User IndicatorVA Voice Activity （factor）VBR Variable Bit RateVC Virtual ChannelVCC Virtual Channel ConnectionVCI Virtual Channel IdentifierVC-n Virtual Container n （n is 11, 12， 2， 3 or 4）VLR Visitor Location RegisterVP Virtual PathVPC Virtual Path ConnectionVPI Virtual Path IdentifierW—CDMA Wideband CDMAWG Working GroupWG—n Working Group (of 3GPP）WTR Wait—to—RestoreXMAC—I eXpected Message Authentication Code used for data Integrity of signalling messages XOR eXclusive ORXPU AuXiliary Processing UnitXRES Expected Response。
Optimal Resource Allocation - Home
• Weights
Late payments vs. timely payments
▪ Apply a discount rate
Enforcement refunds vs. enforced assessments Private compliance costs vs. government costs
A Framework for Optimal Resource Allocation
for the IRS
Alan Plumley International Conference on Institutional Taxation Analysis
21 September 2009
The Most Crucial Question
• What is the “best” allocation of IRS resources? Is there one right answer?
Enforcement vs. Service? Audit vs. Collection? In-person vs. Internet Services? Individuals vs. Businesses? IRS vs. Private costs?
Persistent resource allocation
专利名称：Persistent resource allocation发明人：Yair Bourlas申请号：US12205436申请日：20080905公开号：US08169960B2公开日：20120501专利内容由知识产权出版社提供专利附图：摘要：Methods and apparatus for communicating and utilizing persistent allocation of uplink resources are described herein. A base station can allocate persistent uplinkresources to a client station, such that the resource allocation remains active for future uplink frames without the client station repeating a request for uplink resources or thebase station expressly communicating the uplink resource allocation. A client station can request a persistent uplink resource allocation when wireless channel conditions are fairly consistent and not varying and the required uplink resources are predictably periodic and fixed in size. The base station can verify that the uplink resource request meets the criteria for persistent allocation and can allocate persistent uplink resources in a dedicated information element of an uplink resource map that is transmitted to the user. The resources allocated remain allocated to the client station in each frame satisfying a predetermined periodicity until deallocated.申请人：Yair Bourlas地址：San Diego CA US国籍：US代理机构：Volpe and Koenig, P.C.更多信息请下载全文后查看。
hlo_resource_allocation用法 -回复
hlo_resource_allocation用法-回复“hlo_resource_allocation用法”，是指资源分配算法hlo_resource_allocation的使用方法。
在本文中，我们将一步一步地回答关于hlo_resource_allocation用法的问题，并详细介绍其背景、原理和示例。
第一部分：介绍在介绍hlo_resource_allocation用法之前，我们先了解一下背景和概念。
hlo_resource_allocation是一种用于资源分配的算法，侧重于有效地分配有限的资源以满足不同实体的需求。
这些实体可以是进程、任务、用户等。
该算法旨在提高资源利用率、降低延迟并提供公平的资源分配。
第二部分：原理hlo_resource_allocation算法的原理是基于一些核心概念和步骤的。
以下是hlo_resource_allocation算法的基本原理：1. 需求定义：首先，需要明确定义各个实体对资源的需求。
这可以通过设定权重、优先级或其他指标来实现。
不同实体的需求可能不同，因此这些需求应该根据实际情况进行调整。
2. 可用资源检测：然后，通过监测系统中可用的资源来了解当前资源状况。
这包括处理器、存储、带宽等资源。
这些资源可以在实时或静态情况下进行检测。
3. 资源分配决策：接下来，根据实体的需求和可用的资源，使用hlo_resource_allocation算法进行资源分配决策。
该算法可以基于各种策略，例如最小剩余资源、最大需求满足等。
资源分配决策应该是可行的和有效的。
4. 分配执行：最后，将资源分配方案执行到系统中。
这可能涉及到修改进程的调度、调整带宽分配或更改其他资源分配方式。
分配执行应该要及时生效，并保持系统的稳定性。
第三部分：示例为了更好地理解hlo_resource_allocation用法，我们以一个示例来说明。
假设一个计算机系统有四个进程和两个处理器资源。
每个进程有不同的运行时间和优先级。
英语作文人工批改
英语作文人工批改Here is an English essay on the topic of "AI-Assisted Essay Grading" with a word count of over 1000:The Rise of AI-Assisted Essay Grading: Revolutionizing the Assessment LandscapeAs the education landscape continues to evolve, the need for efficient and accurate assessment tools has become increasingly crucial. Traditional methods of essay grading, reliant solely on human evaluation, have often been criticized for their inherent subjectivity and the burden they place on educators. However, the emergence of artificial intelligence (AI)-assisted essay grading has the potential to revolutionize the assessment process, offering a more objective and streamlined approach to evaluating student work.At the heart of AI-assisted essay grading lies the integration of natural language processing (NLP) and machine learning algorithms. These advanced technologies enable computers to analyze the content, structure, and coherence of written essays, providing a comprehensive assessment that goes beyond the limitations of human graders. By leveraging AI, the process of essay evaluation canbe automated, expediting the feedback loop and allowing educators to focus on more meaningful aspects of student development.One of the primary benefits of AI-assisted essay grading is its ability to provide consistent and unbiased evaluations. Unlike human graders, who may be influenced by personal biases or external factors, AI systems are programmed to assess essays based on predefined criteria, ensuring a fair and objective assessment for each student. This impartiality helps to level the playing field and promotes equal opportunities for academic success, regardless of a student's background or perceived abilities.Moreover, AI-assisted essay grading offers the advantage of speed and efficiency. Traditional manual grading can be a time-consuming and labor-intensive process, especially in large classrooms or high-volume assessment scenarios. AI-powered systems, on the other hand, can analyze and grade essays almost instantaneously, providing immediate feedback to students and allowing educators to allocate their time more effectively towards other pedagogical responsibilities.The implementation of AI-assisted essay grading also has the potential to enhance the quality of feedback provided to students. These systems can analyze essays in granular detail, identifying specific areas for improvement, such as grammar, syntax,organization, and content development. By providing personalized feedback and suggestions for enhancement, AI-powered grading can help students better understand their strengths and weaknesses, empowering them to improve their writing skills and academic performance.Furthermore, the integration of AI-assisted essay grading can lead to significant data-driven insights that inform educational policies and instructional practices. By analyzing large datasets of student essays, these systems can uncover patterns, trends, and areas of weakness, enabling educators and policymakers to make more informed decisions about curriculum development, teaching methods, and resource allocation. This data-driven approach can lead to more effective and targeted interventions, ultimately improving educational outcomes.Despite the promising potential of AI-assisted essay grading, it is essential to acknowledge the potential limitations and challenges associated with this technology. Concerns have been raised about the accuracy and reliability of AI-powered assessment systems, particularly in addressing the nuances and complexities of human communication. Additionally, there are ethical considerations around the use of AI in high-stakes assessments, such as the potential for bias and the need to ensure transparency and accountability in the evaluation process.As with any technological innovation, the successful implementation of AI-assisted essay grading requires a careful and thoughtful approach. Educators and policymakers must work collaboratively to develop robust frameworks and guidelines that ensure the responsible and ethical use of these technologies, prioritizing fairness, accuracy, and student wellbeing. Ongoing research and evaluation will be crucial to refine and improve the capabilities of AI-assisted essay grading, ultimately enhancing its effectiveness and reliability.In conclusion, the rise of AI-assisted essay grading represents a significant advancement in the field of educational assessment. By harnessing the power of artificial intelligence and natural language processing, this technology has the potential to revolutionize the way we evaluate student writing, providing more objective, efficient, and personalized feedback. As we continue to navigate the evolving landscape of education, the integration of AI-assisted essay grading can play a pivotal role in fostering student growth, improving instructional practices, and ultimately, shaping a more equitable and effective educational system.。
ICCb
Radio Resource Reuse in a WiMAX RelayNetworkZou WeiAlcatel Shanghai Bell, Research & Innovation, Shanghai 201206, ChinaAbstract—This paper proposes a hybrid relay-and-reuse method for WiMAX relay network to increase the cell capacity without affecting the coverage improvement brought by relay technology. The whole solution is completely compatible with current WiMAX standards without any change to mobile station functionality, and only software upgrade is required at base station and relay station to realize it. Performance of the proposed solution is analyzed and compared with simple relay and conventional no-relay access, based on a new-defined metric referred to as throughput-equivalent SINR. It is shown that the proposed hybrid relay-and-reuse solution is able to provide a much bigger average cell capacity than simple relay and conventional WiMAX besides the significant improvement on cell coverage as in simple relay access.Index Terms—WiMAX relay network, radio resource allocation, radio resource reuse, in-cell bandwidth reuseI. I NTRODUCTIONelay station (RS) has been introduced into the conventional WiMAX network as a method to increase the system capacity or improve the radio coverage. In a cell with multiple RSs, heavily shadowed users can employ the multi-hop relaying to bypass obstacles, thereby gaining improved radio channel conditions. Meanwhile, by breaking a long-distance path into two or several segments, path loss can be possibly lowered down and a higher throughput can be achieved at the multi-hop path compared with the original single-hop link. Nevertheless, as radio resource is also needed for traffic delivery between base station (BS) and RS, improvement from simple relaying strategy becomes minor, and even neglectable in the low-shadowing environment [1]-[3].To further increase the cell capacity, in-cell radio resource reuse (also referred to as in-cell bandwidth reuse) has been proposed to support concurrent user-access operations using the same radio resource at different access stations in the cell range including BS and its associated RSs [4]. Although this scheme dramatically increases available access resource for mobile users, concurrent transmissions of access stations (ASs) or mobile stations (MSs) in the cell also interfere with each other severely. At some location (for example at the middle point between two RSs), the interference is so large that no signal can be decoded successfully at all. Coming together with the in-cell inter-AS interference are two major problems. One is the low signal-to-interference-and-noise ratio (SINR) of the radio link, which is significantly reduced due to the existence of dominating inter-AS interference. System analysis becomes necessary to validate the improvement coming from the concurrent access and in-cell radio resource reuse. The other problem lies in the bad coverage. Inter-AS interference produces many blind areas making coverage a major issue in the simple bandwidth reuse solution.This paper proposes a hybrid relay-and-reuse method to overcome the bad coverage making concurrent access with resource reuse a practical solution for capacity enhancement. The entire solution can be implemented easily through a novel radio resource allocation scheme in a standard WiMAX relay network. The capacity enhancement from the proposed relay-and-reuse solution is analyzed, and compared with simple relay and conventional no-relay WiMAX based on a new-defined metric, throughput-equivalent SINR. It has been shown that hybrid relay-and-reuse method can dramatically enlarge the cell capacity without any loss of coverage compared with simple relay scheme. After enhanced by the proposed radio resource allocation scheme, RS not only brings a prominently improved coverage, but also brings a large cell capacity through access bandwidth reuse. It should be noted that the whole relay-and-reuse solution is completely compatible with current WiMAX standards without any change to current MS functionality. Only software upgrade at BS and RS are required to implement it in a WiMAX relay network defined by IEEE 802.16j [4].II. H YBRID R ELAY-AND-R EUSE S OLUTIONThe basic scenario when relay station is introduced is shown in Fig.1, where several RSs are located in or near the BS coverage. In simple relay access, MSs are associated directly with BS or with one of the RSs for local access according to their positions in the cell. Basically, RS can be classified into two types: coverage-extension RS which is deployed far away from BS to extend the cell coverage to a place beyond BS’s attainability, and capacity-enhancement RS which is deployed in the cell range for increasing the cell capacity. IEEE 802.16j has developed solutions for both RS types. When in-cell bandwidth reuse is applied, coverage-extension RS can fully reuse the radio resource without affecting the BS operations, while capacity-enhancement RS causes severe interference to the BS, and to the other RSs in the same cell. Although both RS types are supported in the proposed hybrid relay-and-reuse solution, the basic scenario we discussed and analyzed in this paper is a cell where several capacity-enhancement RSs areRR SB SFig.1. Basic RS ScenarioReuse Part Fig.2. Frame structure for in-cell resource reuseevenly distributed.The basic idea of the hybrid “relay-and-reuse” solution is to divide the original relay frame into two parts in the time domain. ASs work in relay mode in the first frame part, and work in reuse mode in the other part, where each AS in the cell communicates with one of its associated MS simultaneously using the same bandwidth resource. In Fig.2, the reuse-mode part is referred to as resource reuse access zone. Here, the firstrelay part includes all components necessary for relayoperations as described in [4]. Typically, a traditional accesszone and a relay zone exist, separately, for MS access andtraffic delivery between BS and RS. Concurrent access at eachAS in the cell through resource reuse will only occur in thesecond reuse part. The main difference between the twoworking modes lies in that: radio resource is allocatedexclusively to a BS-MS, RS-MS, or BS-RS link in relay mode,while the same frequency-time resource block can be allocatedto different AS-MS links in parallel in the reuse mode.MSs in the cell range are classified into two categories according to their estimated SINRs. Here, the SINR is the SINR value in the reuse mode when concurrent user access occurs at each AS. Given the received signal power P r,j from the nearest access station, SINR can be expressed as,,N P P SINR ji i r jr +=∑≠ (1) where N 0 is the thermal noise, and the ∑≠ji i r P ,is the interference from other ASs which only exists in reuse mode. Inhybrid relay-and-reuse solution, different access schemes (relay or reuse) are applied to different MS categories. Simple relay access is used in the class with low SINR, and reuse mode is used for the access of high-SINR class. The threshold SINR in the classification is set to 5dB in this paper, which is the lowest SINR value for profile QPSK-1/2 in AWGN channel. MSs with a SINR lower than 5dB is classified into Class I, while the other MSs are classified into Class II. Apparently, MSs in Class I cannot access any AS in reuse mode because of the too-low SINR. Hence, they should work in relay mode where a higher SINR is expected due to the lack of inter-AS interference.Bandwidth is allocated to MS according to its belonging class. The first frame part is allocated among MSs in Class I, and the second resource-reuse part is allocated to MSs in Class II. In the relay frame part, radio resource is allocated exclusively to BS, RS, and MS, as same as in the conventionalWiMAX network. While in the resource reuse part, bandwidthis allocated taking into account the reuse feature at differentASs. MSs in Class II will be further divided into several groups according to their associated ASs. Each AS can communicate with its group members using all the frequency-time resourcein the reuse part. As a result, multiple user accesses happensimultaneously in the cell. The allocation in this part, hence,becomes multiple overlapped in-group allocations. It should be noted that the lengths of both frame parts could be dynamicallyadapted, according to the MS distribution in the cell andreal-time bandwidth request of each MS, such that the entire frame can be fully utilized. In some extreme case when Class II is empty, the length of reuse part can be as small as zero and the frame becomes a simple relay frame as described in [4]. On the other hand, the length of reuse part can be maximized when all MSs are working in reuse mode. Initial MS classification can be performed based on theresults of initial ranging at the moment of MS entry. DifferentAS will measure the received power in the initial rangingwindow and send the measurement result to BS through adedicated signaling channel. BS then estimates its possibleSINR in the reuse mode. If the reuse SINR is large enough (forexample greater than 5dB), that MS is put into Class II.Otherwise, it is classified into Class I. With the movement of aMS in the cell, its SINR changes frequently in both relay modeand reuse mode. Such a change can be monitored by AS in theprocess of MS-AS communication or in the periodic ranging.After the collection of these monitoring results, BS re-estimates the possible SINR in reuse mode for each MS, and adjusts its class belonging. For example, once BS captures a large SINR reduction of a MS in Class II, it will re-assign it into Class I;and once BS captures a large SINR (SINR in reuse mode) increase of MS in Class I, that MS will be re-assigned to ClassII. Note that the SINR here is the SINR value in the case of in-cell bandwidth reuse. It can be estimated by BS based on the SINR measurement results from both ASs and MS. In some case, real-time SINR values of each MS in Class II can bemeasured in the reuse mode and used directly in theclassification. The main advantage of the proposed relay-and-reuse solution lies in its simple implementation method through a new resource allocation method. Because it is completely compatible with IEEE 802.16 standards, the solution can besuccessfully applied in the current WiMAX network without any change to MS functionality. To implement it, only software update is required at BS and RS (if necessary) for realizing the new radio resource allocation mechanism. Besides, as MS in Class II will switch to relay mode when inter-AS interference becomes severe, coverage will not be degraded by the in-cell bandwidth reuse. The proposed hybrid solution therefore possesses high coverage as well as high capacity compared with conventional WiMAX cell without relay, as we will show in the performance analysis below.III. P ERFORMANCE A NALYSISAlthough the in-cell resource reuse increase the amount of available access bandwidth, SINR at each concurrent access link is significantly reduced due to the dominating interference between ASs in the cell range. In order to verify the capacity improvement from bandwidth reuse, this paper analyzes the SINR value at each point in a serving cell taking into account of in-cell inter-AS interference, inter-cell interference between neighboring BSs, and thermal noise. It should be noted that final BS-MS throughput is different in different access mode. In simple relay mode, traffic delivery between BS and RS also need some radio resource. Given a same SINR at user access link and a same amount of bandwidth, the final throughput in simple relay mode is obviously less than that in conventional mode where MS is directly connected with BS without any relay. Also, access in reuse mode generates a different BS-MS throughput due to the concurrent user access at each AS in the cell range. On the other hand, a MS will have different access SINR values in different access modes. For example, RS in simple relay mode may provide a better access SINR than BS to a MS much nearer to RS, and SINR value of access link in bandwidth reuse mode becomes much lower due to the inter-AS interference in the cell.To compare the different modes impartially, this paper proposes to use throughput-equivalent SINR as themeasurement of system performance. Here the throughput-equivalent SINR is defined as the SINR with which a single-hop link can achieve the same BS-to-MS throughput as a multi-hop relay path or a number of concurrent bandwidth-reuse path. According to the specification in IEEE802.16e, the throughput for different SINR is different due tothe adaptive modulation and coding. The relation betweendifferent modulation and coding profiles and the achievablecapacities is plotted in Fig.3, where a linear relation betweenthem is assumed in different SINR region. Based on Fig.3, thatrelation can be expressed as⎪⎪⎪⎪⎩⎪⎪⎪⎪⎨⎧>≤≤−<≤−<≤−<≤+<=205.420144/)2(145.105.3/)5.3(5.1085/)5.0(856/)1(50)(SINR SINR SINR SINR SINR SINR SINR SINR SINR SINR SINR Eff (2)and its inverse function isFig.3. Spectral efficiency versus SINR in AWGN channel⎪⎪⎩⎪⎪⎨⎧>+<≤+<≤+<−=32*4325.3*5.325.15.0*55.11*6)(Eff Eff Eff Eff Eff Eff Eff Eff Eff SINR e (3) Here Eff denotes the achievable efficiency and SINR e denotesthe throughput-equivalent SINR. The value of Eff has an upper and a lower bound due to the required lowest SINR for network entry and the highest coding and modulation profile specified in IEEE 802.16 standards. On the contrary, the value of SINR e does not have any upper or lower bound in order to take account of the effect of simple relay and radio resource reuse. Given the realistic SINR values of each link in an N -hop path, the equivalent SINR of this multi-hop path (denoted by SINR mhe ) can be written as()⎟⎟⎟⎟⎠⎞⎜⎜⎜⎜⎝⎛=∑=Ni SINR Eff e mhei SINR SINR 1)(11 (4) where SINR i denotes the link SINR in the i th-hop. Similarly,given a cell with K RSs equally spaced around BS where BS islocated at the center and concurrent access happens at both BSand RSs, the equivalent SINR of multiple reuse paths (denotedby SINR rre ) can be expressed by())(*)(mhe a e rre SINR Eff K SINR Eff SINR SINR += (5) where SINR a is the SINR of the last hop for access and SINR mheis the equivalent SINR of each 2-hop path considering onlyrelay effect. Here, the first item in SINR e () considers the reuseeffect of BS and the second item considers the bandwidth-reuseeffect of the K RSs.In the following analysis, BS is assumed to be at the cellcenter using an omnidirectional antenna and each cell is ahexagon, as same as in traditional cellular system. For simplicity, only downlink equivalent SINR is computed under the scenario of frequency-reuse 3. The inter-BS interference of neighboring 6 cells using the same frequency, the intra-BSinterference caused by in-cell reuse, and thermal noise are taken into consideration. Line-of-sight propagation is assumed between BS and RSs and SINR of each BS-RS link is assumedto be good enough to support 64QAM-3/4 profile. In a AWGNFig.4. SINR CDF in serving cell, SUI Terrain A, cell size 3000mFig.5. Average Throughput versus cell radius in SUI Terrain AFig.6. Coverage versus cell radius in SUI Terrain A channel, that SINR should be greater than 20dB. In our analysis, radio resource reuse is only applied in the central serving cell where 6 RSs are located at the gravity center of each 60o sector, and the neighboring interfering cells are still conventional cells without RS. Path loss is calculated based on SUI model, Terrain A, and the shadowing is modeled by a lognormal random variable with a standard deviation of 10.6 dB [5].The throughput-equivalent SINR in each point of the serving cell has been analyzed and its complementary cumulative density function (CCDF) has been plotted in Fig.4, where the computation results of conventional access mode without relay, simple relay mode, and hybrid relay-and-reuse mode are compared. In this figure, each cell has a radius of 3 km. It can be seen that relay-and-reuse mode significantly enlarge the percentage of points whose throughput-equivalent SINR is greater than 11.375 dB, while in this region simple relay mode approaches a same percentage curve as that in conventional WiMAX. This is because relay path will not be selected at all at the points where a good air condition exists between MS and BS. Simple relay, hence, cannot provide any improvement at these points. As show in Fig.4, relay-and-reuse mode also enlarges the percentage of points with a throughput-equivalent SINR between 6 and 11.375 dB.Assuming a uniform distribution of MS in the serving cell, the average throughput of BS as well as the cell coverage can be calculated for the three access modes. Fig.5 shows the relation of average throughput versus cell size. Here, the plotted throughput value is the data throughput excluding physical-layer overhead, such as pilots, cyclic prefix, etc. As cell size increases, although the interferences between different ASs are reduced, the average throughput also decreases due to the existence of many low-SINR points. Hence the average values are lowered down with the increase of cell size in all the three access modes. On the other hand, hybrid relay-and-reuse mode has a much bigger average throughput compared with simple relay and conventional access. Therefore, although inter-AS interference significantly reduces the access SINR in the serving cell, resource reuse at different AS is still able to provide a big increase in cell throughput. Fig.6 gives the achievable coverage in the serving cell when the size of the cell increases. It can be seen that both hybrid relay-and-reuse and simple-relay mode dramatically improve the cell coverage. The slight difference between the coverage of hybrid mode and simple-relay access may come from the lognormal random variable simulating shadowing. In conclusion, although relay brings prominent improvement on cell coverage, it does not bring much improvement on average throughput. By incorporating in-cell bandwidth reusing capability into the system, the hybrid relay-and-reuse solution significantly improves the average throughput as well.IV. C ONCLUSIONA hybrid relay-and-reuse solution is proposed in this paper to increase the cell capacity without affecting the coverage improvement brought by relay technology. The whole solution is completely compatible with current WiMAX standards without any change to current MS functionality. Moreover, only software upgrade is required at BS and RS toimplementing it. Also, this paper has analyzed the coverage and capacity improvement from relay-and-reuse access based on a new-defined metric, throughput-equivalent SINR. Performance has been compared with simple relay and conventional mode. Our analysis results show that the proposed hybrid relay-and-reuse solution can provide a much bigger average cell capacity than simple relay and conventional access. In addition, as same as in simple relay access, cell coverage can also be significantly improved in the proposed hybrid solution compared to conventional WiMAX.R EFERENCES[1] J. Cho and Z. J. Haas, “Throughput enhancement by multi-hop relaying incellular radio networks with non-uniform traffic distribution,” Proc. IEEE VTC 2003 Fall, Orlando, FL, Oct. 2003[2] A. N. Zadeh and B. Jabbari, “Performance analysis of multihop packetCDMA cellular networks,” Proc. IEEE GLOBECOM 2001, pp.2875-2879, San Antonio, TX, Nov. 2001[3] R. Pabst et al, “Relay-based deployment concepts for wireless and mobilebroadband radio,” IEEE Commun. Mag., vol. 42, no. 9, pp. 80-89, Sept.2004[4] /16/pubs/80216j.html[5] /16/relay/contrib/C80216j-06_040r1.pdf。
5G英文视频#13：5GNR解调参考信号
5G英文视频#13：5GNR解调参考信号原视频来自：/videos/5g-explained-demodulation-reference-signals-in-5g-nr-1566973057735.html。
公众号作者进行了整理和翻译，欢迎指正和讨论。
文中顺序依次是视频、中文译文和英文原文。
中文：这是“ 5G的解释” 系列的新内容。
在本视频中，我们将讨论5G 无线中的调制参考信号(DM-RS)。
我们将了解DM-RS的用途、DM-RS配置数量和位置的详细参数，包括PDSCH映射类型、单符号与双符号、附加DM-RS以及类型1和2。
我们将讨论把这些配置应用于各种波束赋形的方案。
DM-RS并不是为5G NR定义的唯一的物理信号。
这里列举了下行链路的物理信号，其中一些在“5G解释”视频系列的其他章节中做过介绍。
DM-RS用于信道估计和相关物理信道的解调。
它们也可以用于估计接收信号功率，就像LTE中一样。
CSI-RS（信道状态信息参考信号）帮助接收机做信道估计，并用于资源分配、波束赋形和波束管理。
PT-RS（相位跟踪参考信号）用于相位跟踪，这对于相位噪声更为普遍的毫米波传输的场景尤为重要。
最后，PSS和SSS（主要同步信号和辅助同步信号）在同步和小区搜索过程中起着关键作用，这在本系列的另一集中将详细介绍。
DM-RS伴随5G NR中的每条信息，因为3GPP标准假定传输中会使用预编码。
由于数据和DM-RS都经过相同的预编码，因此接收机的信道估计包括了传播信道和预编码的影响。
因此，接收机通过DM-RS就得到了预编码方案。
这与LTE中TM9使用的DM-RS非常相似，对应于端口7~14的传输。
当伴随PDSCH发送时，DM-RS仅在分配给PDSCH的资源中占用部分资源块。
与LTE情况不同，DM-RS的数量、位置和密度是高度可配置的，下一张幻灯片详细说明了这些配置。
我们在有关下行链路数据的章节中提到，PDSCH映射有两种类型：类型A和类型B。