英语科技论文写作 第二讲
英语二级范文作文
英语二级范文作文Title: The Impact of Technology on Education。
In recent decades, technology has revolutionizedvarious aspects of our lives, and education is no exception. The integration of technology in education has broughtabout significant changes in teaching methods, learning processes, and educational outcomes. In this essay, we will explore the impact of technology on education and discussits advantages and challenges.Firstly, technology has transformed the way information is accessed and delivered in educational settings. With the internet and digital resources, students now have access to a vast amount of information at their fingertips. They can conduct research, access online libraries, and engage in interactive learning activities, enhancing their understanding of various subjects. Additionally,educational institutions can utilize online platforms and learning management systems to deliver course materials andassignments, making learning more flexible and accessible.Secondly, technology has facilitated personalized learning experiences. Adaptive learning technologies can analyze students' learning patterns and tailor educational content to their individual needs and preferences. This personalized approach enables students to learn at theirown pace and focus on areas where they need improvement, leading to better learning outcomes. Moreover, educational apps and software provide opportunities for interactive and engaging learning experiences, making learning more enjoyable and effective.Furthermore, technology has expanded the reach of education beyond traditional classrooms. Online courses and distance learning programs allow students to pursue education regardless of their geographical location or time constraints. This flexibility enables working professionals, stay-at-home parents, and individuals with disabilities to access quality education and advance their careers. Moreover, online collaboration tools and virtual classrooms facilitate communication and collaboration among studentsand educators, creating a global learning community.However, despite the numerous benefits of technology in education, there are also challenges that need to be addressed. One major concern is the digital divide, where disparities in access to technology and internet connectivity exist among different socioeconomic groups. Students from disadvantaged backgrounds may lack access to necessary technology devices and reliable internet connection, hindering their ability to fully participate in digital learning activities. Bridging this gap requires concerted efforts from governments, educational institutions, and the private sector to ensure equal access to technology and digital resources for all students.Additionally, the integration of technology in education raises concerns about privacy and data security. Educational platforms and online learning systems collect vast amounts of data on students' learning behaviors and preferences. It is essential to implement robust data protection measures and adhere to strict privacy regulations to safeguard students' sensitive informationfrom misuse or unauthorized access. Educators and policymakers need to prioritize data security and ethical use of technology to maintain trust and confidence indigital learning environments.In conclusion, technology has fundamentally transformed the landscape of education, offering new opportunities for learning and teaching. From personalized learning experiences to global collaboration, technology has revolutionized the way knowledge is acquired and shared. However, addressing challenges such as the digital divide and ensuring data privacy are crucial for realizing thefull potential of technology in education. By harnessing the power of technology responsibly, we can createinclusive and equitable learning environments that empower students to thrive in the digital age.。
科技论文写作lecture2-1
Eight characteristics
Abbreviated forms : Informal • This device isn't intended to improve oil production. Formal • This device is not intended to improve oil production.
Adverbs often are placed mid-position rather than in the initial or final positions. In informal English, adverbs often occur as clauses at the beginning or end of sentences.
Eight characteristics
Features of academic writing • • • • • • • • Complexity Formality Precision Objectivity Explicitness Accuracy Hedging Responsibility
What can be done to lower costs? —> We now need to consider what can be done to lower costs.
Eight characteristics
2. Formality In addition, • Place adverbs within the verb.
Eight characteristics
3. Precision Academic writing should be very precise. Factual information, figures or charts, should all be provided and nothing written there should leave room to interpretation.
科技论文写作_第二讲_引言与文献综述
文献评论原则
•重点选择而非全面探讨原则
–相 关 性：部分相关、高度相关 –时间序列：早期研究、目前研究 –性质区分：应用相关、理论相关
• 文献评论与研究问题间的密切关系
易犯错误
•避免流于陈述以往研究，缺乏检讨与评论 的功能。 •大量引述或套用他人研究话语，缺乏研究 与自身论文相关性的验证，失去彰显弥补 现有研究缺失的研究贡献价值。 •引述的文献与研究无关，甚至有矛盾关系 的资料。
良好的引言应包括： • 一般说明--给读者初步概念 (研究背景) • 问题所在--帮助读者了解研究的目的 (可省略) • 论文的目的
– 把要解决的问题或要证实的假设明确指出，使 读者了解为何写此论文或做此研究
• 引言中需引用和该研究有关之重要文献， 使得者可以自行参阅
（1） 引言包括的内容
常见的引言包括以下内容：
内容引注(2/2)
• 同时引注多个作者内容时，以「、」为分隔标点符 号
例：其它相关性的研究尚包括Philip [44]、Powell [45]、 Sanghvi [47, 48, 49]、Skof [55]、Wacker et al. [63] 以及Wacker和Billinton [61]等。 说明：「以及」出现即宣告是最后一个 (注：英文无「、」)
（方法）和结果作为结尾。
实验和试验性论文，一般以实（试）验的目的 作为引言的开始，扼要交待实（试）验的环境条件、 主要方法及结果，也可以只写实（试）验的环境条 件、主要方法及结果，也可以只写实（试）验的目
的。
引言一般包括以下几项： 1）研究背景：研究现状、存在问题； 2）研究目的：研究的重要性和理由； 3）研究范围：研究所涉及的范围，或取得成 果的适用范围； 4）研究方法：采用的实验方法或实验路径； 5）取得成果的意义：研究价值评述。
英语专业二级作文
英语专业二级作文Title: The Role of Technology in Modern Education。
In recent years, technology has become an integral part of educational systems worldwide, transforming traditional methodologies and introducing new and innovative ways to engage with content and enhance learning experiences. The implications of this shift are profound, not only in terms of pedagogical strategies but also regarding accessibility, efficiency, and the personalization of education.One of the most significant benefits of technology in education is its ability to provide a wide array of learning resources to students regardless of their geographical location. Online platforms, e-books, and interactive applications make it possible for students in remote areas to access the same quality of education as those in urban centers. Furthermore, technology enables educational institutions to offer a vast spectrum of learning tools that cater to different learning styles andspeeds, which is something traditional educational methods struggled to achieve.The personalization of learning is another critical advantage brought about by technology. Adaptive learning technology, for example, adjusts the content, pace, and difficulty according to the individual needs of each student. This approach not only supports students who might need more time to grasp certain concepts but also challenges those who are ready to advance faster than their peers. This kind of personalization is nearly impossible in a traditional classroom setting where a teacher has to cater to the needs of many students at once.Moreover, technology facilitates collaborative learning even when participants cannot be physically together. Tools such as video conferencing, online discussion boards, and shared digital workspaces allow for effective collaboration among students from different parts of the world. This not only helps in building a global perspective among students but also prepares them for a workforce that is increasingly remote and diverse.However, the integration of technology in education is not without challenges. One major concern is the digital divide—the gap between those who have access to modern information and communication technology and those who do not. This disparity can lead to significant inequalities in educational opportunities and outcomes. While technologyhas the potential to make education more accessible, italso requires significant investment in infrastructure and training to ensure that all students can benefit equally.Another challenge is ensuring that technology does not replace the critical human elements that are essential in education. The presence of a teacher who can inspire, guide, and motivate students is still invaluable. Technologyshould be seen as a tool to enhance the capabilities of educators, not replace them. Effective education technology should facilitate more meaningful interactions between teachers and students, not reduce personal contact.In addition to these challenges, there is also the concern of data privacy and security. Educationaltechnologies often collect vast amounts of data from users, including minors, which makes it imperative for developers and educational institutions to have stringent measures in place to protect this information. The ethical considerations surrounding the use of educational data are complex and require constant vigilance to ensure that they are not misused.In conclusion, technology undoubtedly plays a crucial role in modern education. It offers tremendousopportunities for enhancing learning experiences and making education more accessible and personalized. However, it is essential to address the accompanying challenges thoughtfully. Ensuring equitable access to technology, preserving the invaluable human element in education, and maintaining rigorous standards for data privacy are all critical to achieving a balanced and effective integration of technology in education. By doing so, we can leverage technology not only to improve educational outcomes but also to foster a more inclusive and equitable global educational landscape.。
英语学术论文写作教程-Unit 2
Unit 2 Introduction
Overview
A good beginning is half done, so is a research paper. One is to arouse the readers’ interest, and the other is to offer adequate information to prepare readers for understanding the paper and evaluating the worth of the study. In terms of structure, a well-organized Introduction presents a funnel shape, or in other words, it begins with stating general research scope and then narrows down to the research focus. In order to write an effective Introduction, Swales & Feak (2012) proposes a widely used discourse pattern, known as the Create-a-Research-Space (or CARS) model.
Information Convention
❶With the rapid development of chemical industry, heavy metals in environment increase rapidly and go beyond the normal range, which has seriously polluted the soil. ❷ Such soil contamination leads to deterioration of environmental quality and does harm to human’s health. ❸ So, it is important to control soil pollution caused by heavy metals.
LN02_科技论文的写作
3. 论文的发表流程 the art of publishing in scientific
journals
17
ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
2.1 with your readers in mind: an example
哪种描述方式是最自然有效的？ 不仅形式 (a tabular one) 而且次序都重要
18
Reader Expectation 1 sentence-wise: Subject-Verb separation
readers tend to neglect anything between subject
and its verb
why? one’s expectation is satisfied only when he sees the
arrival of the verb
putting what you want the readers know as the
大纲
1. 一篇论文的解剖dissecting a scientific paper 2. 实用科技英文写作 Practical scientific writing
2.1 从认知学的角度来理解写作的原则
2.2 伦理问题 Ethical aspects
2.3 语言问题 Linguistic aspects 2.4 软件及其他技术问题 Technical aspects
– an introduction poses the questions addressed in the early
part of Results – Beyond this point, the organization of Results differs from one paper to another
科技英语写作Unit 2
(2) Be Specific
What titles are specific? In preparing the title of a paper, a general
and abstract title should be avoided. For example, such a title as Computer Retrieval will be regarded as too general and global, vague and empty, telling the reader nothing specific. It would be better to change the title into something like Computer Retrieval on Literature of Physics, or Computer Retrieval on International Conference Information, according to the content of the paper.
General Functions
GAF G – generalizing the text A - Attracting the reader F – Facilitating the retrieval
(1) Generalizing the Text
A title should summarize the central idea
Linguistic Features
2 points:
More nouns, nouns
phrases and gerunds An incomplete sentence
英文科技论文写作 第2课. The Title of paper
Workshop 2: The TitleIntroductionThe title of your paper is important because it is the first part that is read by your peers. Lebrun (2007) likened the title of a paper to a person‟s face. A face gives an impression of the type of person who you are, and by analogy the title of a paper gives people a first impression of whether your paper is interesting enough for them to read the rest of the paper. It follows therefore that the title of the paper should attract readers to read your paper and enhance the chances of it being cited. A little should also be specific, honest, brief and positive and differentiate your work from other published research.The following guidelines or tips are recommended as ways of improving titles. However, you should be aware that not all these tips work in the same direction. For example, a general title can often be attractive to a greater number of readers, but a general title runs counter to the desired aim of having a title that is specific.1.Begin your title with keywords and avoid ‘waste word’: As pointed out by Lindsay (1996) itis a good idea to start the title with a keyword. Consider the following example (modified from Lindsay 1996):…The influence of manganese on pine needles‟This is a common title in many scientific papers ( the effect of A on B). This type of title is unattractive, and does not tell you what A (manganese) did to B (pine needles). In addition, this type of title contains …waste word‟ and relegates one of the keywords to the end of the title. A far better (positive, specific and attractive) title would be:…Manganese brightens the colour of pine needles‟This title starts with one of the keywords and tells you what to expect in the paper, i.e. it is specific. The new title contains as many words as the old one, but it conveys more specific and interesting information. The new title has achieved another desired aim but dispersing with the waste words, …The influence of …. Other waste word that are commonly found in titles are …investigation on‟, …Observation on‟, …An‟, …The‟.2. Use of verbs in titles: The addition of a verb to the title of a paper adds energy to the title and tells the reader more than about your contribution (a verb is the word in a sentence that denotes an action, i.e. my professor frowned at me when I was late for class). For example, consider the title: …The effect of leaf damage on pollen production by Maple‟This title can be improved by removing the waste word, …The‟, and add a verb to make the title more specific (modified from Gustavii 2003):…Leaf damage decreased pollen production by Maple‟Lindsay (1996) counsels against using the present tense for such titles, because …Leaf damage decreases pollen production by Maple‟ implies that your work is the definitive research that has settled the question of the effect of leaf damage on pollen production by maple once and for all.The following title contains a verb and also has a …keyword‟ placed first (modified from Lebrun 2007):…High resolution numerical models: understanding satellite data‟This type of title is known as a hanging title and some very good journals such as …Science‟advocate their use. Other disagree, for example, Day (1998) states that hanging titles “appear pedantic, often place the emphasis on a general term rather than a more specific term, necessitate punctuation, scramble indexes and in general provide poor titles”.3. Declarative rather than neutral titles: whenever possible use a declarative rather than a neutral title. The following title is neutral (from Gustavii 2003):…The influence of aspirin on prostaglandin synthesis‟A far better title is:…Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis as a mechanism of action of aspirin-like drugs‟This title incorporate keywords at the beginning and introduces verbs to make the title more specific and informative. Most journals will accept declarative titles, although a few still ask for non-declarative titles.4. Adjectives and numbers to make a title more memorable: An adjective is a word whose main role in a sentence is to modify a noun (name of a person, place or thing). For example, my sister is a fast runner. The incorporation of an adjective or adverb (modifiers of verbs, adjectives and clauses) in a title is often used to describe the key aspect of a contribution, i.e. fast, highly efficient, or robust algorithms. A void terms such as new or novel as your work may outlive you and become old and outdated. It is also preferable, as pointed out by Lebrun (2007) to make your adjective less subjective by prefacing it with a number i.e. use ‟20 MHz computer‟rather than …extremely (adverb) fast computer‟because fast computers may become slow over time making them …extremely fast computer‟ very misleading.5. Unexpected or unusual words: Another technique to attract readers and make your title more memorable is to include an unexpected or unusual word. Consider the following example (from Lebrun 2007):“Hydrophobic property of sol-gel hard coating”This is a rather general title, but as pointed out by Lebrun (2007) it has the virtues of being short and specific. The following title, however, is better:“Increasing hydro-phobicity of sol-gel hard coating by chemical and micromorphological modifications” (Lebrun 2007)This title is more specific (honest) and representative of the work. It adds keywords making it easier to find by search engines and it clearly tells the reader how increases in hydro-phobicity were achived. The title has lost conciseness because it is longer, but it has gained in appeal because it starts with the verb …increasing‟. The following, alternative title is more catchy and might attract readers from outside of the field of manufacturing and coatings, for examplebiologists (from Lebrun 2007):“Increasing hydro-phobicity of sol-gel hard coatings by mimicking lotus leaf morphology”This title has lost two important keywords (chemical and morphological modifications), however, this deficiency might be rectified by placing the keywords in the list of keywords that follows the journal abstract (from Lebrun 2007).Care should be exercised when including catchy terms in titles. Sometimes these terms may not make sense to people living in other parts of world, as is the case for the following titles (taken from Lebrun 2007).“The inflammatory microphage a story of Jekyll and Hyde”“The abc‟s (& xyz‟s) if peptide sequencing”6. Making titles catchy by posing a question: Hanging titles posed as questions such as the following can make catchy and interesting titles:“Software acceleration using programmable logic: is it worth the effect” (from Lebrun 2007) “Wax and oil emulsion additives : How effective are they at improving the performance of preservative-treated wood”However, titles like these are best reserved for those who are quite well established in their fields, otherwise they could be considered as being rather arrogant. Day (1998) states that titles posed as questions should not used at all.7. Pitfalls and things to avoid: Titles of papers should not contain abbreviations, acronyms, trade names and clichés (jargon). There are some exceptions to this general rule. For example, some acronyms and abbreviations are more common than the words they stand for such as pH and DNA. In such cases it is acceptable to use the abbreviation. If in doubt spell out the abbreviation in full and include the abbreviation in brackets. Similarly it is acceptable to include an acronym in a title if you are introducing it for the first time, as is the case for the following title taken from Lebrun (2007):“VISOR: learning v isual s chemas in neutral networks for o bject r ecognition and scene analysis”Outdated words which have lost their meaning should also be avoided i.e. animalcules for bacteria and protozoa (Day 1998).Titles are not usually sentences rather they are labels. Nevertheless, you should be careful of syntax. Most problems in this area stem from the order of words in the title as is the case for the following title (Day 1998):“Multiple infections among newborns resulting from implantation with staphylococcus aureus”(This is title indicates that newborns result from implantation with the bacteria staphylococcus aureus) !Other consideratrionsRunning titles: Most journals include a running title for your paper, which is printed at the top (running head) or bottom (running foot) of every page, or alternate pages. Some journals create this running title from the full title that you supply, but others will ask you to provide a running title. The running title is shorter than then full title, and when you prepare it, you should focus on the keywords and the subject of the paper.“Hydrophobicity of sol-gel coatings” (from the earlier title in Lebrun 2007)Thesis title: Thesis titles can be longer than titles for a paper and some non-experts might be interested in your thesis as well as experts (peers). Therefore, a useful approach way of pleasing both audiences is to create a hanging title with the first being intelligible to non-experts and a sub-heading containing more specific details, i.e.:“Modification of wood with cold plasma with emphasis on the morphological and chemical changes to wood cell walls”Series titles: The priority given in academia to publishing large numbers of papers has led some scientists to publish their research findings in a series. In some quarters this practice is known as …slicing the salami thin‟. Titles for such papers are generally hanging titles with the number of paper taking the place of the question in the hanging titles mentioned earlier:“Thermal modification of red alder:1. The effect of temperature and duration of heating”There are a number of objections to a title like this. Firstly, the initial part of the title is too general and becomes redundant in subsequent papers published in the series. In addition the meaning of the individual papers in the series only becomes clear when the series is read as a whole. Papers should be cohesive documents that are intelligible without reference to other papers. Hence, for these reasons papers in series are disliked by editors and also referees who have to referee two or three papers at a time (rather than one good paper)! Problem can also arise for authors and their peers if some of papers in the series are accepted and other are rejected.ReferencesDay, R.A. (1998). How to write and publish a scientific paper (5th edition), Oryx Press, West port C T.Gustavii, B. (2003). How to write and illustrate a scientific paper. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Lebrun, J-L. (2007). Scientific writing. A readers and writer‟s guide. World Scientific Publishing Co, Singapore.Lindsay, D. (1996). A guide to scientific writing (2nd edition), Longman, Melbourne.。
英文科技专题文章范文(热门3篇)
英文科技专题文章范文(热门3篇)英文科技专题文章范文第1篇One way to get noticed is Reuben Smith Vaughn, another American college graduate. The most popular majors in this university are English, business and economics. Sitting here, he hears the real Emptiness: Bachelor's degree or above, major in machinery or trade.Our textbook is new international business English published by Cambridge University Press. How do you deal with training, becoming a celebrity and homework? I'm Li San from Jiujiang. I'm a fresh graduate majoring in Business English, with bachelor's degree or above in mining or business English Mechanical or business majors give priority to college education with Japanese as major, plus practical experience in translating business documents for homework.Write a letter to your parents and tell them about your life in college,.中文翻译：一个能引起注意的方法是鲁本·史密斯·沃恩，另一个美国大学的毕业生。
科技英语写作2PPT课件
第一章 科技英语单句写作
二、分词 1．作定语 分词作定语一般遵循“单分在前、分短在后”的原则，写 作的重点放在分词短语作后置定语的情况。 这些运动的电子形成了电流。 These moving electrons form the current． 电阻率越大，为建立给定的电流密度所需的电场就越强。 The greater the resistivity，the greater the electric field needed to establish a given current density． 在导体中携带电荷的自由电子在导热方面同样起了重要的 作用。 The free electrons in a conductor carrying charge also play an important role in the conduction of heat．
2020/12/9
第一章 科技英语单句写作
用计算机解这道题只需几十秒钟。 It takes (some) dozens of seconds for a computer to solve this problem． 现在有待于我们求出这个系数来。 It remains now (for us) to determine this coefficient． 如果想要求出这个电阻上的电压，我们必须首先知道 流过它的电流。 If it is desired to find out the voltage across this resistor，we must first know the current flowing through it．
2020/12/9
第一章 科技英语单句写作
(2)the ability (tendency等)of A to do B的形式。 能量被定义为物体做功的能力。 Energy is defined as the ability of a body to do work． 有好几个因素影响电容器贮存电荷的能力。 A few factors affect the ability of a capacitor to store a charge． 光波的干涉限制了望远镜分辨物体细节的能力。 The interference of light waves puts limit on the ability of any telescope to resolve the details of an object．
英语作文讲座第二课
英语作文讲座第二课Lecture 2: How to Improve Your Writing Skills。
Writing is an essential skill that everyone needs to master. Whether you are a student, a professional, or just someone who wants to communicate effectively, improving your writing skills is crucial. In this lecture, we will discuss some tips that can help you become a better writer.1. Read extensively。
Reading is one of the best ways to improve your writing skills. By reading extensively, you can learn new vocabulary, sentence structures, and writing styles. You can also get inspiration from other writers and learn how to express your ideas more effectively.2. Practice regularly。
Like any other skill, writing requires practice. Setaside some time every day to write, even if it's just for a few minutes. You can start by writing a journal, a blog, or short stories. The more you write, the better you will become.3. Use simple language。
科技论文写作lecture2-3
Punctuation
4. Quotation marks (””)
Double quotation marks (" ") are used most of the time. Single quotation marks (' ') are used only within double quotation marks. • She asked, "How many of you have read 'The Lady of Shalott'?“ For titles or quotations within quotations within quotations (and so ad infinitum), alternate double and single quotation marks. • Helen said, "She asked us, 'How many of you have read "The Lady of Shalott"?' I had."
Punctuation
Punctuation marks are signs used in sentences to make the meaning clear and reading easier. The various punctuation marks perform four functions: they (1) separate (a period separates sentences), (2) group or enclose (parentheses enclose extraneous information), (3) connect (a hyphen connects a unit modifier), and (4) impart meaning (a question mark may make an otherwise declarative sentence interrogative).
《英文科技论文写作》课件
To develop students' ability to write academic and well structured English scientific papers
Fundamentals of Scientific and Technical Paper Writing
Title page
Use formal language
Check for grammar, spelling and punctuation errors before submitting the paper
Proofread and edit
Use the active voice to make the text more consensus and direct
Environmental science papers often include sections on the introduction, methods, results, discussion, and conclusion
Common Problems and Countermeasures in Writing Scientific Papers
Introduction: The introduction should set the stage for the research by providing a brief overview of the field, the research question, and the importance of the study It should be written in a way that is understandable to non specialties
如何写好英文科技论文-斯坦福大学课程-Unit2
Writing in the Sciences
Module 2.3. Active voice practice
20
Practice: use the active voice
In a moment, I will ask you to pause the video and revise the following sentence:
17
Great authors use “we” and “I”!1953年，沃森和克里克在《自然》杂志上发表了一篇著名的
论文:
Watson and Crick’s celebrated 1953
paper in Nature begins:
“We wish to suggest a structure for the salt of deoxyribose nucleic acid (D.N.A.).”脱氧核糖核酸
5
Example: passive voice
Object
My first visit to Boston will always be remembered by me.
Verb
Subject
Active:
I will always remember my first visit to Boston.
1. The active voice is livelier and easier to read主动语
态更生动，更容易读
2. It is a myth that avoiding first-person pronouns lends objectivity to the paper.
You (or your team) ran the experiments and interpreted the data. To imply otherwise is misleading.
科技论文写作与发表教程课件-科技英语写作风格 (2)
1.2成功写作十诫
在英语语法中，动词不定式通过用to+动词的
形式，去表示“打算”“计划”“希
✓
代词要与ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ行词保持一致
望”“将要做某事”等表示未来。 例如：
✓ 要重视字母大小写（如youIfaynoud eI）xpect to eventually succeed, you
✓ 句尾不要用介词
must keep十t三ry、in十g.四世纪已经在英语中出
一、正确使用英语
1.4时态问题
引言（Introduction）： （1）概述中的研究背景通常会引用相关学科中广为接受的原理或事实，以及 你所做研究的重要性，这些通常采用现在时。
（2）在概述中也可能引用与你从事项目相关的一些研究结果，为表达你对该 研究结果仍坚信其正确性及相关性，即使已经是很久以前的研究结果，可使用
✓ 动词要与主语保持一致
动词不定式盛t顿o·欧su文c、ce西e奥d中多·间罗斯加福了等一人个， 副词 eventually都，是用这来种用修法饰的不高定手，式而中现的代作动词结构。
✓ 不要使用双重否定
但 家同样也在使用。 科技英
这是一个非语常、让正人式困书惑面的文用体方中法不，通常我们
✓ 不要使用分离不定式
✓ 不要使用双重否定 ✓ 不要使用分离不定式
这是一个非常让人困惑的用方法，通常我们 被告知动词不定式是一个紧密的语法结构， 但是在这里，他被修饰动词的副词分开了。
to diligently read
to happily write
to scientifically illustrate
一、正确使用英语
✓ 不要使用双重否定
一、正确使用英语
1.2成功写作十诫
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（f）实验室报告：（The laboratory report）：报告在实验室进 行的工作情况和结果。
2）可行性报告（Feasibility [,fi:zə‘biliti] report）：是对工程项目、和 商业项目等的可行性的报告，不同于情报性报告的是它不但提供情 报信息，而且要提供理由说明该项目该不该进行，能不能进行。建 议书和推荐书也可归这一类。
２科技报告：是作者根据自己的责任向某些人或组织提供的
书面报告，因此报告必须是作者的一种责任。
分类：情报类和可行性报告
１）情报类报告（Information
（ａ）填表式
report）
（ｂ）信件式
（ｃ）备忘录式（Report in the form of memoranda[,memə‘ræ ndə] ）：报告严格限于组织之间，部门与部 门之间。 （ d ）进展和现状（Progress and status report ）：它们实质上 是两类不同的报告，进展报告是对预期事物的变化和进展情况的 一种初步报告，现状报告主要是对现在状况的报告，现在有许多 将两者结合起来的报告。 （e）周期性报告（The periodic report): 按一定时间间隔进行的 报告，使报告保持连续的记录。
２）科技论文的特点：应突显其科学性、创造性 学术性和理论性等特点。
（ａ）科学性：科技论文的科学性表现在三方面，即内容的科学 性即真实性，文章表述的科学性即准确明白，文章结构的科学性 即严密的逻辑性。科学性是科技论文的生命。 （ｂ）创造性：创造性（创新性）是科学研究的生命。判断研究 成果是否有创造性必须广泛占有资料，了解国内外已有成就和水 平。 （ｃ）学术性：学术性是科技论文的本质特征。同一般议论文相 同的是都由论点、论据和论证构成，但它分析的是带有学术价值 的问题，要有一定的理论高度，要引述各种事实和道理去论证自 己的新见解。
（b）观测型：通过有计划、有目的地对研究对象进行反复细致的 观察、实地调查、测量和记录，从现象和数据入手，通过分析研 究，得出结论或新的发现，揭示事物本质和规律的学术论文。调 查报告（Investigation report）多属于这一类 （c）理论型：运用理论阐述的方法进行研究写成的论文。他可以 完全不涉及实验，如数学论文，可以全部由定义、定理与证明构 成。除数学以外的理论性论文大多涉及实验和观测，但实验和观 测不是文章的核心部分，只取其结果作为理论推导的根据和假说 的出发点，或作为结论的证明材料，从而得出有理论价值或实际 价值的科学结论。 （ｄ）管理型：此类论文是用逻辑思维手段来分析、表达对管理 科学理论与实践研究成果的文章，是管理工作者从事研究工作并 取得成果的集中表现。
1）科技论文的分类：学术论文和学位论文 （A）学术论文（Academic thesis): 对某学术课题在实
验性、理论性或观测性上取得新的科学研究成果或创新见解的科 学记录；或是某种已知原理应用于实际中取得新进展的科学总结， 用以提供学术会议上宣读、或讨论；或在学术刊物上发表；或作 其他用途的书面文件。
（B）学位论文 （Dissertation[,disə‘teiʃən] ）：
表明作者从事科学研究取得创造性的结果或有了新的见解，并以 此为内容撰写成文，作为提出申请授予相应的学位时评审用的学 术论文。 学士、硕士、博士。在学术水平以及研究的深度和广度有不 同要求。 （ａ）学士论文：应能表明作者确已较好地掌握了本门学科的基 础理论、专门知识和基本技能，并具有从事科学研究工作和担负 专门技术工作的初步能力。 （ｂ）硕士论文：应能表明作者确已在本门学科上掌握了坚实的 基础理论和系统的专门知识，并对所研究课题有新的见解，有从 事科学研究工作和独立担负专门技术工作的能力。 （ｃ）博士论文：应能表明作者确已在本门学科上掌握了坚实宽 广的基础理论和系统深入的专门知识，并具有独立从事科学研究 工作的能力，在科学与专门技术上做出了创造性的成果。
3指导书（Instruction）：告诉读者如何操纵和维护机器和
设备，如何进行实验，如何用药等文章。产品说明书也属这类。
4科普文章（Popular science articles）：是一类发表在
期刊和杂志上向广大读者普及科学知识的文章。其内容有的较专较 深，如综述（Review），适合较高水平的人阅读；有的内容较一般 化，在于普及科学知识，适合有一定水平的广大群众阅读，因此称 为科普文章。
英语科技论文写作
第一单元 三科技写作的类别：论文、报告、建议、科普、 口头报告和业务书信类
1科技论文：作者对科学领域中的问题进行研究、探讨、总结，
表述研究成果和发表科学技术问题见解，是在科学实验和科学研 究基础上对科学技术领域中的某些现象和问题进行科学的分析和 阐述，从而揭示这些现象和问题的本质及规律的科学技术文献。 凡是运用概念、判断、推理证明和反驳等逻辑思维手段来分析和阐 明科技研究中所取得的创造性成果或见解的文章均属科技论文。
要求：学术论文应提供新的科技信息，其内容应有所发现、有所 发明、有所创造、有所前进，而不是简单的重复、模仿，甚至抄 袭前人的工作。
学术论文分类：实验型、观测型、理论型和管理型
(a)实验型：以实验本身为研究对象，或以实验或以实验作为主要 研究手段，得出科研成果后写出的学术论文。研究报告(Research report)、专论(Article)和研究专论(Research ticle)多属这一类 实验型论文和实验报告的区别：形式上有相同之处，但有实质性 区别。（1）实验型论文的内容是作者通过实验研究所得到的有学 术价值的创造性成果。实验报告一般只是对实验研究工作的如实 记载，可以不要求具有明确的结论，可以单纯重复前人的工作。 （2）实验型论文以阐述作者的科学见解为目的，实验报告以如实 记载实验过程与结果为目的。
（ｄ）理论性：科技论文要将实验、观测所得到的结果从理论高 度上进行分析，将感性认识上升到理性认识，找到带有规律性的 东西，得出科学结论。因此，论文中所论述的发现和发明不但有 实用价值，而且有理论价值。 论文写作的基本要求：据以上特点１论文必须有创新性内容２论 据要充分可靠３论证要合乎逻辑４要充分了解已有成果和正确评 价自己的成果５文章力求简短，多用图表说明问题。